"ASHIK-KERIB"

Arrangement of stresses: "ASHI`K-KERI`B"

"ASHIK-KERIB". Turkish fairy tale, Lermont. record (1837) Russian. translation of people fairy tale, widespread in Transcaucasia, Cf. Asia and the Middle East. The tale was based on a well-known folklore plot ("a husband at his wife's wedding"), the scheme of which is traced. way stated by M. Azadovsky: "The husband leaves, for the most part forced, his wife (or the bridegroom) and takes a promise to wait a certain amount of years ... The wife (bride) is brought false news of the death of her husband or groom and forced to marry. The hero finds out in one way or another about the upcoming wedding and hurries home, most often with the help of magic power. Upon returning home, he disguises himself as a beggar, a pilgrim, or a musician, and in this form enters the wedding feast, where recognition takes place. The wife recognizes her husband by his voice or thanks to the ring that he throws into a goblet of wine. "The oldest classic example of this plot is the story of the return of Odysseus. This also includes Russian epics about Dobrynya and Alyosha, a number of Russian fairy tales. In the artist. Lit-re, this plot is found in the short story from the "Decameron" by G. Boccaccio, in the stories of G. de Maupassant "The Return", M. Prevost ("De sire"), P. Feval ("La chanson de Poirier") and others. The recording of the tale was made by L. in the autumn of 1837, possibly in Tiflis, according to M.F. Akhundov, from whom the poet is supposed to have taken lessons in the Tatar (Azerbaijani) language (see L.'s "Tatar" language in the article). Wandering around the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, L. showed special interest to Nar. creativity.

In 1892 the teacher Makhmudbekov wrote down the same fairy tale in the Shamakhi region from the words of Nar. singer Oruja in a different from lermont. version (published in the "Collection of Materials for the Description of Localities and Tribes of the Caucasus", v. 13, Tiflis, 1892, p. XXIV, 173-229). M. Rafili drew attention to the fact that in Lermont. Azeri are preserved in the text. words, and their meaning is explained in brackets: aga (master), ana (mother), saaz (balalaika), gerursez (learn), etc .; reproduced azerbaijan. pronunciation in words Tifliz, Ashik-Kerib. The tale also contains Turkish, Arabic, Armenian, Iranian. elements. Haderiliaz - the combined names of Khizr and Ilias (Prophet Elijah) - explained by L. as St. George, and this is not a poet's mistake, the confusion of Haderiliaz with St. George is found in Arm. and cargo. folklore.

The tale was illustrated by: V. D. Zamirailo, A. A. Zemtsov, M. P. Klodt, E. G. Komarov, V. M. Konashevich, V. V. Lermontov, A. F. Lyutomskaya, A. P. Mogilevsky , V. Ya. Surenyants, I. M. Toidze, M. V. Ushakov-Poskochin, E. E. Lansere. The fairy tale formed the basis of Z. Gadzhibekov's operas "Ashug-Gharib" (produced in the Baku theater by G. Z. A. Tagiyev, 1916) and R. M. Glier "Shahsenem" (produced by the Bolshoi Theater, 1938). Ballet B. V. Asafiev "Ashik-Kerib" post. 1941 Leningrad. Small Opera House.

A recording of the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" was found among the papers of L. and in 1846 appeared in V. A. Sollogub's almanac "Yesterday and Today" (Book II). The autograph remained unknown. and only in 1936 from the private collection of A. S. Golitsyna entered the IMLI. M. Gorky, then was transferred to the Department of Manuscripts of the IRLI (op. I, No. 53). Since 1937 printed by autograph.

Lit .: Semenov (5), p. 81-82; Semenov (6), p. 75-78; Andronikov (2), p. 254; Andronikov (13), p. 379-98; Rafili M., L. and azerb. Lit-ra, "Baku worker", 1939, 15 Oct.; Azadovsky (3), p. 448-54; Enikolopov I.K., To the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" L., in the book: M. Yu. L., Ashik-Kerib. Tour. fairy tale, Tb., 1941; Manuilov V. A., M. Yu. L. and his record of the tale about Ashik-Kerib, in the book: Ashik-Kerib. Sat. to the post, ballet in Leningrad. state acad. small opera house, D., 1941, p.5-41; Andreev-Krivich (1), p. 269-75; Andreev-Krivich (4), p. 97-118; Popov A. V., M. Yu. L. in the first exile, Stavropol, 1949, p. 70-78; Popov (2), p. 89-98; Mikhailov M. S., On the issue of M. Yu. L. studying the “Tatar” language, in the book: Turkological. Sat., Vol. 1, M.-L., 1951, p. 127-35; Yakubova S., Azerbaijan. nar. legend "Ashyg-Gharib", Baku, 1968; Murzaev E. M., Years of searching in Asia, M., 1973, p. 54; Daronyan S. K., "Ashik-Kerib" L. and arm. records of the legend, "Bulletin of social sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Arm. SSR", 1974, No. 4, p. 79-92.

V. A. Manuilov.

Sources:

1. Lermontov Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. A. Manuilov.- M .: " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1981.- 784 pages with illustrations. Overhead: Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( Pushkin House). Scientific and editorial board of the publishing house.

The work "Ashik-Kerib" is a Turkish fairy tale, which was written by M. V. Lermontov, being in the first exile in the Caucasus. He was exiled there in 1937 for his fateful poem "The Death of a Poet". He was terribly struck by the senseless death of A. S. Pushkin, and he blamed the whole secular conspiratorial nobility together with Tsar Nicholas I for this. And now, living in the Caucasus among beautiful mountain peaks and rivers, in his spare time he is studying local folklore. And it is not at all surprising that he heard ancient legend about the love that the whole Caucasus, the Middle East knew and did not leave him indifferent and inspired him to create this wonderful fairy tale.

"Ashik-Kerib" begins with the fact that once upon a time a very rich Turkish merchant lived in the city of Tiflis. And he had a lot of gold. But his main wealth was his only beautiful daughter named Magul-Megeri.

Once a very poor wanderer Ashik-Kerib saw this beauty and immediately fell in love with her. But he was too poor to count on such a bride. However, he had a large pure heart. He knew how to play the saz and glorified the ancient warriors of Turkestan in his songs.

He had almost no hope of getting the hand of his beloved. And that made him feel very sad. And then one day, when he was sleeping under the vineyard, Magul-Megeri walked by with her cheerful girlfriends. One of her friends jumped up and began to wake up Ashik-Kerib with the words: "It's not time to sleep when your gazelle passes by." The guy immediately woke up. And Magul-Megeri approached him. They started talking. Ashik-Kerib told her about his sadness and love for her, greatly regretting that her father would never marry his beloved daughter to a beggar vagabond. But Magul-Megeri said that her father was very rich and would reward her with gold, which would be enough for two of them. Just let him ask for her hand. But Ashik-Kerib was a proud young man and did not want to be reproached later for having once been poor.

Plot development

He gives his word to Magul-Megeri that for exactly seven years he will travel all over the world and make himself rich, and then he will definitely come for her. And if this does not happen, then he is ready to die in the hot desert of a foreign land. Magul-Megeri had to agree. But she warned him that if he did not return at the appointed time, then she would marry Kurshud-bek, who had been wooing her for a long time.

And then Ashik-Kerib came to his mother, asked her blessings, kissed his sister and left. As he left the city, a horseman overtook him. It was Kurshud-bek, who also wanted to travel with him. However, when they approached the river and Ashik-Kerib, throwing off his clothes, swam to the other side, the cunning Kurshud-bek did not swim after him, but, taking the poor man's clothes, galloped away. He did this in order to show the belongings of Ashik-Kerib Magul-Megeri and his mother and thereby convince them that the young man had drowned. However, the wise Magul-Megeri did not believe his story and still preferred to wait for her lover.

denouement

Meanwhile, the poor wanderer walked in a foreign land and sang to people for a piece of bread. But once in the city of Khalaf he was lucky. When he sang with a sweet voice in the coffee house, glorifying his beautiful Megul-Megeri, he was heard by the great pasha, who was inspired by his singing and invited him to his place. From that moment on, gold and silver rained down on him day after day. He began to live happily and richly. And he probably forgot his Megul-Megeri, or maybe not, but the term was coming to an end, and he was not going on the road. And Magul-Megeri decided to remind herself. She sends a golden dish with a merchant from Tiflis (who had forty camels and 80 slaves) to travel around the eastern cities and parade this dish until its owner is found. And the owner finally found. Ashik-Kerib, seeing the dish, remembered Megul-Megeri and urgently got ready to go. But suddenly he realized that he would not have time, and out of desperation he prayed to Allah and wanted to throw himself off the cliff. But suddenly he saw a wonderful rider on a white horse, who decided to help him and transported him to his native place in time. As it turned out later, it was Haderiliaz himself.

A happy ending

Now, having arrived in Tiflis on time, Ashik-Kerib was concerned that people would not believe him when they learned that he had reached the city in an instant, because even two months would not have been enough for him to get here. Then the rider gave him a lump of earth from under the hooves of his horse and told him to rub the blind woman's eyes with it, and disappeared. When Ashik-Kerib came to his house, and it was already evening, his mother and sister were at home. The mother was blind from tears for her son and has not seen anything for seven years. The women let the wanderer in to spend the night, but did not recognize him as Ashik-Kerib.

Then he asked for his saaz, which hung on the wall. Leaving gold coins as a pledge, he went with him to the wedding. It turns out that Kurshud-bek arranged a wedding feast and is already marrying Magul-Megeri. That night she was to become his wife. But the bride herself was not up to fun. She was sitting at a rich chapra with her friends and holding a dagger in one hand and a bowl of poison in the other. But when the traveler began to sing and began to tell in his songs what he saw, she immediately recognized the voice of her Ashik-Kerib, cut the curtain and rushed to her beloved in her arms. The sister, seeing all these wonderful events, ran and brought her mother. And then Ashik-Kerib, so that everyone would believe his stories, smeared the eyes of the blind mother with earth, she immediately received her sight and recognized her son.

Genre of the work "Ashik-Kerib"

Well, what can be said about all this? The good news is that "Ashik-Kerib" is a fairy tale with happy ending, where the mother again found her son, the sister - her brother, the bride - the groom. And Kurshud-bek Ashik-Kerib offered to marry his younger sister Magul-Megeri, who was no less beautiful than the elder. And in an instant, all the heroes of this beautiful fairy tale became happy. The fabulous genre of the work "Ashik-Kerib" already speaks for itself.

Taking this kind of plot as the basis, Lermontov inscribes in it components that are very characteristic of a fairy tale. There are positive and givers and helpers, miracles and adventures. Lermontov retained all the fabulous canons, and it turned out magnificent with a subtle oriental flavor work "Ashik-Kerib". This tale was published after the death of the poet in the collection "Yesterday and Today" by V. A. Sologub in 1846. Then cultural figures became very interested in her. Caucasian peoples. They really liked the easy narrative genre works "Ashik-Kerib", and then it was decided to translate it into different languages: Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, Kabardian and others.

"Ashug-Gharib"

The genre of the work "Ashik-Kerib" is presented as another folklore processing by Lermontov of folk legends and myths, which he was very fond of at that time. It is likely that it is a kind of Azerbaijani dastan - a special art of telling epic stories. Presumably, "Ashik-Kerib" is a Turkish fairy tale, in any case, this is how the poet himself defined it. And initially, most likely, it had the name "Ashug-Gharib". The word "ashik-ashug" means "folk singer", saaz - musical instrument, but the word "kerib-garib" means "poor wanderer". Mikhail Lermontov turned "Ashik-Kerib" into a wonderful creation of Russian fairy tale literature which posterity still reads to this day.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic parsing online and examples for specified cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n'], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most voiced phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically mean different sound, depending on the position. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: y ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two standing nearby consonants: the combination of "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analyzes in composition can be softened before soft sounds[h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donut ik [on'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va′r'shch'ina], borscht [bo′r'shch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-deaf: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• h → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan’e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound value, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • "-tsya", "-tsya" → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile ts: a], wash [we ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

"Ashik-Kerib" "ASHIK-KERIB". Turkish fairy tale, Lermont. record (1837) Russian. translation of people fairy tale, widespread in Transcaucasia, Cf. Asia and the Middle East. The tale was based on a well-known folklore plot (“a husband at his wife’s wedding”), the scheme of which is traced. As stated by M. Azadovsky: “The husband leaves, for the most part, forcedly, his wife (or the bridegroom) and takes a promise to wait a certain number of years ... The wife (bride) is brought false news of the death of her husband or groom and is forced to marry. The hero finds out in one way or another about the upcoming wedding and hurries home, most often with the help of magical power. Upon returning home, he disguises himself as a beggar, a pilgrim, or a musician, and in this form enters the wedding feast, where recognition takes place. A wife recognizes her husband by his voice or by the ring that he throws into a goblet of wine. Ancient classic. an example of this plot is the story of the return of Odysseus. This also includes Russian. epics about Dobrynya and Alyosha, a number of Russian. fairy tales. In the artist in literature, this plot is found in the short story from the “Decameron” by G. Boccaccio, in the stories of G. de Maupassant “The Return”, M. Prevost (“De sire”), P. Feval (“La chanson de Poirier”), and others. The recording of the tale was made by L. in the autumn of 1837, possibly in Tiflis from the words of M.F. Akhundov, from whom the poet is supposed to have taken lessons in the Tatar (Azerbaijani) language (see L.'s "Tatar" language in the article). Wandering around the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, L. showed particular interest in Nar. creativity.

Return of Ashik-Kerib. ill. M. V. Ushakova-Poskochina. Ink. 1939.

In 1892 the teacher Makhmudbekov wrote down the same fairy tale in the Shamakhi region from the words of Nar. singer Oruja in a different from lermont. version (published in the "Collection of materials for the description of localities and tribes of the Caucasus", v. 13, Tiflis, 1892, p. XXIV, 173-229). M. Rafili drew attention to the fact that in Lermont. Azeri are preserved in the text. words, and their meaning is explained in brackets: aga (master), ana (mother), saaz (balalaika), gerursez (learn), etc .; reproduced azerbaijan. pronunciation in words Tifliz, Ashik-Kerib. The tale also contains Turkish, Arabic, Armenian, Iranian. elements. Haderiliaz - the combined names of Khizr and Ilias (Prophet Elijah) - explained by L. as St. George, and this is not a poet's mistake, the confusion of Haderiliaz with St. George is found in Arm. and cargo. folklore. The fairy tale was illustrated by: V.D. Zamirailo, A.A. Zemtsov, M.P. Klodt, E.G. Komarov, V.M. Konashevich, V.V. , V.Ya.Surenyants, I.M.Toidze, M.V.Ushakov-Poskochin, E.E. Lansere. The fairy tale formed the basis of Z. Gadzhibekov's operas "Ashug-Gharib" (produced in the Baku theater by G. Z. A. Tagiyev, 1916) and R. M. Glier "Shahsenem" (produced by the Bolshoi Theater, 1938). Ballet V.V. Asafiev "Ashchik-Kerib" post. in 1941 Leningrad. Small Opera House. A recording of the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" was found among the papers of L. and in 1846 appeared in V.A. Sollogub's almanac "Yesterday and Today" (Book II). The autograph remained unknown. and only in 1936 from the private collection of A.S. Golitsyna entered the IMLI. M. Gorky, then was transferred to the Department of Manuscripts of the IRLI (op. I, No. 53). Since 1937 printed by autograph.

Lit.: Semenov(5), p. 81-82; Semenov(6), p. 75-78; Andronikov(2), p. 254; Andronikov(13), p. 379-98; Rafili M., L. and Azerbaijani. Lit-ra, "Baku worker", 1939, 15 Oct.; Azadovsky(3), p. 448-54; Enikolopov I. K., To the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" L., in the book: M. Yu. L., Ashik-Kerib. Tour. fairy tale, Tb., 1941; Manuilov V. A., M. Yu. L. and his record of the tale about Ashik-Kerib, in the book: Ashik-Kerib. Sat. to post. ballet in Leningrad. state acad. Maly Opera Theatre, L., 1941, p. 5-41; Andreev-Krivich(1), p. 269-75; Andreev-Krivich(4), p. 97-118; Popov A. V., M. Yu. L. in the first exile, Stavropol, 1949, p. 70-78; Popov(2), p. 89-98; Mikhailov M. S., On the issue of M. Yu. L. studying the “Tatar” language, in the book: Turkological. Sat., Vol. 1, M. - L., 1951, p. 127-35; Yakubova S., Azerbaijan. nar. legend "Ashyg-Gharib", Baku, 1968; Murzaev E. M., Years of searching in Asia, M., 1973, p. 54; Daronyan S. K., "Ashik-Kerib" L. and arm. records of the legend, “Bulletin of societies. sciences AN Arm. SSR, 1974, No. 4, p. 79-92.

V. A. Manuilov Lermontov Encyclopedia / USSR Academy of Sciences. In-t rus. lit. (Pushkin. House); Scientific-ed. Council of the publishing house "Sov. Enzikl."; Ch. ed. Manuilov V. A., Editorial staff: Andronikov I. L., Bazanov V. G., Bushmin A. S., Vatsuro V. E., Zhdanov V. V., Khrapchenko M. B. - M .: Sov. Encycl., 1981

See what ""Ashik-Kerib"" is in other dictionaries:

Ashik kerib აშუღი ქარიბი Ashugi Qaribi Genre drama ... Wikipedia

- (film) a feature film shot by directors David Abashidze and Sergey Parajanov at the Georgia film studio in 1988. Ashik kerib (poem) poem by Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Ashik kerib (character) character of a Turkish fairy tale ... ... Wikipedia

ASHIK KERIB, USSR, Georgia film, 1988, color, 78 min. romantic drama based on poem of the same name M. Yu. Lermontov. “The film is based on the ancient folk motif"husband" at his wife's wedding, which has long been interpreted by legends about ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Ashik Gharib (meanings). Ashik Kerib აშუღი ქარიბი Ashugi Qaribi ... Wikipedia

Ashik-Kerib, Turkish fairy tale (Lermontov)- Written in 1837 1838. Appeared in print only in 1846 (Almanac Yesterday and Today). Keriba mother and sister. Kerib Ashik. Merchant. Kurshud bey. Kurshuda brother. Magul Megeri. Pasha. Haderiliaz … Dictionary of literary types

Ashik Kerib- See also... Dictionary of literary types

Kerib-Ashik ("Ashik Kerib")- See also Poor balalaika player, a free man from Tiflis; the prophet gave him nothing but a high heart and the gift of songs; playing the saaz (balalaika) and glorifying the ancient heroes of Turkestan, he went to weddings to amuse the rich and happy ... Dictionary of literary types

Magul-Megeri ("Ashik-Kerib")- See also The only daughter of a wealthy Turk; was better than all the girls in Tiflis. At one wedding I saw Ashik Kerib and fell in love with him. When Kerib was sad that M. M. would not be his wife, M. M. said: Ask my father for my hand, and my father ... ... Dictionary of literary types

Pasha ("Ashik-Kerib")- See also Proud pasha and big hunter of songbooks. Many were brought to him, and none pleased him. His chaushs were exhausted running around the city (Khalaf) and looking for singers. For the songs he left the poor Ashik Kerib ... Dictionary of literary types

Ayak-Aga ("Ashik Kerib")- See also Rich Turk, father of Magul Megeri... Dictionary of literary types

Books

• Ashik-Kerib. Poems, M. Yu. Lermontov. The collection introduces prose and poetic creativity Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov. The book presents the fairy tale ASHIK-KERIB, written on a plot common among the peoples of Transcaucasia, and ...

The popular fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" was written by Lermontov in exile in the Caucasus in 1837. Any reader will be very interested to know what is the main idea of ​​the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib". Indeed, in the eastern countries, the story about Ashik-Keriba was very common. The brilliant poet also could not help but pay attention to her, since at that time he was very fond of folk tales, myths and legends. Soon he presented it in his own folklore processing. And now, in order to better understand what the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" teaches, let's start with a completely different one.

Eastern story

M. Yu. Lermontov, as gifted with an outstanding literary talent a person who has always been interested in heterogeneous language flows and cultural traditions. And on the example of the analysis of the poem "Demon" you can see that it was written in the genre of "oriental story", where the central character is a demon.

In Christianity, the demon is Satan, the devil or fallen angel, which takes a position of complete opposition to God (Allah). Therefore, the poem focuses on the dualistic perception of the world, where the human soul is presented as an arena for the struggle between good and evil. The humanized romantic image of the demon traditionally has a philosophical correspondence to all this struggle in the Muslim understanding, which, for its part, influenced the Russian and European literary culture.

In the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" one of the facets of the poet's tragic romanticism (struggle in verse) emerges. Lermontov, anticipating Dostoevsky, was very deeply imbued with the antithesis between a person’s dream of happiness and unhappiness in real everyday life, between the beauty of life, sublime love and the unity of people with the reality of the ugliness of the face of a cruel modern world.

Muslim motives

Muslim motifs in the work of Mikhail Yuryevich can be placed in a certain philosophical and symbolic complex, in which, on the one hand, a generalized ideological meaning is manifested, for example, in such basic concepts as "East", "book", "fate", "wandering" . On the other hand, one can also observe specific elements of poetic allegory, characteristic of the entire work of the poet Lermontov. These are heaven, earth, paths and games. Examples are the Turkish fairy tale by M. Yu. Lermontov "Ashik-Kerib", poems and poems "Dagger", "Spaniards", "Complaints of the Turk", "Dispute", "Hadji Abrek", "Aul Bastunji", "Two Slaves".

Genre of the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib"

On the example of this Turkish fairy tale, one can consider in detail the Muslim components. What is the main idea of ​​the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib"? Its compositional scheme included traditional for the Middle East and Central Asia promise-type motives eternal love and violation of their performance in connection with tragic circumstances, as well as magic, wandering, dressing up, recognition and return.

And therefore, in Russian literature, this work functions as one of the stylized works, so to speak, “under the East” with a characteristic style, designations and names, for example, ana - mother, aha - master, gyorursez - you will know, saaz - balalaika, or on the example of exclamations like "O Almighty Allah!" etc. In this case, the eastern elements do not form an independent systemic structure, with the help of which one can enter the philosophical and symbolic space.

the main idea fairy tales "Ashik-Kerib" - the love of Ashik-Kerib and Magul-Megeri, which unfolds with a narrative sequence inherent in the foundations of the classical poetry of the peoples of the East. Interestingly, such compositional schemes in Western literary criticism were perceived only as primitive. And all because they do not describe in detail the languor and suffering of love and do not focus on the conscious intensification of the imagination, which acts to enliven the images of the beloved. Such a view of this work makes love story too simplified.

"Ashik-Kerib": the main idea of ​​the tale

The main character is Ashik-Kerib. Not wanting to be financially dependent, he goes to distant lands for seven years to earn money and arrange a wedding with Magul-Megeri, the daughter of a wealthy Turkish merchant. It is immediately felt that love in the text is presented as a given, and there is no more dynamics until the very end.

In the continuation of the plot, having said goodbye, the heroes in love agree that if Ashik-Kerib does not return after seven years, then Magul-Megeri will marry another. But after some time, the wealthy Ashik suddenly forgets about his promise, and only a reminder in the form of a golden dish, sent to his beloved through a familiar merchant, makes him set off, but there is no time. Miraculously, a mystical rider on a white horse helps him get home and reunite with his beloved.

Analysis

In most cases, folk stories Muslim world, regardless of the date and place of origin, have their own philosophical and religious codes, which open hidden meaning text. The main idea of ​​the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" is not in the description of life and the development of a love line, but in the mystical movement of the hero and detailed description his return.

When deciphering the text of the work, it turns out that when a person is born in this world, then, as it were, sets off on a journey. Thus, for a while, he parted with a single world soul. The world for a person in this case is the path with all its trials and obstacles.

And here is the most important and most difficult test, what the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib" teaches - one day to remember the world for which this whole path was started, and where it begins and ends.

And, of course, a person is not left on this path. The “High Judge” places his signs along the entire path, which will contribute to remembrance, this is both the sending of the prophets and the insight that is given to poets and musicians. Remember everything, return with your soul and thereby receive a new test and new miracles as a reward.

Love in a fairy tale is the main driving force. Every person in Islam, a garip, is a stranger, who is largely determined by his moral purity and observance of religious requirements, and whoever has kept the "covenant" will return with all honors. Ashik-Kerib did not skip prayers and honored all the centuries-old Islamic traditions. Thanks to his purity, he received miracles - a meeting with Haderiliyaz (George the Victorious), healing from his mother's blindness, which was meant as spiritual blindness.

Wisdom of the world order

It turned out quite difficult main character Ashik-Kerib. The main idea of ​​the tale is that with the help of collective image in the form of a Qur'anic sage, the idea of ​​dual existence (explicit and hidden) and the deep wisdom of the world order are emphasized. What may turn out to be evil at some stage for a person, then will turn into a great blessing for him. So in the fairy tale, the forced wandering of Ashik-Kerib, the insidiousness of Kurshud-Bek and the blindness of the mother subsequently turned into a triumph of justice, which was realized through a happy coincidence and the appearance of a wonderful messenger. Significant were the words of the enemy Kurshud-Bek, who stopped his brother, who rushed with a dagger at the united lovers. He said: “Calm down immediately and know that on the forehead of a person at birth is already written what he will not pass ...”