Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.
Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.
A list of all letters is just an alphabet
Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:
Russian alphabet:
In total, the Russian alphabet uses:
- 21 letters for consonants;
- 10 letters - vowels;
- and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.
You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can be used more letters than sounds. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].
What is phonetic parsing?
We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.
Phonetic transcription
For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:
- black -> [h"orny"]
- apple -> [yablaka]
- anchor -> [yakar"]
- tree -> [yolka]
- sun -> [sontse]
The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).
- the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
- a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
- shock [´] - with an accent;
- in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
- the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
- for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.
The following are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and analysis of words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.
How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?
The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:
- Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
- Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
- Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
- Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
- In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
- Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
- Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
- Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
- for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
- At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.
This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.
An example of phonetic parsing of a word
Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.
Sound characteristic of letters:
i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.
Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.
Phonetics and sounds in Russian
What are the sounds?
All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.
How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?
The correct answer is 42.
Doing phonetic parsing online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why is it different total number sounds and letters in both vowels and consonants?
All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:
- [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
- or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.
And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.
Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language
Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.
The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.
How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?
Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.
Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels
The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.
- The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
- A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.
In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.
Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels
The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].
An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.
Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words
It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):
- I'm at home [ya to "ma].
- New houses [but "vye da ma"].
AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:
- mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
- he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
- witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].
Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.
The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:
- primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
- at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
- in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
- under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.
Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:
- vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
- open syllable at the very beginning;
- repeated vowels.
Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].
(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)
- forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
- e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];
Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."
- kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
- model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
- swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
- kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].
The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):
- cup;
- goddess;
- with songs;
- turn.
Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds
Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.
During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:
◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:
- At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
- - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
- at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
- - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
- in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
- - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
- after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
- after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]
As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.
◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:
- at the very beginning of a word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
- immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
- after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].
Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.
Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].
Important:
Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. ( This rule relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.
Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound
According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:
- sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
- yo - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
- The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
- i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
- Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]
Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language
There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.
How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?
In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.
Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?
In our language, consonants are:
- hard - soft
and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
- [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
- [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
- [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
- [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
- [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
- [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
- [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
- [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
- Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
- sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
- [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
- The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.
A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.
You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.
- Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
- If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
- When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.
Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.
Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.
Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.
Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian
The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically mean different sound, depending on the position. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.
Positional stun/voicing
In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:
- at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
- before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
- making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].
In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.
When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].
According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature two standing nearby consonants: the combination of "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].
Soft consonants in Russian
In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
- Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
- the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
- [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
- the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
- the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analyzes in composition can be softened before soft sounds[h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donut ik [on'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va′r'shch'ina], borscht [bo′r'shch'];
- often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
- in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;
Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.
Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing
To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to consider them positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.
- Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].
The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].
- Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
- The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
- The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
- At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
- With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].
Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation
- mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
- zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
- ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
- shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
- stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
- zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
- ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
- van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
- tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
- dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
- szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
- zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
- ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
- zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
- th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
- thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
- h → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan’e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
- ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
- !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.
Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language
During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound value, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.
In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:
- "T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
- "-tsya", "-tsya" → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile ts: a], wash [we ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
- ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
- "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
- zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
- nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
- rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
- "L" - in combinations:
- sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
- "B" - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].
Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.
- Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
- Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.
If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959
References:
- Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
- Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
- Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
- Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
- Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999
Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.
For some time nothing was heard but the howling of the wind and strange sounds - Nanny Ogg was cutting bread. In terms of its effectiveness, this action of hers could only compete with attempts to saw through a downy feather bed with a circular saw.
Terry Pratchett "Masquerade"
Family - this is if you guess by the sound who exactly washes in the shower.
Sergey Dovlatov
If by noise you mean unpleasant sounds, then pop music is noise to me.
Masami Akita
And now I have comprehended the secret of music, I understood why it is head and shoulders above all other arts: the point is its incorporeality. As soon as she is separated from the instrument, she belongs to herself again. She is an independent sum of sounds, weightless, incorporeal, completely pure and in perfect harmony with the Universe.
Walter Moers
I suddenly realized that every melody has its exact meaning. And it also seemed to me that we are all just sounds flying from under the fingers of an unknown pianist, just short thirds, smooth sixths and dissonant sevenths in a grandiose symphony that none of us can hear in its entirety.
Viktor Pelevin
When there is someone nearby who understands you not even half a word, but long before any sound breaks from your lips, it becomes very easy to breathe. Because there is no need to play, or pretend, or be afraid.
Veronika Ivanova
And now your mind is already wandering. The more you try to listen to the music, the more elusive it becomes. The more desperately you try to focus, the more barriers arise between you and the sound. You want to become weightless so that the music keeps you afloat like water. Like brandy.
Ron Butlin
troll folk instrument resembled a chopped-off oar with four strings and was called "bzdynn". That's the kind of sound he made.
Olga Gromyko
Punk is not just sound, music. Punk is a way of life.
Billie Joe Armstrong
No one wants to admit that we are addicted to music like a drug. That doesn't happen. Nobody gets addicted to music, TV and radio. We just need more: more channels, a wider screen, louder sound. We can't live without music and TV, but no - no one got hooked on them ...
Chuck Palahniuk
Music is the language of the soul; it is the realm of feelings and moods; it is the life of the soul expressed in sounds.
Alexander Serov
There is no sight in the world more beautiful than the face of a loved one, and there is no music sweeter than the sound of a beloved voice.
Jean La Bruyère
How little is needed for happiness! Bagpipe sound. - Without music, life would be a delusion. The German imagines even God singing songs.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Headphones not only allow you to hear sounds better, but also block out the outside world, where you can hear the “normal” noises of this reality. Music becomes the support of my thought.
Bernard Werber
So here he is autumn landscape Whom I have been so afraid of all my life: And the sky - like a flaming abyss, And the sounds of the city - like from the next world Heard, alien forever. It was as if everything that I had struggled with inside of myself All my life, received a Separate life and embodied in these Blind walls, in this black garden ...
Need to elect good music She collects our feelings. Rhythm strengthens the mind.
- S. V. Stulginsky "Fundamentals of scientific, philosophical and religious worldview the key to understanding the new era"
Music like rain, drop by drop seeps into the heart and revives it. Rollan R.
Music is not only an ennobling and educational factor. Music- healer of health. Bekhterev
Love and study the great art of music. It will open you the whole world high feelings, passions, thoughts. It will make you spiritually richer. Thanks to music, you will find new powers unknown to you before. You will see life in new tones and colors. - Shostakovich
Music is a powerful source of thought. Without musical education full mental development is impossible.
- Sukhomlinsky
Music inspires the whole world, furnishes the soul with wings, promotes the flight of the imagination; music gives life and fun to everything that exists, makes a person happy ... It can be called the embodiment of everything beautiful and everything sublime.
- Plato
Love and study the great art of music. It will open to you a whole world of high feelings, passions, thoughts. It will make you spiritually richer. Thanks to music, you will find new powers unknown to you before. You will see life in new tones and colors.
- Shostakovich
Music is not only an ennobling and educational factor. Music is the healer of health.
- V. Bekhterev
Music, like rain, seeps into the heart drop by drop and enlivens it.
- R. Rolland
Pythagoras and Plato firmly knew that music reflects the order and harmony in the Universe and therefore is able to restore the broken harmony in human body. Aristotle said that music cleanses not only the body, but also the soul.
Music inspires the whole world, furnishes the soul with wings, promotes the flight of the imagination; music gives life and fun to everything that exists, makes a person happy ... It can be called the embodiment of everything beautiful and everything sublime.
- Plato
Music is a powerful source of thought. Without musical education, full-fledged mental development is impossible.
- Sukhomlinsky V.
Music cannot think, but it can embody thought.
— Wagner R.
"Music is a source of joy wise people, it is able to evoke good thoughts in the people, it penetrates deeply into their consciousness and easily changes the mores and customs.
- Xunzi
“Music with its melody brings us to the very edge of eternity and gives us the opportunity to comprehend its greatness within a few minutes.”
— Carlyle T.
“Music is the mediator between the life of the mind and the life of the senses. Music is a higher revelation than wisdom and philosophy."
- Beethoven L.
"Music is intelligence embodied in beautiful sounds."
- Turgenev I.
“Music is an acoustic composition that makes us hungry for life, just as well-known drugstore compounds make us hungry for food.”
- Klyuchevsky V.
“Music is capable of exerting a certain influence on the ethical side of the soul; and since music has such properties, then, obviously, it should be included in the number of subjects for the education of young people.
- Aristotle
"Music is the unconscious exercise of the soul in arithmetic." Leibniz G.
“Music encourages us to think eloquently. Music shows a person the possibilities of greatness that are in his soul.
— Emerson W.
"Music is the best solace for a sad person."
— Luther M.
"Bach almost makes me believe in God."
- Fry R.
“God gave us music, so that we, first of all, were drawn upwards by it ...”
— Nietzsche F.
"The order of the universe is a certain musical harmony, in the great variety of its manifestations, obeying a certain order and rhythm, brought into harmony with itself, consonant with itself.
- Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Orthodox theologian of the 4th century
Music accompanies the flow of energy throughout the universe, even in the smallest cell of life. It is a truly silent sound that we hear only when we are tuned to its frequency. It controls our lower bodies, emotions, mind, mood. Depending on the size, it can soothe, inspire, uplift, balance or excite.
Music is a force that can be used both for good and for evil, and which is a factor that sets the direction for the development of civilization.
All life on our planet is subject to certain rhythms, and the human body is a component of this system. Each of our organs is capable of emitting vibrations, and they, in turn, can coincide with the vibrations of certain sounds and instruments.
Great composers have always felt the connection between music and the moral, physical and spiritual health of a person.
Music has power. Sounds leave their imprint. Pythagoras postulates that the universe was created by a force that possessed intelligence, which, in turn, found expression in a perfect mathematical system. He believed that numbers could be expressed through sound, and that there was a musical harmony in the world and on other planets in the universe, which he called the music of the spheres, the symphony of the universe.
Some sound tones contribute to the harmonization and unity of disparate energy flows. Sounds affect the surrounding energy fields, change vibrational frequencies.
Sounds affect environment. As a result of experiments on plants, it turned out that under the influence of music, plants began to grow and bloom faster and more magnificently than the same plants under normal conditions, where they were not exposed to music. Sounds support and nourish your spiritual powers! Birdsong can have a special effect on us and our environment.
“... through melody and rhythm, any feeling can be evoked, therefore, with the help of music, a person learns to experience the right feelings. Thus, music has the power to shape the Man."
- Aristotle, 384-322 BC e.
Classical or baroque music that sounds in your home has a strong effect on you, on plants, animals and everything that surrounds you, it can inspire or make you sad; enhances people's ability to remember unfamiliar material; the calm rhythms of this music help people achieve a special state of mind that makes them open to learning.
“We need to choose good music, it collects our feelings. Rhythm strengthens the mind."
- S. V. Stulginsky "Fundamentals of scientific, philosophical and religious worldview - the key to understanding the new era"
Sayings and quotes
Quotes famous people about the meaning of life
