Daily life in ancient Rus'. The runner donated a future medal to help an injured rival

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Doing good does not require any special abilities or grandiose opportunities. All this is the work of the hands of the most ordinary people. Which means that everyone can do it.

website invites you to learn about the brightest deeds from around the world committed this year. Let's do good together!

Boxing champion builds 1,000 houses for poor Filipinos

Once upon a time, Manny Pacquiao was an ordinary Filipino boy from a poor family, but now he is the only boxer in the world to win the world championship in 8 weight categories. For the first large fee, he built houses for the inhabitants of his native village of Tango. Today, a thousand houses have already been built with his money.

Syrian stays in abandoned Aleppo to take care of cats

Alaa Jaleel from Aleppo risked his life every day to provide food and shelter for those in need. And when people left the city, he stayed behind to take care of their pets. He has over a hundred cats, including a kitten that a little girl left for him when she left. “I said I would take care of him until she came back,” says Ala.

The teacher organized a "Gentlemen's Club" for boys from single-parent families

Raymond Nelson is a teacher at a high school in South Carolina. He could not manage to cope with the bullies from his class. And then he bought jackets and ties and created " gentlemen's club where boys learn once a week what fathers usually tell their sons: how to tie ties, how to address elders, and how to be courteous to mother, grandmother or sister. The strict dress code invented by Nelson serves a purpose, because a person dressed in a tuxedo will not fight. “I understand that they behave badly not because they are bad, but because they simply do not have enough attention and love,” the teacher says.

Danish woman saves 2-year-old Nigerian boy abandoned by parents

Almost a year has passed since Dane Anja Ringgren Loven found an emaciated two-year-old on the street. She named him Hope (Hope - hope). His own parents kicked the boy out of the house, considering him a "sorcerer." Then he was a little over a year old, and he survived only thanks to handouts from passers-by. Anya took him to her orphanage, which she maintains with her husband, David Emmanuel Umem. 35 rescued children from one to 14 years old live in it.

When Anya posted a photo with Hope on Facebook, users from all over the world began to transfer money to her. In total, $ 1 million was collected. Anya and her husband are planning a large orphanage and a clinic for children. And Hope now does not at all resemble a “skeleton on legs”. This is a cheerful kid who, according to the foster mother, "enjoys life with might and main."

The runner donated a future medal to help an injured rival

At the Olympics, in the 5,000 meters race, New Zealand runner Nikki Humbley collided with American Abby D'Agostino. Nikki helped her rival to her feet and they ran together, supporting each other. Both athletes not only made it to the finals, but were also awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for displaying nobility and the true spirit of sport during the Olympic Games.

Thousands of people supported the girl whose birthday no one came

None of the invitees came to the birthday of 18-year-old Halle Sorenson (Hallee Sorenson). Then her cousin Rebecca asked netizens to support Halle with a card with a couple of kind words. And an amazing thing happened - the post office in Maine was flooded with letters and postcards. In total, the girl received 10 thousand cards and gifts.

Schoolchildren repeated the graduation ceremony for their classmate who was in a car accident

Scott Dunn was in a severe car accident just before graduation. After coming out of his coma, Scott was terribly upset that he had missed such an important day. But as soon as the young man was on the mend, his parents received a call from the principal of the school and said: "We want to do something special for your son." It turned out that Scott's classmates prepared a personal graduation for him. The holiday was repeated, and congratulatory speeches, and the outfits of graduates, but this time only one diploma was awarded. Scott was amazed to the core: “I have no words. It's incredible to realize how many people, it turns out, care about me.

A homeless Thai man received a house and a job in gratitude for his honest deed

A 44-year-old homeless Thai named Waralop found a wallet in a subway station. Despite the fact that he had no money at all, and there were 20 thousand baht ($ 580) and credit cards in his wallet, he did not spend them on his own needs, but took the find to the police. The owner of the wallet turned out to be 30-year-old factory owner Niity Pongkriangyos, who was struck by the honesty of the homeless man. He admitted that if he himself was in such a position, he would hardly have returned the wallet. In gratitude, Niichi provided Varalop with a service apartment and a job in his factory. Now the former homeless man earns 11,000 baht ($317) a month and no longer sleeps on the subway.

"Rus' is not without good people!" Russian people can be safely attributed to the most sympathetic peoples of the world. On the pages of history you can find many characters who throughout their lives have tried to make the world a little better. Among them are doctors, soldiers, nobles, and even royalty.

The opening of universities, specialized printing houses and schools, helping orphans, the hungry and the homeless is far from a complete list of the good deeds of these people, which will be discussed in our material.

Even during his lifetime, Fyodor Rtishchev, a close friend and adviser to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, received the nickname "gracious husband." Klyuchevsky wrote that Rtishchev fulfilled only part of the commandment of Christ - he loved his neighbor, but not himself.

He was from that rare breed of people who put the interests of others above their own "I want." It was on the initiative of the “bright man” that the first shelters for the poor appeared not only in Moscow, but also abroad. It was common for Rtishchev to pick up a drunk on the street and take him to a temporary shelter organized by him - an analogue of a modern sobering-up station.

How many were saved from death and did not freeze in the street, one can only guess. In 1671, Fyodor Mikhailovich sent grain carts to the starving Vologda, and then the money received from the sale of personal property. And when he found out about the need of the Arzamas residents for additional lands, he simply presented his own.

During the Russian-Polish war, he took out not only compatriots, but also Poles from the battlefield. He hired doctors, rented houses, bought food and clothing for the wounded and prisoners, again at his own expense. After the death of Rtishchev, his "Life" appeared - a unique case of demonstrating the holiness of a layman, and not a monk.

The second wife of Paul I, Maria Fedorovna, was famous for her excellent health and tirelessness. Starting the morning with cold douches, prayers and strong coffee, the Empress devoted the rest of the day to taking care of her countless pupils.

She knew how to convince moneybags to donate money for the construction educational institutions for noble maidens in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Simbirsk and Kharkov.

With her direct participation, the largest Charitable organization- The Imperial Humanitarian Society, which existed until the beginning of the 20th century. Having 9 children of her own, she took special care of abandoned babies: the sick were nursed in foster homes, strong and healthy - in trustworthy peasant families. This approach has significantly reduced child mortality.

With all the scale of her activities, Maria Fedorovna paid attention to trifles that are not essential for life. So, in the Obukhov psychiatric hospital in St. Petersburg, each patient received his own kindergarten. Her will contains the following lines: “Give life to Your Spirit with meekness, love and mercy. Be helpers and benefactors to the suffering and the poor.”

A descendant of the Rurikids, Prince Vladimir Odoevsky was convinced that the thought he had sown would certainly "sprout tomorrow" or "in a thousand years." Close friend Griboyedov and Pushkin, the writer and philosopher Odoevsky was an active supporter of the abolition of serfdom, worked to the detriment of his own interests for the Decembrists and their families, tirelessly intervened in the fate of the most disadvantaged.

He was ready to rush to the aid of anyone who applied, and in everyone he saw a “living string” that could be made to sound for the good of the cause. The St. Petersburg Society for Visiting the Poor, organized by him, helped 15,000 needy families. There was a women's workshop, a children's rooming house with a school, a hospital, hostels for the elderly and families, and a social store.

Despite his origins and connections, Odoevsky did not seek to occupy an important post, believing that in a "secondary position" he was able to bring "real benefit." The "strange scientist" tried to help young inventors realize their ideas. The main character traits of the prince, according to contemporaries, were humanity and virtue.

An innate sense of justice distinguished the grandson of Paul I from most of his colleagues. He not only served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment during the reign of Nicholas I, but also equipped the first school in the history of the country in which soldiers' children were trained at the place of service.

Later, this successful experience was applied to other regiments. In 1834, the prince witnessed the public punishment of a woman who was driven through the soldiers' formation, after which he petitioned for dismissal, stating that he would never be able to carry out such orders. Petr Georgievich devoted his further life to charity. He was a trustee and an honorary member of many institutions and societies, including the Kyiv House of Charity for the Poor.

Retired lieutenant Sergei Skyrmunt is almost unknown to the general public. He did not hold high positions and failed to become famous good deeds, but was able to build socialism in a single estate.

At the age of 30, when Sergei Apollonovich painfully pondered over future fate, 2.5 million rubles fell on him from a deceased distant relative. The inheritance was not squandered or played at cards. One part of it became the basis for donations to the Society for the Promotion of Public Entertainment, the founder of which was Skyrmunt himself. With the rest of the money, the millionaire built a hospital and a school on the estate, and all his peasants were able to move to new huts.

All this life amazing woman was dedicated to educational and pedagogical work. She was an active participant in various charitable societies, helped during the famine in the Samara and Ufa provinces, on her initiative the first public reading room was opened in the Sterlitamak district.

But her main efforts were aimed at changing the situation of people with disabilities. For 45 years, she has done everything so that the blind have the opportunity to become full-fledged members of society.

She was able to find the means and strength to open the first specialized printing house in Russia, where in 1885 the first edition of the Collection of Articles for Children's Reading, published and dedicated to blind children by Anna Adler, was published.

To get the book out in Braille, she worked seven days a week until late at night, personally typing and proofreading page after page. Later, Anna Aleksandrovna translated the musical system, and blind children were able to learn to play musical instruments.

With her active assistance, a few years later the first group of blind students graduated from the St. Petersburg School for the Blind, and a year later from the Moscow School.

Literacy and vocational training helped graduates find jobs, which changed the stereotype of their incapacity. Anna Adler almost did not live to see the opening of the First Congress of the All-Russian Society of the Blind.

The whole life of the famous Russian surgeon is a series of brilliant discoveries, the practical use of which has saved more than one life. The men considered him a magician who, for his "miracles", attracts higher powers.

He was the first in the world to use surgery in the field, and the decision to use anesthesia saved not only his patients from suffering, but also those who lay on the tables of his students later. By his own efforts, the splints were replaced with bandages soaked in starch.

He was the first to use the method of sorting the wounded into heavy and those who make it to the rear. This has reduced the death rate by several times. Before Pirogov, even a minor wound in the arm or leg could end in amputation. He personally carried out operations and tirelessly controlled that the soldiers were provided with everything necessary: ​​warm blankets, food, water.

According to legend, it was Pirogov who taught Russian academics to carry out plastic surgery, demonstrating the successful experience of engrafting a new nose on the face of his barber, whom he helped to get rid of deformity. Being an excellent teacher, about whom all the students spoke with warmth and gratitude, he believed that the main task education - to teach to be a man.

The Middle Ages originate from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and end around the 15th - 17th centuries. The Middle Ages are characterized by two opposite stereotypes. Some believe that this is the time of noble knights and romantic stories. Others believe that this is a time of disease, dirt and immorality...

Story

The very term "Middle Ages" was first introduced in 1453 by the Italian humanist Flavio Biondo. Prior to this, the term "dark ages" was used, which on this moment denotes a narrower segment of the time period of the Middle Ages (VI-VIII centuries). In circulation this term was introduced by the professor of the Gallic University Christopher Cellarius (Keller). This man also divided world history into antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times.
It is worth making a reservation, saying that this article will focus specifically on the European Middle Ages.

This period is characterized by a feudal system of land use, when there was a feudal landowner and a peasant who was half dependent on him. Also characteristic:
- a hierarchical system of relations between feudal lords, which consisted in the personal dependence of some feudal lords (vassals) on others (seigneurs);
- the key role of the church, both in religion and in politics (inquisitions, church courts);
- ideals of chivalry;
- heyday medieval architecture- Gothic (in art as well).

In the period from the X to the XII centuries. the population is increasing European countries which leads to changes in the social, political and other spheres of life. Starting from the XII - XIII centuries. in Europe there has been a sharp rise in the development of technology. More inventions were made in a century than in the previous thousand years. During the Middle Ages, cities develop and grow rich, culture is actively developing.

With the exception of of Eastern Europe which was invaded by the Mongols. Many states of this region were plundered and enslaved.

Life and life

The people of the Middle Ages were highly dependent on weather conditions. So, for example, the great famine (1315 - 1317), which happened due to unusually cold and rainy years that ruined the harvest. As well as plague epidemics. It was the climatic conditions that determined in many respects the way of life and the type of activity medieval man.

During early medieval a very large part of Europe was covered with forests. Therefore, the economy of the peasants, in addition to agriculture, was largely oriented towards forest resources. Herds of cattle were driven into the forest to graze. In the oak forests, pigs gained fat by eating acorns, thanks to which the peasant received a guaranteed supply of meat food for the winter. The forest served as a source of firewood for heating and, thanks to it, charcoal was made. He brought variety to the food of a medieval person, tk. all kinds of berries and mushrooms grew in it, and it was possible to hunt outlandish game in it. The forest was the source of the only sweet of that time - the honey of wild bees. Resins could be collected from trees to make torches. Thanks to hunting, it was possible not only to feed, but also to dress up, the skins of animals were used for sewing clothes and for other household purposes. In the forest, in the clearings, it was possible to collect medicinal plants, the only medicines of that time. The bark of trees was used to mend animal skins, and the ashes of burnt bushes were used to bleach fabrics.

As well as climatic conditions, the landscape determined the main occupation of people: cattle breeding prevailed in the mountainous regions, and agriculture prevailed in the plains.

All the troubles of a medieval person (diseases, bloody wars, famine) led to the fact that the average life expectancy was 22 - 32 years. Few survived until the age of 70.

The way of life of a medieval person depended largely on his place of residence, but at the same time, people of that time were quite mobile, and, one might say, were constantly on the move. At first, these were echoes of the great migration of peoples. Subsequently, other reasons pushed people on the road. Peasants moved along the roads of Europe, singly and in groups, looking for a better life; "knights" - in search of exploits and beautiful ladies; monks - moving from monastery to monastery; pilgrims and all kinds of beggars and vagabonds.

Only over time, when the peasants acquired certain property, and the feudal lords big lands, then cities began to grow and at that time (approximately the 14th century) Europeans became “homebodies”.

If we talk about housing, about the houses in which medieval people lived, then most of the buildings did not have separate rooms. People slept, ate and cooked in the same room. Only over time, wealthy citizens began to separate the bedroom from the kitchens and dining rooms.

Peasant houses were built of wood, in some places preference was given to stone. Roofs were thatched or reeds. There was very little furniture. Mostly chests for storing clothes and tables. Slept on benches or beds. The bed was a hayloft or a mattress stuffed with straw.

Houses were heated by hearths or fireplaces. Furnaces appeared only at the beginning of the XIV century, when they were borrowed from the northern peoples and Slavs. The dwellings were lit with tallow candles and oil lamps. Expensive wax candles could only be purchased by rich people.

Food

Most Europeans ate very modestly. They usually ate twice a day: in the morning and in the evening. Everyday food was rye bread, cereals, legumes, turnips, cabbage, grain soup with garlic or onions. Little meat was consumed. Moreover, during the year there were 166 days of fasting, when meat dishes were forbidden to be eaten. Fish was much more in the diet. Of the sweets, there was only honey. Sugar came to Europe from the East in the 13th century. and was very expensive.
In medieval Europe they drank a lot: in the south - wine, in the north - beer. Herbs were brewed instead of tea.

The dishes of most Europeans are bowls, mugs, etc. were very simple, made of clay or tin. Products made of silver or gold were used only by the nobility. There were no forks; they ate with spoons at the table. Pieces of meat were cut off with a knife and eaten with the hands. The peasants ate food from one bowl with the whole family. At the feasts of the nobility, they put one bowl and a goblet for wine on two. The bones were thrown under the table, and the hands were wiped with a tablecloth.

Cloth

As for clothing, it was largely unified. Unlike antiquity, the glorification of beauty human body the church considered it sinful and insisted that it be covered with clothes. Only by the XII century. the first signs of fashion began to appear.

The change in clothing style reflected the then social preferences. The opportunity to follow the fashion had mainly representatives of the wealthy strata.
The peasant usually wore a linen shirt and pants to the knees or even to the ankles. The outer garment was a cloak, tied at the shoulders with a clasp (fibula). In winter, they wore either a roughly combed sheepskin coat or a warm cape made of dense fabric or fur. Clothing reflected a person's place in society. The attire of the wealthy was dominated by bright colors, cotton and silk fabrics. The poor were content dark clothes from rough homespun cloth. Shoes for men and women were leather pointed boots without hard soles. Hats originated in the 13th century. and have changed continuously since then. Habitual gloves acquired importance during the Middle Ages. Shaking hands in them was considered an insult, and throwing a glove to someone was a sign of contempt and a challenge to a duel.

The nobility liked to add various decorations to their clothes. Men and women wore rings, bracelets, belts, chains. Very often these things were unique jewelry. For the poor, all this was unattainable. Wealthy women spent considerable money on cosmetics and perfumes, which were brought by merchants from eastern countries.

stereotypes

As a rule, in public consciousness rooted certain ideas about something. And ideas about the Middle Ages are no exception. First of all, it concerns chivalry. Sometimes there is an opinion that the knights were uneducated, stupid dorks. But was it really so? This statement is too categorical. As in any community, representatives of the same class could be completely different people. For example, Charlemagne built schools, knew several languages. Richard Lion Heart, considered a typical representative knighthood, wrote poetry in two languages. Charles the Bold, whom literature likes to describe as a kind of boor-macho, knew Latin very well and loved to read ancient authors. Francis I patronized Benvenuto Cellini and Leonardo da Vinci. Polygamist Henry VIII knew four languages, played the lute and loved the theatre. Should the list continue? These were all sovereigns, models for their subjects. They were guided by them, imitated them, and those who could knock the enemy off his horse and an ode to beautiful lady write.

Regarding the same ladies, or wives. There is an opinion that women were treated as property. And again, it all depends on how the husband was. For example, Senor Etienne II de Blois was married to a certain Adele of Normandy, daughter of William the Conqueror. Etienne, as it was then customary for a Christian, went on crusades, and his wife remained at home. It would seem that there is nothing special in all this, but Etienne's letters to Adele have survived to our time. Tender, passionate, yearning. This is evidence and an indicator of how a medieval knight could treat his own wife. You can also remember Edward I, who was killed by the death of his beloved wife. Or, for example, Louis XII, who, after the wedding, from the first libertine of France turned into a faithful husband.

Speaking about the cleanliness and level of pollution of medieval cities, they also often go too far. To the extent that they claim that human waste in London merged into the Thames, as a result of which it was a continuous stream of sewage. Firstly, the Thames is not the smallest river, and secondly, in medieval London, the number of inhabitants was about 50 thousand. So they simply could not pollute the river in this way.

The hygiene of medieval man was not as terrible as it seems to us. They are very fond of citing the example of Princess Isabella of Castile, who made a vow not to change linen until victory is won. And poor Isabella kept her word for three years. But this act of hers caused a great resonance in Europe, a new color was even invented in honor of her. But if you look at the statistics of soap production in the Middle Ages, you can understand that the statement that people did not wash for years is far from the truth. Otherwise, why would such an amount of soap be needed?

In the Middle Ages, there was no such need for frequent washing, as in modern world - environment was not as catastrophically polluted as it is now ... There was no industry, the food was without chemicals. Therefore, water, salts, and not all those chemicals that are full in the body of a modern person, were released with human sweat.

Another stereotype that has become entrenched in the public mind is that everyone stank terribly. Russian ambassadors at the French court complained in letters that the French "stink terribly." From which it was concluded that the French did not wash, stank and tried to drown out the smell with perfume. They really used spirits. But this is explained by the fact that in Russia it was not customary to suffocate strongly, while the French simply poured perfume on them. Therefore, for a Russian person, a Frenchman who smelled abundantly of spirits was "stinking like a wild beast."

In conclusion, we can say that the real Middle Ages was very different from the fairy-tale world of chivalric novels. But at the same time, some facts are largely distorted and exaggerated. I think the truth is, as always, somewhere in the middle. As always, people were different and they lived differently. Some things really seem wild compared to modern ones, but all this happened centuries ago, when mores were different and the level of development of that society could not afford more. Someday, for the historians of the future, we will also find ourselves in the role of a “medieval man”.

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CLASS: 8

SUBJECT:

TARGET:

The formation of students' ideas about the life of simple and noble people

TASKS:

To acquaint students with the peculiarities of the life of ordinary and noble people; emphasize the difference between the life of ordinary and noble people;

Correction and development of oral speech through a description of the life of different classesXVIcentury;

To instill in students respect for working people.

BASIC KNOWLEDGE:

Estate, different segments of the population, life and life of different classes

TERMS, CONCEPTS:

Sheepskin coat, tax, freedom

EQUIPMENT:

Computer, projector, presentationMicrosoftofficePowerPoint,

TYPE LESSON :

Combined

HOD LESSON

ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT

Greeting students

Checking student readiness for the lesson

5 minute reading

UPDATE KNOWLEDGE STUDENTS

Teacher :

Guys, what did you talk about in the last lesson?

students :

At the last lesson, we talked about the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state.

Teacher :

Why was it profitable for Russian merchants to trade with Siberia?

students :

It was profitable for Russian merchants to trade with Siberia because the Siberian lands were rich in fur-bearing animals, the skins of which were expensive.

Teacher :

Who fought with Khan Kuchum?

students :

Khan Kuchum fought with the detachment of Yermak Timofeevich.

Teacher :

How did Yermak's campaign end?(CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER)

The victory of Khan Kuchum

Kuchum became the sovereign master of Siberia

students :

Siberian land was included in the Russian state

Teacher :

Under what king were the Siberian lands annexed to Russia?

students :

Siberian lands were annexed to Russia under IvanIVGrozny.

MESSAGE THEMES LESSON

Teacher:

INXVIcentury in Russia lived different segments of the population. Each estate had its own customs and traditions, its own way of life. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the life of people of different classes. Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Lesson topic:"LIFE OF SIMPLE AND NOBLE PEOPLE"

students : (open notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson)

STUDYING NEW MATERIAL

Teacher :

Now we will get acquainted with the new words that we will meet today when studying a new topic.

VOCABULARY WORK:

ESTATE – A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAS CERTAIN RIGHTS AND DUTIES

SHEEPSKIN COAT – WINTER PEASANT CLOTHING FROM SKINS

SLOBODA – PLACE OF SETTLEMENT OF PEOPLE OF ONE TYPE OF OCCUPATION

TAX – STATE TAX

Teacher :

INXVIcentury, the population of Russia was divided into estates. Guys, what is a class?

students :

estate - This large group people who had certain rights and obligations that are enshrined in custom or law and are inherited.

Teacher :

Look at the slide and list the estates that lived inXVIcentury.

students :

INXVIcentury in Russia lived such estates as peasants, boyars, Cossacks, clergy, nobles, archers, service people, artisans.

Teacher :

Now we will get acquainted with the life of each estate.

The most numerous class were the peasants. Peasants are villagers. The name "peasants" comes from the word "Christians", i.e. believers in Christ and his teachings. Russian peasants were engaged in animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, and beekeeping with the simplest crafts, but arable farming remained their main business. From time immemorial, a peasant has been a farmer who plowed the land and sowed bread, herded livestock, grew vegetables, raised poultry, grew flax and hops.

Peasants lived in villages. The word "village" comes from the verb "tear", i.e. clear the area for arable land, cutting down and burning trees, and then plow the virgin land. The peasants, first of all, chose and cleared fertile land, and only after that they founded a small settlement, acquired huts, yards, outbuildings, poultry and cattle. The village usually consisted of three or four, less often five or six residential buildings. INXVI- XVIIcenturies, villages appeared with ten to fifteen households; more yards were very rare. The largest of the peasant settlements was the village. Villages differed from villages in that they were founded by landowners. Here were the manor's court and the Church. The main tools of labor of the peasants were a plow (much less often a plow), a sickle and a scythe.

Peasants grew rye and oats, wheat, buckwheat, barley and millet, peas and beans; in gardens - turnips (it was considered the second bread), cabbage, radish, carrots, beets, onions, garlic. Gardens were bred in the villages, in which apple trees, plums, cherries, raspberries, gooseberries, and currants grew. Apiary beekeeping developed.

Peasants lived in huts. The word "hut" comes from "istba", "stove", i.e. heated room. The hut was small in size, as a rule, had a plank roof, a wooden floor, a smoke oven (without a chimney and a pipe). They stoked "in black" - the smoke went out the door, as well as into the holes under the ceiling, which, after the firebox, were moved by a board. Next to the hut in the peasant yard there were cellars, barns, a barn, a hay barn. The yard itself was fenced. Outside there were barns and a bathhouse. A garden adjoined the yard. In a peasant environment, work began at an early age. Families numbered from three or four to seven or eight people. According to custom, adulthood in peasant families came at the age of 15. From the age of 7-8, boys were taught to perform all men's duties in the household: take care of livestock, plow, mow, harrow the ground, turn and dig hay, carpentry, and engage in simple crafts. Girls at the age of 10-12 already did all the housework. The old people enjoyed unquestioned authority among the peasants. The peasants' working day began early: in summer they got up at sunrise, in winter and autumn - long before dawn. After dinner, life in the villages, as in the cities, almost died away: the afternoon nap set in. A large place in the life of Russian people was occupied by a bath. The people said: "If there were no baths, then everyone would be lost." The main food of the peasants was bread, especially rye and barley. Wheat bread was a rarity in the village, it was baked and eaten only wealthy people, mostly in cities. Quite often, peasants ate pies with various fillings: with cabbage, mushrooms, poppy seeds, porridge, sweet pies with berries and honey. A very common food was cereals (barley, millet, oatmeal, much less often buckwheat), as well as oatmeal and pea jelly. Shchi was considered a luxurious dish. Meat was eaten much less in the countryside than in the city; they ate beef, lamb, pork, wild and poultry. Much more often than meat, our ancestors ate fish: salted, dried, dried. Eggs and dairy products (cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, butter) were not uncommon on the peasant table. Peasants ate a lot of mushrooms and berries. Farmers used honey instead of sugar. The most common drinks were kvass, raspberry and cranberry juice, lingonberry water and barley beer.

The main clothes of men and women were shirts made of linen or hemp linen or woolen fabric. Men's shirts reached the knees, women's - to the heels. The outer clothing of the peasants consisted of casings - sheepskin coats. Mostly peasants wore leather shoes. Bast shoes (shoes woven from birch bark or bast) were worn, as a rule, on arable land, mowing, barnyard. Married woman(from any class) was obliged to hide her hair under a veil - a scarf that covered her head and fell over her shoulders over her clothes. Mandatory element the clothes of men and women had belts - it was impossible to go out into the street without a belt.

Teacher :

Name the main occupations of the peasants.

students :

The peasants were engaged in animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, beekeeping.

Teacher :

Describe the life of a peasant.

students :

Peasants lived in villages, in a hut. The hut was not large, with a plank roof and a wooden floor. They drowned on black - the smoke went out the door, as well as into the holes under the ceiling. Peasants began to work very early. Old men enjoyed authority among the peasants. The working day began early: in summer they got up at sunrise, in winter and autumn - long before dawn.

Teacher :

What kind of food did the peasants eat?

students :

The main food of the peasants was bread, pies with different fillings, common food was porridge, jelly. Meat was rarely eaten in the villages, more often fish.

Teacher :

How did the peasants dress?

students :

The main clothes of men and women were shirts made of linen or hemp. Men's shirts reached the knees, women's - to the heels. The outer clothing of the peasants consisted of sheepskin coats. Basically, the peasants wore leather clothes, bast shoes were worn, as a rule, on arable land, mowing, barnyard.

PHYSMINUTKA

Teacher :

Craftsmen and city service people lived in the cities near the city walls. This part of the city was calledPosad . The townspeople who lived here were called townspeople.

Artisans - these are craftsmen - craftsmen (blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, potters, carpenters, etc.). Artisans of the same profession settled together. The place where the artisans lived was calledfreedom . Artisans were free people. They paid tax to the state treasury -tax .

archers , Cossacks and gunners were called service people.

They served the king military service defended the interests of the Russian state.

archers - This is a permanent Russian infantry, which Ivan the Terrible began to create in 1552, mainly from free people. Archers lived in special settlements. For carrying out lifelong hereditary service, they received land allotments from the king, and from the treasury - a salary and wore the established for them military uniform clothes. The royal salary was small and often delayed. To earn a living, archers often took up crafts and trade, started a household.

Teacher :

What part of the city was calledPosad

students :

Posad was the name of that part of the city where artisans and city service people lived.

Teacher :

Who are artisans?

students :

Artisans are craftsmen (blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, potters, carpenters, etc.).

Teacher :

Who were called servants?

students :

Streltsy, Cossacks and gunners were called service people.

Teacher :

The Cossacks belonged to the service people. The Cossacks are a special military estate. No one knows exactly where the word "Cossacks" came from. Most scholars believe that it means "free man". Its first appearance in documents dates back to 1444. The Cossacks, who were in the royal service, carried out guard duty on the borders of the Russian state. The Cossacks lived according to their customs. They were engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, beekeeping, raided neighbors (Tatars and Turks) and robbery attacks on trade caravans.

Teacher :

"Merchant" was originally called any person who made a trade transaction (business), i.e. receiving or selling a particular product. Merchants, like artisans, united and settled together, depending on who traded what. Merchants lived much richer than artisans and service people. They had big beautiful houses. In the houses of merchants there were many expensive things, gold and silver. Merchants loved tasty and satisfying food. Servants worked for them.

Teacher :

The clergy was a respected and privileged (having special rights) class. It was divided into black (monasticism) and white (clergymen). The clergy had huge landholdings. It enjoyed exceptional respect in Rus'.

Teacher :

The word "noble" literally means "a person with princely court" or "court". The nobility in Russia arose inXIIcentury at the courts of princes. WITHXIVcenturies, nobles began to receive land for service: this is how landowners appeared. They were later allowed to purchase land. Under Ivan the Terrible, the rise of the nobility began. The tsar relied on the nobles in his struggle against the boyars.

Teacher :

The word "boyars" does not have a final definition among historians.

It is generally accepted that the boyars are large landowners, behind them are their own military servants. The title of boyar was hereditary, i.e. passed down from father to son. Most of the boyars were service people and were in the public service.

The boyars were advisers to the sovereign (the grand duke, later the tsar), the people closest to him, with whom he resolved issues of state importance: whether to start a war, conclude peace, build new cities, introduce or cancel duties for their subjects, whom to execute and whom to pardon. The decrees of that time were fixed by the traditional formula: "the king indicated, and the boyars were sentenced."

The boyars were constantly with the sovereign. They served at the royal court, which was considered a particularly honorable deed. The boyars accompanied the tsar on his travels and military campaigns. They feasted with the sovereign. Together with the king, they went falconry.

The boyars participated in the wars that led Russian state. Boyars commanded regiments.

The boyars ruled cities and territories, were governors in various regions of the country, and served as governors. On the territory entrusted to him by the sovereign, the governor had full, unlimited power and was responsible for his actions only to the king.

The boyars dressed in velvet and silk clothes. Their clothes were heavy, so they walked slowly, importantly, sedately. Walking fast, rushing was considered indecent.

The boyars traveled on thoroughbred horses or in richly decorated carriages.

The boyars lived in large stone houses - Horomy. Boyar mansions were usually built in three floors. The lower floor was used for household needs.

The second floor was occupied by the male half of the house, and the third - by the female half. Inside, the Mansions were richly decorated. The floor was covered with carpets. The walls were upholstered with expensive fabrics. Furniture - benches, chests - were decorated with carvings, gilding, velvet. Icons hung in every room. The boyars slept on downy featherbeds covered with silk sheets, put pillows in elegant pillowcases at the head, covered themselves with satin blankets lined with expensive fur. Illuminated the rooms wax candles. They decorated the mansions with mirrors, precious gold and silver dishes.

Food was taken by the boyars in a spacious refectory. The boyars ate expensive and rare food: rice, sugar, oriental sweets, baked fish and poultry, wine, lemons, raisins. Tables were covered with tablecloths painted with gold and silver.

Boyars ate from silver dishes, drank from silver goblets.

In the homes of noble and wealthy people, precious silver and gilded vessels were placed as decoration in the cabinets that occupied the middle of the front room.

Teacher :

Who belongs to the boyars?

students :

The boyars are large landowners.

Teacher :

What did the boyars do?

students :

Boyars ruled cities and territories, were governors in various regions of the country, served as governors

Teacher :

How did the boyars dress?

students :

The boyars dressed in velvet and silk clothes. Their clothes were heavy, so they walked slowly, importantly, sedately.

Teacher :

How did the boyars live?

students :

The boyars lived in large stone houses - Horomy. Boyar mansions were built in three floors. The lower floor was used for household needs.

The second floor was occupied by the male half of the house, and the third - by the female half. Inside the mansions were richly decorated. The floor was covered with carpets. The walls were upholstered with expensive fabrics. Furniture - benches, chests - were decorated with carvings, gilding, velvet. Icons hung in every room. The boyars slept on downy featherbeds covered with silk sheets, put pillows in elegant pillowcases at the head, covered themselves with satin blankets lined with expensive fur. The rooms were lit with wax candles. They decorated the mansions with mirrors, precious gold and silver dishes.

Teacher :

What did the boyars eat?

students :

Food was taken by the boyars in a spacious refectory. The boyars ate expensive and rare food: rice, sugar, oriental sweets, baked fish and poultry, wine, lemons, raisins.

FIXING

Teacher :

What did the children talk about in class today?

students :

Today at the lesson we talked about the life and life of ordinary and noble people.

Teacher :

Now we will check how you remember what we talked about today in the lesson with the help of a crossword puzzle.

What is the name of the largest estate

(PEASANTS)

Man from the royal court

( NOBLE )

What were the craftsmen called?

(WORKSHOPS)

What are the big landowners who are backed by their own military servants called?

(BOYAR)

Special, respected and privileged class

(CLERGY)

Who served the tsar, carried out military service, defended the interests of the Russian state?(STRELTSY, COSSACKS, GUNS)

(SERVANT PEOPLE)

SUMMARY RESULTS

Now let's summarize your work in the lesson:

NINA - VLAD - SERGEY - DIMA - CHRISTINA –

SASHA -

HOME EXERCISE

I GROUP – PAGE 43 - 49, READ,

II GROUP – PAGE 43 - 49, READ,

III GROUP – PAGE 43 - 46, READ,

It is impossible to understand the era without referring to the conditions of everyday life. The historian I. E. Zabelin wrote that a person's home life "is an environment in which the germs and rudiments of all the so-called great events of history lie."

The daily life of a person is centered in the family. In ancient Rus', families were usually large. A grandfather, his sons with their wives, grandchildren, etc. lived in the same family. Childhood passed in very harsh conditions, which was reflected even in terms applied to children: lad- "non-speaking", not having the right to speak; lad- "serf"; servants - younger members of the genus. Spanking was considered the main method of education. Beating for educational purposes was the norm. Babies were sometimes sold into slavery by their own parents.

However, one should not exaggerate the negative impact of cruel upbringing. As V. V. Dolgov rightly noted, preventive cruelty was the only way to save the life of a child in situations where a parent could not control his child all 24 hours a day (due to employment in the service, work, etc.). No nurseries, kindergartens and regular general education schools then, of course, did not exist. The rich could still assign a nanny to the child, but the poor? How to make sure that the child does not climb where it is not necessary, if he most time left to itself? There is only one answer: to intimidate, to protect his life with prohibitions and punishments that can be life-saving. He will not go into the forest with wolves, he will not swim down the river, he will not set fire to the house, etc. In addition, the cruelty of education did not cancel parental love, albeit in different forms.

However, childhood, even so harsh, did not last long, especially among the lower classes.

“The social boundary of final maturation throughout the entire Old Russian period was considered marriage. Another, no less important indicator of adulthood was the acquisition of one’s own household. According to V.V. the child did not begin to live independently". It seems that the property criterion was even more important, since adulthood is generally independence, and remaining in the parental home, children could not have the right to a decisive vote - all power belonged to the head of the family. Therefore, in the annals, cases of princely weddings are always celebrated and described as highly significant events, but the prince becomes an active political figure only after he takes possession of the parish ...<...>

All this led to the fact that the society of the early Russian Middle Ages did not know a clearly defined age up to which a person could, had the right and opportunity to remain a child. There was no age of commencement of legal capacity, there was no clearly defined period during which one should receive education, all this appeared much later. For a long time the marriageable age limit remained the only institutionalized limit that existed in official culture.

Among the peasantry, there were cases of eight- or nine-year-old boys marrying adult girls. This was done in order to get an extra worker into the family. Representatives of the noble classes married and married later, but weddings at 12–15 years old were the norm. The adult head of the family - the husband - was complete sovereign among their households. The wife was considered only an appendix to the "strong half", therefore, the proper names of ancient Russian women have almost not come down to us: they were called either by their father or by their husband (for example, Yaroslavna, Glebovna, etc.).

The attitude towards the weaker sex is illustrated by a well-known parable in the Middle Ages: “Not a bird in birds, an owl, not a hedgehog in animals, not a fish in fish, a goat, not a serf working in serfs, [so] neither a husband in men, who listens to his wife.

Without the permission of her husband, the wife did not have the right to leave the house and eat at the same table with him. Only in rare cases did women receive some rights. Before marriage, a daughter could inherit her father's property. The slave girl, who lived with the master as a wife, after his death gained freedom. Widows had all the rights of the head of the family and the mistress.

However, for husbands, family life was not always carefree. Because of unequal marriages and age misalliances in medieval society, the problem of the "evil wife" was acute. A special article was even introduced into the legislation: "If the husband's wife beats, a fine of 3 hryvnias" (as for stealing the prince's horse). The case when a wife steals property from her husband and tries to poison him was punished with the same fine. If a woman persisted in her desire to destroy her husband and repeatedly sent a hired killer to him, she was allowed to divorce.

The people of Ancient Rus' were called mainly by their first names, but often they also had various nicknames. Patronymics were rarely used. The person who was called by his patronymic (with the addition of the suffix -vich, for example, Igorevich, Olgovich), was a noble; so called princes, later - large boyars. Personally free representatives of the middle classes enjoyed "semi-patronymics"(suffixes were added to their naming -ov, -ev, -in, for example, "Ivanov Petrov's son", i.e. his father's name was Peter). The lower strata of society did not have a patronymic at all, there were only first names. Also in Ancient Rus' there were no surnames. They appear only in the XV-XVI centuries, initially among the feudal lords.

To describe the main features of the life of Ancient Rus', let's start with the dwelling. In the Middle Ages, living quarters were small, consisting of one or more rooms (for the rich). In the houses, the main furniture was benches and benches, on which they sat and slept. The rich had wooden beds, carpets, tables, chairs. Household property was stored in chests or bags, which were thrust under the benches. IN dark time the premises were lit with a burning wooden chip - torch or clay oil lamps, candles.

We can only partially restore the appearance of ancient Russian residential buildings according to archeological data. The main type was hut. It was a wooden quadrangular log cabin, placed either directly on the ground, or on supports (stones, logs). The floor could be earthen or wooden, from smoothly hewn boards. There must have been an oven; actually the word hut and means "housing with a stove" (from istba, source, source). However, chimneys and chimneys were rare; all the smoke went into the hut. Light entered the houses through small windows cut into the walls. As a rule, they were "drag": a narrow oblong gap in the wall, which was closed ("clouded") with a board.

The poor lived in semi-dugouts. A rectangular hole was dug in the ground, the walls were reinforced with a wooden frame, which was covered with clay. Then, over) "a plank or log roof was built, sometimes raising it above the surface on a small log house. Since it is impossible to exist without heating in the Russian winter, semi-dugouts were also equipped with dome-shaped adobe stoves that were heated" in a black way. peasant houses together with the family under one roof, behind partitions, they could keep livestock.

The richer a person was, the more complex the structure was of his dwelling: a canopy and a cold cage, which served as a pantry, were attached to the hut (warm living quarters). For wealthy people, the log cabins-cages were combined into entire galleries, which were sometimes built on special support pillars to several floors. Such a residential complex was called mansions, and if at the same time it was decorated with rounded gable roofs, six- or octagonal log cabins, then it was called tower. Princes, boyars, heads of the city administration lived in the towers. Most of the buildings were wooden. Some churches and civil structures (terema) were built of stone, but the latter are extremely few in number. In addition, in the yard of wealthy people there were various outbuildings: cellars, baths, cowgirls, barns, pantries, etc.

The main dress was shirt-shirt from canvas, for the rich - from thin linen. It was fastened with wooden, bone or metal buttons and girded with a narrow leather belt or sash. Wide pants usually tucked into boots or wrapped in onuchi. The bulk of the population wore bast shoes or Porsche(leg twisted into whole piece soft skin and tied up), in winter - felt boots. In winter, they wore sheepskin coats, warm clothes made of coarse wool.

Know dressed richer. The aristocrat could be distinguished by the fact that he had Korzno- a raincoat made of expensive fabric. Outerwear was decorated with embroideries, furs, gold and precious stones at mantles(cut-out gate), pripole(clothing floors) and opiast(sleeves at the hands). The dress was sewn from expensive fabrics: aksamita(velvet), canvases(silks). On the feet of the princes and boyars were high boots made of colored morocco (red, blue, yellow colors). Headdresses were round, soft, trimmed with fur. Winter coats were made from sable, beaver, and marten fur.

Food products were made mainly from cereals (rye, oats, millet, less often wheat) and vegetables. These were bread, various cereals, kissels, stews, decoctions, etc. Meats were eaten macho and more often pork than beef and lamb. On the other hand, river fish enjoyed wide popularity, which was explained both by its cheapness and by the large number of Orthodox fasts. They drank bread kvass, honey, fruit decoctions. The dishes were used mainly wooden, in rich houses - iron, copper, silver.

The life and customs of Ancient Rus' show us a medieval society that recently adopted Christianity, with gradually growing social differentiation.