The child suffered from a mass of phobias and complexes, which prevented him from finding mutual language with peers. Classmates often teased and used phobias against him. At the same time, Salvador behaved defiantly, tried to shock those around him. Although there were few childhood friends, one of them is Josep Samitier, a Barcelona footballer.
Already in childhood, Dali's talent for fine arts manifested itself. At the age of 6 he wrote interesting pictures. And at the age of 14, his first exhibition took place in Figueres. Dali got the opportunity to improve his skills in the municipal art school.
In 1914-1918, Salvador studied in Figueres at the Academy of the Order of the Marists. Education at the monastic school did not go smoothly, and at the age of 15, an eccentric student was expelled for indecent behavior.
In 1916, a landmark event occurred for Dali - a trip to Cadaques (Cadaqués) with the Pichot family. There he met contemporary painting. In his hometown, the genius studied with Joan Nunez.
In 1921 future artist graduated from the institute (as secondary schools were called in Catalonia), which he managed to enter even despite the exclusion from the monastic school. Dali's grades were brilliant.
Dali's youth
A talented young man easily enters the San Fernando Academy in Madrid and moves to the "Residence" - a hostel for gifted students. Dali is noticed for his attractive appearance and panache. Together with study artistic craft, the young man begins to master literature. Although the first notes about great artists appeared as early as 1919, while studying at the Academy, he devoted more time to writing.
In 1921, Salvador's mother, whom he adored, died.
During his studies, Dali met Lorca, Garfias and Buñuel. Later, in his scandalous book "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, told by himself", written in 1942, the artist will write that only Lorca made an indelible impression on him. Fruitful cooperation will connect the artist with Buñuel.
Also during the years of study, Dali was read by Freud, whose ideas made an indelible impression on him. Under the influence of the father of psychoanalysis, a paranoid-critical method was born, which in 1935 will be described in the work "Conquest of the Irrational".
Contemporaries spoke of Salvador Dali as a very talented and hardworking person. It was said that he would spend hours writing in the studio, learning new techniques, and forgetting to go downstairs to eat. Experimenting with Dadaism and Cubism, Dali tries to find own style. By the end of his studies, he was disappointed in the teachers, began to behave defiantly, for which he was expelled from the Academy in 1926. In the same year, in search of himself, the genius goes to Paris and meets Picasso. In the works of that period, the influence of the latter is noticeable, as well as Joan Miro.
Youth
In 1929, Dali, together with Buñuel, wrote the script for the film Andalusian Dog in just six days. The picture is a resounding success.
The success of The Andalusian Dog inspired Buñuel and Dali to make a second film, The Golden Age, which was released in 1931.
Quarrels begin with the surrealists. The last straw was the writing in 1933 of the painting "The Riddle of William Tell". Here the character is identified with Lenin as a severe ideological father. Surrealists understood Dali literally. Moreover, he had the audacity to say: "Surrealism is me." The conflict leads to a break with Breton society in 1936.
creative change
In 1934, one of the most famous paintings, The Metamorphosis of Narcissus, was painted. Almost immediately, Dali published literary work Metamorphoses of Narcissus. paranoid topic.
Gradually, the artist moves away from surrealism, but still continues to shock the public, calling himself a savior (the meaning of the name Salvador is played up) from modernist degradation.
Life in the USA
With the outbreak of World War II, Dali and Gala went to the United States, where they would remain throughout 1940-1948. Here comes the scandalous autobiography mentioned earlier.
All activities in the States are commercially successful: paintings, advertising, photographs, exhibitions, eccentric acts. Gala's strong-willed character contributes a lot to this. She organizes her husband's activities, puts things in order in his workshop, pushes him in certain directions, stimulating him to earn money.
Return to Spain. mature years
Homesickness made itself felt, and in 1948 the couple returned to Spain, to their beloved Catalonia. In the paintings of that period, fantastic and religious themes begin to appear. In 1953, an exhibition was held, which brought together more than 150 works. In general, Dali was a very prolific artist.
Dali and Gala established their real first home in Port Lligat in 1959. By that time, the genius had become a very popular and bought author. Only very wealthy people could afford his canvases in the 60s.
In 1981, the artist was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, he practically stopped writing. The death of his wife also knocked him down. Recent works express all the longing of an old sick person.
The genius died on January 23, 1989 from heart failure and was buried in his homeland, in a museum under an unnamed slab, so that, as he wanted, people could walk on the grave.
, graphic artist , sculptor , director , writer
San Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid
Salvador Dali(full name Salvador Felipe Jacinto Fares Dali and Domenech Marquis de Dali de Pubol, Spanish Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Púbol ; May 11 - January 23) - Spanish artist, painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism. Marquis de Dali de Pubol (). Films: "Andalusian dog", "Golden age", "Bewitched".
Biography
Dali's works are shown at exhibitions, he is gaining popularity. In 1929, he joined the Surrealist group organized by André Breton.
After the caudillo Franco came to power in 1936, Dali quarreled with the surrealists on the left, and he was expelled from the group. In response, Dali, not without reason, declares: "Surrealism is me."
With the outbreak of World War II, Dali, together with Gala, leaves for the United States, where they live from to 1999. In the city, he releases his fictionalized autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dali. His literary experiences, like works of art tend to be commercially successful.
After returning to Spain, he lives mainly in his beloved Catalonia. In 1981, he develops Parkinson's disease. Gala dies in the city.
Dali died on January 23, 1989 from a heart attack. The artist's body is immured in the floor in the Dali Museum in Figueres. great artist during his lifetime, he bequeathed to bury him so that people could walk on the grave. Flash photography is not allowed in this room.
A plaque on the wall in the room where Dali is buried
- Chupa Chups design (1961) Enrique Bernat named his caramel "Chups" and at first it only came in seven flavors: Strawberry, Lemon, Mint, Orange, Chocolate, Coffee with Cream, and Strawberry with Cream. The popularity of "Chups" grew, the amount of caramel produced increased, new flavors appeared. Caramel could no longer remain in its original modest wrapping, it was necessary to come up with something original so that everyone would recognize “Chups”. In 1961, Enrique Bernat turned to his countryman, famous artist Salvador Dali with a request to draw something memorable. The ingenious artist did not think long and in less than an hour sketched a picture for him, which depicted the Chupa Chups chamomile, which, in a slightly modified form, is now recognizable as the Chupa Chups logo in all corners of the planet. The difference between the new logo was its location: it is not on the side, but on top of the candy
- A crater on Mercury is named after Salvador Dali.
- In 2003, the Walt Disney Company released the animated film Destino. Development of the film began with Dali's collaboration with the American animator Walt Disney as early as 1945, but was delayed due to the company's financial problems.
The most famous and significant works
- Portrait of Luis Buñuel (1924) Like "Still Life" (1924) or "Purist Still Life" (1924), this picture created during Dali's search for his manner and style of performance, but in terms of atmosphere it resembles the canvases of De Chirico.
- Flesh on the Stones (1926) Dali called Picasso his second father. This canvas is made in a cubist manner unusual for El Salvador, like the previously written “Cubist Self-Portrait” (1923). In addition, Salvador painted several portraits of Picasso.
- Fixture and Hand (1927) Experiments with geometric shapes continue. You can already feel that mystical desert, the manner of painting the landscape, characteristic of Dali of the “surrealist” period, as well as some other artists (in particular, Yves Tanguy).
- The Invisible Man (1929) Also called "Invisible", the painting shows metamorphoses, hidden meanings and outlines of objects. Salvador often returned to this technique, making it one of the main features of his painting. This applies to a number of later paintings, such as, for example, "Swans Reflected in Elephants" (1937) and "The Appearance of a Face and a Bowl of Fruit on the Seashore" (1938).
- Enlightened Pleasures (1929) It is interesting because it reveals the obsessions and childhood fears of El Salvador. He also uses images borrowed from his own "Portrait of Paul Eluard" (1929), "Mysteries of Desire:" My mother, My mother, My mother "(1929) and some others.
- Great Masturbator (1929) Much loved by researchers, the painting, like Enlightened Pleasures, is a field of study for the artist's personality.
Painting "The Persistence of Memory", 1931
- The Persistence of Memory (1931) Perhaps the most famous and discussed in artistic circles is the work of Salvador Dali. Like many others, it uses ideas from previous work. In particular, this is a self-portrait and ants, soft watch and the coast of Cadaqués, the birthplace of El Salvador.
- The Riddle of William Tell (1933) One of Dali's outright mockery of Andre Breton's communist love and his leftist views. Main character according to Dali himself, this is Lenin in a cap with a huge visor. In The Diary of a Genius, Salvador writes that the baby is himself, yelling "He wants to eat me!". There are also crutches here - an indispensable attribute of Dali's work, which has retained its relevance throughout the artist's life. With these two crutches, the artist props up the visor and one of the thighs of the leader. This is not the only known work on this topic. Back in 1931, Dali wrote “Partial Hallucination. Six appearances of Lenin on the piano.
- The Hitler Enigma (1937) Dali himself spoke of Hitler in different ways. He wrote that he was attracted by the soft, plump back of the Fuhrer. His mania did not cause much enthusiasm among the Surrealists, who had sympathy for the left. On the other hand, El Salvador subsequently spoke of Hitler as a complete masochist who started the war with the sole purpose of losing it. According to the artist, once he was asked for an autograph for Hitler and he put a straight cross - "the complete opposite of the broken fascist swastika."
- Telephone - Lobster (1936) The so-called surrealistic object is an object that has lost its essence and traditional function. Most often, it was intended to evoke resonance and new associations. Dali and Giacometti were the first to create what Salvador himself called "objects with a symbolic function."
- Mae West's face (used as a surrealist room) (1934-1935) The work was realized both on paper and in the form of a real room with furniture in the form of a lip-sofa and other things.
- Metamorphoses of Narcissus (1936-1937) Or "The Transformation of Narcissus". Deep psychological work. The motif was used as a cover for one of Pink Floyd's discs.
- Paranoid transformations of Gal's face (1932) Like a picture-instruction of Dali's paranoid-critical method.
- Retrospective bust of a woman (1933) surreal item. Despite the huge bread and cobs - symbols of fertility, El Salvador, as it were, emphasizes the price to which all this is given: the face of a woman is full of ants eating her.
- Woman with a Head of Roses (1935) Rose head is rather a tribute Arcimboldo, an artist beloved by the Surrealists. Arcimboldo, long before the emergence of the avant-garde as such, painted portraits of courtiers, using vegetables and fruits to compose them (an eggplant nose, wheat hair, and the like). He (like Bosch) was something of a surrealist before surrealism.
- The Ductile Construct with Boiled Beans: A Premonition of the Civil War (1936) Like “Autumn Cannibalism” written in the same year, this picture is the horror of a Spaniard who understands what is happening to his country and where it is heading. This canvas is akin to Guernica by the Spaniard Pablo Picasso.
- Sun Table (1936) and Poetry of America (1943) When advertising has firmly entered the life of everyone and everyone, Dali resorts to it to create a special effect, a kind of unobtrusive culture shock. In the first picture, he, as it were, accidentally drops a pack of CAMEL cigarettes on the sand, and in the second, he uses a bottle of Coca-Cola.
- Venus de Milo with a basin (1936) The most famous Dalian item. The idea of boxes is also present in his painting. This can be confirmed by Giraffe on Fire (1936-1937), Anthropomorphic Locker (1936) and other paintings.
- Slave market with the appearance of the invisible bust of Voltaire (1938) One of the most famous "optical" paintings by Dali, in which he skillfully plays with color associations and angle of view. Another extremely famous work of this kind is "Gala, looking at the Mediterranean Sea, at a distance of twenty meters turns into a portrait of Abraham Lincoln" (1976).
- Dream caused by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate a second before awakening (1944) This bright picture is characterized by a feeling of lightness and instability of what is happening. In the background is a long-legged elephant. This character is also in other works, such as The Temptation of St. Anthony (1946).
- Naked Dali, contemplating five ordered bodies, turning into corpuscles, from which Leda Leonardo is unexpectedly created, impregnated with the face of Gala (1950) One of the many paintings relating to the period of Salvador's passion for physics. He breaks images, objects and faces into spherical corpuscles or some kind of rhinoceros horns (another obsession demonstrated in diary entries). And if Galatea with Spheres (1952) or this picture serves as an example of the first technique, then the Explosion of Raphael's Head (1951) is built on the second.
- Hypercubic Body (1954) Corpus hypercubus - a canvas depicting the crucifixion of Christ. Dali turns to religion (as well as mythology, as exemplified by The Colossus of Rhodes (1954)) and writes biblical stories in his own way, bringing a considerable amount of mysticism to the paintings. Gala's wife is now becoming an indispensable character in "religious" paintings. However, Dali does not limit himself and allows you to write quite provocative things. Such as Sodom's Satisfaction of an Innocent Maiden (1954).
- The Last Supper (1955) The most famous painting showing one of the biblical scenes. Many researchers are still arguing about the value of the so-called "religious" period in Dali's work. The paintings "Our Lady of Guadalupe" (1959), "The Discovery of America by the Force of Christopher Columbus's Sleep" (1958-1959) and "The Ecumenical Council" (1960) (in which Dali captured himself) - prominent representatives paintings of that time.
"The Last Supper" is one of the most amazing paintings of the master. It presents in its entirety the scenes of the Bible (the actual supper, the walking of Christ on the water, the crucifixion, the prayer before the betrayal of Judas), which surprisingly combine, intertwining with each other. It's worth saying that biblical theme in the work of Salvador Dali occupies a significant position. The artist tried to find God in the surrounding world, in himself, presenting Christ as the center of the primordial Universe (“Christ of San Juan de la Cruz”, 1951).
Links
- 1500+ paintings, biography, resources (English), Posters (English)
- Salvador Dali at the Internet Movie Database
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- the greatest Spanish artist, a brilliant representative of surrealism of the 20th century. Dali was born on May 11, 1904 in the family of a notary, very wealthy man Salvador Dali y Cusi and the kindest Doña Felipa Domenech. Future genius was born in the most picturesque corner of the earth in the city of Figueres, located in northern Spain. Already at the age of six, the child showed the talent of a painter, he paints landscapes with rapture hometown and its surroundings. Thanks to the drawing lessons that Dali took from Professor Joan Nunez, his talent began to take on real forms. Wealthy parents tried to give their son a good education. Since 1914, he has been studying at the monastic school in Figueres, from where he was expelled in 1918 for bad behavior. However, he successfully passes the exams and enters the Institute, which he brilliantly finishes in 1921 and, having completed his secondary education, enters the Academy of Arts in Madrid. At the age of sixteen, another facet of his creative nature opened up - he begins to write, publishes his essays on famous Renaissance artists in a self-made publication called the Studium. Admiring the works of the futurists, Dali still dreams of his own style in painting.
In Madrid, he meets many famous and talented people. Among them are Luis Bunuel and the famous poet Federico Garcia Lorca, who had a great influence on the novice artist. In 1923, he was suspended from attending the Academy for a year for violating discipline. During this period, he was fascinated by the work of the great Pablo Picasso, and in his paintings of this time (“Young Girls”), the influence of cubism is clearly visible. At the end of 1925 in the Dalmau Gallery 
held its first personal exhibition, where 27 paintings and five drawings of the future genius were presented. A little later, Dali leaves for Paris, where he becomes close to the group of surrealists Andre Breton. During this period he wrote the first surreal paintings"Honey is sweeter than blood" and "Bright joys" (1928, 1929). Dali together with Luis Buñuel for a record short term(six days) writes the script for the film "Andalusian dog", the scandalous premiere of which took place in early 1929. The film has become a classic of surreal cinema. And a new film, The Golden Age, has already been planned, which will premiere in London in early 1931. In the same year, he met Elena Dyakonova or Gala, who later became not only his wife, but also a muse, and a deity, and inspiration for many years. Gala, in turn, lived only the life of her passionately adored Dali. True, they officially got married only in 1934, after Gala divorced the writer Paul Eluard. In 1931 the artist creates such ingenious paintings, as "The Persistence of Memory", "Blurred Time", the main themes of which are destruction, death and the world of sexual fantasies and unfulfilled human desires. In the period 1936-1937. Dali simultaneously creates the famous painting "Metamorphosis of Narcissus" and writes a literary work under the same name.
In 1940, Dali and his wife left for the United States, where the novel Hidden Faces would be written and, perhaps, best book artist - "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali". In addition, Dali is successfully engaged in commercial activities and, having accumulated an excellent fortune, in 1948 he decided to return to Spain. Every year the popularity of the great artist is growing, no one doubts his genius, his paintings are valued and bought for a lot of money. Over time, relations between the spouses began to deteriorate, and in the late 60s, Dali acquired a castle for Gala.
In 1970, Dali began to build his own Theater Museum in Figueres, 
investing in this project all their funds. In 1974, this surrealistic creation, which was another masterpiece of the great genius, was opened to the public. The museum is filled with the works of the great artist and presents a retrospective of his life. On January 23, 1989, the great artist passed away. Thousands of people came to the Museum, where his body lay, to say goodbye to the great man. Salvador Dali was buried, according to his will, here, in his Museum, under one of the unmarked slabs.
May 11, 1904 at 8 hours 45 minutes in Spain in Catalonia (northeast of Spain), Figueres, little Dali was born. Full name Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech. His parents are Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech. Salvador means "Savior" in Spanish. They named El Salvador in honor of his deceased brother. He died of meningitis a year before Dali was born in 1903. Dali also had younger sister Anna-Maria, who in the future will be the image of many of his paintings. The parents of little Dali were brought up in different ways. Since from childhood he stood out for his impulsive and eccentric character, his father literally went berserk at his antics. Mom, on the contrary, allowed him absolutely everything. 
I pi got into bed almost until the age of eight - only for the sake of his pleasure. In the house I reigned and commanded. Nothing was impossible for me. My father and mother did not pray for me (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, told by himself)
The desire for creativity in Dali manifested itself from early childhood. From the age of 4, he already begins to draw with zeal, not experienced for a child. At the age of six, Dali attracted the image of Napoleon and identifying himself with him, he felt the need for power. Wearing a masquerade costume of the king, he received great pleasure from his appearance. Well, he painted the first picture when he was 10 years old. It was a small landscape in the impressionistic style, painted with oil paints on a wooden board. Then Salvador began to take drawing lessons from Professor Juan Nunez. Thus, at the age of 14, it was safe to see the talent of Salvador Dali in the incarnation.
When he was almost 15 years old, Dali was expelled from the monastic school for bad behavior. But for him it was not a failure, he passed the exams perfectly and entered the institute. In Spain, schools of secondary education were called institutions. And in 1921 he graduated from the institute with excellent marks.
After he entered the Madrid Art Academy. When Dali was 16 years old, he began to get involved along with painting and literature, began to write. Publishes his essays in a self-made publication "Studio". In general, he leads a fairly active life. He managed to serve a day in prison for participating in student unrest.
Salvador Dali dreamed of creating his own style in painting. In the early 1920s, he admired the work of the Futurists. At the same time, he makes acquaintances with famous poets of that time (Garcia Lorca, Luis Bonuel). The relationship between Dali and Lorca was very close. In 1926, Lorca's poem "Ode to Salvador Dali" was published, and in 1927, Dali designed the scenery and costumes for the production of Lorca's "Mariana Pineda".
In 1921 Dali's mother dies. The father would later marry another woman. For Dali, this looks like a betrayal. Later in his works, he displays the image of a father who wants to destroy his son. This event left its mark on the artist's work.
In 1923, Dali became very interested in the work of Pablo Picasso. At the same time, problems began at the academy. He was suspended from school for a year for misconduct.
In 1925, Dali held his first solo exhibition at the Dalmau Gallery. He submitted 27 paintings and 5 drawings.
In 1926, Dali completely stopped making efforts to study, because. disappointed in the school. And they kicked him out after the incident. He did not agree with the teachers' decision regarding one of the painting teachers, then got up and left the hall. Immediately, a brawl broke out in the hall. Of course, Dali was considered guilty, although he did not even know about what happened, in the end he ends up in prison, though not for long. But soon he returned to the academy. Eventually, his behavior led to his expulsion from the academy for his refusal to take the oral exam. As soon as he finds out that his last question is about Raphael, Dali said: "... I don't know less than three professors put together, and I refuse to answer them, because I am better informed on this issue."
In 1927, Dali went to Italy to get acquainted with the painting of the Renaissance. While he was not yet in the Surrealist group led by André Breton and Max Ernst, he later joined them in 1929. Breton studied Freud's work in depth. He said that by discovering unexpressed thoughts and desires hidden in the subconscious, surrealism could create new image life and the way it is perceived.
In 1928, he leaves for Paris, in search of himself.
In early 1929, Dali tried himself as a director. The first film based on his script by Luis Bonuel was released. The film was called Andalusian Dog. Surprisingly, the film script was written in 6 days! The premiere was sensational, as the film itself was very extravagant. Considered a classic of surrealism. Consisted of a set of frames and scenes. It was a small short film, conceived to hurt the nerves of the bourgeoisie and ridicule the principles of the avant-garde.
In Dali's personal life until 1929 there was nothing bright and significant. Of course, he walked, there were numerous connections with girls, but they never went far. And just in 1929, Dali truly fell in love. HER name was Elena Dyakonova or Gala. Russian by origin, was 10 years older than him. She was married to the writer Paul Eluard, but their relationship was already falling apart. Her fleeting movements, gestures, her expressiveness are like the second New Symphony: it gives out the architectonic contours of a perfect soul, crystallizing in the grace of the body itself, in the fragrance of the skin, in the sparkling sea foam of her life. Expressing the exquisite breath of feelings, plasticity and expressiveness materialize in an impeccable architecture of flesh and blood. .
(The Secret Life of Salvador Dali) 
They met when Dali returned to Cadaqués to work on an exhibition of his paintings. Among the guests of the exhibition was Paul Eluard with his then wife Gala. Gala became Dali's inspiration in many of his works. He painted all kinds of portraits of her, as well as various images based on their relationship and passion. First kiss, - wrote Dali later, - when our teeth collided and our tongues intertwined, was only the beginning of that hunger that made us bite and gnaw each other to the very essence of our being ". Such images often appeared in Dali's subsequent works: chops on the human body, fried eggs, cannibalism - all these images are reminiscent of the young man's violent sexual liberation.
Dali wrote in absolutely unique style. It seems that he painted images known to everyone: animals, objects. But he assembled them and connected them in a completely unthinkable way. Could connect the body of a woman with a rhinoceros, for example, or a melted watch. Dali himself would call it "the paranoid-critical method".
In 1929, Dali had his first solo exhibition in Paris at the Geman Gallery, after which he began his journey to the pinnacle of fame.
In 1930, Dali's paintings began to bring him fame. Freud's work influenced his work. In his paintings, he reflected the sexual experiences of a person, as well as destruction, death. His masterpieces such as "The Persistence of Memory" were created. Dali also creates numerous models from various objects.
In 1932, the premiere of the second film based on the script by Dali, The Golden Age, took place in London.
Gala divorces her husband in 1934 and marries Dali. This woman was throughout Dali's life his muse, deity.
Between 1936 and 1937, Dali worked on one of his most famous paintings, Metamorphoses of Narcissus, and a book of the same name immediately appeared.
In 1939, Dali had a serious quarrel with his father. The father was unhappy with his son's connection with Gala and forbade Dali to appear in the house.
After the occupation in 1940 from France, Dali moved to the United States in California. There he opens his workshop. She writes her own famous book"The Secret Life of Salvador Dali". After marrying Gala, Dali leaves the surrealist group, because. his and the group's views begin to diverge. “I don’t give a damn about the gossip that Andre Breton can spread about me, he just doesn’t want to forgive me for the fact that I remain the last and only surrealist, but it’s still necessary that one fine day the whole world, having read these lines , found out how everything really happened." ("The Diary of a Genius").
In 1948, Dali returned to his homeland. Begins to get involved in religious-fiction themes.
In 1953, a large-scale exhibition was held in Rome. He exhibits 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors.
In 1956, Dali began a period when the idea of an Angel was the inspiration for his second work. God for him is an elusive concept and not amenable to any specification. God for him is not a cosmic concept either, because this would impose certain restrictions on him. Dali sees God in a set of conflicting thoughts that cannot be reduced to any structured idea. But Dali did believe in the existence of angels. He spoke of this as follows: “Whatever dreams fall to my lot, they are able to give me pleasure only if they have complete certainty. Therefore, if I already experience such pleasure when approaching angelic images, then I have every reason believe that angels really exist."
Meanwhile, in 1959, since his father no longer wanted to let Dali in, he and Gala settled down to live in Port Lligat. Dali's paintings were already very popular, sold for a lot of money, and he himself was famous. He often communicates with William Tell. Under impressions, he creates such works as "The Riddle of William Tell" and "William Tell".
Basically, Dali worked on several topics: the paranoid-critical method, the Freudian-sexual theme, the theory of modern physics and sometimes religious motives. 
In the 60s, the relationship between Gala and Dali cracked. Gala asked to buy another house in order to move out. After that, their relationship was already only the remnants of a past bright life, but the image of Gala never left Dali and continued to be an inspiration.
In 1973, the "Dali Museum" opens in Figueres, incredible in its content. Until now, he is amazed by the audience with his surreal appearance.
In 1980, Dali began to have health problems. The death of Franco, head of state of Spain, shocked and frightened Dali. Doctors suspect he has Parkinson's disease. Dali's father died from this disease.
Gala died on June 10, 1982. For Dali, this was a terrible blow. He did not participate in the funeral. They say that Dali entered the crypt only a few hours later. "Look, I'm not crying," was all he said. The death of Gala for Dali was a huge blow in his life. What the artist lost with the departure of Gala was known only to him. He walked alone through the rooms of their house, saying something about happiness and the beauty of Gala. He stopped painting, sat for hours in the dining room, where all the shutters were closed.
Last work"Dovetail" was completed in 1983.
In 1983, Dali's health seemed to have risen, he began to go out for a walk. But these changes were short-lived.
On August 30, 1984, a fire broke out in Dali's house. The burns on his body covered 18% of the skin surface.
By February 1985, Dali's health was on the mend again and he even gave interviews to the newspaper.
But in November 1988, Dali was admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis is heart failure. January 23, 1989 Salvador Dali passed away. He was 84 years old.
At his request, the body was embalmed and kept in his museum for a week. Dali was buried in the very center of his own museum under a simple slab without inscriptions. The life of Salvador Dali has always been bright and eventful, he himself was distinguished by his extraordinary and extravagant behavior. He changed unusual costumes, the style of his mustache, constantly praised his talent in written books ("The Diary of a Genius", "Dali According to Dali", "Dali's Golden Book", "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali"). On one occasion he lectured at the London Group Rooms in 1936. It was carried out within International Exhibition surrealists. Dali appeared in the suit of a deep-sea diver.
). Author of books "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali as Told by Himself" (1942), "Diary of a Genius"(1952-1963), Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution (1927-33) and the essay "The Tragic Myth of Angélus Millet".
Biography
Childhood
Salvador Dali was born in Spain on May 11, 1904 in the city of Figueres, province of Girona, in the family of a prosperous notary. He was a Catalan by nationality, perceived himself in this capacity and insisted on this peculiarity. Had a sister and an older brother (October 12, 1901 - August 1, 1903), who died of meningitis. Later, at the age of 5, at his grave, his parents told Salvador that he was the reincarnation of his older brother.
As a child, Dali was a quick-witted, but arrogant and uncontrollable child.
Once he even started a scandal on the marketplace for a candy, a crowd gathered around, and the police asked the owner of the shop to open it during a siesta and give this sweet to the naughty boy. He achieved his whims and simulation, always sought to stand out and attract attention.
Numerous complexes and phobias (fear of grasshoppers and other [which?] ) prevented him from being included in ordinary school life, from making ordinary ties of friendship and sympathy with children.
But, like any person, experiencing sensory hunger, he sought emotional contact with children by any means, trying to get used to their team, if not in the role of a comrade, then in any other role, or rather the only one that he was capable of - in the role shocking and naughty child, strange, eccentric, always acting contrary to other people's opinions.
Losing in school gambling, he acted like he won and triumphed. Sometimes he got into fights for no reason.
Partially, the complexes that led to all this were caused by the classmates themselves: they were rather intolerant of the “strange” child, used his fear of grasshoppers, slipped these insects into his collar, which drove Salvador to hysteria, which he later told in his The Secret Life of Salvador Dali as Told by Himself.
He began to study fine art at the municipal art school. From 1914 to 1918 he was educated at the Academy of the Brothers of the Marist Order in Figueres. One childhood friend was future FC Barcelona footballer Josep Samitier. In 1916, with the family of Ramon Pisho, he went on vacation to the city of Cadaqués, where he got acquainted with modern art.
Youth
1921 At the age of 47, Dali's mother dies of breast cancer. It became a tragedy for him. In the same year he enters the Academy of San Fernando. The drawing prepared by him for the exam seemed too small to the caretaker, about which he informed his father, and he, in turn, to his son. Young Salvador erased the entire drawing from the canvas and decided to draw a new one. But he had only 3 days left before the final assessment. However, the young man was in no hurry to work, which greatly worried his father, who had already endured his quirks for many years. In the end, young Dali said that the drawing was ready, but it was even smaller than the previous one, and this was a blow to his father. However, the teachers, due to their extremely high skill, made an exception and accepted the young eccentric into the academy.
In 1922 he moved to the "Residence" (Spanish. Residence de Estudiantes ) (student hostel in Madrid for gifted young people) and begins his studies. In those years, everyone celebrates his panache. At this time, he meets Luis Bunuel, Federico Garcia Lorca, Pedro Garfias. He reads the works of Freud with enthusiasm.
Acquaintance with new trends in painting develops - Dali experiments with the methods of cubism and Dadaism. In 1926, he was expelled from the Academy for his arrogant and dismissive attitude towards teachers. In the same year he travels to Paris for the first time, where he meets Pablo Picasso. Trying to find his own style, in the late 1920s he created a number of works influenced by Picasso and Joan Miró. In 1929, together with Buñuel, he participated in the creation of the surrealistic film The Andalusian Dog.
Then he first meets his future wife Gala (Elena Dmitrievna Dyakonova), who was then the wife of the poet Paul Eluard. Having become close to El Salvador, Gala, however, continues to meet with her husband, starts passing relationships with other poets and artists, which at that time seemed acceptable in those bohemian circles where Dali, Eluard and Gala revolved. Realizing that he actually stole his friend's wife, Salvador paints his portrait as "compensation".
Youth
Dali's works are shown at exhibitions, he is gaining popularity. In 1929, he joined the Surrealist group organized by André Breton. At the same time, there is a break with the father. The hostility of the artist’s family towards Gala, the conflicts, scandals associated with this, as well as the inscription made by Dali on one of the canvases - “Sometimes I spit on the portrait of my mother with pleasure” - led to the fact that the father cursed his son and put him out of the house. Provocative, outrageous and, it would seem, terrible deeds the artist was by no means always worth taking literally and seriously: he probably did not want to offend his mother and did not even know what it would lead to, perhaps he longed to experience a series of feelings and experiences that he stimulated in himself with such a blasphemous, at first glance, act . But the father, grieved by the long-standing death of his wife, whom he loved and whose memory he carefully kept, could not stand the antics of his son, which became the last straw for him. In retaliation, the indignant Salvador Dali sent his father in an envelope his sperm with an angry letter: "This is all I owe you." Later, in the book “The Diary of a Genius,” the artist, already an elderly man, speaks well of his father, admits that he loved him very much and endured the suffering brought by his son.
In 1934, he unofficially marries Gala (the official wedding took place in 1958 in the Spanish town of Girona). In the same year, he visits the USA for the first time.
Break with the Surrealists
In early 1989, Dali was hospitalized with a diagnosis of heart failure. Sick, infirm, Dali died on January 23, 1989.
The only legible phrase that he uttered during the years of illness was “My friend Lorca”: the artist remembered the years of a happy, healthy youth, when he was friends with the poet Federico García Lorca.
The artist bequeathed to bury him so that people could walk on the grave, so Dali's body was walled up in the floor in one of the rooms of the Dali Theater Museum in the city of Figueres. He bequeathed all his works to Spain.
Creation
Theatre
Salvador Dali is the author of the libretto and design of the ballet "Bacchanal" (music by Richard Wagner, choreography by Leonid Myasin, Russian Ballet Monte Carlo).
Cinema
In 1945, in collaboration with Walt Disney, he began work on animated film Destino. Production was then delayed due to financial problems; The Walt Disney Company released the film the following year.
Design
Salvador Dali is the author of Chupa Chups packaging design. Enrique Bernat named his caramel "Chups" and at first it only came in seven flavors: strawberry, lemon, mint, orange, chocolate, coffee with cream, and strawberry with cream. The popularity of "Chups" grew, the amount of caramel produced increased, new flavors appeared. Caramel could no longer remain in its original modest wrapping, it was necessary to come up with something original so that everyone would recognize “Chups”. Enrique Bernat turned to his fellow countryman, the famous artist Salvador Dali, with a request to draw something memorable. The ingenious artist did not think long and in less than an hour sketched a picture for him, which depicted the Chupa Chups chamomile, which, in a slightly modified form, is now recognizable as the Chupa Chups logo in all corners of the planet. The difference between the new logo was its location: it is not on the side, but on top of the candy
sculptures
- 1969-1979 - The Clot Collection, a series of 44 bronze statues created by the artist at his home in Port Ligat.
Dali. Caballo.JPG
Horse with rider stumbling
Dali DonQuijotesentado.JPG
Seated Don Quixote
Dali. Elefantecósmico.JPG
Gala in the window
Dali. GalaGradiva.JPG
Dali.Perseo.JPG
Image in cinema
| Year | Country | Name | Producer | Salvador Dali |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden Sweden | The Adventures of Picasso | Tage Danielsson | ||
| Germany Germany Spain Spain Mexico Mexico |
Bunuel and King Solomon's Table | Carlos Saura | Ernesto Alterio | |
| UK UK Spain Spain |
Echoes of the past | Paul Morrison | Robert Pattison | |
| USA USA Spain Spain |
Midnight in Paris | Woody Allen | Adrien Brody | |
| 1991 | Spain | Dali | Antonio Ribas | Lorenzo Quinn |
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Notes
Literature
- 1974 Robert Descharnes. Salvador Dali. Ed. DuMont Buchverlag, 164 pp., ISBN 3-7701-0753-5;
- 1990 George Orwell. The privilege of spiritual shepherds. Essay. - Lenizdat,
- 1992 A. I. Rozhin Salvador Dali. Ed. Republic, 224 pp., circulation 75,000 copies, ISBN 5-250-01946-3;
- 1992 E. V. Zavadskaya Salvador Dali. Ed. art, 64 pp., circulation 50,000 copies, ISBN 5-85200-236-4 ;
- 1995 Gilles Neret. Salvador Dali. 1904-1989 = Salvador Dali / Gilles Neret. - Koeln: TASCHEN, 95 pp. (in German) ISBN 3-8228-9520-2 ;
- 2001 Nicola Descharnes, Robert Descharnes. Ed. White City, 382 pp., ISBN 5-7793-0325-8;
- 1996 (erroneous) ;
- 2002 Meredith Etherington-Smith. "Salvador Dali" (Translated by E. G. Handel). Ed. Potpourri, 560 pp., 11,000 copies, ISBN 985-438-781-X, ISBN 0-679-40061-3;
- 2006 Robert Descharne, Gilles Néret. Dali. Ed. Taschen, 224 pp., ISBN 3-8228-5008-X;
- 2008 Delassin S. Gala for Dali. Biography married couple. M., Text, 186 pp., edition: 5000, ISBN 978-5-7516-0682-4
- 2009 Olga Morozova. Burnt alive. Scandalous biography of Salvador Dali. Ed. Funky Inc., 224 pp., 3000 copies, ISBN 978-5-903912-70-4 ;
- 2010 Salvador Dali. Thoughts and anecdotes. Pensees et anecdotes. Ed. Text, 176 pp., 3000 copies, ISBN 978-5-7516-0923-8 ;
- 2011 S. S. Pirozhnik. Salvador Dali. Ed. Harvest, 128 pp., 3000 copies, ISBN 978-985-16-1274-7;
- 2011 V. G. Yaskov Salvador Dali. Ed. Eksmo, 12 pp., 3000 copies, ISBN 978-5-699-47135-5 ;
- 2012 Salvador Dali. My secret life. La Vie Secrete De Salvador. (Translated by E. G. Handel) Ed. Potpourri, 640 pp., 5100 copies, ISBN 978-985-15-1620-5;
- 2012 Salvador Dali. Diary of a Genius. Journal D'un Genie. (Translated by O. G. Sokolnik, T. A. Zhdan) Ed. Potpourri, 336 pp., 5100 copies, ISBN 978-985-15-1619-9;
- 2014 Salvador Dali. Diary of a Genius. Journal D'un Genie. Ed. ABC, ABC-Atticus, 288 pp., 5000 copies, ISBN 978-5-389-08671-5;
- 2012 Robert Descharnes, Nicolas Descharnes. Salvador Dali / Salvador Dali. Album. Ed. Edita, 384 pp., ISBN 5-7793-0325-8;
- 2008 ed. White City
- 2013 R. K. Balandin Salvador Dali art and shocking. Ed. Veche, 320 pp., 5000 copies, ISBN 978-5-4444-1036-3 ;
- 2013 Bible illustrated by Salvador Dali. Ed. book club"Family Leisure Club". Belgorod, Book Club "Family Leisure Club". Kharkiv, 900 pp., 500 copies, ISBN 978-5-9910-2130-2 ;
- 2013 Dali near and far. Digest of articles. Rep. editor Busev M. A. M., Progress-Tradition, 416 pp., circulation 500 copies, ISBN 978-5-89826-406-2
- 2014 Salvador Dali. Hidden faces. Ostros Ocultos (Visages Caches / Hidden Faces). (Translated by L. M. Tsyvyan) Ed. Eksmo, 512 pp., 7000 copies, ISBN 978-5-699-70849-9 ;
- 2014 Katherine Ingram. Genius Dali. This is DaLi (Translated by T. Platonov). Ed. Eksmo, 80 pp., 3150 copies, ISBN 978-5-699-70398-2 ;
Links
- - Magazine " Tretyakov Gallery”, #4 2015 (49)
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An excerpt characterizing Dali, El Salvador
At dinner, having seated Balashev next to him, he treated him not only affectionately, but treated him as if he considered Balashev among his courtiers, among those people who sympathized with his plans and should have rejoiced at his successes. Among other things, he spoke about Moscow and began to ask Balashev about the Russian capital, not only as an inquisitive traveler asks about a new place he intends to visit, but as if with the conviction that Balashev, as a Russian, should be flattered by this curiosity.– How many people are there in Moscow, how many houses? Is it true that Moscou is called Moscou la sainte? [saint?] How many churches are there in Moscou? he asked.
And in response that there were more than two hundred churches, he said:
Why such an abyss of churches?
“The Russians are very pious,” Balashev answered.
“However, a large number of monasteries and churches is always a sign of the backwardness of a people,” said Napoleon, looking back at Caulaincourt to evaluate this judgment.
Balashev respectfully allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.
“Every country has its own customs,” he said.
“But nowhere else in Europe is there anything like it,” said Napoleon.
“I apologize to Your Majesty,” said Balashev, “besides Russia, there is also Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries.
This answer by Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was later highly appreciated, according to Balashev's stories, at the court of Emperor Alexander and very little appreciated now, at Napoleon's dinner, and passed unnoticed.
It was clear from the indifferent and perplexed faces of the gentlemen of the marshals that they were perplexed, what was the witticism, which was hinted at by Balashev's intonation. “If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not witty at all,” said the facial expressions of the marshals. This answer was so little appreciated that Napoleon did not even notice it resolutely and naively asked Balashev about which cities there was a direct road to Moscow from here. Balashev, who was on his guard all the time of dinner, answered that comme tout chemin mene a Rome, tout chemin mene a Moscou, [as every road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, so all roads lead to Moscow,] that there are many roads, and that among these different paths is the road to Poltava, which was chosen by Charles XII, said Balashev, involuntarily flushing with pleasure at the success of this answer. Before Balashev had time to say the last words: "Poltawa", Caulaincourt was already talking about the inconvenience of the road from Petersburg to Moscow and about his Petersburg memories.
After dinner we went to drink coffee in Napoleon's study, which four days earlier had been the study of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, touching the coffee in a Sevres cup, and pointed to a chair meanly to Balashev.
There is a certain post-dinner mood in a person, which, stronger than any reasonable reasons, makes a person be pleased with himself and consider everyone his friends. Napoleon was in this location. It seemed to him that he was surrounded by people who adored him. He was convinced that Balashev, after his dinner, was his friend and admirer. Napoleon turned to him with a pleasant and slightly mocking smile.
- This is the same room, as I was told, in which Emperor Alexander lived. Strange, isn't it, General? - he said, obviously not doubting that this appeal could not but be pleasant to his interlocutor, since it proved the superiority of him, Napoleon, over Alexander.
Balashev could not answer this and silently bowed his head.
“Yes, in this room, four days ago, Winzingerode and Stein conferred,” Napoleon continued with the same mocking, confident smile. “What I cannot understand,” he said, “is that Emperor Alexander brought all my personal enemies closer to him. I do not understand this. Did he think that I could do the same? - he asked Balashev with a question, and, obviously, this memory pushed him back into that trail of morning anger, which was still fresh in him.
“And let him know that I will do it,” said Napoleon, standing up and pushing his cup away with his hand. - I will drive out of Germany all his relatives, Wirtemberg, Baden, Weimar ... yes, I will drive them out. Let him prepare a refuge for them in Russia!
Balashev bowed his head, showing with his appearance that he would like to take his leave and is listening only because he cannot but listen to what he is told. Napoleon did not notice this expression; he addressed Balashev not as an ambassador of his enemy, but as a man who was now completely devoted to him and should rejoice at the humiliation of his former master.
- And why did Emperor Alexander take command of the troops? What is it for? War is my trade, and his business is to reign, not to command troops. Why did he take on such responsibility?
Napoleon again took the snuffbox, silently walked several times around the room and suddenly unexpectedly approached Balashev and with a slight smile so confidently, quickly, simply, as if he was doing some not only important, but also pleasant for Balashev, he raised his hand to the face of the forty-year-old Russian general and, taking him by the ear, tugged slightly, smiling only with his lips.
- Avoir l "oreille tiree par l" Empereur [To be torn by the ear by the emperor] was considered the greatest honor and mercy at the French court.
- Eh bien, vous ne dites rien, admirateur et courtisan de l "Empereur Alexandre? [Well, why don't you say anything, adorer and courtier of Emperor Alexander?] - he said, as if it was funny to be in his presence someone else courtisan and admirateur [court and admirer], except for him, Napoleon.
Are the horses ready for the general? he added, bowing his head slightly in response to Balashev's bow.
- Give him mine, he has a long way to go ...
The letter brought by Balashev was last letter Napoleon to Alexander. All the details of the conversation were transferred to the Russian emperor, and the war began.
After his meeting in Moscow with Pierre, Prince Andrei went to Petersburg on business, as he told his relatives, but, in essence, in order to meet there Prince Anatole Kuragin, whom he considered it necessary to meet. Kuragin, whom he inquired about when he arrived in Petersburg, was no longer there. Pierre let his brother-in-law know that Prince Andrei was coming for him. Anatole Kuragin immediately received an appointment from the Minister of War and left for the Moldavian army. At the same time, in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrei met Kutuzov, his former general, always disposed towards him, and Kutuzov invited him to go with him to the Moldavian army, where old general appointed commander in chief. Prince Andrei, having received an appointment to be at the headquarters of the main apartment, left for Turkey.
Prince Andrei considered it inconvenient to write to Kuragin and summon him. Without giving a new reason for a duel, Prince Andrei considered the challenge on his part compromising Countess Rostov, and therefore he sought a personal meeting with Kuragin, in which he intended to find a new reason for a duel. But in the Turkish army, he also failed to meet Kuragin, who returned to Russia shortly after the arrival of Prince Andrei in the Turkish army. AT new country and in the new conditions of life, Prince Andrei began to live easier. After the betrayal of his bride, who struck him the more, the more diligently he concealed from everyone the effect made on him, the conditions of life in which he was happy were difficult for him, and the freedom and independence that he so cherished before were even more difficult. He not only did not think about those former thoughts that first came to him, looking at the sky on the field of Austerlitz, which he liked to develop with Pierre and which filled his solitude in Bogucharov, and then in Switzerland and Rome; but he was even afraid to recall these thoughts, which opened up endless and bright horizons. He was now interested only in the most immediate, not connected with the former, practical interests, which he seized on with the greater greed, than the former ones were hidden from him. It was as if that endless receding vault of the sky that had previously stood above him suddenly turned into a low, definite vault that crushed him, in which everything was clear, but nothing was eternal and mysterious.
Of the activities presented to him military service was the simplest and most familiar to him. As a general on duty at Kutuzov's headquarters, he stubbornly and diligently went about his business, surprising Kutuzov with his willingness to work and accuracy. Not finding Kuragin in Turkey, Prince Andrei did not consider it necessary to gallop after him again to Russia; but for all that, he knew that, no matter how much time passed, he could not, having met Kuragin, despite all the contempt that he had for him, despite all the proofs that he made to himself, that he should not humiliate himself before a collision with him, he knew that, having met him, he could not help calling him, just as a hungry man could not help throwing himself at food. And this awareness that the insult had not yet been vented, that the anger had not been poured out, but lay on the heart, poisoned the artificial calmness that Prince Andrei arranged for himself in Turkey in the form of anxiously busy and somewhat ambitious and vain activity.
In the 12th year, when the news of the war with Napoleon reached Bukaresht (where Kutuzov lived for two months, spending days and nights at his wall), Prince Andrei asked Kutuzov to be transferred to the Western Army. Kutuzov, who was already tired of Bolkonsky with his activities, which served him as a reproach for idleness, Kutuzov very willingly let him go and gave him an assignment to Barclay de Tolly.
Before leaving for the army, which was in the Drissa camp in May, Prince Andrei drove into the Bald Mountains, which were on his very road, being three versts from the Smolensk highway. The last three years and the life of Prince Andrei were so many upheavals, he changed his mind, re-felt, re-saw so much (he traveled both west and east), that he was strangely and unexpectedly struck at the entrance to the Bald Mountains by everything exactly the same, down to the smallest details - exactly the same course of life. He, as in an enchanted, asleep castle, drove into the alley and into the stone gates of the Lysogorsky house. The same gravity, the same cleanliness, the same silence were in this house, the same furniture, the same walls, the same sounds, the same smell and the same timid faces, only somewhat older. Princess Mary was still the same timid, ugly, aging girl, in fear and eternal moral suffering, living without benefit and joy. best years own life. Bourienne was the same joyfully enjoying every minute of her life and filled with the most joyful hopes for herself, self-satisfied, coquettish girl. She only became more confident, as it seemed to Prince Andrei. The teacher Dessalles, brought by him from Switzerland, was dressed in a frock coat of Russian cut, mangling his language, spoke Russian with the servants, but he was still the same limitedly intelligent, educated, virtuous and pedantic teacher. The old prince changed physically only by the fact that one missing tooth became noticeable on the side of his mouth; morally, he was still the same as before, only with even greater anger and distrust of the reality of what was happening in the world. Only Nikolushka grew up, changed, flushed, overgrown with curly dark hair and, without knowing it, laughing and having fun, lifted the upper lip of his pretty mouth in the same way as the deceased little princess lifted it. He alone did not obey the law of immutability in this enchanted, sleeping castle. But although outwardly everything remained as before, the internal relations of all these persons had changed since Prince Andrei had not seen them. The members of the family were divided into two camps, alien and hostile to each other, which now converged only in his presence, changing their usual way of life for him. The old prince, m lle Bourienne and the architect belonged to one, and Princess Mary, Dessalles, Nikolushka and all the nannies and mothers belonged to the other.
During his stay in the Bald Mountains, everyone at home dined together, but everyone was embarrassed, and Prince Andrei felt that he was a guest for whom they made an exception, that he embarrassed everyone with his presence. During dinner on the first day, Prince Andrei, involuntarily sensing this, was silent, and the old prince, noticing the unnaturalness of his condition, also sullenly fell silent and now after dinner he went to his room. When in the evening Prince Andrei came to him and, trying to stir him up, began to tell him about the campaign of the young Count Kamensky, the old prince unexpectedly began a conversation with him about Princess Mary, condemning her for her superstition, for her dislike for m lle Bourienne, who, according to he said, was one truly devoted to him.
The old prince said that if he was ill, it was only from Princess Marya; that she deliberately torments and irritates him; that she spoils the little prince Nikolai with mischief and stupid speeches. The old prince knew very well that he was torturing his daughter, that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not help but torturing her and that she deserved it. “Why does Prince Andrei, who sees this, tell me nothing about my sister? thought the old prince. “Why does he think that I am a villain or an old fool, for no reason moved away from my daughter and brought a Frenchwoman closer to me?” He does not understand, and therefore it is necessary to explain to him, it is necessary that he listen, ”thought the old prince. And he began to explain the reasons why he could not bear the stupid nature of his daughter.
“If you ask me,” said Prince Andrei, not looking at his father (for the first time in his life he condemned his father), “I didn’t want to talk; but if you ask me, I will tell you frankly my opinion about all this. If there are misunderstandings and discord between you and Masha, then I can’t blame her in any way - I know how much she loves and respects you. If you are asking me, - Prince Andrei continued, getting annoyed, because he was always ready for irritation in recent times- then I can say one thing: if there are misunderstandings, then the reason for them is an insignificant woman who should not have been a friend of her sister.
The old man at first looked at his son with fixed eyes and unnaturally revealed with a smile a new lack of a tooth, to which Prince Andrei could not get used.
- What kind of friend, my dear? BUT? Already talked! BUT?
“Father, I didn’t want to be a judge,” said Prince Andrei in a bilious and harsh tone, “but you called me, and I said and I will always say that Princess Mary is not to blame, but to blame ... this Frenchwoman is to blame ...
- And he awarded! So that your spirit is not here! ..
Prince Andrei wanted to leave immediately, but Princess Mary begged to stay another day. On this day, Prince Andrei did not see his father, who did not go out and did not let anyone in, except m lle Bourienne and Tikhon, and asked several times if his son had left. The next day, before leaving, Prince Andrei went to take his son's half. A healthy, curly-haired boy sat on his lap. Prince Andrei began to tell him the tale of Bluebeard, but, without finishing it, he thought. He was not thinking about this pretty boy son while he was holding him on his lap, but was thinking about himself. He searched with horror and did not find in himself either repentance that he had irritated his father, or regret that he (in a quarrel for the first time in his life) was leaving him. The main thing for him was that he was looking for and did not find that former tenderness for his son, which he hoped to arouse in himself by caressing the boy and placing him on his knees.
“Well, tell me,” said the son. Prince Andrei, without answering him, removed him from the columns and left the room.
As soon as Prince Andrei left his daily activities, especially as soon as he entered the former conditions of life, in which he was even when he was happy, the melancholy of life seized him with the same force, and he hurried to quickly get away from these memories and find some business soon.
– Are you determined to go, Andre? his sister told him.
“Thank God that I can go,” said Prince Andrei, “I am very sorry that you cannot.
- Why are you saying this! - said Princess Mary. “Why are you saying this now that you are going to this terrible war and he is so old! M lle Bourienne said that he asked about you ... - As soon as she began to talk about it, her lips trembled and tears dripped. Prince Andrei turned away from her and began to pace the room.
- Oh my god! My God! - he said. - And how do you think, what and who - what a nonentity can be the cause of people's misfortune! he said with an anger that frightened Princess Mary.
She realized that, speaking of people whom he called insignificance, he meant not only m lle Bourienne, who made his misfortune, but also the person who ruined his happiness.
“Andre, I ask one thing, I beg you,” she said, touching his elbow and looking at him with eyes shining through tears. - I understand you (Princess Mary lowered her eyes). Do not think that people have made grief. People are his tools. - She looked a little higher than the head of Prince Andrei with that confident, familiar look with which one looks at the familiar place of the portrait. - Woe is sent to them, not people. People are his tools, they are not to blame. If it seems to you that someone is guilty before you, forget it and forgive. We have no right to punish. And you will understand the happiness of forgiving.
- If I were a woman, I would do it, Marie. This is the virtue of a woman. But a man should not and cannot forget and forgive,” he said, and although he had not thought about Kuragin until that moment, all the unexpressed malice suddenly rose in his heart. “If Princess Mary is already persuading me to forgive, then it means that I should have been punished for a long time,” he thought. And, no longer answering Princess Marya, he now began to think about that joyful, angry moment when he would meet Kuragin, who (he knew) was in the army.
Princess Mary begged her brother to wait another day, saying that she knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrei left without reconciling with him; but Prince Andrei answered that he would probably soon come again from the army, that he would certainly write to his father, and that now the longer he stayed, the more this dissension would be aggravated.
— Adieu, Andre! Rappelez vous que les malheurs viennent de Dieu, et que les hommes ne sont jamais coupables, [Farewell, Andrei! Remember that misfortunes come from God and that people are never to blame.] - were last words which he heard from his sister when he said goodbye to her.
“So it should be! - thought Prince Andrei, leaving the alley of the Lysogorsky house. - She, a miserable innocent creature, remains to be eaten by an old man who has gone out of his mind. The old man feels that he is guilty, but he cannot change himself. My boy is growing and enjoying a life in which he will be the same as everyone else, deceived or deceiving. I'm going to the army, why? - I don’t know myself, and I want to meet the person whom I despise in order to give him the opportunity to kill me and laugh at me! And before there were all the same conditions of life, but before they all knitted together, and now everything crumbled. Some meaningless phenomena, without any connection, one after another presented themselves to Prince Andrei.
Prince Andrei arrived at the main army quarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, seeking to join the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by a large force of the French. Everyone was dissatisfied with the general course of military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one even imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.
Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa. Since there was not a single large village or town in the vicinity of the camp, the whole huge number of generals and courtiers who were with the army was located in a circle of ten miles along the best houses villages on this side and on the other side of the river. Barclay de Tolly stood four versts from the sovereign. He received Bolkonsky dryly and coldly and said in his German reprimand that he would report on him to the sovereign to determine his appointment, and for the time being asked him to be at his headquarters. Anatole Kuragin, whom Prince Andrei hoped to find in the army, was not here: he was in St. Petersburg, and Bolkonsky was pleased with this news. The interest of the center of the huge war that was being carried out occupied Prince Andrei, and he was glad for a while to be freed from the irritation that the thought of Kuragin produced in him. During the first four days, during which he did not demand anywhere, Prince Andrei traveled around the entire fortified camp and, with the help of his knowledge and conversations with knowledgeable people, tried to form a definite idea about him. But the question of whether this camp is profitable or disadvantageous remained unresolved for Prince Andrei. He had already managed to deduce from his military experience the conviction that in military affairs the most thoughtfully considered plans mean nothing (as he saw it in the Austerlitz campaign), that everything depends on how one responds to unexpected and unforeseen actions of the enemy, that everything depends on how and by whom the whole thing is conducted. In order to clarify this last question for himself, Prince Andrei, using his position and acquaintances, tried to delve into the nature of the leadership of the army, the persons and parties participating in it, and deduced for himself the following concept of the state of affairs.
