Scientists from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed and launched the geoinformation system "Archaeological Monuments of Russia" - the first national-scale electronic archaeological map in our country, which contains data on more than 15,000 objects. ...Scientists have developed a standard for describing an archaeological site (it includes the name of an object, type, chronological attribution, belonging to a river / sea basin, microrelief features, geographical coordinates and study information).
The Russian Institute of Archeology developed a special map showing the locations of 15,000 excavations. ... All of these cultural heritage sites are located on the territory of Russia. An electronic card has been created in Russia archaeological sites, which collected information about 15 thousand heritage sites. The press service of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences reported on a unique database of historical objects.
The archives of the institute contain information about 133,000 objects that archaeologists have explored since 1945. Specialists from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have created a unique electronic file containing information about 15,000 archaeological sites in Russia. ... Gradually, scientists will replenish the map with new discoveries, since the institute's archives contain information about 133,000 objects that archaeologists have explored since 1945. A database of excavations of archaeologists has been created in Russia archaeological sites countries. ... According to the director of the Institute of Archeology, Nikolai Makarov, new map is a unique opportunity to study Russia in terms of history and its fossil sites.
Scientists from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have created an information system that includes data on more than 15,000 objects in Russia. Russian scientists created the country's first geoinformation system "Archaeological Monuments of Russia". The press service of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences announced the development of the first electronic archaeological map, which includes data on more than 15 thousand objects in Russia. "To date, information about the monuments explored from 2009 to 2012 has been loaded into the database, which forms the basis of the archaeological map, - this is information about 15,367 archaeological heritage sites," the report says.
The map, according to the idea of archaeologists, shows the country from all sides, including areas that are yet to be explored. ...Formerly IA " People's News”reported that archaeologists have found a cemetery city in Egypt that is more than seven thousand years old. Archaeologists from the Russian Academy of Sciences have created an electronic map of Russia's archaeological sites. ... Director of the IA RAS Makarov said that the map showed Russia from all sides, including white spots on it, which still need to be explored.
According to the press service of the IA RAS, work on the electronic map of the national scale began in 2014. ... The project manager Nikolai Makarov noted that work on the electronic map had just begun, the archives of the institute contain information about another 133 thousand archeological monuments that scientists have studied since 1945. Scientists from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed the first national-scale electronic archaeological map in our country, which contains data on more than 15,000 objects. As MK was told at the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in Russia, a group of scientists led by the director of the institute, Nikolai Makarov, worked on the map for two years.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXGkIeZy2GE
The country's first national-scale electronic map, the country's national-scale electronic archaeological map! Map of the island of the Mother of God-Assumption Monastery - a map of Sviyazhsk, which became the first electronic map of a national scale in the country. Archeology is going through a period of organization: the basis for compiling a general archaeological map of Russia. Although it must be admitted that it is not yet sufficiently developed - home science scientists, Russian Federation like a field archaeological sites. Pokrovskaya developed and maintains the website of the department - that today information about excavations is loaded into the map for.
A standard for the description of archaeological sites has been developed, and about 1200 archaeological sites have been mapped in the province. The first in Russia scientific repository of archaeological collections that archeological monuments are scattered across Russia unevenly.
This year marks the 25th anniversary of virtual archeology. Fiction! How can you dig Troy without leaving your office? Nevertheless, the list of discoveries of virtual archeology is growing every year.
ARCHEOLOGY OF PROGRESS
The term "virtual archeology" was first used in 1990. The scientist from Paul Reilly, the creator of this unusual scientific discipline, has explicitly stated that its tasks include the use of computer technology to create high-quality images, as well as the promotion of archaeological research.
A quarter of a century has passed since then. During this time, virtual archeology has gained unprecedented popularity around the world. In St. Petersburg, and not just anywhere, but in the Hermitage itself, for the second year in a row, the International Conference on Virtual Archeology is being held, at which specialists share their experience in computer reconstruction of archaeological sites and historical events, discuss the ability of 3D printers to recreate antique artifacts, and discuss the creation of virtual museums.
If just a couple of decades ago, in order to confirm or refute a scientific hypothesis, you had to travel to the place of a possible discovery, now sometimes it’s enough just to click on the computer screen with the mouse. The interactive map will show you in detail Right place on the globe and enlarge the image to the required size. And then the matter is small: analyze the data obtained and, if they fit into the theory being tested, go to the place to carry out field work.
THE COLLAPSE OF INDIANA JONES
As you know, the most outstanding archaeologist of all times and peoples is the fearless Indiana Jones, who, risking his life, repeatedly went on dangerous journeys in search of ancient artifacts. Today, such heroism is no longer so relevant, because there is, for example, Google Earth - a virtual map of Google. This card alone is sometimes enough for a startling scientific discovery.
It was thanks to Google Earth that the term “armchair archaeologist” appeared in 2006. Then the American Scott Madry made several archaeological discoveries without leaving his office. Using just a computer map, the researcher discovered about 100 prospective excavation sites dating from various eras: from bronze age before the Middle Ages.
TREASURE ISLAND MAP
Perhaps the day is not far off when, thanks to high computer technology, there will be no geographical or archaeological secrets on Earth. Already today, long lists of virtual discoveries are being compiled.
In 2005, the Italian Luca Mori decided, for the sake of simple human interest, using Google to explore the surroundings of his hometown- Parmas. Lazily looking at the computer, Mori unexpectedly discovered unusual artifact oval shape right in a wheat field near the city. without giving him special significance, the disciplined Italian nevertheless informed the employees of the National Archaeological Museum about his observation. His employees, having gone to the site, discovered the remains of an ancient Roman villa and many unique samples of ancient ceramics. The story gained publicity, becoming a classic example in virtual archeology.
After this discovery, as if from a cornucopia, millions of enthusiasts around the world clung to computer screens in the hope of finding the ruins of an ancient city with treasures, uninhabited lands and other artifacts.
In 2008, two million year old Australopithecus remains were discovered. The author of the discovery, paleontologist Lee Berger, like Luca Mori, comfortably sitting in an armchair in a cozy office, casually pressed the mouse button, launching Google Earth. South Africa. First of all, the professor was interested in the caves there, which are considered the cradle of mankind. On satellite images, according to signs known to him alone, Berger discovered the entrance to previously unknown caves, ideally suited for the life of primitive people.
Not particularly counting on success, the professor nevertheless organized an amateur expedition to the discovered caves, taking his own nine-year-old son and one of the students as assistants. The result exceeded all expectations: the brave trio discovered more than 50 habitats of Australopithecus, the direct ancestors of man.
During excavations in one of the caves, two perfectly preserved skeletons of a woman and a teenager were found, whose age is estimated at 1.78-1.95 million years! The find is all the more interesting because it was two million years ago, according to scientists, that primates began to walk on two legs and use tools for hunting and labor. Around the same time, they began to form the rudiments of speech.
In the same 2008, a major geographical discovery of virtual archeology took place. British scientist Julian Beilis, studying satellite photographs, discovered a previously unknown tropical forest located in remote mountains. After the very first expedition equipped in " lost World» on Mount Mabu, biologists have discovered more than 100 new species of plants, flowers, butterflies, monkeys and snakes. The study of the mysterious forest continues to this day, and the researchers jokingly nicknamed it the Google Forest.
It must be said that 2008 turned out to be a particularly fruitful year for discoveries of virtual archeology. Combining google snapshots Earth territory with infrared shooting, scientists clutched their heads. Under a layer of soil just a kilometer from the famous drawings of the Nazca plateau, several ancient pyramids have been discovered!
In 2009, Brazilian scientists saw previously unknown geoglyphs on the border and on computer images. Geometric figures turned out to be the remains of an ancient city with a population of 60,000 people. The find dates back to 200-1283 AD, and a number of researchers associate it with the famous golden city of Eldorado.
Since then, researchers of the ancient secrets of the planet no longer waste time on the disembodied search for artifacts on the ground, but first compare their versions with satellite images.
In 2011, having decided to study the deserts for ancient artifacts, Australian David Kennedy painstakingly studied satellite images. In the images, the scientist identified more than 2,000 places in which ancient objects covered with sand were visible. The field test yielded stunning results. Stone wheels, bird traps, ancient tombs and more have been found. Moreover, most of the artifacts are over 9,000 years old!
STONEHENGE VIRTUALLY DISCOVERED
Of the latest sensational discoveries of virtual archeology, undoubtedly, the study of the basement floor of the famous Stonehenge stands out. Based on the results of virtual excavations carried out by scientists from the UK and, several new hypotheses were put forward at once.
During their research, scientists using radar and magnetometers with GPS navigation scanned the entire territory of the complex - more than 10 square kilometers. Through laborious work, they compiled a three-dimensional map of the archaeological site. On it, the researchers were surprised to find several underground objects that were not previously identified. These instruments clearly indicated the existence of underground structures and even ditches covered with earth. It only remained to take a shovel and dig out the sensation of the century. Of particular interest to scientists were two parallel moats that existed before the construction of Stonehenge and associated with the summer solstice.
Inspired by the success, the researchers immediately set out to conduct virtual excavations throughout Europe.
Unfortunately, during the preparation of this material, the author could not find significant discoveries in the field of archeology, geography or botany made by domestic virtual archaeologists on the territory. Meanwhile, in the vast expanses of our Motherland, there were many ancient civilizations that were not inferior in age and development to the civilizations of Mesopotamia! So isn't it time for our readers, armed with computers and interactive maps of the Internet, to make archaeological and geographical discoveries century? Secrets are waiting for you!
Almost a century had passed since the founding of Moscow in 1147 before chronicles began to mention the city again. This map shows archaeological finds from the very first years of the existence of the city of Moscow, when it was defeated by Khanym Batu and then the process of separating the Moscow principality began - until the Middle Ages, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
Conventions
1. Spassky Monastery on Vskhodnya. Archaeological traces of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral, the Church of St. Andrew Stratilat, stone walls. The first mention is 1390.
2. Soil burial ground of the Spassky Monastery at Vskhodnya. Under 1390 the chronicle reports the burial of Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnin
3. 1st Spas-Tushino settlement (in the village of Spas).
4. 2nd Spas-Tushino settlement. Investigated archaeologically.
5. 2nd Penyaginskoe settlement. 1bc. Investigated archaeologically.
6. 1st Mitinsky settlement. 16th century Investigated archaeologically.
7. 2nd Mitinsky settlement. 16-1 7th century Investigated archaeologically.
8. 3rd Mitinsky settlement. 13th-14th centuries Investigated archaeologically.
9. 2nd Myakininskoe settlement. 13th-15th centuries Investigated archaeologically on an area of 3800 sq.m.
10. 3rd Myakininsky settlement, (in the village of Myakinino).
11. Ground burial near the Church of the Intercession in the former. d. Bratsevo.
12. Selishche in the former d. Bratsevo. The village of Boriskovo. Mentioned in 1573. The patrimony of the descendants of Foma Ivanovich Kvashnin (1489).
13. Settlement in the village. Novobratsevsky. It is identified with the village of Annino, mentioned in 1573. and included in the estate of the descendants of Foma Ivanovich Kvashnin (1489).
14. Settlement in the estate of Bratsevo. It is identified with the village of Bratsevo, mentioned in 1569. and included in the estate of the descendants of Foma Ivanovich Kvashnin (1489).
15. Selishche in the former D. Petrovo. It is identified with the village of Petrov, mentioned since 1532. The patrimony of the descendants of Peter Kvashnin.
16. Selishche in the former with. Tushin. The village of Korobovskoye-Tushino, mentioned in 1512. The patrimony of the descendants of Vasily Tusha Kvashnin.
17. Tushino camp of False Dmitry 11.06. 1608-12.01.1610 From the west it was bounded by a rampart and a moat, from the other sides by the rivers Skhodnya and Moskva. When laying railway a collection of weapons was assembled (transferred to the State Historical Museum).
18. Ground burial near the church in the village of Kurkino.
19. Settlement in the village Kurkino.
20. Ground burial near the church in the village. Christmas.
21. Settlement in the village Christmas.
22. Selishche in the former Aleshino village.
23. Selishche in the former d. Zakharkovo.
24. Ground burial a former. with. Nikolsky on the river. Khimki. White-stone tombstones with inscriptions of the 16th-17th centuries were studied.
25. Selishche in the former with. Nikolsky on the Khimka river. book. Ivan Yurievich Patrikeev 1498
26. Settlement in the former d. Ivankovo.
27. Selishche in the former d. Elizavetino.
28. Settlement in the village Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo. Pokrovskoye village.
29. Selishche Shchukinskoe (south of the village of Shchukina). XV-XVI centuries Identified with the village of Schukina Prince. Ivan Yurievich Patrikeev. 1498
30. Settlement in the former d. Strogino.
31. Ground burial near the Trinity Church in the village. Troitse-Lykovo.
32. Settlement in the village Troitse-Lykovo.
33. Settlement in the village Tatarovo. The village of Tatarovo. 1572
34. Ground burial near the Trinity Church in the village. Good.
35. Settlement in the village Good. At the end of XVIB. with. Khoroshovo is the property of Boris Fedorovich Godunov.
36. Soil burial ground to the west of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the village. Krylatsky. Boulder tombstones and a white-stone tiled tombstone with a trihedral-notched ornament XV-XVI were recorded on the territory of the cemetery.
37. 1st Krylatskoye settlement (to the west of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, former village of Krylatskoye). Archaeological excavations (on an area of 178 sq. m) studied the manor buildings of the second half of the 15th - the first half of the 16th. It is identified with the settlement mentioned in the spiritual charter led. book. Basil I 1417
37a. 2- Krylatskoye settlement (to the east of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on the territory of Gorka St., formerly Krylatsky). According to archeological reconnaissance, it dates back to the 16th century. It is identified with the village of Krylatsky, restored after the Time of Troubles.
38. Selishche in the former village Karamyshevo.
39. Treasure at the former village Karamyshevo. Found in 1934 when straightening the riverbed. Moscow. Contains coins of the second half of the XVI-XVII.
40. Selishche in the former D. Mnevniki.
41. Settlement in the village of Terekhovo. Cultural layer XV-XVII.
42. Ground burial near the Church of the Sign in the village. Khovrino.
43. Selishche in the former d. Khovrino. The village of Khovrino is the patrimony of the merchants-surozhans Khovrin-Golovin (1585). The name of the village is associated with the name of Grigory Stefanovich Khovra, who in 1405. built a stone temple in the Simonov Monastery.
44. Ground burial near the church of Peter and Paul in the former. with. Degunin. Probably, the burial ground was located near the wooden church of Boris and Gleb, dismantled in 1884. The first mention of the Church of Boris and Gleb dates back to 1584.
45. Selishche in the former with. Degunin. The village is mentioned in the spiritual charter led. book. Ivan Kalita 1336 among the villages transferred to the inheritance of Princess Ulyana.
46. Selishche in the former village Koptevo.
47. Soil burial ground near the church of Peter and Paul in the estate of Petrovskoye-Razumovskoye.
48. Settlement on the territory of the estate Petrovskoye-Razumovskoye. It is identified with the village of Senchin, mentioned in 1584.
49. Soil burial ground near the Church of the Nativity p. Vladykino.
50. Selishche in the former with. Vladykino (right bank).
51. Selishche in the former with. Vladykino (left bank).
52. Ground burial near the church of Cosmas and Damian in the former. with. Kozmodemyansky.
53. Selishche in the former with. Kozmodemyansky. In 1490 Moscow boyars met the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, Yuri Delator.
54. Selishche in the former D. Khimki.
55. Ground burial near the Church of the Sign in the former. with. Aksinino.
56. Selishche in the former with. Aksinino. 1623
57. Selishche in the former village Golovino. 57a. Settlement on the Golovinsky Ponds.
58. Soil burial ground at the church of Sergius of Radonezh in the former. with. Businovo.
59. Selishche in the former with. Businovo. The village of Kokorevo Businovo also.
60. Selishche in the former e. Cow enemy. The village of Nikolskoe is also a cow enemy, mentioned in 1584.
61. Selishche in the former d. Funikovo. D. Kholzuevo Funikovo Eskino, also mentioned in 1584.
62. Selishche in the former D. Andreevskaya.
63. Ground burial near the church in. ex. with. Arkhangelsk-Tyurikovo.
64. Selishche in the former with. Arkhangelsk-Tyurikovo.
65. Ground burial at the Exaltation of the Cross Church in the former. with. Oltufievo.
66. The village in the former with. Oltufievo.
67. Ground burial near the church in the former. with. Bibirevo.
68. Selishche in the former with. Bibirevo.
69. Selishche in the former village Beskudnikovo. D. Beskudnikovo, mentioned in 1584.
70. Selishche in the former d. Slobodka.
71. The village in the former Nizhnie Likhobory village.
72. The village in the former D. Marfino.
73. Ground burial near the Church of All Saints in the village. All Saints.
74. Settlement in the village All Saints is the center of the patrimony of Prince Ivan Yuryevich Patrikeev, mentioned in his spiritual letter of 1498.
75. Selishche in the former village Shepelikha.
76. Ground burial near the Church of the Intercession in the village. Fili.
77. Selishche in the former with. Pokrovskoe-Fili. Identified with the village of Khvili.
78. Soil burial ground on the territory of the Moscow Zoo. Identified with the cemetery at the church on the Three Mountains. White-stone tombstones XVIB., including a dated tombstone dated 1540, have been studied.
79. Settlement on the territory of the Moscow Zoo. In the northwestern part of the zoo, a cultural layer of the 15th century was found. Identified with the settlement adjoining the court of Prince. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky 80. Settlement near the village of Kudrine.
81. Ground burial at the former. churches of the Annunciation "on Berezhki", "to the Golden Wedge" in Dorogomilovskaya Sloboda.
82. Settlement on the territory of the former. Dorogomilovskaya Sloboda. It is identified with the village of Dorogomilov, the first mention of which is contained in the annals under 1412.
83. Settlement in the former Berezhkovskaya Sloboda.
84. Necropolis of the monastery of St. Sava in the suburb.
85. Monastery of St. Sava in the settlement. In 1454 The governor of Rostov, Peter Konstantinovich Dobrynsky, transferred the monastery with the lands that belonged to him to Metropolitan Jonah.
86. Treasure found in 1906 on the territory of the monastery of St. Sava (see No. 85). Coins of Ivan IV, Fyodor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov.
87. Novodevichy Convent. Necropolis, architectural archaeological sites, cultural layer. Founded in 1525
88. Treasure found in 1902 near the Novodevichy Convent. Coins of Ivan III.
89. Settlement on the site of the village mentioned in the spiritual charter of Grand Duke Ivan Kalita 1336. among the great princely villages.
90. Settlement near the churches of St. Nicholas and the Annunciation. It is identified with the village of Vagankovo. In 1445 the chronicle mentions the yard of the great kng. Sofia Vitovtovna
91. Epiphany Monastery. Archaeological traces of a wooden temple and a necropolis synchronous to it in the second half of the 13th-early 14th centuries have been traced. The burials were made according to the Christian rite under white stone tombstones of an archaic appearance. The early necropolis is covered with the foundations of the white-stone cathedral of the Epiphany Monastery in the middle - second half of the 14th century. The monastery was the family burial vault of the boyar family of the Velyaminovs. Under 1374
92. Nikolsky Old Monastery. Archaeologically unexplored. B 1390, according to the Rogozhsky chronicler, Metropolitan Cyprian who came to Moscow
93. Alekseevsky Monastery. It was located on the territory of the current Zachatievsky Monastery. Early layers are not traced. According to legend, it was founded by Metropolitan Alexei.
94. Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery. Archaeological traces of a wooden temple and a typical monastic necropolis of the XVB have been traced. In its place in the second half of the 1510s. a stone church of Peter the Metropolitan of the centric type was erected. Archimandrite Ivan of the Petrovsky Monastery is mentioned in the description of Mityai's journey to Tsargrad in 1379.
95. Nativity monastery. Materials of the 15th century were found on the territory of the monastery. Probably originally located in the Kremlin (annalistic news of the burial in 1390 of the mother of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky). At the present place it is mentioned in the annals under 1500.
95a. Sretensky Monastery. Archaeologically not explored.
96. Settlement on the spot with. Khlynov.
97. Soil burial ground near the Church of Our Lady of Kazan in Sushchev.
98. Settlement on the spot with. Sushchev. The village of Sushchevo, mentioned in the spiritual charter of Grand Duke Vasily II in 1462. as the possession of the Grand Duke.
99. Soil burial ground near the church of Tryphon in Naprudny. Fragments of white-stone tombstones, one of which is dated 1569/1570, are embedded in the walls of the temple.
100. The village near the church of Tryphon in Naprudny is mentioned in the spiritual charter of the great prince. Ivan Kalita 1336 among the princely villages.
101. Ground burial near the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin
102. Settlement on the site of the former. s.Krasnogo. In the course of research along Krasnoselskaya Street (dd. 19, 21, 23), a layer containing black polished ceramics XVIB was discovered. and a coin of Boris Godunov. It is identified with the village of Krasnoe, mentioned in the spiritual charter of the great book. Basil I 1423 as the possession of the Grand Duke.
103. Ground burial near the Church of the Intercession in Rubtsovo.
104. Settlement in place with. Rubtsov. Rubtsovo village.
105. Soil burial ground near the Epiphany Cathedral of Yelokhovskaya Sloboda.
106. Settlement on the site of Yelokhovskaya Sloboda. Identified with the village of Eloh.
107. Treasure found in 1949 on Spartakovskaya st. It contained coins of Vasily I, Ivan III, Vasily III, Mikhail Andreevich Vereisky, Vasily Ivanovich of Ryazan and Veliky Novgorod (until 1533).
108. Settlement near Podkopaevsky Lane. The cultural layer of the late XIV-XVBB has been traced. It is identified with the village of Podkopaev.
109. Settlement on the street. Vorontsovo field. Vorontsovo village. In 1514 Aleviz Fryazin erected the Church of the Annunciation in Vorontsovo.
110. A cultural layer of the first half of the XVB has been revealed. The monastery of the Intercession, mentioned in 1479, was located in this area.
111. Androniev Monastery. Cultural layer and architectural and archaeological objects of the second half of the XIV-XVIBB. The most probable date of foundation is 1358.
112. Necropolis on the territory of the Spassky Cathedral of the Androniev Monastery. The early burials of the monastery necropolis were investigated.
113. Treasure found at the beginning of the 20th century. near the Androniev Monastery. Contains coins of Ivan IV from the 1570s.
114. Settlement on the territory of the Rogozhskaya Sloboda. The supposed site of the village of Vasilyevsky on Rogozha, which belonged at the beginning of the XVB. boyars Dobrynsky.
115. Settlement near the Kalitnikovsky cemetery. The supposed place of the village of Kalitnikova, in the area of which in 1475. under the leadership of Aristotle Fiorovanti, a brick kiln was built.
116. Settlement in the area of the former. D. Dubrovka.
117. Treasure found in 1952 on Marxistskaya street. Contains coins of Ivan IV.
118. Treasure found in 1935 in Dubrovsky proezd, 22. Contains coins of Vasily II and Ivan III.
119. Necropolis near the Church of the Assumption of the Krutitsy Compound. White-stone tombstones of the second half of the 15th-beginning of the 16th century were studied, ONE of which is dated 1498.
120. Monastery of the Assumption of the Virgin on Krutitsa. Cultural layer and architectural and archaeological objects. The first mention - in the spiritual literacy led. book. Ivan the Red (1356-1359).
121. Novospassky Monastery. Cultural layer and architectural and archaeological objects. Known as a monastery transferred from the Kremlin in 1489.
122. Necropolis of the Novospassky Monastery.
123. Simonov Monastery. Archaeological research was carried out in limited volumes. In 1379 Fyodor Simonovsky founded the Church of the Assumption here, consecrated 26 years later, in 1405.
124. Monastery on Stary Simonov. Archaeological research was carried out in limited volumes. Originated in the 1370s.
125. St. Danilov Monastery. Archaeologically investigated temple of the middle of the XVIB. Ceramic materials dating back to the first third of XlVa have been identified. The monastery was founded ca. 1298-1299 and existed until 1330, when he was transferred to the Kremlin. Resumed at the turn of the 1550-1560s.
126. Necropolis of the late XIV-XVBB., explored near the Church of the Fathers of the Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Danilov Monastery.
127. Settlement near the Church of the Resurrection of the Word. The cultural layer XIV-XVBB has been archaeologically investigated. Identified with "DANILOVSKII", mentioned in the "RECORDS about the soul guist" of the second quarter of the XVB.
128. Necropolis near the Church of the Resurrection of the Word. Explored archaeologically. Second half XVIB.
129. Settlement on the site of the village of Kolychev. The village is mentioned in the spiritual charter of the book. Yuri Vasilievich Dmitrovsky 1472
130. Settlement on the site of the village of Khvostovsky. The village was mentioned in 1389.
131. Settlement on the site of the Nalivka settlement (near the Church of the Savior in Nalivki). XVIB.
132. Necropolis near st. Mytnaya near the horse platform. Cemetery of foreigners in the settlement of Nalivka. White-stone tombstones were studied, including the tombstone of Caspar von Elferfeldt of 1562. 132a. Treasure found in 1952 on B. Kaluzhskaya st. ( Leninsky Prospekt), d.6. Contains coins of Ivan IV, Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Dated 1602.
133. Treasure found in 1912 on Samotechnaya street. It contained coins of Moscow and Pskov (after 1510) minting.
134. Ground burial near the Church of St. Nicholas. White-stone tombstones with trihedral and pitted ornaments of the 16th century have been studied.
135. Settlement in the Neskuchny Garden. XIV-XVBB.
136. Selishche in the former d. Podushkino.
137. Selishche in the former d. Yurlova.
138. Settlement in the former village of Saburovo.
139. Selishche in the former d. Kozeva.
140. The village in the former d. Rayeva.
141. The village in the former d. Vashutina.
142. The village in the former d. Filino.
143. Ground burial near the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin in the village. Medvedkov.
144. Settlement in the village Medvedkov.
145. Soil burial ground near the Trinity Church, ex. with. Sviblova.
146. Selishche in the former with. Sviblov. Mentioned in the spiritual literacy led. book. Basil I 1423 Apparently, it was named after its original owner - Fedor Svibl, the boyar led. book. Dmitry Ivanovich.
147. Settlement on the site of the village of Erdeneva.
148. Ground burial near the Church of the Deposition of the Robe p. Leonova.
149. Selishche in the former with. Leonovo.
150. Ground burial near the Trinity Church p. Ostankino.
151. Settlement at the Ostankino Palace. A cultural layer of the 15th century has been revealed. Ostankino village. The first mention is 1558.
152. Ground burial near the church, ex. with. Rostokin.
153. Settlement in the former with. Rostokino. Levoberezhnoe. "The village of Rostokinskoye on the Yauza" in 1447. was transferred by Mikhail Borisovich Pleshcheev to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
154. The village in the former with. Rostokino. Pravoberezhnoe.
155. Soil burial ground near the Church of Our Lady of Tikhvin (original church - Alexei God's man) ex. with. Alekseevsky. Travel Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
156. Selishche in the former with. Alekseevsky. original title Kopytovo village.
157. Selishche in the former d. Maryina.
158. Settlement at the printing house "Petit" on the territory of the Yauza forestry. XVI-XVIIBB.
159. Ground burial near the church, ex. with. Bogorodsky.
160. The village in the former with. Bogorodsky. The cultural layer XIV-XVBB has been traced on the territory of the park. The village of Bogorodskoe is mentioned in the spiritual charter of the widow of Prince. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky Elena Olgerdovna (nun Eupraxia) 1433-1437
161. The village in the former with. Preobrazhensky.
162. Ground burial near the church of Elijah the Prophet in the village. Cherkizovo.
163. The village in the former with. Cherkizovo. According to the spiritual diploma of Metropolitan Alexei, it was transferred to the Moscow Chudov Monastery. The name of the village is associated with the governor led. book. Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy Alexander Serkiz.
164. Hoard of coins of Ivan IV and Fyodor Ioannovich, found near the village. Cherkizova.
165. Settlement in the former village Raevo-Meshcherskoye.
166. The village in the former D. Small Mytishchi.
167. Settlement Losiny Ostrov-1. On the right bank of the river Elk in quarter 8 of the Losinoostrovsky forestry.
168. Settlement Losiny Ostrov-2. On the left bank of the river Ichki. The cultural layer XIV-XVBB was revealed.
169. Settlement Losiny Ostrov-3. At the head of the river Elk, in quarter 14 of the Losinoostrovsky forestry. The cultural layer XVI-XVIIBB was revealed. And POSSIBLY earlier.
170. The village in the former D. Chernitsyna.
171. The settlement in the former village Golyanovo.
172. Soil burial ground near the church of Izmaylovskaya Sloboda.
173. The village in the former Izmailovo Sloboda.
174. Izmailovo Palace Estate (Izmailovsky Island).
175. Settlement in Izmailovsky Park-1. D. Kosino.
176. Settlement in Izmailovsky Park-2. D. Lipitino.
177. Settlement in Izmailovsky Park-3. D. Kharygozino.
178. Settlement in Izmailovsky Park-4. D. Strokina.
179. Settlement in Izmailovsky Park-5. D. Fedorovskaya.
180. Ground burial near the church in the former. with. Ivanovsky.
181. The village in the former with. Ivanovsky.
182. The village in the former d. Pekunovo.
183. Ground burial near the church in the former. Gireevo village.
184. The village in the former Gireevo village.
185. Ground burial near the Church of the Sign in the former. with. Perovo.
186. The village in the former with. Perovo.
187. The village in the former D. Teterki.
188. Ground burial near the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands in the Kuskovo estate.
189. Settlement on the territory of the estate Kuskovo. Kuskovo village.
190. The village in the former with. Vladychino.
191. Soil burial ground near the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God, ex. with. Veshnyakov.
192. The village in the former with. Veshnyakov. The village of Veshnyakovo-Spasskoye.
193. Selishche in the former d. Khokhlovka.
194. Selishche in the former with. Karacharov. The village of Karacharovo is the patrimony of the Androniev Monastery.
195. Selishche in the former d. Gravoronovo. The cultural layer was found on the edge of the first terrace of the river. Graves. The village of Gravoronovo on Pererva on Kolomenka was mentioned in 1543 as part of the patrimony of the Simonov Monastery. In the spiritual charter of Ivan Kalita in 1336. "two villages of Kolomensky" are mentioned, which were transferred to the KNG. Ulyana. Probably one of them should be identified with Gravoronov.
196. Selishche in the former d. Vyazovka.
197. Treasure found in 1949 in the area of pl. Textile workers. Contains coins of Ivan III, Vasily III, Veliky Novgorod and Pskov (until 1533).
198. Selishche in the former d. Kozhukhova.
199. Settlement on the site of the former. Sadki at the confluence of the Kolomenok rivers.
200. Settlement on the site of the Gavshina wasteland at the confluence of the Kolomenok rivers.
201. Treasure of 1895, found near the Chesme Pond. Coins XV-XVIBB.
202. Settlement in the former the village of Lublin.
203. Settlement in the former d. Yurkino.
204. Soil burial ground near the Church of the Blachernae Mother of God of the Kuzminki estate.
205. Settlement in the estate of Kuzminki. The cultural layer XVI-XVIIBB has been revealed archaeologically. The village of Kuzminki is the patrimony of the Simonov Monastery.
205a. 2nd Kuzminsky settlement. The cultural layer XV-XV1BB has been revealed archaeologically.
206. Settlement in the former d. Anino.
207. Settlement in the former d. Vykhino.
208. Soil burial ground at the Assumption wooden church p. Kosino. A white-stone tombstone with a trihedral-shaped ornament with traces of an inscription was found, which can be dated to the 16th century.
209. Settlement in the village Kosino. The village of Kosino is mentioned in the spiritual charter of the book. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky 14011406
210. Treasure discovered in 1912 on the territory of the cemetery. Kosino. Contains coins of Basil I, Prince. Peter Dmitrievich Dmitrovsky (1389-1428), book. Andrei Dmitrievich Mozhaisky (1389-1432), Prince. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhov (1359-NYY).
211. Settlement in the former D. Krutitsy.
212. Settlement in the village of Kozhukhovo.
213. Settlement in the village of Rudnevo.
214. Settlement in the former D. Pechatnikovo.
215. Perervinsky monastery.
216. Settlement in the former Printing Sloboda.
217. Settlement in the former d. Batyunina.
218. Settlement in the former d. Maryina.
219. Selishche in the former d. Chagina.
220. Soil burial ground near the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God p. Kapotni. On the territory of the ancient settlement Kapotnya (Iron Age) two boulder tombstones of the XV-XVIBB. the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, a white-stone tiled tombstone of the first half of the XVII century, was located.
221. Settlement in the village Kapotne. The cultural layer of the second half of the XV-XVIBB was archaeologically recorded on the territory of the cemetery. The settlement is identified with the settlement "Selo Kopotenskoye", mentioned in the spiritual charter led. book. Ivan Kalita 1336 among the great princely villages.
222. Soil burial ground near the former. Church of St. Nicholas, on the territory of the motor depot, on the river. Kotlovka.
223. The settlement at the former Church of St. Nicholas, on the territory of the motor depot on the river. Kotlovka. It is identified with the village of Nikolsky on the Kotl, which belonged in 1543. Simonov Monastery.
224. Settlement in the former e. New items.
225. Settlement in the former with. Nogatin. The village "Nogatinskoye" is mentioned in the spiritual charter led. book. Ivan Kalita 1336 among the great princely villages.
226. Ground burial on the territory palace estate Kolomenskoe. Explored over a wide area. White-stone tombstones with trihedral-marvelled ornament XIV-XVIBB were found.
227. Settlement to the east of the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. Under the layer of the construction of the Church of the Ascension (1533), a building dating from the second half of the XVB was investigated. It is identified with the upland part of the "village of Kolomninki", mentioned in the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita in 1336. among the great princely villages. The settlement is synchronous with the soil burial ground (No. 226) and reflects the layout that existed before the XVIB.
228. Settlement in the former with. Kolomna. In the course of areal collections of lifting material, it was established that the settlement existed during the second half of the XIII-XVIBB. It is identified with the lower part of the "village of Kolomninsky", mentioned in the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita in 1336. among the great princely villages.
229. Soil burial ground near the church in the village of Dyakova.
230. Settlement in the former with. Dyakovo. Investigated archaeologically. It is identified with the village of Dyakovsky, mentioned in the spiritual charter of the book. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky 1401-1406
231. Settlement in the former village Kotlyakovo.
232. Settlement in the former d. Belyaeva. 233 Selishche in the former d. Shadrova.
234. Settlement in the former d. Saburova.
235. Settlement in the area of the Shipilovskaya dam.
236. Ground burial near the church, ex. s.Pokrovsky on the river. Dry Gorodenka.
237. Settlement in the former with. Pokrovsky on the river. Dry Gorodenka.
238. Soil burial ground near the Trinity Church of the Tsaritsyno estate.
239. Settlement in place with. Tsaritsyna (p. Black dirt). Identified with the village of Bogorodskoye, known from late XVI in. as the estate of Tsaritsa Irina, sister of Boris Godunov.
240. Selishche Orekhovo -1 in the former d. Orekhovo.
241. Selishche Orekhovo -2.
242. Selishche Orekhovo -7.
243. Selishche Orekhovo -8.
244. Selishche Orekhovo -9.
245. Selishche Orekhovo -10.
246. Selishche Orekhovo -11.
247. Ground burial at the church in the former. with. Borisovo.
248. Settlement in the former with. Borisovo.
249. Soil burial ground in the former Brateevo village. White-stone tombstones with rope ornament XVIIB have been studied.
250. Settlement in the former Brateevo village.
251. Settlement in the former d. Zyablikova.
252. Settlement in the former d. Shipilova.
253. Soil burial ground at the Kuntsevsky settlement. Investigated by excavations, which revealed burials made according to the Christian rite. Pectoral crosses and coins of the Moscow and Tver minted coins, found in the burials, allow us to date the XVB burial ground.
254. Settlement of Kuntsevo-1. Judging by the ceramic material collected from the site, it dates back to XHI-XVBB. It is a settlement, the necropolis of which was a burial ground located on the Kuntsevsky settlement.
255. Settlement in the former d. Mazilovo.
256. Ground burial near the church of St. Nicholas p. Troekurov.
257. Settlement in the former with. Troyekurov.
258. Settlement in the former with. Setun.
259. Ground burial near the church, ex. with. Spasskoye.
260. Settlement in the former with. Spasskoye.
261. Soil burial ground near the church of Dmitry Rostov, former, p. Ochakovo.
262. Settlement in the former with. Ochakovo.
263. Settlement in the former d. Aminevo. The settlement was discovered at the confluence with the river. Setun r. Tops. The cultural layer dates back to XIV-XVIBB. The researchers associate the name of the village with Ivan Amin from the Kamensky-Kuritsyn family (Akinfovichi).
264. Ground burial near the church of the Volynskoye estate.
265. Settlement on the territory of the estate Volynskoe. Identified with s. Volynsky, who belonged to the XVIIB. Irina Nikitichna Godunova, aunt of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
266. Settlement in the former D. Davydkovo.
267. Settlement in the former d. Voronina on the river. Ochakovka.
268. Ground burial near the church, ex. with. Bogoroditsky.
269. Settlement in the former with. Bogoroditsky.
270. Soil burial ground near the Church of Michael the Archangel ex. with. Tropareva.
271. Settlement in the former with. Troparevo.
272. Settlement in the former d. Nikulino.
273. Settlement in the village Nikolsky Selyatin. The village of Nikolskoye Selyatino was founded by Metropolitan Feognost (1328-1353).
274. Settlement in the former d. Ramenki.
275. Settlement in the former with. Matveevskoe.
276. Settlement Stone dam-1. Located at the end, on the left bank of the river. Ramenki at its confluence with the river. Setun. XVB pottery discovered. here in 1406. Metropolitan Cyprian died.
277. Soil burial ground on the territory of the village Kamennaya dam-1. An unexplored archaeological cemetery at the Church of the Three Hierarchs (see No. 276).
278. Selishche Kamennaya Dam-2 (on the site of the village of Kamennaya Dam).
279. Soil burial ground near the Trinity Church p. Golenishcheva (New Golenishchevo). Burials have been recorded. In 1474 Metropolitan Geronty built (on the site of the garden of Metropolitan Alexei) the Church of John the Theologian. In 1627 mention is made of the Trinity Church (which replaced the Church of St. John the Theologian) and the existing one built in 1643. to the present day.
280. The village in the former with. Troitsky-Golenishchevo. The cultural layer XV-XVIBB was revealed.
281. Traces of a mill at the mouth of the Setun. Mentioned in this letter of Peter Konstantinovich Dobrynsky 1454. to the monastery of St. Sava, handed over to Metropolitan Jonah.
282. Ground burial near the Trinity Church in the former. with. Vorobyov.
283. Settlement in the former with. Vorobiev
284. Soil burial ground near the former. churches of the former with. Troitsky (Andreevsky).
285. Settlement in the former with. Troitsky (Andreevsky) on the street. Shvernik.
286. Ground burial in the former. with. Semenovsky.
287. Settlement in the former the village of Semenovsky (near Vavilov St.). In spiritual literacy led. kng. Sofia Vitovtovna 1451 Semenovskoye is mentioned in the composition of the lands acquired by the Grand Duchess.
288. Ground burial near the Trinity Church in the former. with. Vorontsovo.
289. Settlement in the former with. Vorontsovo (near Vorontsovsky park).
290. Settlement on the site of the former. village Belyaevo.
291. Soil burial ground near the Trinity Church, ex. with. Konkov.
292. The village in the former with. Konkovo.
293. Settlement in the former D. Derevlevo.
294. Treasure of coins of Basil I, found in 1939. near the village of Derevlevo.
295. 2nd Teplostan settlement. The cultural layer XIV-XVIBB has been revealed archaeologically.
295a. 3rd Teplostan settlement in the former. D. Teplye Stans.
296. Selishche Golubinskoe-1 (to the north-west of the former settlement B. Golubino). The cultural layer XIV-XVIBB was revealed.
297. Selishche in the former D. Small Golubino.
298. Selishche in the former Bolshoe Golubino village.
299. Ground burial near the church of Peter and Paul in the former. with. Yasenevo.
300. Settlement in the former s.Yasenevo. The village is mentioned for the first time in the spiritual charter led. book. Ivan Kalita 1336 among the princely villages.
301. Soil burial ground near Anna's church in the Uzkoye estate.
302. Settlement in the former narrow village.
303. Settlement on the site of the former. D. Petrovskaya.
304. Ground burial near the Trinity Church in the former. Cheryomushki village.
305. Settlement in the former Cheryomushki village.
306. Settlement in the former d. Shabolova.
307. Settlement in the former village Novoselki.
308. Ground burial near the church of Boris and Gleb in the former. with. Zyuzino.
309. Settlement in the former with. Zyuzino (Borisovsky). During restoration work in the area of the Church of Boris and Gleb, the cultural layer XVB was recorded. The village of Zyuzino at the end of the XVB. belonged to the boyar Andrey Zyuz Shetnev.
310. Settlement on the site of the former. d. Markovo.
311. Settlement in the former village Red.
312. Settlement in the former village Biryulyovo.
313. Volotskaya road.
314. Tverskaya road.
315. Dmitrov road.
316. Pereyaslavskaya (Trinity) road.
317. Pereyaslavskaya (Stromynskaya) road.
318. Pereyaslavskaya (Khomutovskaya) road.
319 Vladimirskaya road.
320. Kolomna (Bolvanovskaya) road.
321. Kolomna (Brashevskaya) road through the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery.
322. Ordynskaya Kolomna road (to the Kotel).
323. Borovsky road.
324. Mozhaisk road.
The use of DBMS and GIS in archeology
The task of structuring archaeological data for the purpose of searching and analyzing information has existed since the emergence of archeology as a science. Paper catalogs at a certain stage were replaced by electronic databases. DBMS made it possible to operate with large amounts of information, search and sort data by a large number criteria. This, in turn, led to the creation of databases of various profiles: administrative and research registers of monuments, museum catalogs, databases on excavations (finds with attributes, relative positions in layers, etc.), databases on clothing material, inscriptions, analysis results, bibliographic and library catalogues, etc.
The binding of archaeological data to the area stimulated the widespread use of geographic information systems (GIS). As a matter of fact, GIS is an automated system for processing spatial and temporal data, the integration of which is based on geographic information. According to the GIS structure, it is a DBMS that has geo-referenced data to a specific point on the ground and a built-in spatial analysis system. GIS can be used to create archaeological Information Systems individual geographical regions, plans for excavation of archaeological sites, study ancient maps, etc.
The use of GIS makes it possible not only to fix the spatial location of archaeological finds, but also to predict the location of monuments in areas that have not yet been explored, based on their distribution trends. For example, a map of finding artifacts allows you to map out the location of settlements.
An interesting example The use of GIS in archeology is the reconstruction of landscape changes based on ancient maps. To do this, maps are scanned, digitized, converted into vector format and superimposed on modern digital maps. After identifying certain objects present on the maps, binding is carried out old map to the new one. The analysis of combined maps allows you to interpret changes in the landscape over time. The structure of settlements on ancient maps often correlates with the structure of settlements on early medieval maps. This means that it is possible to obtain a map of the distribution of ancient settlements without carrying out archaeological excavations.
An example is the work of Swedish archaeologists. Sweden has preserved a unique collection of maps dating back to the 15th-16th centuries, covering large areas countries. On fig. 1 shows a scanned map of the 18th century with ancient settlements, fields and meadows and a modern economic map with an image of the old map overlaid.
Expert systems in archaeological research
A very promising direction in the application of computers in archeology is the use of various types of expert systems in the analysis of archaeological information. Most of these systems are designed to determine the type of artifact or material. As an example, let's take a very interesting project Numismatics and Computer Methods, a description of which can be found at http://liafa.jussieu.fr/~latapy/NI/ex_eng.html. The purpose of this project is to create software for the analysis of ancient coins. The main purpose of the developed programs is to classify large batches of coins in order to highlight the most interesting exhibits according to a number of criteria (rarity, images historical figures etc.). Archaeologists and specialists in the field of computer methods of pattern recognition took part in the work on the project. The main task was to identify coins based on the recognition of image elements on the coin.
The principle of operation of the system is illustrated in Fig. 2 , . The first stage of processing is the use of conventional filters that allow you to highlight the characteristic element of the pattern on the coin. After that, algorithms for recognizing pattern elements are applied, which make it possible to select individual zones (primitives), which may refer to images of certain objects. Such primitives on a coin can be a text, a diadem, wheels, horses. Identification occurs on the basis of comparison of the image with a database element of known primitives.
The computer recognition system is combined with an expert system that allows you to analyze the found primitives. For example, in the above example, the easily recognizable diadem allows us to conclude that the portrait of the king is depicted on the coin. Therefore, it is further necessary to recognize the elements of the face (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.). The fact that a king is depicted on the coin tells the program that the name of the king should be recognized in the text with a high degree of probability (at this stage, the database of king names is connected). On the other side of the coin, the system easily reads the profile of the horse and wheel. Based on these elements, an expert system with highly likely concludes that a chariot is depicted on the coin. Then a search can be made for coins from the database that have a similar image of a chariot, and so on.
CAD in archeology
A common area for us to use CAD is the development of new products, but CAD programs can just as well be used for the reconstruction of archaeological sites, such as ancient buildings. AutoCAD is very popular among archaeologists, as well as MicroStation, AutoCAD Map, Easy CAD and many others. The main way that such programs are used by archaeologists is the preparation of field drawings and three-dimensional reconstructions of excavations, burial structures and settlements, as well as architectural monuments and archaeological finds (Fig. 4).
Until recently, most of the most important architectural ensembles of the past were documented in the form of photographs and drawings of orthogonal projections of surviving structures, and there were many inconsistencies and errors in this information. Today, 3D reconstruction makes it possible to qualitatively change the picture of documenting ancient architectural structures.
When you build a 3D model, any inconsistency is immediately obvious. In the case of the reconstruction of architectural ensembles of the past, CAD is used to imagine how the once existing structure could look like, and to accurately fit all the elements that have survived to this day. In this case, CAD models can proceed not only from geometric constructions, but also from the conditions of strength, stability, etc.
In addition, three-dimensional models can display both architectural structures and other archaeological objects, access to which is limited primarily to prevent their damage or destruction.
The powerful computing abilities of modern computers have led to the emergence of a new scientific discipline - virtual archeology.
Having a set of three-dimensional models of ancient monuments, they can be combined into a virtual model and the observer can be placed in this virtual archaeological exhibit. Such a model can be interactive, that is, it allows the observer to navigate in the virtual space, examining the once-existing architectural ensembles and entire ancient cities.
At the same time, all associated information (archaeological, historical and architectural data, information about culture) is available at the click of a mouse. Users have a unique opportunity to see the architectural ensemble as it looked in the past, and immediately switch to the model of the current state of the same architectural complex.
For many years, the means of field archeology collected data on once existing cities. Ancient buildings, as a rule, have been preserved in the form of collapsed walls, destroyed by wars, fires, natural disasters. And only with the advent of powerful computers, the images of past eras began to be recreated by virtual means in their former splendor. In addition, the introduction of technology virtual reality brought archeology closer to the educational and entertainment industries.
The dream of archaeologists is gradually becoming feasible to recreate everything that was ever built by our ancestors: Stonehenge, the Colosseum, Pompeii, the Athenian Acropolis... Many projects have already been implemented. Quite a few reconstructions have already been carried out by various teams. As a virtual model, you can see the Colosseum of the Flavian Dynasty (80s AD), visit the virtual model of the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi, find out what Catal Hoyuk looked like - the oldest city in the world that once existed in the south Central Turkey. English archaeologist James Mellaart excavated it in the 1950s and 1960s. “Since the discovery of Chatal-Khoyuk, we have learned that one of the first urban cultures known to us arose three thousand years earlier than we expected, and did not originate on the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris, not in Egypt, but in Anatolia, so deserted today,” writes the German archaeologist Heinrich Klotz.
Virtual reconstruction of Fatepur Sikri
One of the most clear examples virtual reconstruction of the ancient city is a project to recreate the ancient Indian palace complex Fatehpur Sikri, which should be discussed in more detail. The project was implemented with the participation of the CAD and Graphics Department of the National Center for Software Technology (Bombay, India).
The work was carried out in several stages. First, archaeological material was collected, which provided extensive information: detailed plans of various sections of buildings, photographs, archaeological research, etc. When using orthogonal projections (Fig. 5), it turned out that most of the plans do not fit together, that the drawings are made at different scales with errors, and the height of many objects is indicated incorrectly. All inconsistencies were studied using field measurements and checked against photographs of the area; some of the information has been clarified on the basis of historical archives.
The next step was to choose the right software for translating orthogonal projections into a 3D model. AutoCAD (Fig. 6) became such a program, which makes it possible to easily export data to 3D Studio MAX. The wire model was exported to 3D Studio MAX and optimized, that is, unnecessary polygons were removed (Fig. 7). An important task in this project was to determine the optimal ratio between the power of computers and the details of the model.
Textures were prepared on the basis of surviving photographs. External and internal lighting data were simulated in software. Textures turned out to be the most important and difficult part of the project, as they were what gave the virtual city realism. Many patterns were recreated by hand from the surviving fragments, restored and retouched by artists (Fig. 8).
The final parameters of the model were very impressive: about 600 thousand triangles and about 44 MB of textures.
Several working groups participated in the work on the project:
Group of archaeologists collection of archaeological, historical and cultural information;
Modeling group conversion of 2D data to 3D model, wire model optimization, lighting modeling, etc.;
Group of artists preparation of textures and their retouching;
Group of animators preparation of a virtual tour of the architectural complex (walkthrough engine);
Programmers Preparing a walkthrough engine for PC;
Sound specialists editing and synchronization of national music accompanying the virtual tour;
Designers preparation of the user interface.
The following software products were used in the project:
AutoCAD to translate 2D data into a 3D model;
3D Studio MAX for texture mapping, lighting simulation;
Adobe Photoshop digital texture retouching;
Adobe Premiere audio and video editing;
Sound Forge audio editing;
Visual C++ walkthrough engine development.
The results of the work are presented in fig. nine . The demonstration is possible on a PC running Windows with the following specifications: Pentium III; 128 MB RAM; 8 MB AGP card; CD-ROM; Windows 98; DirectX 6.1; DirectX 6.0 media.
Virtual reconstruction of Trajan's Forum
Trajan's Forum was erected in 107-113 AD. designed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus. It included many masterpieces of ancient Roman architecture; the Basilica of Ulpia was especially famous, the ceiling of which was lined with plates of pure gold.
Today, only Trajan's 38-meter column, erected in honor of the emperor's victories over the Dacians, has survived from the forum. Unfortunately, almost all the remains of the forum buildings are today hidden under Via dei Fori Imperiali (Fig. 10).
Despite the fact that the architectural ensemble has not been preserved to this day in all its splendor, its virtual model has been created - the result of a collaboration between the Getty Education Institute, the J. Paul Museum Getty Museum(www.getty.edu/museum) and UCLA School of Fine Arts and Architecture (http://www.arts.ucla.edu). You can find a description of the project at http://www.getty.edu/artsednet/Exhibitions/Trajan/Virtual/index.html . The details of this virtual model can be judged from the fragments depicted in Fig. 11 and .
Virtual reconstructions made by Infobyte
A description of a number of archaeological projects for the creation of virtual reality can be found at http://www.infobyte.it.
Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi
In September 1997, a strong earthquake hit the Umbrian city of Assisi. Its consequences for the famous basilica were catastrophic. Parts of its vault, decorated with frescoes, collapsed. Some of the magnificent works of Giotto (1267-1337) and Cimabue (1240-1302) were completely destroyed. However, after the virtual restoration, you can visit the basilica and admire the masterpieces of the Proto-Renaissance (Fig. 13).
The project was supported by CNR (Italian National Research Center) based on SGI IRIX - Linux.
The model is built on the basis of archaeological and historical research. The virtual reconstruction of the Colosseum (Fig. 14) is an example of a virtual archaeological model. You can see the architectural monument as it was 2000 years ago.
The project is based on SGI IRIX.
Tomb of Nefertiti
A virtual reconstruction of the tomb of Nefertiti was made for the exhibition "Nefertiti - the light of Egypt", organized by the Getty Conservation Institute.
The tomb was discovered in 1904 and closed in 1950 to prevent the destruction of the frescoes. After the restoration, carried out in 1986-1992, the tomb was partially open to the public.
For a long time, the problem of restricting access in order to better preserve the unique complex was very relevant. Now it is solved thanks to the creation of a virtual model (Fig. 15).
The project is based on SGI IRIX - Linux.
Archaeological Museums on the Internet
In order to walk around the three-dimensional virtual model of the Colosseum using Internet access, you will need too much traffic, which is not yet available to many Web users, but viewing numerous photographs of the exhibits, as well as seeing the panorama of the excavation or the ruins of the ancient city is not difficult. For example, armed with the QuickTime plugin and accessing www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/roma/romana.htm, you can look at the ruins of ancient Rome (
Scientists from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed and launched the geoinformation system "Archaeological Monuments of Russia" - the first national-scale electronic archaeological map in our country, which contains data on more than 15,000 objects.
Attempts to create nationwide registries of archaeological sites have been made in European countries since the beginning of the 19th century, today they exist in Austria, Hungary, Poland, France, Scandinavian countries, while in some other countries, such as Germany and the UK, there are no centralized databases, information is dispersed among regional registries.
In Russia, since the late 1980s, the publication "Archaeological Map of Russia" has been published. A total of 29 issues of the map were published, they provided information about monuments in the European part of the country. However, the data presented in them was fragmentary, often there was no exact geographic reference.
Since 2014, a group led by the director of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolai Makarov, began to create the basis for a nationwide electronic archaeological map. Scientists have developed a standard for describing an archaeological site (it includes the name of an object, type, chronological attribution, belonging to a river / sea basin, microrelief features, geographical coordinates and information about the study). For the map, with the support of the Russian Science Foundation, a software shell was developed - an automated information processing system.
To date, the database, which forms the basis of the archaeological map, has been loaded with information about the monuments explored from 2009 to 2012 - this is information about 15367 archaeological heritage sites, as well as about 11230 "empty" pits, where no cultural layers were found.
« This map itself is a unique tool that for the first time allowed us to see Russia as a single field of archaeological work, allowed us to see the white spots on it", - says Nikolai Makarov.
In particular, it turned out that archaeological sites on the territory of Russia are distributed very unevenly. The higher density of sites in the south, their significantly higher concentration in the European part of Russia compared to Siberia, are not a surprise for archaeologists. However, the maps show the sharpness of contrasts that characterizes almost all chronological sections, the situation of various historical eras. Almost 73% of Russian archaeological sites affected by surveys in 2009-2012 (11176 objects) are located to the west of the Urals.
« This picture reflects not only modern research activity, but to a greater extent - general patterns in the distribution of the population and the development of the territory that have existed since ancient times.", - said Nikolai Makarov.
He stressed that this is only the beginning of the work, the institute's archives contain information about 133,000 monuments that have been studied since 1945. " We decided that the core of the map would be the most up-to-date information, and it is representative enough to allow compiling general idea on archaeological geography. Of course, we will continue to enter data and after a while it will become much more complete.", - said the scientist.
