The Rurikovichs were for sure, but was there Rurik ... Most likely he was, but his personality still raises many more questions than answers.
The Tale of Bygone Years tells about the calling of Rurik by the Eastern Slavs. It was according to the "Tale" in 862 (although the chronology in Russia in those years was different, and the year actually was not 862). Some researchers. and this can be seen in particular from the diagram below, Rurik is called the ancestor of the dynasty, but its foundation is considered only from his son Igor. Probably, during his lifetime, Rurik did not have time to realize himself as the founder of the dynasty, because he was busy with other things. But the descendants, on reflection, decided to call themselves a dynasty.
Three main hypotheses have been formed regarding the origin of .
- First - Norman theory- claims that Rurik with his brothers and squad were from the Vikings. At the time, as proven by research, the name Rurik really existed among the Scandinavian peoples (meaning "illustrious and noble husband"). True, here with a specific candidate, information about which is available in other historical stories or documents, problems. There is no unequivocal identification with anyone: for example, the noble Danish Viking of the 9th century, Rorik of Jutland, or a certain Eirik Emundarson from Sweden, who raided the Baltic lands, is described.
- The second, Slavic version, where Rurik is shown as a representative of the princely family of obodrites from the West Slavic lands. There is evidence that one of the Slavic tribes living on the territory of historical Prussia was then called the Varangians. Rurik, on the other hand, is a variant of the West Slavic “Rerek, Rarog” - the name is not personal, but the name of the Obodrite princely family, denoting “falcon”. Supporters of this version believe that the coat of arms of the Rurikovich was just a symbolized image of a falcon.
- The third theory believes that Rurik did not really exist at all - the founder of the Rurik dynasty came forward during the struggle for power from the local Slavic population, and two hundred years later, his descendants, in order to ennoble their origin, ordered the author of The Tale of Bygone Years a propaganda story about the Varangian Rurik.
The princely dynasty of Rurikovich over the years was split into many branches. Few European dynasties can compare with her in branching and numerous offspring. But such was the very policy of this ruling group, they did not set the task of sitting firmly in the capital, on the contrary, they sent their offspring to all corners of the country.
The branching of the Rurikoviches begins in the generation of Prince Vladimir (some call him Saint, and some call him Bloody), and the line of the princes of Polotsk, descendants of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, is separated first of all.
Very briefly about some of the Ruriks
After the death of Rurik, power passed to Saint Oleg, who became the guardian of the young son of Rurik - Igor. Prophetic Oleg united the Russian disparate principalities into one state. He glorified himself with intelligence and militancy, with a large army he went down the Dnieper, took Smolensk, Lyubech, Kyiv and made the latter his capital city. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed little Igor to the glades:
"Here is the son of Rurik - your prince."
As you know, according to legend, he died from a snake bite.
Further Igor grew up and became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. He contributed to the strengthening of statehood among Eastern Slavs, spreading power Kyiv prince on East Slavic tribal associations between the Dniester and the Danube. But in the end he turned out to be a greedy ruler, for which he was killed by the Drevlyans.
Olga, Igor's wife, cruelly avenged the Drevlyans for the death of her husband and subjugated them main city Korosten. She was distinguished by a rare mind and great abilities. In her declining years, she adopted Christianity and was later canonized as a saint.
One of the most famous princesses in Russia.
Svyatoslav. Known as one of the most prominent commanders from the Rurik dynasty, for the most part, he did not sit still, but was on military campaigns. his son Yaropolk blamed for the death of his brother Oleg, who tried to claim the throne of Kyiv.
But Yaropolk was also killed, and again by his brother, Vladimir.
the same Vladimir that Russia baptized. The Kyiv Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovich was at first a fanatical pagan, he is also credited with such traits as vindictiveness and bloodthirstiness. At least he did not spare his brother and got rid of him in order to take the princely throne in Kyiv.
His son Yaroslav Vladimirovich, to whom history added the nickname “Wise”, was a really wise and diplomatic ruler Old Russian state. The time of his reign is not only internecine feudal wars between close relatives, but also attempts to bring Kievan Rus to the world political arena, attempts to overcome feudal fragmentation, construction of new cities. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise is the development Slavic culture, a kind of golden period of the Old Russian state.
Izyaslav - I- the eldest son of Yaroslav, after the death of his father, took the throne of Kyiv, but after an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy, he was driven out by the people of Kiev, and his brother became the Grand Duke Svyatoslav. After the death of the latter, Izyaslav returned to Kyiv again.
Vsevolod - I could be a useful ruler and a worthy representative of the Ruriks, but it did not work out. This prince was pious, truthful, very fond of education and knew five languages, but the raids of the Polovtsians, famine, pestilence and troubles in the country did not favor his principality. He stayed on the throne only thanks to his son Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh.
Svyatopolk - II- the son of Izyaslav-I, who inherited the throne of Kyiv after Vsevolod-I, was characterized by spinelessness and was not able to pacify the civil strife of the princes for the possession of cities. At the congress in Lyubich, Pereslavl in 1097, the princes kissed the cross "to each own his father's land", but soon Prince David Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko.
The princes gathered again for a congress in Vyatichenia in 1100, and deprived David of Volhynia; at the suggestion of Vladimir Monomakh, they decided at the Dolobsky congress, in 1103, to undertake a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, the Russians defeated the Polovtsy on the Sala River (in 1111) and took a multitude of people: Cattle, sheep, horses, etc. Some Polovtsian princes killed up to 20 people . The fame of this victory spread far among the Greeks, Hungarians and other Slavs.
Vladimir Monomakh. A well-known representative of the Rurik dynasty. Despite the seniority of the Svyatopolk II, after the death of Svyatopolk II, Vladimir Monomakh was elected to the throne of Kiev, who, according to the chronicle, "wished well the brethren and the whole Russian land." He stood out for his great abilities, rare intelligence, courage and tirelessness. He was happy in campaigns against the Polovtsians. He humbled the princes with his severity. The “teaching to children” left by him is remarkable, in which he gives a purely Christian moralizing and tall example service of the prince to his homeland.
Mstislav - I. Resembling his father Monomakh, the son of Monomakh, Mstislav I, lived in harmony with his brothers in mind and character, inspiring respect and fear in recalcitrant princes. So, he expelled the Polovtsian princes who disobeyed him to Greece, and instead of them in the city of Polotsk he planted his son to rule.
Yaropolk, brother of Mstislav, Yaropolk, the son of Monomakh, decided to transfer the inheritance not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew. Thanks to the strife that arose from here, the “Monomakhovichi” lost the Kyiv throne, which passed to the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich - the “Olegovichi”.
Vsevolod - II. Having achieved the great reign, Vsevolod wanted to secure the throne of Kyiv in his own way and handed it over to his brother Igor Olegovich. But not recognized by the people of Kiev and tonsured a monk, Igor was soon killed.
Izyaslav - II. The people of Kiev recognized Izyaslav II Mstislavovich, who, with his intelligence, brilliant talents, courage and friendliness, vividly resembled his famous grandfather Monomakh. With the accession to the throne of Izyaslav II, the concept of seniority, which was rooted in ancient Russia, was violated: In one way, a nephew during the life of his uncle could not be a Grand Duke.
Yury Dolgoruky". Prince of Suzdal since 1125, Grand Duke Kyiv in 1149-1151, 1155-1157, founder of Moscow. Yuri was the sixth son of Prince Vladimir Monomakh. After the death of his father, he inherited the Rostov-Suzdal Principality and immediately began to strengthen the borders of his inheritance, building fortresses on them. So, for example, during his reign, the fortress of Xiantin, as modern Tver was called before, arose. By his order, the cities were founded: Dubna, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Zvenigorod, Gorodets. The first annalistic mention of Moscow dated 1147 is also associated with the name of Yuri Dolgoruky.
The life of this prince is unusual and interesting. Younger son Vladimir Monomakh could not claim more than a specific principality. As an inheritance, he received the Rostov Principality, which became prosperous under Yuri. Many settlements arose here. The indefatigable son of Monomakh received his nickname "Long-armed" for his ambitions, for constantly interfering in other people's affairs and for the constant desire to seize foreign lands.
Owning the Rostov-Suzdal land, Yuri always sought to expand the territory of his principality and often raided neighboring lands owned by his relatives. Most of all, he dreamed of taking possession of Kyiv. In 1125, Yuri moved the capital of the principality from Rostov to Suzdal, from where he made campaigns to the south, reinforcing his squad with mercenary Polovtsian detachments. He annexed the cities of Murom, Ryazan, part of the lands along the banks of the Volga to the Rostov principality.
The Suzdal prince occupied Kyiv three times, but he never managed to stay there for a long time. The struggle for a great reign with his nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich was long. Three times Yuri entered Kyiv as the Grand Duke, but only the third time he remained so until the end of his days. The people of Kiev did not like Prince Yuri. This was due to the fact that Yuri had resorted to the help of the Polovtsy more than once and was almost always a troublemaker during periods of struggle for the throne. Yuri Dolgoruky was a "newcomer" for the people of Kiev, from the North. According to the chronicler, after the death of Yuri in 1157, the people of Kiev plundered his rich mansions and killed the Suzdal detachment that came with him.
Andrey Bogolyubsky. Having taken the grand ducal title, Andrey Yuryevich transferred the throne to Vladimir on the Klyazma, and since then Kyiv began to lose its leading position. The stern and strict Andrei wanted to be autocratic, that is, to rule Russia without a vecha and squads. Andrei Bogolyubsky mercilessly pursued the disgruntled boyars, they plotted on Andrei's life and killed him.
Alexander Nevskiy". Grand Duke of Novgorod (1236-1251). Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky consistently pursued a policy aimed at strengthening the northwestern borders of Russia and reconciliation with the Tatars.
While still the prince of Novgorod (1236-1251), he showed himself to be an experienced commander and a wise ruler. Thanks to the victories won in the "Battle of the Neva" (1240), in the "Battle of the Ice" (1242), as well as numerous sorties against the Lithuanians, Alexander on for a long time repulsed the desire of the Swedes, Germans and Lithuanians to take possession of the northern Russian lands.
Alexander conducted an opposite policy towards the Mongols-Tatars. It was a policy of peace and cooperation, the purpose of which was to prevent a new invasion of Russia. The prince often traveled to the Horde with rich gifts. He managed to achieve the release of Russian soldiers from the obligation to fight on the side of the Mongol-Tatars.
Yuri - III. Having married the sister of Khan Konchak, in Orthodoxy Agafya, Yuri gained great strength and help in the person of the Tatars who were related to him. But soon, thanks to the claims of Prince Dmitry, the son of Mikhail, who was tortured by Khan, he had to appear for a report to the horde. Here, at the first meeting with Dmitry, Yuri was killed by him, in revenge for the death of his father and for the violation of morality (marrying a Tatar).
Dmitry - II. Dmitry Mikhailovich, nicknamed "terrible eyes", for the murder of Yuri III, was executed by the Khan for arbitrariness.
Alexander Tverskoy. Brother of Dmitry executed in the Horde -II Alexander Mikhailovich was approved by the Khan on the throne of the Grand Duke. He was distinguished by his kindness and was loved by the people, but he ruined himself by allowing the Tverichians to kill the hated Khan's ambassador Shchelkan. Khan sent 50,000 Tatar troops against Alexander. Alexander fled from the Khan's wrath to Pskov, and from there to Lithuania. Ten years later, Alexander of Tver returned and was forgiven by the khan. Not getting along, however, with the Prince of Moscow, John Kalita, Alexander
he was slandered by him before the khan, the khan summoned him to the horde and executed him.
John I Kalita. John -I Danilovich, the cautious and cunning prince, nicknamed Kalita (money purse) for his thrift, devastated the Tver principality with the help of the Tatars, taking advantage of the violence of the indignant Tverichans against the Tatars. He took upon himself the collection of tribute from all over Russia for the Tatars, and having greatly enriched himself thanks to this, he bought cities from the specific princes. In 1326, thanks to the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis from Vladimir was transferred to Moscow, and here, according to Metropolitan Peter, the Assumption Cathedral was laid. Since then, Moscow, as the seat of the Metropolitan of All Russia, has become important Russian center.
John -II Ioannovich, a meek and peace-loving prince, followed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in everything, who was of great importance in the Horde. During this time, relations between Moscow and the Tatars have improved significantly.
Vasily - I. Sharing with the father of the reign, Vasily I ascended the throne as an experienced prince and, following the example of his predecessors, actively expands the boundaries of the Moscow principality: Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. In 1395, Russia was threatened by the danger of an invasion by Timur, the formidable Tatar khan. Between
Vasily did not pay tribute to the Tatars, but collected it in the grand ducal treasury. In 1408, the Tatar Murza Edigey attacked Moscow, but having received a ransom of 3,000 rubles, he lifted the siege from it. In the same year, after long disputes between Vasily I and Lithuanian prince Vitovt, both cautious and cunning, the Ugra River was appointed the extreme border of Lithuanian possessions from Russia.
Vasily - II Dark. Vasily II's infancy was taken advantage of by Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky, who declared his claims to seniority. But at the trial in the horde, the khan leaned in favor of Vasily, thanks to the efforts of the smart Moscow boyar Ivan Vsevolozhsky. The boyar hoped to marry his daughter to Vasily, but was deceived in his hopes: Offended, he left Moscow to Yuri Dmitrievich and assisted him in mastering the grand throne, on which Yuri died in 1434, when Yuri's son Vasily oblique decided to inherit his father's power, then all the princes rebelled against him.
Vasily-II took him prisoner and blinded: Then Dmitry Shemyaka, brother of Vasily Kosoy, by cunning captured Vasily II, blinded him and took the Moscow throne. Soon, however, Shemyaka had to give the throne to Vasily II. During the reign of Vasily II, the Greek metropolitan Isidore accepted the Florentine union (1439), for which Vasily II put Isidore in custody, and Ryazan Bishop John was appointed metropolitan. Thus, from now on, Russian metropolitans are supplied by a council of Russian bishops. Per last years grand duchy, the internal structure of the grand duchy was the subject of the main concerns of Vasily II.
John III. Adopted by his father as a co-ruler, John III Vasilievich ascended the throne as the full owner of Russia. At first, he severely punished the Novgorodians who started to become Lithuanian subjects, and in 1478, “for a new offense,” he finally subdued them. Novgorodians lost at this veche and
self-government, and the Novgorod posadnitsa Maria and the veche bell were sent to the camp of John.
In 1485, after the final conquest of other appanages more or less dependent on the Moscow principality, John finally annexed the Tver principality to Moscow. By this time, the Tatars were divided into three independent hordes: Golden, Kazan and Crimean. They were at enmity with each other and were no longer afraid of the Russians. AT official history it is believed that it was John III in 1480, having entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, tore the khan's basma, ordered the khan's ambassadors to be taken to execution, and then, without bloodshed, overthrew the Tatar yoke.
Vasily III. The son of John -III from his marriage with Sophia Paleologus Vasily -III was distinguished by pride and impregnability, punished the descendants of appanage princes and boyars subject to him, who dared to rebuke him. He is "the last collector of the Russian land."
Having annexed the last appanages (Pskov, the northern principality), he completely destroyed the appanage system. He fought twice with Lithuania, on the teaching of the Lithuanian nobleman Mikhail Glinsky, who entered his service, and, finally, in 1514, he took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. The war with Kazan and the Crimea was difficult for Vasily, but ended in the punishment of Kazan: Trade was diverted from there to the Makaryev fair, which was later transferred to Nizhny. Vasily divorced his wife Solomonia and married Princess Elena Glinskaya, the more he aroused the boyars dissatisfied with him. From this marriage, Vasily had a son, John.
Elena Glinskaya. Appointed by Vasily III as the ruler of the state, the mother of three-year-old John, Elena Glinskaya, immediately took drastic measures against the boyars who were dissatisfied with her. She made peace with Lithuania and decided to fight with Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked Russian possessions, but in the midst of preparing for a desperate struggle, she suddenly died.
John IV the Terrible. Left at the age of 8 in the hands of the boyars, the intelligent and talented Ivan Vasilievich grew up among the struggle of parties over the rule of the state, among violence, secret murders and incessant exile. He himself often endured harassment from the boyars, he learned to hate them, and the cruelty, violence and violence that surrounded him
rudeness contributed to the hardening of his heart.
In 1552, Kazan, which dominated the entire Volga region, was conquered by John, and in 1556 the kingdom of Astrakhan was annexed to the Moscow state. The desire to establish himself on the shores of the Baltic Sea made John begin Livonian war, which brought him into conflict with Poland and Sweden. The war began quite successfully, but ended in the most unfavorable truce for John with Poland and Sweden: John not only did not establish himself on the shores of the Baltic, but also lost the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The sad era of "search", disgrace and executions began. John left Moscow, went with his entourage to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and here he surrounded himself with guardsmen, whom John opposed to the rest of the land, the Zemstvo.
4. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/17/1894-09/11/1971)
Soviet state and party leader. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero Soviet Union, Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. The first laureate of the Shevchenko Prize, years of government 07.09.1. (Moscow city).
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, in the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev and Xenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. In 1908, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice fitter at a factory, then worked as a fitter at a mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines, studied at the working faculty of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in the Donbass and Kyiv. From January 1931 he was at party work in Moscow, in the years he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city committees of the party - the Moscow Committee and the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In January 1938 he was appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.
During the Second World War, Khrushchev served as a political commissar of the highest rank (a member of the military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; led the partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years, he headed the government in Ukraine. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine; he held this post until his move to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (collective farms). After Stalin's death, when the chairman of the council of ministers left the post of secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the "master" of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of first secretary. Between March and June 1953, he attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. In early 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of that year he headed the Soviet delegation in Beijing.
The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and an erroneous policy that almost ended in the liquidation of the USSR in the war against Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the countries of the Eastern bloc - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly the Politburo) of the Central Committee of the CPSU organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the "anti-Party group" of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking all the main levers of power into his own hands. In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he managed to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of governments of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly contained calls for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism, and the admission of China to the UN. During the summer of 1961 the Soviet foreign policy became more and more rigid, and in September the USSR interrupted a three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons by conducting a series of explosions. On October 14, 1964, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He was succeeded, becoming First Secretary of the Communist Party, and becoming Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially retired. Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.
Rurikovich - princely, royal and later royal family on Ancient Russia coming from the descendants of Rurik, eventually split into many branches.
The Rurikovich family tree is very extensive. Most of the representatives of the Rurik dynasty were the rulers, as well as the Russian principalities that were formed after. Some representatives of the dynasty later belonged to the royal family of other states: the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Bulgarian kingdom, the Georgian kingdom, the Duchy of Austria, etc.
History of the Rurik dynasty
According to the chronicles, in 862 several tribes at once (Ilmen Slovenes, Chud, Krivich) called on three Varangian brothers Rurik, Truvor and Sineus to reign in Novgorod. This event was called the "calling of the Varangians." According to historians, the calling occurred due to the fact that the tribes living in the territory future Russia, constantly overpowered and they could not decide who should rule. And only with the advent of the three brothers, civil strife ceased, the Russian lands began to gradually unite, and the tribes became a small semblance of a state.
Before the calling of the Varangians, numerous scattered tribes lived on Russian lands, which did not have their own state and management system. With the advent of the brothers, the tribes began to unite under the rule of Rurik, who brought his entire family with him. It was Rurik who became the founder of the future princely dynasty, which was destined to rule in Russia for centuries.
Although Rurik himself is the first representative of the dynasty, very often in the annals the Rurik family is traced back to Prince Igor, the son of Rurik, since it was Igor who was not called, but the first truly Russian prince. Disputes about the origin of Rurik himself and the etymology of his name are still ongoing.
The Rurik dynasty ruled the Russian state for over 700 years.
The reign of the Rurik dynasty in Russia
The first princes from the Rurik dynasty (Igor Rurikovich, Oleg Rurikovich, Princess Olga, Svyatoslav Rurikovich) initiated the process of formation centralized state in Russian lands.
In 882, under Prince Oleg, Kyiv became the capital of a new state - Kievan Rus.
In 944, during the reign of Prince Igor, Russia for the first time concluded a peace treaty with Byzantium, stopped military campaigns and got the opportunity to develop.
In 945, Princess Olga for the first time introduced a fixed amount of dues - tribute, which marked the beginning of the formation of the tax system of the state. In 947, the Novgorod lands were subjected to administrative-territorial division.
In 969, Prince Svyatoslav introduced a viceroyalty system, which helped the development local government. In 963 Kievan Rus was able to subjugate a number of significant territories of the Tmutarakan principality - the state expanded.
The emerging state came to a feudal system of government during the reign of the Yaroslavichs and Vladimir Monomakh (the second half of the 11th - the first half of the 12th century). Numerous internecine wars led to a weakening of the power of Kyiv and the Kyiv prince, to the strengthening of local principalities and a significant division of territories within one state. Feudalism held out for quite a long time and seriously weakened Russia.
Starting from the second half of the 12th c. and until the middle of the 13th century. in Russia, the following representatives of the Rurikovich ruled: Yuri Dolgoruky, Vsevolod the Big Nest. During this period, although princely civil strife continued, trade began to develop, individual principalities grew greatly in economic terms, and Christianity developed.
From the second half of the 13th c. and until the end of the 14th century. Russia was under oppression Tatar-Mongol yoke(beginning of the Golden Horde period). The ruling princes tried more than once to throw off the oppression of the Tatar-Mongol, but they did not succeed, and Russia gradually declined due to constant raids and devastation. Only in 1380 was it possible to defeat the Tatar-Mongol army during the Battle of Kulikovo, which was the beginning of the process of liberating Russia from the oppression of the invaders.
After the overthrow of the oppression of the Mongol-Tatars, the state began to recover. During the reign of Ivan Kalita, the capital was moved to Moscow, under Dmitry Donskoy it was built, the state was actively developing. Vasily 2nd finally united the lands around Moscow and established the practically indestructible and sole power of the Moscow prince in all Russian lands.
The last representatives of the Rurik dynasty also did a lot for the development of the state. During the reign of Ivan the 3rd, Vasily the 3rd and Ivan the Terrible, formation began, with a completely different way of life and a political and administrative system similar to a class-representative monarchy. However, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted by Ivan the Terrible, and soon it came to Russia - it was not known who would take the post of ruler.
End of the Rurik dynasty
Ivan the Terrible had two sons - Dmitry and Fedor, but Dmitry was killed, and Fedor was never able to have children, so after his death he began to rule in Russia. In the same period, it began to gain strength and political authority, whose representatives intermarried with royal family Rurikovich and soon ascended the throne. They ruled for centuries.
