Sculptural composition "300th anniversary of the Russian fleet". How the monument to Peter I Tsereteli is arranged

The monument to Peter I, installed in Moscow, is officially called: "In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of Russian fleet".

How to get to the Monument to Peter I

The monument to Peter I is located on, near its intersection with.

Nearest metro stations: Polyanka, Oktyabrskaya. Relatively close to the Kropotkinskaya metro station.

Description of the monument to Peter I

Monument Russian emperor opened in 1997, by order of the Moscow Government, sculptor Z. Tsereteli. The total height of the monument is 98 meters. It is the highest in Russia and one of the highest sculptural monuments in the world.

Tourists will not be able to get inside the monument. This building is under the jurisdiction of "Gormost" and is carefully guarded. Visiting the monument is possible, but only after obtaining permission and accompanied. But in vain. If there was an observation deck at the top of the monument accessible to tourists, it would certainly be one of the most popular places in Moscow.

If you decide to get closer to the monument, be sure to climb the , which runs from to .

It is believed that the monument was based on the development of the monument to Christopher Columbus by the sculptor Zurab Tsereteli, which he offered to buy the United States, Spain and countries Latin America in 1991 and 1992, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the American continent. The statue was not purchased, but its smaller copy was installed in Spain (see Christopher Columbus (wikipedia.org)).

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The monument "In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet" or the monument to Peter the Great by Zurab Tsereteli was officially opened exactly 15 years ago.

The 98-meter work of Tsereteli has become one of the highest monuments in Russia and in the world. Even the Statue of Liberty in New York is inferior to her. Perhaps the monument to Peter became one of the heaviest. The sculpture, whose frame is made of stainless steel, and the details of the cladding are made of bronze, weighs more than 2000 tons. The monument consists of three parts: a pedestal (the lower part of the monument), a ship and a figure of Peter. All parts were assembled separately. And to create a monument, the sculptor took a little less than a year.

The statue was installed on an artificial island with the help of 120 installers. Data on the amounts spent on work vary. Unofficial sources claim that the cost of erecting a bronze king is about 20 million dollars. Of official sources it is known that 100 billion rubles, that is, 16.5 million dollars, were spent on the installation of the monument.

According to the media, this unique engineering structure was originally a monument to Columbus, which the author wanted to sell to Spain, the United States and Latin America for the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the American continent. However, no one accepted the sculptor's proposal.

According to experts in the field maritime history, several inaccuracies were made during the creation of the monument. Rosters - trophies from enemy ships - are set incorrectly. On the monument, the rostra is crowned with the St. Andrew's flag, so it turns out that Tsar Peter fought against his own fleet. According to the rules, the Andreevsky flag is hung out at the stern. It is interesting that this rule is fulfilled only on the ship on which Peter is standing.

was refuted and official name monument - "In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet." The monument could not have had such a name in the first place, because the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet was celebrated a year before the opening of the monument. In addition, in 1995, the sailors, signed by the Acting Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Selivanov, asked for a monument to the work of People's Artist Academician Lev Kerbel to be erected in Moscow in honor of the holiday.

Immediately after the completion of the installation work, the monument was disliked for appearance, for its huge size, for its unfortunate location and for the fact that the giant monument was of no value to the city. Under the slogan "You weren't standing here," signatures were collected against the erection of the monument. According to numerous opinion polls conducted in 1997, more than half of Muscovites were against the monument. The controversy has not subsided for a long time. They tried to fight the monument not only at the bureaucratic level. There are rumors that at first they even tried to blow up the monument. Later, in 2007, a project appeared, the authors of which proposed to cover the monument with a glass casing. In the same year, donations were collected for the dismantling of the monument. However, it was possible to collect no more than 100 thousand rubles. After the resignation of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov, the monument to Peter was proposed to be moved to St. Petersburg, but they refused such generosity, saying that the city already has one monument to the tsar by Tsereteli.

On the side of the discontented citizens came out and foreign organizations. So, in 2008, the monument by Tsereteli took the tenth position in the list of the ugliest buildings in the world, according to the site "Virtual Tourist".

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Today, Zamoskvorechye, like all of Moscow, continues to change. For example, on the arrow of the Moscow River in 1997. there was a monument to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet work of Zurab Tsereteli. The total height of the monument is 98m, which makes the monument the highest in Russia and one of the highest in the world.
The monument is unique in technical terms. The supporting frame is made of stainless steel with bronze cladding details hung on it. The pedestal, the ship and the figure of Peter were assembled separately from each other. The ship's shrouds were cast from stainless steel and woven from several cables to prevent them from moving. Inside the monument, a staircase was arranged to monitor its condition. The reinforced concrete foundation on which the monument rests forms an artificial island and is framed by fountains. All this creates the effect of a ship cutting through the water.
An independent public commission, assessing the artistic qualities of the monument in 1997, a few months before its opening, pointed out that "Peter I", announced as a gift to sailors for the 300th anniversary of the Russian Navy, is actually not such.

First of all, because the holiday took place already in October last year. Secondly, back in 1995, the sailors, signed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Selivanov, asked Russian government and personally Viktor Chernomyrdin to erect a completely different monument in honor of the holiday in Moscow. His sketch was made folk artist Academician Lev Kerbel... The monument was planned to open in September 1996 opposite the Tretyakov Gallery, for which they made a new pedestrian bridge across the Vodootvodny Canal and decorated the embankment there....

However, Moscow undertook to resolve all issues with this monument on its own, without the help of Russia, about which the Government of the Motherland was informed by a special letter. And around the spring of 1996, in the 300-year history of the Russian Navy, the name Tsereteli first appeared. By the decisions of the city government and the former chief architect of the city, Leonid Vavakin, special commissions were suddenly created, which examined the projects of Karbel and Tsereteli and recognized that the ideas of Zurab Konstantinovich were uniquely beautiful.

A monument to Peter the work of Kerbel was installed in Izmailovo. The city committee for the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Fleet, on the recommendation of the Moscow Government, went to the workshop of Tsereteli and got acquainted with the project of the monument. Committee members asked the authorities to recommend 3. Tsereteli to include in the draft following changes: - depict a statue of Peter I in the traditional form of a Russian military sailor of the early 18th century; - install (place) busts of prominent naval commanders inside the monument; - remove the eagle from the bowsprit, but this was not done.

May 16, 1997 public commission, created by the mayor of Moscow because of the great public outcry in connection with the appearance of the monument, got acquainted with the results of sociological surveys conducted by the foundation " Public opinion”and VCIOM - half of the Muscovites surveyed did not like the monument. After examining the results, the commission held its own vote: 13 of its members voted "for" to leave the monument in this place, 3 voted "against". And July 6, 1997. the Revolutionary Military Council group tried to blow up the monument. According to them, explosives had already been planted, but the explosion was canceled due to possible casualties among passers-by. According to another version, the explosion was prevented thanks to an anonymous call. Since then, public access to the monument has been closed.

The monument caused such a number of criticisms that even a legend was born that it was originally a monument to Christopher Columbus for the Dominican Republic. But the Dominican state refused the monument, and Columbus turned into Peter the Great. But it has nothing to do with reality.
However, there is still an absurdity in the monument: Peter I is standing in a small boat (“the father of the Russian fleet”) on rostral column. At the same time, the ships are decorated with St. Andrew's flags, while the rosters are the bows of enemy ships. It turns out that the Emperor fought against his own fleet.

On September 28, 2010, on the day Yu.M. Luzhkov was removed from the post of mayor of Moscow, Marat Gelman proposed to demolish the monument. October 4, 2010 And. O. Mayor of Moscow Vladimir Resin at a meeting in the administration proposed to think about moving the monument to another place. After that, individual representatives of the authorities and groups of residents of the following cities announced their intention to host a monument to the founder of the Russian fleet: Azov, Transnistria, Petrozavodsk, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Orel, Arkhangelsk, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Kamyshin, Izhevsk. And even earlier, similar letters came from England and France. Finally, July 28, 2011. At a press conference, the prefect of the Central Administrative District (CAO) of Moscow Sergey Baidakov said:

Peter I, as he stood, will continue to stand. In general, I believe that everything should be the way our ancestors created it.

And in Oleg Divov's post-apocalyptic novel "The Best Crew of Solnechnaya", the monument to Peter I and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior are among the few that have survived in Moscow. Moreover, the mutants consider the monument to be an image of a certain pagan god and worship him, making pilgrimages along the dried-up river bed, which is considered a special road, and the charred Cathedral of Christ the Savior ("Black Church") - a special religious building erected for performing rituals. In the novel, the monument to Peter looks like this:

The oversized statue looked straight into the screen at the astronauts gathered in the wheelhouse. An evil, ugly face with small eyes and a twisted mustache was striking in the paranoid thirst for power masterfully conveyed by the sculptor. The giant's single hand gripped an archaic-looking helm. With its feet, the monster trampled on a tiny sea boat.

Getting inside "Peter" is not easy: as a structure subordinate to "Gormost", the monument is carefully guarded, and permission to visit it requires a number of signatures and seals. But in the end they met us cordially, took us through all the nooks and crannies of the monument, shared diagrams and drawings, and only didn’t let us inside the sails, because without climbing training you can’t get there. Our guides were Dmitry Shroeder, industrial climber and permanent caretaker of the complex, and Salkarbek Shamkanov, head of the IPG for the supervision and operation of the main monument of the State Unitary Enterprise "Gormost". So, welcome aboard the royal ship!

Outer side

The monument "In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet" is a sailing ship raised to a height of 30 m. The deck is at a level of 33.6 m, and the 18-meter All-Russian Emperor Peter I is at the helm (who was distinguished by considerable growth even during his lifetime) . The embankment on the way to the "Peter" is blocked, the monument itself is carefully guarded. This is mainly due to vandals who strive to paint the base of the sculpture in inappropriate colors or even saw off something from the bronze facing sheets - especially since the bronze that went to the monument is of high quality and quite expensive. It is impossible to get directly to the pedestal from the wooden deck of the island: it is separated from the promenade part by a fountain.

The supporting element of the upper part of the sculpture (from 33.6 meters) is a mast, reinforced with additional struts; the system resembles a trihedral pyramid. In the picture on the left is one of the struts, along which you can climb up. In several places (approximately in the middle), the rigging elements intersect with the stairs, making it difficult to climb, so we did not get to the very top. It is not so difficult to overcome them, but this requires a separate permit.

The fountain is the most ordinary: three powerful pumps are located under the wooden flooring, taking water from the Moscow River and supplying it through distribution pipelines to nozzles. The only problem is the serious clogging of the river: the trash grates on the intakes have to be cleaned much more often than on ordinary city fountains. So, the caretaker throws a temporary metal ladder over the fountain, we move over and through a tiny square door we get inside. It immediately becomes dark and scary.

Below plinth: tower

On the design scheme, the monument is a console, pinched at the base. Technically, the monument is divided into two parts - a multifaceted base tower (from 0 to 33.6 m) and a mast fixed in it (from 33.6 to 94 m). The lattice tower is the supporting element of the pedestal. Its main components are eight columns located on a circle with a diameter of 6.14 m. The load is transferred to the foundation through the bases of the columns and powerful anchors (7 cm in diameter each). The thickness of the base plate of the foundation is about 5 cm, "Peter" has a significant margin of safety and can withstand any load. Every 2.4 m in the maintenance tower there are annular platforms 0.85 m wide, they also serve as diaphragms for the rigidity of the supporting frame of the pedestal. Flights of stairs are located inside the ring platforms.

The supporting element of the pedestal is a tower, the elements of which are eight racks-ribs located on a circle with a diameter of 6.14 meters. The lower reference point in the technical documentation is not the water level, but the base of the supporting columns of the foundation. This is due to two factors: firstly, the loads on the lower part of the rack-ribs are maximum, and secondly, the foundation, like the bulk island, was designed by the Gidrospetsproekt organization, and not by TsNIIPSK, which was involved in the calculation of the metal structures of the statue. Accordingly, according to the documents, the height of the monument is slightly lower (by about 2.5 meters) than the real one.

The loads that the supporting structures of "Petra" have to withstand can be divided into two groups: wind and caused own weight monument. The sculpture as a whole, together with the pedestal, weighs more than 2000 tons, and this load is applied with a slight eccentricity (the pinched mast is pulled back relative to the center of the circle on which the columns are located), respectively, a bending moment arises from the own weight of the mast. But the main stresses are still created by the wind. Since the sculpture is non-standard and it was impossible to calculate according to existing standards for buildings and structures, the designers went along the original path. Specialists of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University. Lomonosov made a model and studied the aerodynamic properties of the monument in the tube, as they test a racing car. The results obtained by them served as a guide for the designers.

There is another type of load that had to be taken into account during the design: ice. The estimated service life of "Petra" is 100 years (the highest category). Accordingly, the probability of glaciation for such long time high, and the sculpture is able to withstand the weight of an ice layer 2.5 cm thick! For comparison: during the Moscow freezing rain in the winter of 2011, the layer reached barely 0.5 cm.

Above the roof: mast

The mast, pinched at a height of 33.6 m, is no less important load-bearing element than the tower. It is a hollow pipe with a diameter of 1 m and transfers the received load not to the foundation, but to the tower itself. It was originally planned that the mast would not be reinforced with additional struts, but in the process of calculations it turned out that they could not be dispensed with. The result was a system resembling a trihedral pyramid. The figure of Peter itself, in comparison with the entire monument, does not weigh that much - about 110 tons, it has its own frame, and it is simply attached to the mast at several points of contact. The mass of the mast, by the way, together with the struts is about 70 tons.

The pedestal from the inside resembles a decoration for classic game"Snakes and Ladders".

The so-called half-timbered elements are attached to the supporting structures - the tower and the mast, on which the bronze parts are held. For the manufacture of each bronze element in the sculptor's workshop, separate form. Since the details are quite complex, the design engineers also had to tinker to calculate the half-timbered beams individually for each element. Bronze details, in turn, carry almost no load, except for their own weight and the unbearable heaviness of the artistic image.

Interesting rigging pattern. The cables of the shrouds are flexible, their lower ends are passed through the deck openings and go down into the pedestal. There, one and a half ton loads are fixed on them, freely hanging in the space allotted for them. Such a system makes it possible to make the tension stable, the shrouds do not sag due to a sufficient mass of cargo and do not experience overloads when the mast strongly sways from the wind.

Separately, it is worth mentioning St. Andrew's flags - 15 of them are fixed on the monument, 12 - on the bows of rostral ships, one on the bowsprit, one on the stern, and one - the largest - on the top of the mast. Rotary flags; at first we assumed that the rotation is provided by electric motors, but no, the flags move freely, in the wind. Imagine: the most powerful flag has dimensions of 3 x 7 m and weighs over 5 tons!

Freely hanging weights that hold the rigging in a "conditionally stable state". Loads weighing 1000 or 1600 kg are used.

Requires care!

Dmitry Shroeder told us a lot of interesting things about the work that has to be constantly carried out in order for the monument to function normally. For example, to ensure the rotation of the flags, they need to be lubricated regularly. There are three fittings under each flag, once every few months Dmitry unscrews them and launches a new batch of lubricant there. Moreover, if it is quite easy to get to the flag on a bowsprit, then the road to the rest requires climbing training and experience.

In order to get into the sails or into the figure of Peter, you have to climb the mast struts to the very top, and then descend on the ropes. Why is the hatch made in the head and not in the foot of the statue? It's simple: the royal leg let us down - apparently, they were poorly fed. In general, Peter is difficult to service. The caretaker sometimes even needs speleological experience, for example, to get inside the bow of the ship to clean it.

A few years ago, the caretaker was conducting a massive bird war. The crows were addicted to making nests in the shrouds, spoiling, spoiling the appearance, turning the monument into an illustration for Sergei Lukyanenko's Night Watch. Schroeder did not kill birds, he fired noise bullets from pneumatics, and after a while the "crow radio" conveyed the information to the birds of the capital. The monument began to be avoided: a noisy, uncomfortable, unpleasant place for nesting.

What will happen to Peter?

This question is often raised in the press - and on TV, and in magazines, and blogs. The answer is simple and logical: nothing will happen. It is physically impossible to transfer the sculpture, except to cut the welded elements with a grinder, and then cook them again in a new place. Moreover, all calculations will go to waste: another place, another foundation, other numbers.

On this moment the monument “In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the Russian Navy” is one of the tallest such structures in the world (closes the top ten). Moreover, the places from the first to the fourth and from the eighth to the ninth in this list are occupied by statues of various Buddhas and bodhisattvas located in China, Japan and Myanmar. So among the "normal" monuments of the non-Buddhist plan, "Peter" honestly holds the fourth place.

The story that "Peter" is a redesigned Columbus, originally made by Tsereteli for the United States and not accepted there, is mostly a bike. In order to be convinced of this, it is enough to compare the models of these two monuments, deliberately placed side by side in the sculptor's gallery in Moscow. They have a similar composition, but nothing more; all the monuments to the emperors sitting on horseback are similar in composition. The project "Petra" was developed individually, and in addition to the workshop of Zurab Tsereteli, specialists from five different institutes took part in the design.

The monument can - and should - be improved. New York's Statue of Liberty has an observation deck, as do some other much lower monuments. There is enough space on the deck of the Petrovsky boat, and the views from there are amazing. Observation deck could be a great attraction for tourists, no worse eiffel tower or "London Monument" by Christopher Wren. And the rosters, which at the moment serve only as cladding elements, are not so difficult to turn into balconies.

But even without a sparkling show, the monument “In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the Russian Fleet” is an engineering structure of tremendous complexity and, if dissatisfied readers will forgive us, spectacular and beautiful monument. Recall that the Eiffel Tower also wanted to demolish the first 20 years of its existence. And then she imperceptibly turned into a symbol of Paris.

How to get to the monument to Peter I: Art. metro station Oktyabrskaya or Park Kultury.

The monument to Peter I in Moscow bears the official name "Monument to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet." The author of the monument was Zurab Tsereteli. grandiose sculptural composition was installed on an artificial island on the arrow, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Obvodny Canal, not far from the famous Red October confectionery factory. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. The total height of the monument is 98 meters, it is the highest monument in Russia, and one of the highest in the whole world.

The history of the monument to Peter I is rather curious. At first it was a statue of Columbus, which the sculptor made in the early 90s of the 20th century for the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America. The author offered to purchase a monument to Spain, the United States, as well as the countries of Latin America, but no one was willing, after which the grandiose monument was remade, and it turned into a statue of the Russian emperor.

The sculptural composition has a very complex and unique device. The pillar, mounted on a granite base, holds the ship, in which the figure of Peter the Great is located. The supporting structures of the monument are made of stainless steel, and facing elements of bronze are fixed on them. The pedestal, the boat and the figure of the king were assembled separately, and mounted together already in finished form.

The ship's shrouds are also made of stainless steel. Suspension shrouds are woven from several cables and firmly fixed. To reduce the weight of the sails, they did not create solid cast ones, a metal frame was installed inside the cavities, and the sails were made of copper. The facing of the pedestal, ship and statue is made of bronze High Quality. First, the metal was sandblasted, then patinated. To protect bronze from oxidation and destructive action environment, it was covered with special protective wax and varnish.

Peter I holds a gilded scroll in his hand. St. Andrew's flags are mounted on bearings and serve as weathercocks, the crosses on them are also gilded. As in many large monuments, inside the monument to Peter I there is a staircase in order to be able to monitor the condition of the object. Fountains are built into the reinforced concrete base, which create the effect of a moving ship cutting through the waves.

Among Muscovites, the monument caused a mixed reaction. Among the residents of the city, an action was held under the slogan "You were not standing here" against the installation of the monument. The monument was ironically compared with the figure of the sower from the novel by Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". With violation historical traditions rosters of the monument were made. Usually, they were decorated with captured flags from fallen ships. In the case of the Tsereteli monument, the rasters are crowned with St. Andrew's flags, i.e. according to historical and military canons, it turns out that the Russian emperor fought against the fleet of his country.