A little over a year has passed since the opening of the ambitious Al-Wakrah stadium, the architect of which was famous Zaha Hadid. Her remarks, made in response to harsh criticism of the building, caused a wide public outcry - which, in the end, is more important: the opinion of the architect or the opinion of the majority. Hadid Stadium really looks like a real alien in this desert setting. But it is enough to recall the history of architecture to see that the greatest buildings in the world have received the same attitude, which are now perceived as true classics of architecture and are protected by numerous architectural communities. What can you do, people do not always see the great in the unusual and realize the full genius of the architect only after many years. Here are some of the greatest architectural monuments of all times, which were received very coolly by their contemporaries - and which are now undeniable masterpieces.
Tower Bridge
London, England
Architect: Horace Jones
Built back in 1886, Tower Bridge was received with hostility by the public. Architect and critic Henry Heathcote Statham said the bridge was a mixture of vices, bad taste and pretentiousness. The Londoners themselves claimed that even a dog would not cross to the other side of the Thames on these ugly stages. Well, history has put everything in its place and now Tower Bridge is considered one of the main attractions of London.
Eiffel Tower
Paris, France
Architect: Gustave Eiffel
Legend has it that Guy de Maupassant preferred to eat only in the restaurant at the foot of Eiffel Tower- simply because only from this place the structure itself is not visible. The entire Parisian bohemia was hostile to the building: it did not really correspond to the pretentious Gothic appearance of the city. Everything changed after the World Exhibition of 1889 - the enthusiastic responses of tourists and the money they left here helped Parisians first come to terms with and then fall in love with the Eiffel Tower.
Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
“My client is in no hurry,” Antoni Gaudi said about the construction timeline for the famous Sagrada Familia, La Sagrada Familia. The basilica is the longest construction project in modern history. Construction it's already underway This is the 132nd year and is financed entirely by private donations, which reach 25 million euros per year. Beginning in the 1960s, major architects such as Le Corbusier and Alvar Aalto tried to modernize Gaudí's design, but without success. Construction is planned to be completed by 2026.
Empire State Building
New York, USA
Architect: William F. Lamb
One of America's most iconic buildings, the Empire State Building opened during the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s. People ridiculed the structure as a waste of money and time: much of the building remained empty until the 1950s. Since then, the attitude towards the Empire State Building has changed dramatically and today it is rightly called one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
Sydney Opera House
Sydney, Australia
Architect: Jorn Utzon
Now Sydney Opera theatre is the hallmark of the city and one of the most recognizable architectural buildings in the world. But the project itself, by the Dane Jorn Utzon, caused considerable controversy: the opera took 14 years to build and cost $102 million.
Guggenheim Museum
NY
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Woody Allen compared the museum building to a bottle of eau de toilette, and Wright himself was accused of creating architecture for architecture's sake. The elegantly curved walls of the building are really not very suitable for a museum where paintings should hang. But, unlike the highbrow critics, the public accepted the Guggenheim Museum wholeheartedly and now people come just to admire it.
Pyramid of the Louvre
Paris, France
Architect: Bei Yuming
“The scar on the face of Paris” is how fans dubbed Bei Yumin’s brainchild classical architecture. But this was back in 1989: just a decade was enough to recognize the building as one of the best modern solutions. The pyramid has become a real symbol of the art world and receives more than 15,000 tourists a day.
CCTV Headquarters
Beijing, China
Architect: Rem Koolhaas
It was called the most scandalous skyscraper in history, and construction took place with unimaginable difficulties. In the very first weeks after the completion of work, a fire at the site claimed the lives of 20 workers, which also did not increase CCTV’s popularity. But the increased functionality of the building and the increase in tourist flow forced even the most staunch conservatives to change their minds: CCTV is now recognized as the second greatest government building after the Pentagon.
Al Wakrah
Doha, Qatar
Architect: Zaha Hadid
Zaha Hadid has been ridiculed for her controversial stadium project, which is being created for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Initially, all disputes boiled down to appearance stadium, which actually resembles a bad landing spaceship. Then, the press became aware of more than a thousand illegal workers killed during construction. On this occasion, Zaha Hadid told the press that it was absolutely none of her business, which caused another wave of indignation.
Walkie Talkie
London, England
Architect: Rafael Viñoly
Many Londoners openly laugh at the bold building located at 20 Fenchurch Street. Disapproval is caused by the excessive modernity of the building, which is somewhat out of step with the medieval narrow streets of London. In addition, the convex surface of the fully glazed building has more than once caused funny incidents: the sun's rays reflected from the glass panels burned bicycle seats and handlebars; once even a Jaguar, carelessly parked by the owner on the other side of the Walkie Talkie, caught fire.
Antilla
Mumbai, India
Architect: Perkins + Will
The 27-story Antilla residential tower is a single-family home and is considered the most... expensive mansion in the world. Its owner, the fifth richest person in the world, is Mukesh Ambani. The project is openly disliked by almost all residents of Mumbai, who see in it the mansion of a rich man who has crossed all boundaries and dominates the entire city.
Portland Building
Portland, USA
Architect: Michael Graves
The Portland Building was the first creation of the American postmodern era. The building has been at the center of heated debate for several decades: municipal representatives say that it spoils the entire appearance of the city. Graves decorated the façade of the Portland Building with giant red columns interspersed with tall windows and decorative ribbons reminiscent of rural beauty pageants. In its entire history, the house has not seen a single restoration, and now the work to maintain the facade is estimated at a staggering $95 million.
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Architectural monuments are an invaluable asset of world culture. Witnessing bygone eras, they represent examples of works of art. This is what distinguishes them from monuments cultural heritage. The latter include, for example, the house in which Vasily Shukshin was born and lived, or, for example, Rasul Gamzatov. These houses are a historical and cultural treasure. This is undeniable. But they are in no way architectural monuments.
At the same time, architectural monuments are not only majestic buildings, on the construction of which masters of architecture worked. These can be streets, squares and even entire neighborhoods. Architectural monuments include buildings in which fragments have been at least partially preserved decoration, a unique layout, characteristic of a particular era.
Architectural monuments are entire ensembles of buildings, complexes of structures that embody achievements in the field visual arts, architecture of the time when they were erected. These can be buildings that convey elements of religious architecture, as well as monumental, decorative and applied creativity. Moreover, these structures can be civil, religious, military, industrial. They can perform completely different functions. Belonging to the category of monuments makes them unique and artistic, which manifested themselves during construction and their further maintenance.
Palmyra was considered the richest city of late antiquity. It is located in Syria between the Euphrates and Damascus. King Tukrisha is considered the founder of the city. At that time, Palmyra was called nothing less than the bride of the desert. The city amazed with its beauty and the grandeur of its buildings, which were considered examples of ancient Roman architecture.
Not a very large part of cities can be considered architectural monuments. The most a shining example This is the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Arab Republic. The age of the city is approaching 4,000 years. Throughout its centuries, the city has experienced many invasions, accompanied by destruction. In the 7th century, Palmyra was captured by the Arabs. They destroyed all the temples and turned the city into a fortress.
In 1089, this fortress, powerful at that time, was destroyed as a result of a strong earthquake. The city, known before this sad date for its greatness, turned into a small village near the temple of the god Bel. A new revival of Palmyra began. Although the city was constantly robbed, it was revived again and again.
Only in the 18th century did Palmyra begin to be of interest to the scientific community. And in the 20th century, constant protection of the city territory was organized. Archaeologists, who came here from many countries, began the restoration of Palmyra. As a result of extensive restoration work, many relics were revived. UNESCO has recognized all buildings and structures of Palmyra as monuments. World Heritage.
After the liberation of Palmyra from terrorists in the spring of 2016, experts witnessed that only 20 percent of the structures, which are considered unique, were completely destroyed. Terrorists destroyed mainly churches. The remaining buildings and structures, which are valuable primarily as architectural monuments, remained untouched or partially destroyed.
The next capture of Palmyra became more dramatic. Action criminal group ISIS, considered outlaw in Russia, began destroying the famous ancient amphitheater, where the orchestra gave a concert in May last year Mariinsky Theater, conducted by Valery Gergiev. Terrorists destroy other architectural monuments and execute people.
The capital is rich in architectural monuments Russian state. Dating back to 1147, Moscow has always attracted the attention of architects, artists, and artists from different countries peace. They built, decorated buildings, and made entire complexes unique.
Many of them were lost forever due to numerous fires, wars of conquest, political reforms When unique structures were demolished, bulky buildings were built in their place, characterized by bad taste and unsightly appearance. Some of Moscow's architectural monuments have been preserved only in chronicles.
By a lucky coincidence, in the capital of Russia they are alive and continue to amaze with their beauty and incredible mixture style directions many ancient buildings. Most of them are examples of Russian architecture. One of unique monuments architecture - Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
This monument has a dramatic fate. Its construction was the gratitude of the Russian people to the Almighty for help in the war with Napoleon. First, the building was laid according to the one approved by Alexander I, who won the big competition to the project of the then famous architect A.L. Vitberg. This happened in the October days of 1817. It soon turns out that the soil under the future building is weak due to small rivers flowing underneath it.
Alexander I dies. Nicholas I, who replaced him, stops construction. This takes place in 1826. After 6 years, the autocrat approves the project proposed by the architect K.A. Ton. In the first half of April 1839, the second ceremony to lay the foundation of the Temple took place. And only 43 and a half years later there was a celebration of its opening. The construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior took place under the patronage of four autocrats: Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexandra III. The gates were made according to the samples presented by Count F. Tolstoy.
If measured by historical standards, the Temple lived a very short life. First, in 1918, it was completely deprived state support according to the decree, which stated the separation of the state from the church and the church from the school. This was the beginning of the persecution of the church, which subsequently took on a gigantic scale. And it came black date Cathedral of Christ the Savior - December 5, 1931.
The temple, which personifies, first of all, the memory of the glory of Russian soldiers, was destroyed in a barbaric manner. But in the hearts of ordinary people this memory lived, just as the dream of reviving the Temple over time never died. The movement to revive it arose on the eve of the 90s. And this movement resonated in the hearts of people throughout the country.
The origins of this movement were composers V.P. Mokrousov and G.V. Sviridov, writers V.G. Rasputin, V.P. Krupin and V.A. Soloukhin. The Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church blessed the restoration of the structure and addressed the country's leadership with a corresponding message. The request included a proposal to restore the building of the future cathedral on the spot where it originally stood. In August 1996, Patriarch Alexy II consecrated the main throne. This happened in the Church of the Transfiguration. Soon services began here. Russian Academy arts in incredible short time revived the design of the Temple. Many masters of painting and sculptors showed their skills. It is believed that this work has no analogues.
Shortly before the year 2000, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was consecrated by Patriarch Alexy II, who served a prayer service on this occasion. Today it is the tallest Orthodox churches Cathedral. It is an outstanding architectural monument that embodies the spirit of two centuries.
The Temple of the Sun God, which is located in the state of Orissa (India), on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, is called a miracle of architecture. Although the bay has receded over time, and the shore from the temple is 3 kilometers away. Everything here is under the exaltation of the Sun. Even the location was not chosen by chance. After all, Konarak translated into Russian means the territory of sunlight.
Archaeologists, together with historians, were able to establish that the beginning of the construction of the Temple dates back to 1243. It was built on the orders of Raja Narasimhadeva, who ruled Orissa at that time. It took the builders and architects of that time only 18 years to erect such a wonderful structure. During this time, walls were erected, a 60-meter tower was built, and carvings were made that decorated the halls from the inside.
The temple is mysterious. For example, it is still not known why in this religious institution great place are occupied by drawings depicting carnal pleasures. Some researchers see in these drawings religious motives. From the drawings, scientists are trying to understand the basis of the religious cult of the people.
Although the chronicles say that no special difficulties arose during the construction of the Temple, of course there were some. The transport of building materials from quarries by sea alone was worth it. Every detail in the design of the halls was thought out and executed with special grace.
Three types of stones were used to build the sanctuary. The color of the stones was supposed to shimmer under the rays, glowing in different shades. “Black Pagoda” is what this architectural monument is sometimes called. It really looks like a pagoda from the outside. And if you look before sunrise, standing between the first rays and the Temple, it appears black.
Researchers associate the rise of the Surya Temple in Konarak with the last decades XIII century. Rituals were held there for two centuries. Then, for some still unknown reasons, decline began. Perhaps it was partially devastated and caused some destruction by the conquerors, others rely on natural disasters. Although the monument has survived to this day. He, according to historians, is one big mystery. Surya Temple in Konarak is on the UNESCO list. This is true greatest monument architecture and history.
According to myths, merchants from Venice stole the relics of the Apostle Mark from the Egyptian city of Alexandria in 828. The Muslim guards did not suspect that the merchants were carrying the stolen remains of the apostle in containers with pork meat. First, the relics were placed in the chapel of the Doge's Palace. This structure was built in haste and was considered temporary. Subsequently, a cathedral was built solely for the purpose of preserving the relics of St. Mark. It was built in three years - from 829 to 832. Soon it burned down. In 976 the building was restored. But even later, over the centuries, its arrangement did not stop.
Merchants from the East imported capitals, columns, friezes, and other works of art to Venice specifically to decorate the basilica. The brickwork gradually disappeared under the marble cladding. On top of it appeared drawings made by masters of painting long before the appearance of the cathedral itself.
“Golden Altar”, as the altar of the Palais d? Oro, on the creation of which jewelers from Byzantium worked from the 10th to the 12th centuries, was decorated precious stones, total which reached two thousand. In 1797, Napoleon stole some of the stones. But most of the jewelry is still under reliable protection.
All this gradually transformed the cathedral. But the outwardly unique structure remained as it was. No additions or additions were made. Long time the building was the Doge's chapel. Only in early XIX century it received the status Cathedral cities. A museum was opened here.
Currently, St. Mark's Cathedral is recognized as an example of Byzantine architecture. It is located next to the Grand Canal. The treasury contains relics, masterpieces of world art, rare icons, and various relics. Since 1987, the basilica has been protected by UNESCO.
There are many architectural monuments in the world. Among them the most significant Ancient theater d? Orange in French Republic, Grand Theatre in the capital of Russia, Athens Acropolis in Greece and many, many others. Humanity is faced with the task of preserving architectural monuments, making sure that, having stood for centuries and millennia, they continue their lives and help solve the mysteries of the past, teach new generations to see beauty, enjoy it, in order to increase it in their future lives.
Russia has always had many monuments. But only a few became the most famous, the most iconic works of art. So, our top 10 famous monuments in Russia:
1. Monument to Peter I - Moscow
Official name - Monument “In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary Russian fleet" The author of the monument was Zurab Tsereteli. The grandiose sculptural composition was installed on an artificial island on the spit, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Obvodny Canal, not far from the famous Red October confectionery factory. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. The total height of the monument is 98 meters, it is the tallest monument in Russia, and one of the tallest in the whole world.
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2. Monument “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” - Moscow
"Worker and Collective Farm Woman" - outstanding monument monumental art, "ideal and symbol Soviet era", which represents a dynamic sculptural group of two figures with a hammer and sickle raised above their heads. Author - Vera Mukhina; concept and compositional plan of the architect Boris Iofan. The monument is made of stainless chromium-nickel steel. The height is about 25 m. It is located on Prospekt Mira, near the Northern entrance of VDNKh.
Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was developed for an exhibition in Paris, but the resulting result stunned everyone. After all, not only fundamentally new materials were used for the monument (stainless steel had not been used before), but also new principles of construction. After all, before this, it was also not necessary to enlarge it 15 times from life; it was a grand experiment.
Remarkable facts of the monument to the worker and the collective farmer:
· The monument to a worker and a collective farmer was delivered to Paris in 28 railway cars, but even this separation was not enough, because some parts did not fit into the tunnels and had to be cut further.
· Before the opening of the monument in Paris, sabotage was noticed in time, someone sawed off the cables of the crane that was assembling the monument at the exhibition, after which round-the-clock security was posted from volunteers and employees who came to assemble the monument.
· Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was assembled within 1 month; people worked in three shifts, sleeping only for three hours in a nearby barn, where a large fire was always burning in the center.
· In Paris, the monument was assembled in 11 days, although 25 days were planned.
· It is a symbol of the Mosfilm film studio.
· Dismantling, storage and restoration of the legendary sculptural composition cost the budget 2.9 billion rubles
3. Monument Motherland Calls - Volgograd
The sculpture “The Motherland Calls” in Volgograd is compositional center monument-ensemble "Heroes Battle of Stalingrad", located on . This statue is one of the tallest in the world, occupying 11th place in the Guinness Book of Records. At night, the monument is illuminated by spotlights. The total height of the monument is 85-87 meters.
Its military name is “Height 102”. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the most fierce battles took place here. And here they later buried the dead defenders of the city. Their feat is immortalized in the unique monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”, erected in 1967 according to the design of the famous Soviet sculptor Evgeniy Vuchetich.
4. Monument-obelisk “To the Conquerors of Space” - Moscow
The monument to the Conquerors of Space was erected in Moscow in 1964 to commemorate the achievements of Soviet people in mastering outer space. This is a 107 m high obelisk lined with titanium panels, depicting the trail left behind by a rocket located at the top of the obelisk. The poetic lines of Nikolai Gribachev are laid out in metal letters on the façade:
And our efforts are rewarded,
What, having overcome lawlessness and darkness,
We forged fiery wings
To your country and your age!
Initially, the option of placing the monument on the Lenin Hills (today Vorobyov Hills) between the building of Moscow State University was considered. M.V. Lomonosov and observation deck overlooking Luzhniki. It was supposed to be made of smoky translucent glass with night lighting from the inside. The height of the monument was supposed to be 50 m. At the personal suggestion of S.P. Korolev, it was decided to cover the monument with a coating of “space” metal - titanium. The height of the grandiose monument doubled and amounted to 100 m, and the total weight of the entire structure was 250 tons. The final site for the construction of the monument was a vacant lot near the entrance to VDNKh and the metro station of the same name.
The monument became a symbol of the qualitative technological leap of its time: October 4, 1957 Soviet Union The first artificial Earth satellite was launched, on April 12, 1961, space began to speak the language of man - and this language was Russian.
Together with the obelisk he was born and new type building structure - leaning tower. History preserves in its tablets only one such structure - the famous “Leaning Tower”.
5. Monument “Millennium of Russia” - Veliky Novgorod
The Monument “Millennium of Russia” is a monument erected in Veliky Novgorod in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of the Russian state. The monument resembles a bell. Its upper part is a ball symbolizing power - the emblem of royal power. The total height of the monument is 15 meters. This is one of the most iconic monuments in Russia, more about it.
6. Monument to Sunken Ships - Sevastopol
The Monument to the Sunken Ships is the most famous military monument of Sevastopol, was depicted on the Soviet coat of arms of the city and is considered one of the main city symbols. The monument is located in Sevastopol Bay, near the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard. The majestic and proud monument to sunken ships is one of the most beloved by residents and guests of the city. It is a symbol and calling card of Sevastopol. Height - 16.7 meters.
There is another monument that is significant for Sevastopol - the brig "Mercury" and Captain Kazarsky. This was the first monument in the then young city. About it .
7. Monument to St. George the Victorious - Moscow
The statue of St. George the Victorious is located on the territory of Moscow’s Victory Park and is part of the memorial complex at Poklonnaya Hill. Located at the foot of the obelisk dedicated to the 1418 days and nights of the Great Patriotic War. Saint George the Victorious strikes a snake, which is a symbol of evil, with a spear. The statue of St. George the Victorious is one of the central compositions of the memorial complex.
8. Monument “Bronze Horseman” - St. Petersburg
The Bronze Horseman is a monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg. The opening of the monument took place in August 1782. It is the very first monument in St. Petersburg. Later it got its name thanks to the famous poem of the same name A.S. Pushkin, although in fact it is made of bronze.
9. Monument to mammoths in Khanty-Mansiysk
Sculptural composition“Mammoths” appeared in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2007. Creation of this monument was timed to coincide with the 425th anniversary of the capital of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The sculpture is located on the territory of the famous Archeopark. The sculptural composition consists of 11 bronze monuments. The total weight of these monuments exceeds 70 tons. All monuments are life-size. The height of the tallest mammoth exceeds 8 meters, and the smallest mammoth is only 3 meters in height.
10. Monument “Alyosha”
Memorial to the Defenders Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War" ("Alyosha") - memorial Complex in the Leninsky district of the city of Murmansk. The main figure in the memorial is the figure of a soldier in a raincoat, with a machine gun over his shoulder. The height of the monument's pedestal is 7 meters. The height of the monument itself is 35.5 meters, the weight of the hollow sculpture inside is more than 5 thousand tons. “In its height” “Alyosha” is second only to the Volgograd statue “Motherland”. Nevertheless, it is among the highest monuments in Russia.
