The editors of ProDetki love to visit cultural places and discover new heroes and characters. For example, we became interested in the hero Petrushka in the puppet world.
The Petrushka Theater is a unique performance whose history goes back to the 17th century. At first it was a popular entertainment for the common people, and then it gained its popularity among high society.
Petrushka doll
Parsley is a printed doll dressed in pants and a red shirt, distinctive feature of this character were: a pointed cap and a huge red nose.
History of the Petrushka Theater
The Petrushka Theater is one of the oldest entertainments in Russia, which has survived to this day and has not lost its relevance. . Many perceive it as a folk creation, but in reality their prototypes Russian folk theater Petrushka has in many countries such as France, Germany, Italy and Turkey.
The first appearance of the Petrushka theater in Russia was recorded as early as the 17th century, but it gained its main popularity only by the 19th century. Despite the fact that there were several types of puppet theater in Russia, Petrushka's performances were the most popular.
Parsley character
Not surprisingly, Petrushka is the main character in the puppet theater, which is named after him. Let's take a closer look at what it is. As you can see from the history of the creation of the theater, he came to Russian lands from other countries, therefore Russian Petrushka gathered in his appearance many distinctive features different nationalities . For example, his head and hands were incredibly large, and his eyes were almond-shaped, his skin color was swarthy, and his nose had a large hump. Thanks to all this, he was very similar to his Italian prototype - Pulcinella.
Parsley although he put the presentation of his main character at the head, he was not limited to this. For example, a constant partner in the plot for Petrushka was a bear, with whom he played the main scenes .
Russian theater Petrushka and its plots
Based on the stories theatrical performance the banal and philistine themes of that time always lay down: soldier's service, treatment, the acquisition of a horse and its testing, as well as the dates and wedding of Petrushka.
All scenes had their own order and were shown strictly one after another:
- The basis of the first scene was always Petrushka's purchase of a horse. He bargained with a gypsy seller who did not want to give in, then Petrushka got tired of this, for which he hit the merchant. This was the end of the first show.
- The second scene was a demonstration of how Petrushka climbs on a horse, but she does not want to obey him and dumps the main character, and then retires in the wake of the gypsy.
- In the third scene, as in the beginning of the performance, Petrushka is not distinguished by a calm disposition, and, having visited the doctor, beats him, because the doctor finds a lot of ailments in the main character.
— Last scene also not without fights. When the quarterman shows up to find out why Petrushka killed the doctor, main character without thinking twice, he does the same with the quarterly. But justice is personified by a dog that barks and growls at the main character, and then, not succumbing to any coaxing and begging of Petrushka, who grabbed him by the nose, drags him away from the impromptu stage.
This is where the show ends. Interestingly, the duration of the performance depends on how interesting scenes are played out, because it lasts as long as there are spectators on the street who have honored it with their attention.
The Russian folk theater Petrushka is not limited to only four main scenes in its performance . When there are many onlookers on the streets and the public is ready to watch as much as they like - to watch the puppet theater, the story continues with others. interesting stories. One of them is "Petrushka's Wedding". The scenario of this performance was so rude and frivolous that parents did not allow children to watch such a scene.
In all representations, Petrushka acted as a rogue, a swindler and a rude person. Hand his faceportrayeddeven not a sweet smile, as it may seem to many, but a rude grin.
Street theater Petrushka
Traditional Petrushka - puppet theater one actor, whose action has always been street fairs and shopping areas . The very first performances were shown without a screen, as the only actor-puppeteer simply put a special skirt on a hoop around his belt. Raising this ring, the puppeteer disappeared from the field of view of the audience, giving them the opportunity to enjoy the performance. At the same time, he himself could calmly move and work with both hands in order to control two characters at once.
Already at the beginning of the 19th century, such a costume for an actor was replaced by a screen , the prototype of the one used today. It was installed directly on the ground, hiding the puppeteer and all his props.
Only men were puppeteers, but in order to give their voice additional squeakiness, a specialized squeaker was used. It was inserted directly into the larynx. This allowed the puppeteer to speak louder.
Modern Petrushka Theater
Thanks to many artists who make every effort to preserve the traditions of the puppet theater, we have the opportunity to enjoy interesting performances even today. Now, of course, these are not only wandering fair performances, but street puppeteers also meet.
Most often, performances of Petrushka can be seen in children's puppet theaters, for example, such as the Firebird, Albatross, Fairy Tale and many others.
People's Theater Parsley on this moment is an opportunity to acquaint children and adults with history, as well as instill younger generation love and interest in literature.
Petrushka is a glove puppet, one of the characters of the Russian folk theater. Depicted in a red shirt, canvas pants and a pointed cap with a tassel. In the dictionary of V. Dahl it is:
the nickname of a farce doll, a Russian jester, a joker, a wit in a red caftan and in a red cap; the name of Petrushka is also the whole clownish, puppet den.
The origin of this doll, which appeared in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, has not been reliably clarified. Although in Russia Petrushki have been known since the 17th century. Russian puppeteers used marionettes (puppet theater on strings) and parsleys (glove puppets). Until the 19th century, preference was given to Petrushka, by the end of the century - puppets, as parsley-makers teamed up with organ-grinders.
Petrushka's appearance is by no means Russian: he has an exaggerated big hands and the head, facial features are hypertrophied, it itself (carved from wood) is treated with a special vegetable liquid, which makes it look darker; large almond-shaped eyes and a huge hooked nose, completely white eyeballs and a dark iris, due to which Petrushka's eyes appear black. He inherited Petrushka's appearance from the Italian Pulcinella. Many mistakenly believe that Petrushka's wide-open mouth is a smile, but this is not so; being negative character, Parsley constantly stretches his lips in a grin. He has four fingers on his hands (a possible symbol that Petrushka is not a person, but some character from another world).
A typical misconception - to venerate Petrushka as an extremely ancient and primordially Russian hero, is based on his archetypal character traits, which originated in the depths of human ideas about oneself. Parsley is the younger relative of the older ones: the Neapolitan Pulcinella, the French Polichinelle, the English Punch, the Turkish Karagöz, the German Hanswurst and Kasperle, the Spanish Don Cristobal and others, despite the fact that they are all theatrical puppets and are controlled with the help of threads. The only analogue of Petrushka in terms of driving technique is the Guignol glove doll, which appeared in Lyon in early XIX century.
The parsley screen consisted of three frames fastened with staples and covered with chintz. She was placed directly on the ground and hid the puppeteer. The hurdy-gurdy gathered the audience, and behind the screen the actor began to communicate with the audience through a beep (whistle). Later, with laughter and a reprise, he ran out himself, in a red cap and with long nose. The organ grinder sometimes became Petrushka's partner: because of the squeaker, speech was not always intelligible, and he repeated Petrushka's phrases, carried on a dialogue. The comedy with Petrushka was played out at fairs and in booths.
In Russia, only men "led" Petrushka. To make the voice louder and squeaky (this was necessary both for audibility at fair performances and for the special character of the character), they used a special beep inserted into the larynx. Petrushka's speech was supposed to be "piercing" and very fast.
There were main plots: the treatment of Petrushka, training in the soldier's service, the scene with the bride, buying a horse and testing it. The stories were passed from actor to actor, by word of mouth. No character in the Russian theater has had the popularity of Petrushka.
According to a widespread but unproven version, plays with the participation of Petrushka were still part of the repertoire of buffoons and consisted of humorous scenes and dialogues. Each scene depicted Petrushka's fight with one or another character (the fights were carried out with the help of fists, sticks, etc.).
Usually the performance began with the following plot: Petrushka decides to buy a horse, the musician calls a gypsy horse-dealer. Parsley examines the horse for a long time and bargains with the gypsy for a long time. Then Petrushka gets tired of bargaining, and instead of money, he beats the gypsy on the back for a long time, after which he ran away. Petrushka tries to get on a horse, which throws him off to the laughter of the audience. This could go on until the people laughed. Finally the horse runs away, leaving Petrushka lying dead. The doctor comes and asks Petrushka about his illnesses. It turns out that he is in pain. There is a fight between the Doctor and Petrushka, at the end of which Petrushka hits the enemy hard on the head with a club. “What kind of doctor are you,” Petrushka shouted, “if you ask where it hurts? Why did you study? He himself must know where it hurts! The quarter appears. "Why did you kill the doctor?" He replies: “Because he doesn’t know his science well.” After the interrogation, Petrushka beats the quarterly with a club on the head and kills him. A growling dog comes running. Parsley unsuccessfully asks for help from the audience and the musician, after which he flirted with the dog, promising to feed it with cat meat. The dog grabs him by the nose and drags him away, and Petrushka shouts: “Oh, my little head with a cap and a brush is gone!” The music stops, which means the end of the show.
If the audience liked it, they did not let the actors go, applauded, threw money, demanding continuation. Then they played a small scene "Petrushka's wedding." The bride is brought to Petrushka, he examined her the way they examine horses. He likes the bride, he does not want to wait for the wedding and begins to beg her to "sacrifice herself." From the stage where the bride “sacrifices herself”, the women left and took their children with them. According to some reports, another scene in which a clergyman was present was a great success. She did not get into any of the recorded texts, most likely, censorship removed her. There were scenes in which Petrushka did not participate. It was dancing and juggling with balls and sticks.
Petrushka defeated all opponents, except for one - Death. In the last, final scene, Death took Petrushka with her. However, since Petrushka was used in the farce theater, it is natural that the performance was shown repeatedly and in different places. Thus, Petrushka, "dead" for one circle of spectators, "resurrected" for another. This gives rise to researchers to draw parallels between the image of Petrushka and many different pagan gods endlessly dying and resurrecting.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the "Comedy about Petrushka" begins to collapse. Parsley began to appear at children's parties and Christmas trees, the text of the scenes changed, losing its sharpness. Petrushka stopped killing. He brandished his club and dispersed his enemies. He spoke politely, and the "wedding" changed, turning into a dance with the bride. The rude common language has disappeared, and with it the individuality of the hooligan-joker, to whom both old and young ran.
Separate elements of the traditional "Comedy about Petrushka" (in particular, the free "raeshny" verse) were used by S. Ya. Marshak in the play for children's theater"Petrushka the Foreigner" (1927).
35. Raek. Device. Raeshny verse (definition, subject matter) artistic techniques.
Folk theater, consisting of a small box with two magnifying glasses in front. Inside it, pictures are rearranged or a paper strip with home-grown images of different cities, great people and events is rewound from one rink to another. Rayoshnik moves pictures and tells sayings and jokes for each new story. These pictures were often made in a popular style, initially had a religious content - hence the name "rayok", and then began to reflect a wide variety of topics, including political ones. The fairground was widely practiced.
Rayoshnik or rayoshnik - a storyteller, a performer of a rayok, as well as a person who visits a rayok. In addition, the term raeshnik (or raeshny verse) denotes rhymed prose, which was spoken by the narrator and his characters.
RAYOSHNY VERSE, RAYOK - oldest form Russian folk dysmetric verse (vers libre) with adjacent rhymes, determined by intonation-phrasal and pause articulation. In short, it's a rhyming phrase. Subjects and genres R. with. the most diverse: from topical satire to funny jokes. Most folk theatrical plays and the texts of performances for the folk puppet theater (nativity scene, parsley, farce) were compiled in the form of a district, unusually mobile in its structure and most suitable for improvisational performances on stage.
R.'s example with. (from the book "People's Poetic Satire", L., 1960):
And here, gentlemen, the lottery is being played.
An ox tail and two fillets! ..
Another clock is played about twelve stones
Yes, three bricks.
They were brought from German on firewood!
Another teapot is being played without a lid, without a bottom -
Only one handle!
Real Chinese porcelain!
Was thrown out into the yard
And I picked it up, so I understand
What can porcelain play in the lottery!
Well, guys, fly in -
Buy my tickets!
Tickets for cigarettes will suit you,
And my purse will stir the ruble! ..
In Russian literature, R. s. for a long time was neglected, despite the fact that the most prominent Russian poets turned to this capacious folk form verse, for example, A. Pushkin in "The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda", designed in the spirit people's district:
Once upon a time there was a pop
Toloko forehead,
Went pop through the bazaar
View some product.
Towards him Balda
He goes without knowing where.
“What, dad, got up so early,
What did you ask for?..”
AT folk art was also known puppet theater: marionette theater(in it, the dolls were controlled with the help of threads), Petrushka theater with glove puppets (the puppets were put on the puppeteer's fingers) and nativity scene(in it, the dolls were motionlessly fixed on the rods and moved along the slots in the boxes).
The Petrushka Theater was especially beloved by the people. In the 19th century, the Petrushka Theater was the most popular and widespread type of puppet theater in Russia. It consisted of a light folding screen, a box with several dolls (the number of characters is usually from 7 to 20), a hurdy-gurdy and small props (sticks or ratchet clubs, rolling pins, etc.). The theater of Petrushka did not know the scenery. The puppeteer, accompanied by a musician, usually an organ grinder, went from court to court and gave traditional performances about Petrushka. He could always be seen during festivities, at fairs. The main character was Petrushka, after whom the theater is named. This hero was also called Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov, Pyotr Petrovich Samovarov, etc. It arose under the influence of the Italian puppet theater Pulcinello, with which the Italians often performed in St. Petersburg and other cities.
In the Petrushka Theater, separate satirical scenes were presented. A.M. Gorky noted that "the invincible puppet hero defeated everyone and everything: priests, the police, the devil and death. He himself remained immortal." one
Here is how D.A. Rovinsky's performance of the Petrushka Theater, which he witnessed:
“This comedy is being played in Moscow, near Novinsky. [...] Its content is very simple: at first Petrushka appears, lies all sorts of nonsense in verse, burr and nasal in his nose, - the conversation is conducted by means of a typewriter, attached to the sky, over the tongue, just like The Gypsy appears, offers Petrushka a horse, Petrushka examines it, and receives kicks from the horse now in the nose, now in the belly, the whole comedy is filled with jerks and kicks, they constitute the most essential and most ridiculous part for spectators. Bargaining in progress, - Gypsy speaks without a typewriter, in a bass voice. After a long auction, Petrushka buys a horse; Gypsy leaves. Petrushka sits on his purchase; the purchase hits him front and back, throws Petrushka and runs away, leaving him dead on the stage. A plaintive howl follows Parsley and lamentations on premature death good fellow. The Doctor comes
Where does it hurt?
Here!
And here?
It turns out that Petrushka is in pain. But when the Doctor reaches the tender spot, Petrushka jumps up and taps him on the ear; The Doctor fights back, a fight begins, a stick appears from somewhere, with which Petrushka finally calms the Doctor.
What kind of Doctor are you, - Petrushka shouts to him, - if you ask where it hurts? What did you study for? You must know where it hurts!
A few more minutes - the Quarterly, or, in a puppet style, “fatal fiter” appears. Since on the stage lies dead body, then Petrushka is subjected to a strict interrogation (treble):
Why did you kill the Doctor?
Answer (on the nose):
Then, that he knows his science poorly - he looks at the beaten man, what he does not see, and he also asks him.
Word for word, - apparently, the interrogation of Fatal Petrushka does not like it. He seizes the former stick, and a fight begins, which ends with the destruction and expulsion of the Fatal, to the general delight of the spectators; this puppet protest against the police usually makes a real sensation in the public.
The play, it would seem, ended; but what to do with Petrushka? And then a wooden Poodle Dog, pasted over the tail and legs with shreds of whipped cotton wool, runs into the stage, and starts barking with all his urine (the bark is attached at the bottom of the husky).
Shavochka-darling, - Petrushka caresses her, - let's go live with me, I'll feed you cat meat.
But Shavochka grabs Petrushka by the nose for no reason; Parsley aside, she holds his hand, he takes the other, she again holds his nose; Finally, Petrushka takes a shameful flight. And so the comedy ends. If there are many spectators and Petrushkin's matchmaker, i.e. the chief comedian will be given vodka, then after that a special interlude is presented called Petrushka's wedding. There is no plot in it, but there is a lot of action. Petrushka brings the bride Varushka; he examines her in the manner of a horse. Petrushka liked Varyushka very much, and he could not bear to wait for the wedding, which is why he began to beg her: “Sacrifice yourself, Varyushka!” Then the final scene takes place, in which the fair sex cannot be present. This is the real and “latest end” of the show; then Petrushka goes to the outdoor stage of the booth to lie all sorts of nonsense and invite the audience to a new performance.
In the intervals between the actions of the play, dances of two Arapok are usually presented, sometimes a whole interlude about a Lady who was stung by a snake (Eve?); here, finally, the game of two Pagliacs with balls and a stick is shown. The latter comes out with experienced puppeteers extremely deftly and funny: the doll has no body, but only a simple skirt is faked, to which an empty cardboard head is sewn on top, and hands, also empty, from the sides. The puppeteer sticks the puppet in the head forefinger, and in the hands - the first and third fingers; he usually puts a puppet on each arm, and in this way acts with two puppets at once. In puppet comedy there is always a hurdy-gurdy, which replaced the old classical bagpipe, harp and whistle; the organ grinder at the same time serves as a “push”, i.e. enters into conversations with Petrushka, asks him questions and urges him to continue his lies without stopping.
This hero was called Petrushka, Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov, Vanka Ratatuy. He became the main character of the Russian folk puppet theater. The parsley comedy was very popular and extremely widespread since late XVIII century. Petrushechniks performed at fairs, festivities, showing their uncomplicated comedy several times a day. The Petrushka Theater itself was simple. The most common was the "walking" Petrushka.
The "theater" consisted of a folding light screen, a set of puppets placed in a box, a hurdy-gurdy (or violin), as well as the puppeteer himself and his assistant musician. In any place and at any time, moving from city to city, they put up their "theater" on the street under open sky. And here he is, a little lively man with a long nose, jumps to the edge of the screen and begins to speak in a sharp, shrill voice. And for this, the puppeteer-comedian had to put a small device on the tongue, consisting of two bone plates, inside of which a narrow strip of linen ribbon was strengthened.
The extraordinary love of the people for their puppet hero was explained in different ways: some believed that the reason for this was the topicality and satirical orientation of the parsley comedy; others believed that the simplicity, comprehensibility and accessibility of the theater to any age and class made it so popular.
The performance at the Petrushka Theater consisted of separate scenes, but in each of them the participation of the main character, Petrushka, was obligatory. The main scenes of the traditional comedy about Petrushka were the following: Petrushka's exit, the scene with the bride, buying a horse and testing it, Petrushka's treatment, training him for military service (sometimes the scene with the quarter, master) and the final scene. At first, laughter or a song was heard from behind the screen, and Petrushka immediately appeared on the screen. He bowed and congratulated the audience on the holiday. Thus the show began. He was dressed in a red shirt, plush trousers tucked into smart boots, and wore a cap on his head. Often, Petrushka was also endowed with a hump, or even two.
The originality of the Petrushka theater was that the viewer did not enjoy getting to know a new work, but from how everyone played for a long time famous comedy. All attention was focused on the shades of the game, on the movements of Petrushka, on the dexterity and skill of the parsley. There were always two heroes on the screen: Petrushka and someone else. And the reason is simple: the parsley maker could only control two dolls at the same time, holding each of them in his hand. And the introduction of additional characters in the scene, of course, required more puppeteers. At the Petrushka Theater important role performed by the musician. He not only accompanied the action with music, but also participated in the dialogue - he was Petrushka's interlocutor. The composition of the parsley comedy could also include pantomime scenes not related to the action of the comedy. Thus, the Petrushka Theater is known, where pantomime was shown with the participation of "dolls representing different nationalities". They all sang and danced, while Petrushka at that time sat on the edge of the screen and sang "Along Pavement Street ...". In other performances, there was a dance of two araps. But, despite all the intercalations and pantomimes, Petrushka remained the only main character in this peculiar theater. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in his "Diary of a Writer" for January 1876 says this about the presentation of Petrushka in the St. Petersburg club of artists: "Children and their fathers stood in a solid crowd and watched the immortal folk comedy, and rightly so, it was almost the most fun of the whole holiday. Tell me, why is Petrushka so funny, why do you certainly have fun, looking at him, everyone has fun, both children and old people?
In folk art was also known puppet theater: marionette theater(in it, the dolls were controlled with the help of threads), Petrushka theater with glove puppets (the puppets were put on the puppeteer's fingers) and nativity scene(in it, the dolls were motionlessly fixed on the rods and moved along the slots in the boxes).
The Petrushka Theater was especially beloved by the people. In the 19th century, the Petrushka Theater was the most popular and widespread type of puppet theater in Russia. It consisted of a light folding screen, a box with several dolls (the number of characters is usually from 7 to 20), a hurdy-gurdy and small props (sticks or ratchet clubs, rolling pins, etc.). The theater of Petrushka did not know the scenery. The puppeteer, accompanied by a musician, usually an organ grinder, went from court to court and gave traditional performances about Petrushka. It could always be seen during festivities, at fairs. The main character was Petrushka, after whom the theater is named. This hero was also called Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov, Pyotr Petrovich Samovarov, etc. It arose under the influence of the Italian puppet theater Pulcinello, with which the Italians often performed in St. Petersburg and other cities.
In the Petrushka Theater, separate satirical scenes were presented. A.M. Gorky noted that "the invincible puppet hero defeated everyone and everything: priests, the police, the devil and death. He himself remained immortal." one
Here is how D.A. Rovinsky's performance of the Petrushka Theater, which he witnessed:
“This comedy is being played in Moscow, near Novinsky. [...] Its content is very simple: at first Petrushka appears, lies all sorts of nonsense in verse, burr and nasal in his nose, - the conversation is conducted by means of a typewriter, attached to the sky, over the tongue, just like The Gypsy appears, offers Petrushka a horse, Petrushka examines it, and receives kicks from the horse now in the nose, now in the belly, the whole comedy is filled with jerks and kicks, they constitute the most essential and most ridiculous part for spectators. Bargaining in progress, - Gypsy speaks without a typewriter, in a bass voice. After a long auction, Petrushka buys a horse; Gypsy leaves. Petrushka sits on his purchase; the purchase hits him front and back, throws Petrushka and runs away, leaving him dead on the stage. A plaintive howl follows Parsley and lamentations for the untimely death of a good fellow.The Doctor comes:
Where does it hurt?
Here!
And here?
It turns out that Petrushka is in pain. But when the Doctor reaches the tender spot, Petrushka jumps up and taps him on the ear; The Doctor fights back, a fight begins, a stick appears from somewhere, with which Petrushka finally calms the Doctor.
What kind of Doctor are you, - Petrushka shouts to him, - if you ask where it hurts? What did you study for? You must know where it hurts!
A few more minutes - the Quarterly, or, in a puppet style, “fatal fiter” appears. Since a dead body lies on the stage, Petrushka is subjected to a strict interrogation (treble):
Why did you kill the Doctor?
Answer (on the nose):
Then, that he knows his science poorly - he looks at the beaten man, what he does not see, and he also asks him.
Word for word, - apparently, the interrogation of Fatal Petrushka does not like it. He seizes the former stick, and a fight begins, which ends with the destruction and expulsion of the Fatal, to the general delight of the spectators; this puppet protest against the police usually makes a real sensation in the public.
The play, it would seem, ended; but what to do with Petrushka? And then a wooden Poodle Dog, pasted over the tail and legs with shreds of whipped cotton wool, runs into the stage, and starts barking with all his urine (the bark is attached at the bottom of the husky).
Shavochka-darling, - Petrushka caresses her, - let's go live with me, I'll feed you cat meat.
But Shavochka grabs Petrushka by the nose for no reason; Parsley aside, she holds his hand, he takes the other, she again holds his nose; Finally, Petrushka takes a shameful flight. And so the comedy ends. If there are many spectators and Petrushkin's matchmaker, i.e. the chief comedian will be given vodka, then after that a special interlude is presented called Petrushka's wedding. There is no plot in it, but there is a lot of action. Petrushka brings the bride Varushka; he examines her in the manner of a horse. Petrushka liked Varyushka very much, and he could not bear to wait for the wedding, which is why he began to beg her: “Sacrifice yourself, Varyushka!” Then the final scene takes place, in which the fair sex cannot be present. This is the real and “latest end” of the show; then Petrushka goes to the outdoor stage of the booth to lie all sorts of nonsense and invite the audience to a new performance.
In the intervals between the actions of the play, dances of two Arapok are usually presented, sometimes a whole interlude about a Lady who was stung by a snake (Eve?); here, finally, the game of two Pagliacs with balls and a stick is shown. The latter comes out with experienced puppeteers extremely deftly and funny: the doll has no body, but only a simple skirt is faked, to which an empty cardboard head is sewn on top, and hands, also empty, from the sides. The puppeteer sticks the index finger into the doll's head, and the first and third fingers into the hands; he usually puts a puppet on each arm, and in this way acts with two puppets at once. In puppet comedy there is always a hurdy-gurdy, which replaced the old classical bagpipe, harp and whistle; the organ grinder at the same time serves as a “push”, i.e. enters into conversations with Petrushka, asks him questions and urges him to continue his lies without stopping.
