How Pierre Bezukhov relates to Napoleon. Pierre Bezukhov in captivity (based on the novel "War and Peace")

Introduction

Historical figures have always represented special interest in Russian literature. dedicated to some individual works, others are key images in the plots of novels. The image of Napoleon in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" can also be considered as such. With the name of the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (Tolstoy wrote precisely to Bonaparte, and many heroes called him only Buonoparte) we meet already on the first pages of the novel, and part only in the epilogue.

Heroes of the novel about Napoleon

In the living room of Anna Scherer (the ladies-in-waiting and close empress) the political actions of Europe towards Russia are discussed with great interest. The mistress of the salon herself says: “Prussia has already announced that Bonaparte is invincible and that all of Europe can do nothing against him ...”. Representatives secular society- Prince Vasily Kuragin, the emigrant Viscount Mortemar invited by Anna Scherer, Abbé Moriot, Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky, Prince Ippolit Kuragin and other members of the evening were not united in their attitude towards Napoleon. Someone did not understand him, someone admired him. In "War and Peace" Tolstoy showed Napoleon with different parties. We see him as a commander-strategist, as an emperor, as a person.

Andrey Bolkonsky

In a conversation with his father, the old prince Bolkonsky, Andrei says: “... but Bonaparte still great commander! He considered him a "genius" and "could not allow disgrace for his hero." At the evening at Anna Pavlovna’s, Scherer supported Pierre Bezukhov in his judgments about Napoleon, but still retained his own opinion about him: “Napoleon as a man is great on the Arcole bridge, in the hospital in Jaffa, where he gives a hand to the plague, but ... there are other actions that are hard to justify." But after a while, lying on the field of Austerlitz and looking into the blue sky, Andrei heard Napoleon's words about him: "Here is a beautiful death." Bolkonsky understood: “... it was Napoleon - his hero, but at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person ...” During the inspection of the prisoners, Andrei thought “about the insignificance of greatness.” Disappointment in his hero came not only to Bolkonsky, but also to Pierre Bezukhov.

Pierre Bezukhov

The young and naive Pierre, who had just appeared in the world, zealously defended Napoleon from the attacks of the viscount: “Napoleon is great because he rose above the revolution, suppressed its abuses, retaining all that was good, both the equality of citizens, and freedom of speech and the press, and only therefore acquired power. Pierre recognized the "greatness of the soul" for the French emperor. He did not defend the murders of the French emperor, but the calculation of his actions for the good of the empire, his willingness to take on such a responsible task - to raise a revolution - it seemed to Bezukhov a real feat, the strength of a great man. But confronted face to face with his "idol", Pierre saw all the insignificance of the emperor, cruelty and lack of rights. He cherished the idea - to kill Napoleon, but realized that he was not worth it, because he did not even deserve a heroic death.

Nikolay Rostov

This young man called Napoleon a criminal. He believed that all his actions were illegal and, out of the naivety of his soul, hated Bonaparte "as best he could."

Boris Drubetskoy

A promising young officer, a protege of Vasily Kuragin, spoke about Napoleon with respect: “I would like to see a great man!”

Count Rostopchin

The representative of secular society, the protector of the Russian army, said about Bonaparte: "Napoleon treats Europe like a pirate on a conquered ship."

Characteristics of Napoleon

The ambiguous characterization of Napoleon in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is presented to the reader. On the one hand, he is a great commander, ruler, on the other hand, he is an “insignificant Frenchman”, a “servile emperor”. External features lower Napoleon to the ground, he is not so tall, not so handsome, he is fat and unpleasant, as we would like to see him. It was "a stout, short figure with broad, thick shoulders and an involuntarily protruding belly and chest." The description of Napoleon is present in different parts novel. Here he is before the battle of Austerlitz: “... his thin face did not move a single muscle; his shining eyes were motionlessly fixed on one place... He stood motionless... and on his cold face there was that special shade of self-confident, well-deserved happiness that happens on the face of a boy in love and happy. By the way, this day was especially solemn for him, as it was the day of the anniversary of his coronation. And here we see him at a meeting with General Balashev, who arrived with a letter from Tsar Alexander: “... firm, decisive steps”, “round belly ... fat thighs of short legs ... White puffy neck ... On a youthful full face ... an expression of gracious and majestic imperial greeting ". The scene of Napoleon awarding the bravest Russian soldier with an order is also interesting. What did Napoleon want to show? His greatness, the humiliation of the Russian army and the emperor himself, or admiration for the courage and stamina of the soldiers?

Portrait of Napoleon

Bonaparte appreciated himself very much: “God gave me a crown. Woe to whoever touches her." These words were spoken by him during his coronation in Milan. Napoleon in "War and Peace" is an idol for some, an enemy for some. “There is a trembling of my left calf great sign" Napoleon said about himself. He was proud of himself, he loved himself, he glorified his greatness over the whole world. Russia stood in his way. Having defeated Russia, it was not worth the trouble for him to crush the whole of Europe under him. Napoleon behaved arrogantly. In the scene of a conversation with the Russian General Balashev, Bonaparte allowed himself to pull his ear, saying that it was a great honor to be pulled up by the ear by the emperor. The description of Napoleon contains many words containing a negative connotation, Tolstoy especially vividly characterizes the emperor’s speech: “condescendingly”, “mockingly”, “wickedly”, “angrily”, “dryly”, etc. Bonaparte also boldly speaks about the Russian Emperor Alexander: “War is my trade, and his business is to reign, and not to command troops. Why did he take on such responsibility?

The image of Napoleon in "War and Peace" revealed in this essay allows us to conclude that Bonaparte's mistake was in overestimating his capabilities and excessive self-confidence. Wanting to become the ruler of the world, Napoleon could not defeat Russia. This defeat broke his spirit and confidence in his strength.

Artwork test

The lesson is designed to create didactic conditions for the positive emotional nature of the learning process: attracting a bright actual material, the urge to evaluate and express own opinion in relation to the studied events, facts; stimulation to develop their worldview, creating a situation of success.

At the beginning of the study of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the students were oriented to the final lesson-generalization " Moral quest Pierre Bezukhov. In the course of the work, the stages of the hero's life path were singled out, it was proposed to pick up quotes from the novel, use the material of literary critical studies. In the process of research activity, along with the analysis of key scenes, reference circuit stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov. The attitude to drawing up a reference scheme is ambiguous: is this or that episode of life rising or falling? Participation in the entertainment of secular youth, passion for the ideas of Napoleon, Freemasonry - this is a fall or the logic of character development on the way to improvement, understanding and affirming one's meaning in life. Thus, the broken line of the stages of life is not ups and downs - this is another step towards finding the main and only true thing in life.

During the classes

Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, eternal light shines through it. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.

L. N. Tolstoy

At the stage of assimilation of the material, the student’s message “The mastery of psychological analysis of L.N. Tolstoy".

Lecture of the teacher “The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy"

The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy

“All Tolstoy’s works are a “story of the soul” over a certain period of time,” writes researcher A.P. Skaftymov. What happens in this interval? The character goes through a series of states. Moreover, these states are not mutually indifferent. They are given not only in alternation, but also in mutually evaluative comparison. They are shown as due or not, false or natural, false or true. Each state has different artistic ways expressed value judgment, and through mutual contrast or parallelism, they all lead a system of substantiation and disclosure of the final author's beliefs and appeals.

Tolstoy does not retell the results of the internal movement human personality but penetrates into the very process of her thinking, her feeling. Not satisfied with the depiction of the external movements of feeling, he turns to the disclosure of the very process of mental life, the continuous flow of the emergence and change of the contradictory state of various thoughts, feelings, sensations, conscious aspirations and subconscious impulses. The task of the writer is to show “the fluidity of a person; that he is one and the same, now a villain, now an angel, now a sage, now an idiot, now a strong man, now a powerless being.

S.G. wrote interestingly and correctly about the nature of psychological analysis. Bocharov: “... it is the process, and not the result, that Tolstoy pays the main attention to. In one of his later letters, Tolstoy expressed his view on the tasks of psychological analysis: “The main thing is inner, spiritual work, and that not the final work should be shown, but the actual process of work.”

Tolstoy deeply believes in the spiritual potential of the individual: some of Tolstoy's characters manage to overcome the instinct of self-will, the individualistic assertion of oneself as opposed to others. In many ways, they are saved by the task of the selflessserving others, dissolving oneself in others. "Dialectics of the soul" is revealed as a universal form inner life. Tolstoy discovers the "general" in people, the positive spiritual basis of their inner being, being interested in those moments of freedom when the possibility of choice, decision, determination of one's actions, one's behavior opens up. But most often the dialectical processes of mental life are depicted by Tolstoy when he refers to the image goodies consciously striving for the knowledge of the meaning of life.

Through the struggle of opposing motives, Tolstoy's man rises in certain life situations to a higher stage of consciousness, when the unconditional moral values, not without loss, not without a return to the former state of health in the future.

Tolstoy is not limited to depicting the interweaving of good and evil in the human soul, he leads him to the separation of opposite principles, to a moral judgment on himself.

Moments of moral elevation are then replaced by new quests, disappointments and falls. The interweaving of good and evil remains the law of human existence. But at the same time, once experienced insight already makes the hero spiritually sighted, spiritually mobile.

Drawing up a reference scheme “The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (conversation with elements of analysis).

What are the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov

First meeting with Pierre . Salon Scherer

- Which characters look like strangers in Scherer's salon? Why? (portrait and demeanor)

Pierre's violation of the etiquette instituted by Anna Pavlovna, his clumsiness once again confirms that he is a foreign body in the high society living room.

“Shortly after the little princess, a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat entered. This young man was the illegitimate son of Catherine's grandee, Count Bezukhov ... Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, which belongs to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. ... this fear (of Anna Pavlovna) could relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguishes him from everyone in this living room.

Fascination with revolutionary ideas, Napoleon.

“The people gave him (Napoleon) power only so that he would deliver him from the Bourbons, and because the people saw him as a great man. The revolution was a great thing, Monsieur Pierre continued, expressing his great youth and desire to express everything as soon as possible with this desperate and defiant introductory sentence.

Tolstoy captures throughout the novel the naturally changing and deepening sides of his character and intellect.

At the beginning of the novel, Pierre expresses exorbitant absent-mindedness, gullibility, shyness, "inability to enter the salon"; his "good nature, simplicity and modesty" are still quite naive: he is morbidly sensitive, cannot bear "the sight of tears" and is easily ready to cry himself; but he is still a little thoughtful, often "spreads his mouth into a carefree, cheerful smile" and without reasoning succumbs (in the words of Prince Andrei) to "revels" and "hussars".

Entertainment secular youth

- What are the entertainments of the society of Kuragin and Dolokhov? What role do these scenes play in the novel?

These scenes reveal new aspects of the life of the aristocracy, introduce new heroes (Dolokhov, A. Kuragin). Pierre's preaching of freedom-loving views and participation in revels representis a psychological link in the development storyline Pierre.

- Wasting life in carousing.

One of the important tasks of Tolstoy the psychologist was to depict and reveal the involuntary insincerity that is characteristic of people, their subconscious desire to see themselves better, and therefore, intuitively seek self-justification.

“... It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought, but immediately remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin. But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this dissolute life so familiar to him that he decided to go.

The dominant of the internal state is clearly indicated here: Pierre really wants to experience this pleasure again, despite the given word, despite the fact that he knows that he is doing wrong. This desire dominates and everything else psychological world imitates him - this is how Pierre's naive casuistry is perceived: “And immediately the thought came to his mind that this word did not mean anything because even before Prince Andrei, he also gave Prince Anatole the word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these words of honor were such conditional things that had no definite meaning, especially if one thought that perhaps tomorrow he would die, or that something so unusual would happen to him that there would be no more honest or dishonest."

Pierre - Count Bezukhov, the richest and most noble person

- Euphoria from feeling like "the center of some important social movement"

“Pierre, having unexpectedly become a rich man and Count Bezukhov, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself surrounded and busy to such an extent that he only managed to remain alone in bed with himself. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he did not have a clear idea, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow ... ". “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him ... that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him.”

Entering gradually into society, he realizes his role in it and even begins to feel himself "the center of some important general movement", forcing to be "in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication"; he already thinks about his “career” and experiences “a feeling of haziness, haste and some good that is coming, but not happening”, and if earlier his own speeches seemed “stupid” to him, “now everything that he didn’t say, everything came outCharmant(charming).

- Marriage to Helen

Tolstoy strives to ensure that every element of the inner life is indicated by the word as accurately as possible. In the above passage, Pierre's feeling for Helen is characterized by the words "nasty", "forbidden", again "nasty", "unnatural" and, finally, "dishonest".

“He realized that this woman could belong to him.

“But she is stupid, I myself said she was stupid,” he thought. “There is something nasty in the feeling that she aroused in me, something forbidden ...” he thought; ... and realized that at the same time he thought about her insignificance and dreamed of how she would be his wife ... ”And again he told himself that something nasty, unnatural, as it seemed to him, dishonest was in this marriage ... and horror came over him, whether he had already bound himself with something in the performance of such a thing, which is obviously not good and which he should not do. But at the same time, as he expressed this decision to himself, from the other side of the soul her image surfaced with all its feminine beauty.

scenes have great importance to understand the character of Pierre, his inexperience, naivety, inexperience, sincerity and spontaneity, and at the same time, she also reveals the servility characteristic of representatives of the aristocracy (the attitude of others towards Pierre the heir). On the one hand, the marriage was arranged by Prince Vasily, becausePierre was a very advantageous suitor; on the other hand, this marriage was natural for Pierre: not only because he had to be deceived, but also because he had to be deceived.

- A lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.

Marriage with Helen and relationship with Dolokhov taught Pierre a lot. He became quite "adult". Tolstoy devotes strong pages to how Pierre, having married, "processed his grief alone in himself." The writer reveals new aspects of the hero's character: the rapid development of moral exactingness, deep indignation at the unworthy behavior of people and temper (“I'll kill you!” He shouts to Helen). Pierre is getting husband. His ingenuous carelessness disappears. More and more he is occupied with the disturbing questions of life, its meaning and goals, - “as if in his headcurled up

Pierre moves away from the "secular" circle of people, he sees all the vanity of nobility and wealth ("and why is this money needed?" - he thinks); he feels all the inevitable “susceptibility” of a person to “evil and death” and painfully overestimates his past concepts and aspirations (“everything in himself and around him seemed to him confused, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgust for everything around Pierre found a kind irritating pleasure.”) By 1812, his demands to find some lofty meaning in life become more and more powerful; he approaches the ideas of Freemasonry, in which he is tempted by the illusory "pleasure to believe in the possibility of achieving perfection and the possibility of brotherly ... love between people."

- Duel with Dolokhov

After the duel, Pierre is in a difficult moral and psychological state: “What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power governs everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions ... "

Describing the moral and psychological state of Pierre at the time of the ideological crisis, the author says: "Everything in him and around him seemed to him confusing and disgusting." It is no coincidence that Osip Alekseevich Bazleev condemns Pierre's way of thinking as "the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance", "a sad delusion". Pierre's life, passing in "violent orgies and debauchery", gives rise to a psychology of doubt in everything and disbelief in the ideal. Tolstoy convinces the reader that the social practice of a person is of great importance for his inner spiritual world.

Reflections after the duel: “What happened? he asked himself.I killed a lover, yes, he killed his wife's lover. Yes, it was. From what? How did I get to this?

Firstly, Pierre did not kill Dolokhov, but in his mind the situation is exactly like this: he killed, or almost killed, or could have killed - for Pierre, by and large morally, it doesn’t matter. Secondly, it is noteworthy that almost immediately, having fully realized the fact of the duel, Pierre asks himself the key question: “How did I get to this? "He is seized with moral confusion: the feeling of irreparableness, the falsity of his life, which has vaguely wandered in him since the declaration of love, becomes definite and painfully sharp, causing an urgent need to understand the causes of evil.

Note that Pierre focuses on himself: not “what brought me to a duel”, but how did I, Pierre Bezukhov, get to the point that I could kill a person? Pierre is looking for evil in himself - this is very evidence for moral orientation best heroes Tolstoy.

“But what is my fault? he asked. “The fact that you got married without loving her, that you deceived both yourself and her ...” Then he remembered the rudeness, clarity of her thoughts and the vulgarity of expressions ... “She is to blame for everything, she alone is to blame. .. But what of it? Why did I associate myself with her? ... It's my fault... "

BRUTAL CRISIS

- Complete internal devastation

He suffers after marriage, realizing that he was not only deceived, but also deceived others. Alater, the fact that he almost killed Dolokhov because he himself was to blame, having married, not loving, plunges Pierre into the deepest crisis. These reflections on the meaning of life are characteristic of Tolstoy's positive heroes.

Pierre was inevitably moving towards complete internal devastation, turning into a good-natured retired chamberlain, "whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago." True, Pierre had the ability "to see the evil and lies of life too clearly in order to be able to take a serious part in it." In Moscow living rooms, Pierre comes to a feeling of his loneliness, the "ghostliness" of all the life around him, and therefore cannot enter into an internal meaningful interaction with it. He escaped life with wine, women, entertainment. He bitterly mourned himself and his hopes for a reasonable and fruitful activity: “Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desired to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree perfection?" He fought, he suffered, he sought new road in life, he believed in the triumph of the highest truth on earth, but “by the force of circumstances” he was brought to this soulless existence, dramatically experiencing the gap between religious and moral views and the practice of his life. Pierre could not come to terms with this break, could not "unravel that tangled, terrible knot of life that terrified him ...".

Whatever he began to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not resolve and could not stop asking himself. As if in his headcurled up the main screw on which his whole life rested.

- Entry into Freemasonry, violent activity.

Freemasonry from the position of "dialectics of the soul"

The moral and psychological state of Pierre at the moment of rapprochement with the Masons and initiation into the "brotherhood of free masons" is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, he dreams of an "active and virtuous life", of loving brotherly harmony on earth, he feels the need to promote this harmony. But imperceptibly for himself, Pierre gives himself up to the proud dream of "Fixing the whole human race."

According to Tolstoy, the initiative activity of the individual is a manifestation of that pride and ambition that are associated with the "separation" of human existence, selfish competition with others.

Thus, the “dialectic of the soul” manifests itself as an image of two inextricably linked psychological processes in the inner world of the hero-character: the sharpening of moral forces merges with the dream of the role of a preacher and comforter.

To give up “arbitrariness” means to get rid of an exaggerated sense of personality, from the impossibility of acting in accordance with the dictates of the moral law due to one’s “foolishness”, to voluntarily subordinate “one’s will to this and that. who knew the undeniable truth."

- Why does Pierre, being an atheist and considering religion "unjust", join the Masonic society?

Because he was attracted by the formulation of the goals of this society: by purifying and correcting the heart and mind of individual members of society, thereby correcting the human race and "opposing the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre perceives in Freemasonry not the religious, but its moral side.

Pierre's activity in the Masonic society convinces that many Freemasons entered the society for the sake of acquiring connections with strong and wealthy people. Seeing social injustice world, he does not accept the idea of ​​social transformation of society.

So Tolstoy leads Pierre to the idea of ​​non-resistance to evil by violence, offering an abstract sermon of "good and truth."

The metaphysical teaching of the Freemasons was of little interest to Pierre: this "some kind of sacrament" did not seem to him essential. He did not join the number of brothers "employed exclusively

the mysteries of the science of the Order... or about the three principles of things...”. "His heart did not lie to the mystical side of Freemasonry." The tasks of moral perfection also did not interest Pierre, because already at the first moment of "conversion" he "felt with pleasure already completely corrected from his former vices and ready for only one good." The content of his future activities, he put the "correction of the human race."

- Disappointment, Freemasonry Crisis

Soon after joining the order, Pierre's divergence with the Masons became apparent: he could not confine himself to the tasks of contemplative immersion in himself and demanded active assistance to others. He sought to "oppose the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre goes to his Kyiv estates.

But reality turns out to be stronger than philanthropic orders and private interventions. In addition, Pierre is deprived of a sober practical consciousness, a keen interest in the processes of economic life, and "practical tenacity."

Reunion with Helen

Tolstoy introduces the reader into the inner world of a searching, reflecting hero. “He was so used to obeying this tone of careless self-confidence of Prince Vasily that even now he felt that he could not resist her; but he felt that the whole further fate his..."

Feeling his inner freedom, Pierre overcomes kindness, a tendency not to deceive the interlocutor's expectations, not to offend him with a refusal. He struggles with his fundamental peculiarity, so as not to repeat the mistake, not to return to the previous conditions of existence.

The final link in this story is reconciliation with Helen. This reconciliation was also an act good will and causal action. Pierre then found himself in a state of complete disillusionment with Russian Freemasonry, returning to his wife became possible in conditions of melancholy and moral impasse. At the same time, Pierre is still aware of his will only as free. He explains his decision this way: “I should not refuse the one who asks and I should give a helping hand to everyone, especially the person who is so connected with me, and I should carry my cross.”

Way out of moral impasse. Patriotic War of 1812

Pierre on the eve of the Patriotic War

The approaching catastrophe pleased Pierre, as it could change her whole life, lead him out of the "enchanted, insignificant world of Moscow habits" and turn him to "great feat and great happiness."

The catastrophe became morally necessary for Pierre: only she could turn him to a new life content. No wonder he experienced “a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything is. what constitutes the happiness of people, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ... ".

The internal moral break that Pierre is experiencing is not accidentally connected with the national-historical events of the Patriotic War of 1812.

The task of expelling the invaders unites Pierre, like other best people from the nobility, with the people. It took a heroic state of the world for Pierre to get closer to the people who are performing the feat of expelling the invaders. He finds himself spiritually, because folk content life. He gains ground for overcoming egoistic isolated existence, fruitless self-centeredness. The need for higher truth and goodness that lives in him finds complete satisfaction, and he wants only "to be a soldier, just a soldier."

- Borodino Pierre, on the Raevsky battery

By moral responsiveness, Pierre could not remain outside historical conflict, not to be among those who defended the cause of the motherland and therefore became participants in the national liberation war. Once among the soldiers and militia, Pierre experiences joyful excitement and renewal: “The deeper he plunged into this sea of ​​\u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by the anxiety of anxiety and a new joyful feeling he had not experienced. It was... the feeling of having to do something and sacrifice something." A cursory meeting with a soldier who declared the people's readiness to defend Moscow enters Pierre's inner world. In this accidental episode, for the first time, the direction of the hero’s evolution is indicated: that open cordial communication between Pierre’s secular environment free from prejudice and people from the people, which in the future will lead him to a qualitatively new experience and understanding of life, is clearly manifested. Rich in human potentialities, Pierre's soul is gradually filled with Russian folk content.

How do you understand Pierre's thoughts about the hidden warmth of patriotism? Why are the heroes of the novel so eager for the people? Why does Pierre want to be a "soldier, just a soldier"?

"They in Pierre's concept there were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon.They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him people, -They clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from other people. "To be a soldier, just a soldier!" thought Pierre.

The people are the bearer of the best human qualities. “... They were firm, calm all the time to the end ... They don’t speak, but they do,” thinks Pierre.

Hidden warmth of patriotism

Shocked by the bloody tragedy, Pierre leaves the battlefield. Hungry, exhausted, he sits down by the soldier's fire. In a moment of national disaster, the master unites with the soldiers, while Pierre felt "the need to belittle his social position as much as possible in order to be closer and more understandable to the soldiers." Pierre Bezukhov with such clarity correlates his life as a representative of the noble class with the life of people from the social lower classes and with all sincerity gives preference to the latter. “They amaze him with their moral courage in the war, in a moment of danger: “But they were firm, calm all the time to the end.” He condemns himself for weakness: “Oh, how terrible fear is and how shamefully I gave myself to it!”.

Pierre feels in the soldiers a wise and direct knowledge of the meaning of life, which explains their calmness, their readiness to submit to necessity.

Only in the circumstances of war and captivity does the relationship between Pierre and people from the people change: He finds the highest satisfaction in an undivided merger with millions of "drops" of the human peasant sea.

In occupied Moscow: saving a child, intercession for the Armenians, the decision to kill Napoleon

“Running out behind the house onto a sandy path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him to the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress. Pierre ... grabbed her with a feeling of pity and disgust, clutching the suffering sobbing and wet girl as gently as possible, ran ... Pierre at that moment felt even more strongly that feeling of youth, revival and determination that seized him when he ran save the child." “While Pierre ran those few steps that separated him from the French, a long marauder in a hood was already tearing a necklace from the Armenian woman’s neck ...

Leave this woman, - Pierre croaked in a frantic voice, grabbing a long, round-shouldered soldier by the shoulders and throwing him away. But his comrade, throwing down his boots, took out a cleaver and menacingly advanced on Pierre. Pierre was in that ecstasy of fury in which he did not remember anything and in which his strength increased tenfold. He rushed at the barefoot Frenchman, and before he couldtake out his cleaver, already knocked him down and pounded on him with his fists.

“He had to, hiding his name, stay in Moscow, meet Napoleon and kill him in order to either die or end the misfortune of all of Europe, which, according to Pierre, came from Napoleon alone.” “Two equally strong feelings irresistibly attracted Pierre to his intention. The first was the feeling of the need for sacrifice and suffering in the realization of a common misfortune ... the other was that indefinite, exclusively Russian feeling contempt for everything conventional, artificial, human, which is considered by most people to be the highest good of the world.

Captivity, execution of Russian prisoners by the French. Condition after the shooting

“He remembered that he was beating someone, he was being beaten, and that in the end he felt that his hands were tied, that a crowd of French soldiers were standing around him and searching his dress.”

The whole scene of the execution is given through the perception of a morally shocked Pierre: “On all the faces of Russians, on the faces of French soldiers, officers, all without exception, he read the same fear, horror and struggle that were in his heart.” The French soldiers, together with Pierre, experience the execution of prisoners as senseless cruelty, as an evil to which moral nature can only react with disgust.

The author conveys the moral and psychological state of the hero by means of figurative comparison: “From the minute Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do this, it was as if in his soul that spring was pulled out, on which everything rested and seemed alive, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. In him, although he did not realize himself, faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God, was destroyed. ... He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life.

The execution of captured Russians by the French is perceived by Pierre as a senseless and cruel murder. As a result of what he saw and experienced, he found himself in a state of complete devastation, internal disintegration and chaos: "The world collapsed in his eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained."

This state of meaninglessness and absurdity of life is removed thanks to a meeting with Platon Karataev.

Meeting with Platon Karataev

In a moment of complete disgrace of everything, confusion, only love for goodness was required. The love of Platon Karataev, like precious moisture, revived Pierre and brought him back to life. “And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the man’s melodious voice that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled and he felt tears.” That same night, Pierre felt "that the previously destroyed world is now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations." Karataev, thus, helped Pierre in a difficult moment of an internal crisis.

“Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs, and that all misfortune comes not from lack, but from excess.”

“The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.” Pierre Bezukhov accepted mental health people, harmony with oneself, the ability to spiritually overcome circumstances.

Why did Karataev have such an effect on Pierre? Does he look like other men?

At the key moments of moral turning points, when something extremely important is revealed to the hero from Tolstoy's point of view, the author generally refuses to reproduce inner voice hero, - all psychological processes are depicted exclusively innarrator's story.

Depiction of the moral shifts that occurred during the captivity: “He received that calmness and self-satisfaction, for which he had vainly sought before. For a long time in his life he searched for this peace, harmony with himself from different sides ... he searched for this in philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the dispersion of secular life, in wine, in the heroic feat of self-sacrifice, in romantic love to Natasha; he sought this by way of thought - and all these searches and attempts deceived him. And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this harmony with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through that. what he understood in Karataev. Those terrible moments that he experienced during the execution seemed to have washed away forever from his imagination and memories the disturbing thoughts and feelings that had previously seemed important to him.

Kindness becomes in him forgiveness (and to enemies too), unpretentiousness - the absence of all sorts of requirements for life (everywhere he feels good), faith in the reasonableness of the natural course of events in life - obedience to fate (“rock is looking for a head”), intuitive behavior - an absolute absence reason (“not by his own mind - by God’s judgment”), the main thing in Karataev is forgiveness, adaptability to life, and it is precisely for these qualities that Tolstoy idealizes him, makes him the material of vitality for Pierre, his favorite hero.

Reflection on happiness, understanding "the whole force of vitality"

In dramatic trials of need, extreme hardships in captivity, he acquires the long-desired inner freedom. Then, throughout the rest of his life, “Pierre thought with delight and spoke about this month of captivity, about those irrevocable, strong and joyful feelings and. most importantly, about the complete peace of mind, about perfect inner freedom, which he experienced only at that time. The break experienced in captivity comes down to "a new, untested feeling of joy and strength of life."

Pierre, having experienced "almost the extreme limits of deprivation that a person can endure", with his whole being comes to an understanding of life as the highest good and possible harmony on earth. Life in his perception is love, i.e. God: “Life is everything. Life is God. Everything moves and moves, and this movement is God. And as long as there is life, there is the enjoyment of the self-consciousness of the deity. Love life, love God. It is most difficult and most blessed to love this life in one's suffering, in the innocence of suffering. The writer conveys the dialectic of life itself in this depiction of Pierre's severe physical suffering, which, however, led him to life affirmation.

“The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of needs and, as a result, the freedom to choose occupations, that is, a way of life, now appeared to Pierre as the undoubted and highest happiness of a person ... Pierre felt a new, untested feeling of joy and strength in life.”

“In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that everythingunhappiness does not come from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he has learned another new comforting truth - he has learned that there is nothing terrible in the world.

"Now only he understood the whole force of human vitality and the saving power of shifting attention, invested in a person." “The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and calming thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.

Moral renewal in captivity

forced into real life obey those above him. Pierre, at the same time, experiences his inner moral freedom with unusual sharpness, which is manifested in his ability to romantically rise above hostile reality, to overcome it spiritually, to a keen sense of his "timelessness". In it at this moment, something is activated and becomes valid.“consciousness”, which, according to Tolstoy, reveals to a person his absolute spirituality, i.e. "I" is out of time, "out of cause", and itself is the cause of all manifestation of life.

Understanding his inseparability with nature comes to Pierre in a whirlpool of events, in severe trials of war and death. Here he experiences a moral rebirth, manifested in a joyful sensation of the higher meaning of life.

The position of a prisoner only sharpens in him the consciousness of his indestructibility, of his organic connection with universal processes.

The method of "dialectics of the soul" assumes that the inner freedom of the hero-character manifests itself as an instant flash of self-consciousness, an undeniable feeling of belonging to world harmony.

Post-war update. Pre-Decembrist activity

- Release from captivity. Change in worldview.

The year of the Patriotic War awakens in him ardent patriotic feelings and, turning away from Masonic metaphysics, fully connects him with the real needs, tasks and aspirations of the people. He feels "impossible to continue the old life" and wants to "get rid of the complex confusion of the demands of life" that has overcome him for a number of years. In Chapter XIII, Part 4, Volume 4, Tolstoy devotes whole pages to explaining the changes that have become apparent in the character and worldview of his hero, who has survived turbulent external events and personal trials, and now, after the war and the "people's defense," who has already seen "an extraordinarily powerful force of vitality ”, which “supported the life” of the whole “special and united” Russian people.

"A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, inherent freedom of a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery."

“Now he has learned to see the great, eternal and infinite in everything ... Now the question is - why? A simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Meeting with Natasha, love, marriage

The big child is called Pierre and Nikolai and Andrey. Bolkonsky will entrust the secret of love to Natasha to him, Pierre. He will entrust Natasha - the bride. She will advise her to turn to him in difficult times. "Heart of gold", a nice fellow, a true friend will be Pierre in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt, Akhrosimova, will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha.

At first in her adulthood At the ball, he will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, whom no one will invite to dance, and will ask his friend, Andrei, to engage her. Pierre was horrified when he learned about Natasha's attempt to escape with Anatole, but then he would be shocked by the depth of her repentance, suffering, and an attempt to poison herself. He admired her ability, even in such terrible moments of her life, to think more about others than about herself.

The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Love will revive their souls. There will be no room for doubt, everything will be filled with love.

Finding the meaning of life in the family, social activities.

“And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And immediately he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice!

In the epilogue to the novel, Pierre already lives in a "big house"; he is engaged in progressive social activity, he thinks in new concepts, characteristic of the pre-Decembrist period, and this "most absent-minded, forgetful person, now, according to the list compiled by his wife," like a sedate husband and father, buys everything for the house, not forgetting any "gifts ", nor"toys".

So, considering the difficult life path of his hero. Tolstoy realistically judges the stages of the long development of his personality.

L.N. Tolstoy shows two main paths that people choose: for some, the main thing is external well-being, wealth, career; for others - spiritual values, i.e. life is not only for themselves. In the epilogue, the heroes found true happiness along the way. Pierre, after a long and difficult search, found happiness in the merging of social activities and happy family life. The main wisdom to which he came: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need to do only the same. After all, it's so simple."

After the war, in peaceful conditions, Pierre in a new round of ideological and creative development. "IN spiritual development Pierre's Decembrism marks both a step forward and backward. Forward in the sense that it means leaving the sphere of moral speculation in the field of practical activity and civic selflessness. Back because it means the rejection of the moral truth revealed to him by Karataev.

On the one hand, Pierre retains the deep moral content acquired in the war and defends the service of “good”: “But I say: take hand in hand, those who love good. And let there be one banner: active virtue.

But on the other hand, once outside the people, he returns in Decembrism, it would seem, to the overcome sense of personality. Pierre develops self-confidence, which is manifested in his story about his political activities in St. Petersburg. Thought about it. that the fate of not only the “society” he leads, but also the fate of Russia, depends on him, Pierre, is connected with the belief in the possibility and fruitfulness of the revolutionary, voluntaristic according to Tolstoy. Civic activity leads the hero to an exaggerated idea of ​​the possibilities of conscious, arbitrary influence on the course of the historical process.

4. In the conclusion can be offered written works according to the studied material:

a) Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people of their time?

b) “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And peace is a spiritual meanness?

How do you understand the words of L. Tolstoy?

To what extent does Pierre's life path reflect this motto of the writer himself?

APPLICATION

Esin A.B. Psychologism of Russian classical literature / A.B. Esin.- M: Enlightenment, 1988.

Kurlyandskaya G.B. The moral ideal of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky / G.B. Courland. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988.

Bocharov S.P. The novel by L. Tolstoy "War and Peace" / S.P. Bocharov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976.

Russian literature. Grade 10. Reader of historical - literary materials; reference scheme to the image of the hero; illustrations for the novel.

Many writers turn in their work to historical figures. The 19th century was full of various events in which prominent people participated. One of the leading leitmotifs for the creation of literary works was the image of Napoleon and Napoleonism. Some writers romanticized this person, endowing her with power, greatness and love of freedom. Others saw in this figure selfishness, individualism, the desire to dominate people.

The key was the image of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy. The writer in this epic dispelled the myth of the greatness of Bonaparte. Tolstoy denies the concept of a "great man" because it is associated with violence, evil, meanness, cowardice, lies and betrayal. Lev Nikolaevich believes that only a person who has found peace in his soul, who has found the path to peace, can know the true life.

Bonaparte through the eyes of the heroes of the novel

The role of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" can be judged from the very first pages of the work. The heroes call him Buonaparte. For the first time, they begin to talk about him in the living room of Anna Scherer. Many ladies-in-waiting and close associates of the empress are actively discussing political events in Europe. From the lips of the mistress of the salon come the words that Bonaparte was declared invincible in Prussia, and Europe can do nothing to oppose him.

All representatives of high society, invited to the evening, have different attitudes towards Napoleon. Some support him, others admire him, others do not understand him. The image of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy showed with different points vision. The writer portrayed how he was a commander, emperor and man. Throughout the work, the characters express their opinion about Bonaparte. So, Nikolai Rostov called him a criminal. The naive young man hated the emperor and condemned all his actions. The young officer Boris Drubetskoy respects Napoleon and would like to see him. One of the representatives of secular society, Count Rostopchin, compared Napoleon's actions in Europe with pirates.

Vision of the great commander Andrei Bolkonsky

Andrei Bolkonsky's opinion about Bonaparte changed. At first he saw him as a great commander, "a great genius." The prince believed that such a person is only capable of majestic deeds. Bolkonsky justifies many actions of the French emperor, and does not understand some. What finally dispelled the prince's opinion about the greatness of Bonaparte? Battle of Austerlitz. Prince Bolkonsky is mortally wounded. He lay on the field, looked at the blue sky and thought about the meaning of life. At this time, his hero (Napoleon) rode up to him on a horse and uttered the words: "Here is a beautiful death." Bolkonsky recognized Bonaparte in him, but he was the most ordinary, small and insignificant person. Later, when they examined the prisoners, Andrei realized how insignificant greatness was. He was completely disillusioned with his former hero.

Views of Pierre Bezukhov

Being young and naive, Pierre Bezukhov defended Napoleon's views with zeal. He saw in him a person who stood above the revolution. It seemed to Pierre that Napoleon gave the citizens equality, freedom of speech and the press. At first, Bezukhov saw a great soul in the French emperor. Pierre took into account the murders of Bonaparte, but admitted that this was permissible for the good of the empire. The revolutionary actions of the French emperor seemed to him the feat of a great man. But the Patriotic War of 1812 showed Pierre the true face of his idol. He saw in him an insignificant, cruel, disenfranchised emperor. Now he dreamed of killing Bonaparte, but he believed that he did not deserve such a heroic fate.

Napoleon before the Battle of Austerlitz and Borodino

At the beginning of hostilities, Tolstoy shows the French emperor, endowed with human features. His face is filled with self-confidence and complacency. Napoleon is happy and looks like a "loving and successful boy". His portrait radiated "thoughtful tenderness".

With age, his face fills with coldness, but still expresses well-deserved happiness. And how do readers see him after the invasion of Russia? Before the Battle of Borodino, he changed a lot. It was impossible to recognize the appearance of the emperor: his face turned yellow, swollen, his eyes clouded, his nose turned red.

Description of the appearance of the emperor

Lev Nikolaevich, drawing the image of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace", very often resorts to his description. First, he shows him among the marshals on a gray mare and in a gray overcoat. Then not a single muscle moved on his face, nothing betrayed his nervousness and worries. At first, Bonaparte was thin, but by 1812 he was very stout. Tolstoy describes his round big belly, white leggings on fat short thighs, high over the knee boots. He is a pompous man with a white plump neck, who smelled of cologne. Fat, small, broad-shouldered, clumsy readers see Napoleon in the future. Several times Tolstoy focuses on the short stature of the emperor. He also describes the small plump hands of the ruler. Napoleon's voice was sharp and clear. He spoke every letter. The emperor walked resolutely and firmly, taking quick steps.

Quotes from Napoleon in War and Peace

Bonaparte spoke very eloquently, solemnly, and did not restrain his irritability. He was sure that everyone admired him. Comparing himself and Alexander I, he said: "War is my trade, and his business is to reign, not to command troops..." compares with ordinary cases that need to be completed: "... the wine is uncorked, you have to drink it ..." Speaking about reality, the ruler said: "Our body is a machine for life." Often the commander thought about the art of war. He considered the most important thing to be stronger than the enemy at a certain moment. He also owns the words: "It is easy to make a mistake in the heat of fire."

Napoleon's goals in War and Peace

The French emperor was a very purposeful person. Bonaparte moved step by step towards his goal. At first, everyone was delighted that this man from an ordinary lieutenant became a great ruler. What was it that guided them? Napoleon had an ambitious desire to conquer the whole world. Being a power-hungry and grandiose nature, he was endowed with selfishness and vanity. The inner world of this person is frightening and ugly. Wanting to dominate the world, he dissolves in vanity and loses himself. The emperor has to live for show. Ambitious goals turned Bonaparte into a tyrant and conqueror.

The indifference of Bonaparte, depicted by Tolstoy

The personality of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" is gradually degrading. His actions are contrary to goodness and truth. The fate of other people does not interest him at all. Readers are struck by Napoleon's indifference in War and Peace. People turn out to be pawns in his game of power and authority. In reality, Bonaparte does not notice people. His face did not express a single emotion as he circled the field of Austerlitz after the battle, all littered with corpses. Andrei Bolkonsky noticed that the misfortunes of others gave the emperor pleasure. scary picture The battle of Borodino causes him a slight joy. Taking for himself the slogan "Winners are not judged", Napoleon steps on the corpses to power and glory. This is shown very well in the novel.

Other features of Napoleon

The French emperor considers war to be his craft. He loves to fight. His attitude towards the soldiers is feigned and pompous. Tolstoy shows how important luxury is to this person. The magnificent palace of Bonaparte was simply amazing. The writer portrays him as a pampered and spoiled ghoul. He loves to be admired.

The real appearance of Bonaparte becomes apparent after comparing it with Kutuzov. Both of them are the spokesmen of the historical trends of the time. The wise Kutuzov was able to lead the people's liberation movement. Napoleon was at the head of the war of conquest. The Napoleonic army was destroyed. He himself became a nonentity in the eyes of many, losing the respect even of those who once admired him.

The role of personality in the historical movement on the image of Bonaparte

The characterization of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" is needed in order to show the real meaning of events. Unfortunately, the masses sometimes become tools in the hands of great personalities. Tolstoy in his epic tried to show his vision of who leads historical process: accidents, leaders, people, higher intelligence? The writer does not consider Napoleon great, because there is no simplicity, truth and goodness in him.

Tolstoy's attitude to the French emperor

Napoleon in War and Peace is depicted by Tolstoy as follows:

1. Limited person. He is overconfident in his military glory.
2. Human attributed genius. In battles, he did not spare his army.
3. A sharpie whose actions cannot be called great.
4. Upstart and personality without conviction.
5. Stupid behavior of Bonaparte after the capture of Moscow.
6. Sneaky man.

What concept of Napoleon's life did Lev Nikolaevich show? The French emperor denied the expediency of historical will. He takes individual interests as the basis of history, so he sees it as a random clash of someone's desires. Napoleon overcomes the cult of personality, he does not believe in the inner wisdom of being. To achieve his own goals, he uses intrigue and adventure. His military campaign in Russia is the approval of adventure as a world law. In an attempt to impose his will on the world, he is powerless, therefore he is defeated.

Leo Tolstoy is amazed at the self-satisfaction, false chivalry, arrogance, false gallantry, irritability, imperiousness, acting, megalomania of the French ruler who threatens to erase Prussia from the European map. Tolstoy really wanted to prove that all great rulers are an evil plaything in the hands of history. After all, Napoleon is a very good commander, why did he lose? The writer believes that he did not see the pain of other people, was not interested in the inner world of others, did not have mercy. The image of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy showed a morally mediocre person.

Lev Nikolaevich does not see a genius in Bonaparte, because there is more villainous in him. Depicting the personality of Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace", Tolstoy applied the humanistic moral principle. Power endowed the emperor with egocentrism, which developed in him to extreme limits. Napoleon's victories were based on tactics and strategy, but he did not take into account the spirit of the Russian army. According to Tolstoy, the people decide the course of history.

CONCLUSION: Passion for revolutionary ideas and Napoleon; wasting one's strength in carousing with Dolokhov and Kuragin. Pierre is Count Bezukhov, the richest and most distinguished person, a lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.

CONCLUSION: Pierre crosses out his past, but he still does not know what his future will be. The period of denial of the past, melancholy and bewilderment before the contradictions of life.

"What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I ... ”, - these are the questions that the hero again faces.

Based on fragments of the novel, recall the stages of Pierre Bezukhov's spiritual quest. Restore the chronological sequence of the search for the hero, give a brief comment.

1. How does Pierre appear before meeting with Platon Karataev? What distinctive features hero?

- The hero is distinguished by sincerity, naturalness, inquisitive mind, enthusiasm (for Napoleon, Masons). At the same time, he is weak-willed, subject to someone else's influence (Anatole, Dolokhov, Vasily Kuragin, Bazdeev). But the hero is critical of himself, reflects, repents, feels the need for moral self-improvement, lives a painful, but intense spiritual life. Pierre is disinterested, squanders money, he has a need to do good. During the general misfortune in 1812, he longs to suffer, to make a sacrifice, to accomplish a feat. But Pierre is not satisfied with life, his existence is bleak, although he knows how to love and be friends.

2. What is the path of the hero's development?

- On the way of rapprochement with the people, recognition of the people, admiration for them in the battle of Borodino.

3. At what point in life does Pierre Bezukhov meet with Platon Karataev?

- After the execution of the arsonists, in the most difficult period, when the world collapsed for the hero and turned into "a heap of meaningless rubbish." It "destroyed faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God."

4. How L. Tolstoy draws in the novel by Platon Karataev, we talked with you in the previous lesson. Let's see how he appears in the film by Sergei Bondarchuk performed by Mikhail Khrabrov. On what great director and the actor made an accent introducing the hero?

– Sergei Bondarchuk treats L. Tolstoy's text very carefully. He accurately conveys the setting and atmosphere of the meeting: a barn; Pierre's depression and tenderness, gentleness, cordiality of Plato, his helpfulness, caring. The voice of the hero is quiet, penetrating. The speech is interspersed with proverbs and sayings, from which it breathes faith in the best, optimism, calmness. The scene from the film makes a strong impression.

- We did not talk about the fact that Karataev abandoned his own “I”, there is no egoism in him, concentration on himself, his experiences. Comprehension of reality is also alien to him, he does not attempt to change anything in the world around him. "Not by our mind, but by God's judgment." This distinguishes him from Pierre. He loves everyone equally, sees God's principle in everyone. Plato became a salvation for Pierre.

6. How did Pierre Bezukhov change under the influence of Platon Karataev? (Analysis 11-12 ch. II part IV volume)

- His appearance has changed beyond recognition, especially his costume: a dirty, torn shirt, soldier's trousers tied at the ankles with ropes for warmth, a caftan, a peasant's hat.

- The hero changed physically: he did not seem fat, but "the kind of size and strength that is hereditary in their breed" was preserved. Beard, mustache, "tangled hair on the head, filled with lice." Bare feet.

- The expression of the eyes changed: "solid, calm and lively-ready, such as never had before." In appearance, energy, readiness for activity were felt.

- Pierre's mood became different: he rearranged his bare feet with pleasure. A “smile of revival and self-satisfaction” appeared on his face. In his soul lived pleasant memories of what he had experienced over the past 4 weeks.

– Emphasizing the changes in his hero, L. Tolstoy draws two landscapes in his perception. Before captivity, Pierre did not notice nature, like life around him, he was immersed in the world of his own doubts and thoughts. It is noteworthy that the morning landscape, the domes of the Novodevichy Convent, “frosty dew on dusty grass”, “touch fresh air”, the cry of jackdaws, the sun splashing with rays caused in the hero “a feeling of joy and strength of life that he had not experienced”

– In the chapter, the author gives direct assessments of his hero, characterizing him internal state. Pierre "got it peace and contentment himself, for which he vainly aspired before. " Reassurance and harmony with himself,” which he so admired the hero in the soldiers in the battle of Borodino, he felt in himself.

- Pierre overestimated his former self: it was naive, as it now seemed to him, to seek harmony with himself in philanthropy, Freemasonry, in love with Natasha. “It now seemed to him incomprehensible and even ridiculous his intention to beat Napoleon”; his hatred for his wife, his excessive concern for the secret of his name, seemed "not only insignificant, but also amusing."

- The hero was so immersed in the process of survival that he did not care about the war with the French, about the fate of Russia, although before captivity, before meeting with Platon Karataev, he liked to reflect on the fate of the world. “It was obvious to him that all this did not concern him, that he was not called and therefore could not judge all this.”

Pierre has acquired a new idea of ​​happiness. “The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of needs and, as a result, the freedom to choose occupations, that is, a way of life, now seemed to Pierre the undoubted and highest happiness of a person.” He appreciated the pleasure of eating, drinking, sleeping, being warm, talking to a person when there was a need for all this.

- Immersion in natural life changed the attitude of others towards Pierre. If earlier the Petersburg world laughed at him, now both the French and their own respected him, he seemed to them "a somewhat mysterious and higher being." He had "the position of almost a hero."

CONCLUSION: Passion for revolutionary ideas and Napoleon; wasting one's strength in carousing with Dolokhov and Kuragin. Pierre is Count Bezukhov, the richest and most distinguished person, a lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.

CONCLUSION: Pierre crosses out his past, but he still does not know what his future will be. The period of denial of the past, melancholy and bewilderment before the contradictions of life.

"What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I ... ”, - these are the questions that the hero again faces.

The path of Tolstoy's favorite heroes is the path to the people. Only being on the Borodino field, they understand the essence of life - to be close to the people, because "there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth"

Bezukhov and Bolkonsky have a lot in common. This advanced people of his time. They do not live an empty secular life. They have a goal, moreover, a big goal. They want to be useful in their work.

TOPIC: IMAGE OF NATASHA ROSTOVA

Epigraph I haven't lived before. Only now I live.

Prince Andrey

This girl is such a treasure...It's rare

Pierre Bezukhov

We continue the conversation about the characters of Tolstoy's novel, whose destinies, according to the critic Bocharov, "are only a link in the endless experience of mankind, of all people, both past and future." The heroine of today's lesson is Natasha Rostova.

- Why did Tolstoy love Natasha more than all other heroines?

Let's dwell on the scenes that show Natasha at the most bright moments her life, when the “dialectic of the soul” is especially noticeable. So, the first meeting with Natasha. Read the description of her behavior, portrait characteristics.

- What, in your opinion, is the charm of the heroine, her charm?

Her charm is in simplicity, naturalness. Natasha is all overwhelmed with a thirst for life, in one day of her birthday she manages to experience and feel so much that sometimes you even wonder: is this possible? She strives to do everything herself, to feel for everyone, to see everything, to participate in everything. This is exactly what Natasha appears to us at the first meeting.

The second meeting with the heroine. Natasha's indestructible thirst for life somehow influenced the people who were next to her. Bolkonsky, who is going through a severe spiritual crisis, comes to Otradnoye on economic matters. But suddenly something happens that seems to awaken him from a dream. Having met Natasha for the first time, he is surprised, alarmed: “Why is she so happy?” He envies the girl’s ability to be madly happy, like a birch that he meets on the way to Otradnoye, like everything that lives and loves life. (episode "Night in Otradnoye" volume 2, part 3, ch.2).

- By what moral criterion does the author evaluate his characters?

The writer evaluates his heroes with one thing: how close they are to the people, to nature. We never see either Helen or Scherer among the meadows, in the field or in the forest. They seem to be frozen in immobility, they are almost not affected by the concept of "people are like rivers."

Remember the episode “At Uncle’s”, without which it is impossible to imagine the essence of the heroine: “... the song awakened something important, original in Natasha’s soul ...” Read the dance scene (volume 2, part 4, ch. 7) or watch a video fragment.

This episode reveals one of the main ideas of the writer: in a person, his unity with other people, the need to love and be loved is valuable and beautiful. “The essence of her life is love,” writes Tolstoy. Love determines her life path both when she only lives, waiting for her, and when she becomes a wife and mother.

The first ball of Natasha Rostova is one of the brightest scenes in the novel. The excitement and anxiety of the heroine, the first appearance in society, the desire to be invited by Prince Andrei and dance with him. It's good to have someone around who understands you. In Natasha's life, Pierre became such a person.

- What made Prince Andrei postpone the wedding for a year?

His father set a strict condition: to postpone the wedding for a year, go abroad, get medical treatment.

Mature man, Prince Andrei still did not dare to disobey his father. Or didn't want to? Could he disagree with such conditions?

Could, if I was sure of Natasha's love, if I understood my beloved better. He again withdrew into himself, in his feelings, and what Natasha felt did not interest him very much. But in love you can not think only about yourself. Truly, the pride of the Bolkonskys and the simplicity of the Rostovs are not compatible. That is why Tolstoy will not be able to leave them together for life.

- Why did Natasha get carried away by Anatole Kuragin?

Having fallen in love, she wants happiness now, immediately. There is no Prince Andrei nearby, which means that time stops. The days are wasted. Something needs to be done to fill the void. She does not know people, does not imagine how they can be insidious, low. Kuragin's brother and sister, Anatole and Helen, for whom nothing was sacred, took advantage of Natasha's gullibility. Pierre, who still lived under the same roof with Helen, also played a negative role. But Natasha trusted Pierre, believing that Count Bezukhov could not join fate with a bad woman.

- How do you assess Natasha's act? Do we have the right to judge her?

Tolstoy himself said that Natasha played such a joke on him unexpectedly. Passion for Anatole was due to the indestructible need of the heroine to live life to the fullest. And this is another proof that we are not a scheme, but a living person. He tends to err, seek, make mistakes.

Natasha judges herself. She feels that she has crossed a moral line, that she has acted badly, wrongly. But circumstances cannot be changed. And she writes a note to Princess Marya, in which she says that she cannot become Bolkonsky's wife. Such is its essence: everything that it does, it does sincerely, honestly. She is her own ruthless judge.

- What revives Natasha to life?

It is hard to see her suffering after the death of Prince Andrei. Separated from her family, she feels very lonely. In the life of father, mother, Sonya, everything remained the same, safely. But then grief fell upon the whole family - Petya, a boy who played war in the war, died. At first, Natasha, immersed in herself, did not understand her mother's feelings. Supporting her mother, Natasha herself is reborn to life. “Love for her mother showed her that the essence of her life - love - is still alive in her. Love woke up, and life woke up, ”writes Tolstoy. So, the death of her brother, this "new wound" brought Natasha to life. Love for people wins, the desire to be with them.