In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from everyday life, for example, everyday genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.

historical genre

The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

mythological genre

Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as secret romance the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite are depicted in the painting "Parnassus" Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these fights are often taken from real history, then battle and historical genre We find here our point of intersection.

Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud

Battle painting took shape in times Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

household genre

Scenes from everyday, public or private life ordinary people, be it urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.

"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

Origin household painting happened in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in XVII-XVIII centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists household paintings during that period.

Animal genre

The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was included in the genres Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.

Still life

In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder

still life like independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Particularly distinguished are the Flemish and Dutch schools of still life. In this genre, representatives of the most different styles, from realism to cubism. One of the most famous still lifes painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just him. appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared millennia ago in ancient Egypt - they were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. The portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical figure will be considered a work of the historical genre, although it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became female body which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted pictures in the nude genre.

Landscape

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, environment city, countryside or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.

It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape painting, one can single out such genres as sea and city landscapes.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.

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Genres of painting

1.1 Still life
1.2 Portrait
1.3 Animal genre
1.4 Battle genre
1.5 Domestic genre
1.6 Historical genre

1.1 Still life
Still life - translated from French into Russian means "dead nature", that is, something inanimate.

In still life, artists depict various objects that surround us in life. It can be household items, for example, dishes, tools. Or what nature gives us - fruits, vegetables, flowers. Very often in still lifes we see both household items and gifts of nature.

In the 17th century, still life established itself as an independent genre. It reflected an interest in material world, which originated in the Dutch “painting of things” at the beginning of the 15th century.

The process of formation of still life as a genre of painting proceeded in many countries. Western Europe. And here it is necessary to note the Flemish and Dutch artists who, in their own way, solved the problem of conveying all the brightness of their still lifes.

Still life is not very characteristic of Russian art of the 18th and even 19th centuries. Among the masters of the first thirds of XIX century, the Russian painter Venetsianov has a particularly significant place. Separately, Venetsianov does not write still lifes, but uses them as an addition to the picture.

A.G. Venetsianov Portrait of mother

Still lifes make up a significant section artistic heritage Ivan Khrutsky. The artist's talent was revealed with particular force precisely in this genre of painting, dedicated to the depiction of flowers, fruits, vegetables and other objects. It was in him that Khrutsky managed to find his own ways of creativity, to express his passionate love for nature in vivid plastic images. At the turn of the century, still life develops as an independent genre.

I. Khrutsky. Still life

Already towards the end 19th century in Russian art, a galaxy of young artists appears, whose work still life occupies a dominant position. Of the works of this period, one can single out: Kharlamov's still life "Fruits", Konchalovsky's "Bread on the background of a tray" and Zhukovsky's "Snowdrops".

1.2 Portrait
Portrait (French word portrait) is an image of the appearance of a person, his personality.

The first portraits appeared several thousand years ago in ancient egypt. These were huge stone images of the Egyptian pharaohs. In order to make such a sculpture, thousands of people worked for several years.

Ancient Egyptian sculpture of Pharaoh Ramses

A lot of time has passed since then, but the artists both painted the portrait and continue to paint.

Egypt. Fayum portraits.

When creating a portrait main task artist is truthful image models.

This means not only a banal copying of the person being portrayed - clothes, hairstyle, jewelry, but also the transfer of his inner world, character. After all, if you do not try to convey a person as a person, then your portrait will be superficial and not saying anything.

In order to create a portrait, the artist must:

• to study the main features of the person being portrayed,
• character traits his face,
• pay attention to his demeanor - whether he is calm or vice versa energetic.
• if a person is not familiar to you, you need to get to know him better (an ordinary conversation will help, during a conversation)

The motive for creating a portrait can be anything - from the usual order, which happens most often, to the desire to capture a loved one as a keepsake.

Why are portraits interesting? Looking at images of people who lived several years ago, and maybe even several centuries, we see the history of mankind. After all, the artists are contemporaries of those who are depicted, which means that they accurately convey that era, giving historians a lot of additional information. Particularly interesting are the portraits of famous historical figures. After all, as mentioned earlier, we can learn from them not only appearance but also to look into the inner world of man.

1.3 Animal genre
Animalistic genre (from lat. animal - animal), view visual arts, in which the leading motif is the image of animals.

Charles Barton Barber 1845-1894.

Sharply stylized, which, as a rule, had magical meaning figures of animals and birds were common in primitive art, in the monuments of the Eurasian "animal style" (including among the Scythians, Sarmatians, Saks and other tribes), among the peoples of Africa, Oceania, ancient America; images of real and mythological animals in the art of the Ancient East are distinguished by unsurpassed monumentality, expressive dynamics - in wall paintings, vase painting, plastic art of the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization, the art of classical antiquity and Hellenism.

Actually animalistic genre appeared in China during the Tang (8th century) and Song (13th century) periods.

Kano Tanen. Karps (1805-1853)

In the medieval art of Europe, fabulously grotesque images of animals and birds drawn from folklore, pagan and Christian legends were widespread; Renaissance artists (Pisanello, A. Durer) began to draw animals from nature.

The European animalistic genre was formed (initially, in many respects as an allegorical - moralizing, when certain animals acted as the personification human vices and virtues) in the 17th century. in the art of Holland (P. Potter, A. Cuyp, M. de Hondekuter) and Flanders (F. Snyders, J. Veit).

In the future, in the works of masters of the animalistic genre, natural scientific interest and the desire to accurately recreate the habits and natural plasticity of animals (K. Troyon in France, B. Liljefors in Sweden, etc.) coexist with romantic admiration for their strength and dexterity (A.L. Bari France) or with decorative stylization of images of the animal world.

Artists working in the animalistic genre are called animalists.

1.4 Battle genre
The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle), a genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life.

The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of land and sea battles, military campaigns of the past and present. Such images have been known since ancient times (reliefs of the Ancient East, vase painting Ancient Greece, reliefs on pediments and friezes ancient temples, on ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns, monumental paintings ancient india, Japanese medieval painting, etc.), in book miniature and decorative arts medieval Europe.

Like an independent battle genre formed in Renaissance Italy, in the works of P. Uccello, Piero della Francesca; heroic generalization is inherent in the battle scenes of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Tintoretto.

In the 17th century rapprochement battle painting The paintings of D. Velazquez, who deeply revealed the historical meaning and ethical basis of military events, and the works of P.P. Rubens, captivating the viewer with their dynamics and drama.

In the battle genre, types of conventionally allegorical compositions are formed with the image of the commander against the background of the battle he won (Ch. Lebrun), a small picture with spectacular scenes of cavalry skirmishes (F. Wauerman), naval battles (V. van de Velde), views of army halts and bivouacs, echoing the works household genre(A. Watteau).

V.V.Vereshchagin. End of the Battle of Borodino

In the 1st half of the 19th century. historicism and emotional pathos of romanticism left their mark on the development of the battle genre; the events of the era of the Napoleonic wars and national liberation movements in Europe are captured in the paintings of A. Gro, T. Gericault, E. Delacroix, H. Vernet in France, F. Goya in Spain, P. Michalovsky in Poland, etc.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century. in military scenes and battle-historical canvases by A. von Menzel in Germany, A. Fattori in Italy, W. Homer in the USA, etc., landscape, genre, psychological principles, attention to the actions and experiences of ordinary participants in military operations are intensified.

Artists working in the battle genre are called battle painters.

1.5 Domestic genre
Domestic genre, one of the main genres of fine arts, dedicated to the depiction of private and public life person.

Everyday (“genre”) scenes, known since ancient times (in primitive art, in paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, ancient Greek vase painting, Hellenistic paintings, mosaics, sculpture, medieval frescoes and miniatures), stood out in special genre in the era of the formation of bourgeois society in Europe.

The prerequisites for this were laid in the art of the Renaissance, when artists began to saturate household parts religious and allegorical compositions (Giotto, A. Lorenzetti in Italy, Jan van Eyck, R. Kampen, Gertgen tot Sint-Jans in the Netherlands, the Limburg brothers in France, M. Schongauer in Germany); late 15th - early 16th century

The household genre gradually became isolated among the Venetians V. Carpaccio, J. Bassano, among the Netherlands K. Masseys, Luke of Leiden, P. Aartsen, and in the work of P. Brueghel the Elder, everyday life paintings served to express the deepest worldview ideas.

Jan Vermeer of Delft

In the 17th century the finally formed household genre, asserted private life as a significant and most valuable phenomenon of life.

Sublime poetization of everyday motives, powerful love of life are characteristic of the works of P.P. Rubens and J. Jordans, admiring healthy, natural beauty ordinary people- for "bodegones" D. Velazquez. In Holland, where they finally took shape classical forms A. van Ostade, K. Fabritius, P. de Hoch, J. Vermeer Delftsky, G. Terborch, G. Metsu recreated the genre, the intimate atmosphere, the peaceful comfort of the burgher and peasant life, Rembrandt revealed the deep contradictions of life in everyday scenes.

in France in the 18th century. the everyday genre is represented by idyllic pastorals in the rococo style (F. Boucher), “gallant scenes”, in which A. Watteau and J.O. Fragonard brought emotional subtlety and sharpness of life observations, sentimental and didactic compositions of J.B. Dreams, lyrical canvases by J.B.S. Chardin, recreating privacy third estate.

The socio-critical trend in the everyday genre was initiated by the paintings and engravings of W. Hogarth, ridiculing the mores of English society.

In the 16th–18th centuries The everyday genre also flourished in the art of Asian countries - in the miniature of Iran, India (K. Behzad, Mir Seyid Ali, Reza Abbasi), Korean painting (Kim Hongdo), Japanese graphics (Kitagawa Utamaro, Katsushika Hokusai).

Europe in the 19th century everyday genre has become a field social criticism and publicistically pointed satire (graphics and painting by O. Daumier), a genre full of vitality and pathos of asserting the beauty and inner significance of working people (G. Courbet and J.F. Millet in France, A. von Menzel and W. Leibl in Germany , J. Fattori in Italy, J. Israels in Holland, etc.).

In the 2nd half of the 19th century. masters of impressionism in France (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir) approved a new type genre painting, in which they tried to capture, as it were, an accidental, fragmentary aspect of life, the sharp specificity of the appearance of the characters, the unity of people and their environment; their work gave impetus to a freer interpretation of the genre, a direct-picturesque recreation of everyday scenes (M. Lieberman in Germany, K. Krogh in Norway, A. Zorn in Sweden, T. Eikins in the USA).

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in the art of post-impressionism, symbolism, Art Nouveau began new stage in the development of the household genre: domestic scenes interpreted as timeless symbols, the life-like concreteness of the image gives way to pictorial expression, monumental and decorative tasks (E. Munch in Norway, F. Hodler in Switzerland, P. Gauguin, P. Cezanne in France, etc.).

Artists working in the everyday genre are called genre painters.

1.6 Historical genre
Historical genre, one of the main genres of fine arts, dedicated to recreating the events of the past and present, which have historical meaning. The historical genre is often intertwined with other genres - the everyday genre (the so-called historical-everyday genre), portrait (portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), battle genre.

The evolution of the historical genre is largely due to the development of historical views and it was finally formed along with the formation of a scientific view of history (fully only in the 18th-19th centuries).

Its beginnings go back to the symbolic compositions of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, to mythological images Ancient Greece, to the documentary-narrative reliefs of ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns. Actually the historical genre began to take shape in the Italian art of the Renaissance - in the battle-historical works of P. Uccello, cardboards and paintings by A. Mantegna on themes ancient history, interpreted in an ideally generalized, timeless plan by the compositions of Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, J. Tintoretto.

In the 17-18 centuries. in the art of classicism, the historical genre came to the fore, including religious, mythological and historical subjects proper; Within the framework of this style, both a type of solemn historical and allegorical composition (Ch. Lebrun) and paintings full of ethical pathos and inner nobility depicting the exploits of the heroes of antiquity (N. Poussin) took shape.

The turning point in the development of the genre was in the 17th century. the works of D. Velazquez, who contributed to the image historical conflict Spaniards and Dutch deep objectivity and humanity, P.P. Rubens, who freely connected historical reality with fantasy and allegory, Rembrandt, who indirectly embodied the memories of the events of the Dutch revolution in compositions filled with heroism and internal drama.

In the second half of the 18th century, during the Enlightenment, the historical genre was given educational and political significance: the paintings of J.L. David, depicting the heroes of republican Rome, became the embodiment of a feat in the name of civic duty, sounded like a call for a revolutionary struggle; in the years French Revolution 1789-1794 he portrayed its events in a heroically upbeat spirit, thus equalizing reality and the historical past.

The same principle underlies the historical painting of the masters of French romanticism (T. Géricault, E. Delacroix), as well as the Spaniard F. Goya, who saturate the historical genre with a passionate, emotional perception of the dramatic nature of historical and contemporary social conflicts.

V.I. Surikov. Morning of the archery execution

In the 19th century, the rise national identity, searches historical roots of their peoples caused romantic moods in the historical painting of Belgium (L. Galle), the Czech Republic (J. Manes), Hungary (V. Madaras), Poland (P. Michalovsky).

The desire to revive the spirituality of the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance determined the retrospective nature of the work of the Nazarenes in Germany and the Pre-Raphaelites in Great Britain.

From 1830–1840s. Salon historical compositions, which combined magnificent representativeness with pretentiousness, and small historical and everyday paintings that recreated the “color of the era” in exact detail (P. Delaroche and E. Meissonier in France, M. von Schwind in Austria, etc.) also became widespread.

In the middle - the 2nd half of the 19th century. with the freshness and immediacy of a sketch from nature, he resurrected the characters and customs of the 18th century. A. von Menzel in Germany, ideas national revival nourished historical painting J. Matejko in Poland, M. Munkácsy in Hungary.

By the end of the 19th century in the historical genre, there has been a turn towards an elevated, symbolic-generalized interpretation of real historical images (the plastic art of O. Rodin in France, J.V. Myslbek in the Czech Republic), and in the art of symbolism and modernity - to the rhythmic stylization of monumental historical compositions (painting by P. Puvis de Chavannes in France, F. Hodler in Switzerland).

In the process of the formation of fine arts, genres of painting were also formed. If in pictures cavemen it was possible to see only what surrounded them, then over time, painting became more and more multifaceted and acquired a broad meaning. Artists conveyed their vision of the world in pictures. Historians identify the following genres of painting that have formed over the entire history of this art.

Shanko Irina "Pattern of golden drizzle" canvas/oil 70/85

Self-portrait (from French autoportrait) is a portrait of oneself. Usually refers to a picturesque image; however, self-portraits are also sculptural, literary, cinematic, photographic, etc.

Shanko Irina "Through the Looking Glass" canvas/oil 60/60

allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory) - a genre of fine art in which a hidden and secret meaning. In this genre, ideas that are difficult to depict (for example, goodness, strength, power, justice, love, etc.) are shown allegorically through images of living beings, animals or human figures with attributes that historically have a symbolic, easily readable meaning. The allegorical genre is most characteristic of the art of the Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque, and Classicism.

animalistic(from lat. animal - animal) - a genre associated with the image of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics.

Shanko Irina "In the forest" canvas/oil 40/50

The battle genre (derived from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of fine art that depicts the themes of war: battles, military campaigns, glorifying military prowess, the fury of battle, the triumph of victory. These paintings are characterized by versatility, the presence of many characters.

Epic and mythological genres. The plots of folklore works, the themes of ancient legends, epics and ancient Greek myths.

household genre. Works of the everyday genre refer to the topics of everyday life, give an idea of ​​the activities and life of various strata of society.

Vanitas (from lat. vanitas, literally - “vanity, vanity”) - a genre of painting of the Baroque era, an allegorical still life, compositional center which is traditionally a human skull. Such paintings, an early stage in the development of the still life, were intended to remind of the transience of life, the futility of pleasure and the inevitability of death.

Veduta. The birthplace of this genre is Venice. It represents an urban panorama, in compliance with architectural forms and proportions.

Gallant - (suave, polite, amiable, courteous, interesting) outdated associated with the image of exquisite lyrical scenes from the life of court ladies and gentlemen in artistic creativity mostly 18th century.

urban landscape(architectural landscape) - a genre of fine art in which the main subject of the image is city streets, buildings.

Shanko Irina "Square of Arts" canvas/oil 40/30

Interior (derived from the French. intérieur - internal) - a genre in which the subject of the image is an image internal view premises.

Ippic genre (derived from the Greek hippos - horse) is a genre of fine art in which the main motive is the image of a horse.

Historical - one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

Caricature - (derived from Italian. caricare - exaggerate) a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, an image in which a comic effect is created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features. The caricature ridicules the lack or depravity of the character in order to attract him and the people around him, in order to force him to change for the better.

Capriccio (derived from the Italian capriccio, literally - a whim, a whim) is an architectural fantasy landscape, mostly the ruins of fictitious ancient buildings.

Mythological (from Greek mythos - legend) - a genre of fine art dedicated to heroes and events, which are told by the myths and legends of ancient peoples.

Seascape (marina) (derived from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - marine) is a genre of fine art depicting a sea view.

Still life - (translated from French - dead, inanimate nature) genre of fine art, images inanimate objects placed in a real household environment and organized into a specific group; a picture depicting household items, flowers, fruits, game, caught fish, etc.

Shanko Irina "Still life with peppers" canvas/oil 40/40

Nude (nude) (derived from the French nu - naked, undressed) is an artistic genre in sculpture, painting, photography and cinema, depicting the beauty of a naked human body, mostly female. In its development, the nude is closely associated with the image of a naked human body and embodies the ideal of beauty of a given country and era. Nu is born in the Renaissance within the framework of the mythological, allegorical, historical and household genres.

Deception is one of the genres of fine art, a characteristic feature of which are special techniques perspective painting, which create the effect of an optical illusion, blur the line between reality and the image.

Parsuna (distorted Latin persona - personality, person) - originally a synonym modern concept portrait, regardless of style, image technique, place and time of writing. The concept of parsun in the meaning of a work of transition from icon painting to secular portraiture.

Pastoral (French pastorale - pastoral, rural) is a genre in literature, painting, music and theater. Genre that erects a simple rural life into a different hypostasis, embellishing it and deifying it.

Landscape (French paysage, from pays - country, area) - a genre dedicated to the image of any area: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscape. A genre in which pictures of nature are depicted on the canvas. This is a three-dimensional direction that includes the urban landscape, seascape, and other similar topics. In the visual arts, both the genre and the individual works dedicated to nature. It can be pristine nature, as well as transformed by man - an industrial landscape.

Shanko Irina "The leprosy of time" canvas/oil 70/70

Portrait (French portrait, “to reproduce something the devil in the devil”) is a genre of fine art dedicated to depicting a person or a group of people; varieties - self-portrait, group portrait, formal, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature. In the center of the picture is the image of a man. The artist uses techniques to convey not only the appearance, but also the inner world of his hero.

Shanko Irina canvas/oil size: 37/45

Religious genre. This includes iconography and other paintings on religious themes.

Plot-thematic picture- mixing traditional genres of painting (everyday, historical, battle, compositional portrait, landscape, etc.)

Shanko Irina "Shards of memory" canvas/oil 60/50

Caricature (fr. charge) - humorous or satirical image, in which the characteristic features of the model are changed and emphasized within the limits of the norm, with the aim of making fun, and not humiliating and insulting, as is usually done in cartoons. (See cartoon)

Hua Niao (translated from Chinese birds and flowers) is a genre of Chinese painting depicting birds and flowers.

Shan shui (translated from Chinese as mountains and water) is a genre of Chinese painting depicting mountains and waterfalls.

Genres of painting can merge and closely interact with each other. Some genres lose their relevance over time, while many, on the contrary, continue to develop along with life.

Paintings are divided by genre. Having become a form of reflection of life, genres are not constant, they develop, change, are born along with life, changing as art develops.

A genre that has abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality. Achieving harmonization by depicting certain color combinations and geometric shapes, causing the viewer to feel the completeness and completeness of the composition.

- a portrait of himself. There are two main types: professional and personal. It also offers a more detailed classification: insert self-portrait - the artist is depicted in a group of characters of some plot; representative - the artist depicts himself in the image historical person or a religious hero; group portrait - the artist is depicted with family members or other real persons; separate - the artist is depicted alone.

- a genre in which a hidden and secret meaning is laid in a work of art. Goodness, strength, power, justice, love, etc., which are difficult to depict, are shown allegorically through images of living beings, animals or human figures with attributes that have historically been assigned a symbolic, easily readable meaning.

Animalism- a genre whose main object is animals.

- a genre dedicated to the themes of war and military life. The main place is occupied by scenes of land, sea battles and military campaigns. The desire to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to reveal the historical meaning of military events, which brings the battle genre closer to the historical one. Scenes of military life connect him with the genre of everyday life.

Bidinga- a genre of works of painting and graphics depicting feminine beauty in traditional art Japan. The bidding notation can thus also be used for modern means art representing classic look beautiful Japanese woman usually dressed in a kimono.

- a genre of fine art in which scenes from epics and folklore are depicted.

- a genre dedicated to everyday, private and public life, usually contemporary to the artist.

Vanitas- a genre of painting of the Baroque era, an allegorical still life, the compositional center of which is traditionally a human skull. Such paintings, an early stage in the development of the still life, were intended to remind of the transience of life, the futility of pleasure and the inevitability of death.

Veduta- a genre especially popular in Venice of the 18th century. It is a painting, drawing or engraving depicting a detailed depiction of an everyday urban landscape.

urban landscape- a genre in which the main subject of the image are city streets, buildings. Equivalent to the urban landscape, the difference in definitions is only that the first refers to large urbanized cities, and the second to small ones.

Illustration- a drawing, engraving or other image explaining the text. Illustrations are used to convey an emotional atmosphere artwork, visualization of the heroes of the narrative, demonstration of objects, display step by step instructions in the technical documentation.

Interior- a genre in which the subject of the image is an image of the interior of the room.

- a genre depicting a horse. It reached its peak in the 18th and XIX centuries when, along with genre and battle works, including generalized images of horses, animal artists began to create portraits of famous horses and trotters, achieving documentary similarity.

- originates in the Renaissance and includes works not only on the plots of real events, but also mythological, biblical and gospel paintings. One of the main genres eventful past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

Calligraphy- the genre is often called art beautiful writing, the art of designing signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner.

Capriccio- a genre of landscape painting, popular in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The paintings of the genre depicted architectural fantasies, mostly the ruins of fictitious ancient buildings. Capriccio is closely related to the veduta genre.

Karik atura- a genre that is the main form of pictorial satire, in a satirical or humorous form depicts any social, socio-political, everyday phenomena, real faces or characteristic types of people.

Marina (seascape)- a genre depicting a sea view, scene naval battle or other events taking place at sea. It is a kind of landscape. As an independent type of landscape painting, the marina stood out in early XVII century in Holland.

Miniature- the genre of works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.

- a genre that draws plots from mythologies different peoples. A feature of the mythological genre is the free interpretation of legendary stories. It was formed in ancient art, and in the Renaissance it flourished.

Mosaic- the genre of the work of which involves the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Still life- a genre depicting inanimate objects of everyday life.

New- a genre depicting the beauty and aesthetics of a naked human body. Nu is born in the Renaissance in the framework of the mythological, allegorical, historical and everyday genres. The formation of the nude as a genre takes place in the 17th century with the spread of the ideas of sensationalism.

Blende- one of the genres of fine art, a characteristic feature of which is the special techniques of perspective painting, which create the effect of optical illusion, blur the line between reality and image.

Parsuna- an early primitive genre of portraiture in the Russian kingdom, in its pictorial means dependent on icon painting.

Genres of painting appeared, gained popularity, faded away, new ones arose, subspecies began to be distinguished within the existing ones. This process will not stop as long as a person exists and tries to capture the world around him, whether it be nature, buildings or other people.

Previously (before the 19th century), there was a division of the genres of painting into the so-called "high" genres (French grand genre) and "low" genres (French petit genre). Such a division arose in the 17th century. and was based on what subject and plot were depicted. In this regard, the high genres included: battle, allegorical, religious and mythological, and the low genres included portrait, landscape, still life, animalism.

The division into genres is rather arbitrary, because. elements of two or more genres can be present in the picture at the same time.

Animalism, or animalistic genre

Animalism, or animalistic genre (from lat. animal - animal) - a genre in which the main motive is the image of an animal. We can say that this is one of the most ancient genres, because. drawings and figures of birds and animals were already present in life primitive people. For example, in the well-known painting by I.I. Shishkin "Morning in pine forest» Nature is depicted by the artist himself, and bears are depicted by a completely different one, who specializes in depicting animals.

I.I. Shishkin "Morning in a pine forest"

How can a subspecies be distinguished Ippian genre(from the Greek hippos - horse) - a genre in which the image of a horse acts as the center of the picture.

NOT. Sverchkov "Horse in the stable"

Portrait

Portrait (from the French word portrait) is a picture in which the image of a person or a group of people is central. The portrait conveys not only an external resemblance, but also reflects the inner world and conveys the artist's feelings towards the person whose portrait he paints.

I.E. Repin Portrait of Nicholas II

The portrait genre is subdivided into individual(picture of one person) group(image of several people), by the nature of the image - to the front when a person is depicted in full height against a conspicuous architectural or landscape background and chamber when a person is depicted chest-deep or waist-deep against a neutral background. A group of portraits, united according to some attribute, forms an ensemble, or portrait gallery. An example is portraits of members of the royal family.

Separately allocated self-portrait on which the artist depicts himself.

K. Bryullov Self-portrait

The portrait is one of the oldest genres - the first portraits (sculptural) were already present in ancient Egypt. Such a portrait acted as part of the cult of afterlife and was the "double" of man.

Landscape

Landscape (from French paysage - country, area) is a genre in which the image of nature is central - rivers, forests, fields, sea, mountains. In a landscape, the main point is, of course, the plot, but it is equally important to convey the movement, the life of the surrounding nature. On the one hand, nature is beautiful, admired, and on the other hand, it is rather difficult to reflect this in the picture.

C. Monet "Field of poppies at Argenteuil"

The subspecies of the landscape is seascape or marina(from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - sea) - an image of a sea battle, the sea or other events unfolding at sea. A prominent representative of marine painters - K.A. Aivazovsky. It is noteworthy that the artist wrote many details of this picture from memory.

I.I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave"

However, often artists also strive to draw the sea from nature, for example, W. Turner to paint the painting “Snowstorm. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal, hitting the shallow water, "spent 4 hours tied up on the captain's bridge of a ship sailing in a storm.

W. Turner “Snowstorm. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal, hitting the shallow water.

The water element is also depicted in the river landscape.

Separately allocate cityscape, in which city streets and buildings are the main subject of the image. The urban landscape is Veduta- the image of the urban landscape in the form of a panorama, where the scale and proportions are certainly maintained.

A. Canaletto "Piazza San Marco"

There are other types of landscape - rural, industrial and architectural. In architectural painting, the main theme is the image of the architectural landscape, i.e. buildings, structures; includes an image of the interiors ( interior decoration premises). Sometimes Interior(from French intérieur - internal) is distinguished as a separate genre. In architectural painting, another genre is distinguished — Capriccio(from Italian capriccio, caprice, whim) - an architectural fantasy landscape.

Still life

Still life (from the French nature morte - dead nature) is a genre dedicated to the depiction of inanimate objects that are placed in a common environment and form a group. Still life appeared in the 15th-16th centuries, but as a separate genre was formed in the 17th century.

Despite the fact that the word "still life" is translated as dead nature, in the pictures there are bouquets of flowers, fruits, fish, game, dishes - everything looks "like a living thing", i.e. like real. From its inception to the present day, still life has been an important genre in painting.

C. Monet "Vase with flowers"

How can a separate subspecies be distinguished Vanitas(from Latin Vanitas - vanity, vanity) - a genre of painting in which the central place in the picture is occupied by a human skull, the image of which is intended to remind of the vanity and frailty of human life.

The painting by F. de Champagne presents three symbols of the frailty of being - Life, Death, Time through the images of a tulip, a skull, an hourglass.

historical genre

Historical genre - a genre in which the paintings depict important events and socially significant phenomena of the past or present. It is noteworthy that the picture can be dedicated not only to real events, but also to events from mythology or, for example, described in the Bible. This genre is very important for history as for history. individual peoples states, and humanity as a whole. In the paintings, the historical genre is inseparable from other types of genres - portrait, landscape, battle genre.

I.E. Repin "Cossacks write a letter Turkish sultan» K. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii"

Battle genre

The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre in which the paintings of which depict the climax of the battle, military operations, the moment of victory, scenes from military life. For battle painting, the image in the picture is characteristic a large number of people.

A.A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol"

Religious genre

Religious genre - a genre in which the main story line- biblical (scene from the Bible and the Gospel). According to the subject matter, iconography also belongs to religious, their difference lies in the fact that paintings of religious content do not participate in the services held, and for the icon this is the main purpose. icon painting translated from Greek. means "prayer image". This genre was limited by strict limits and laws of painting, because. designed not to reflect reality, but to convey the idea of ​​God's beginning, in which artists are looking for an ideal. In Russia, icon painting reached its peak in the 12th-16th centuries. Most famous names icon painters - Theophanes the Greek (frescoes), Andrei Rublev, Dionysius.

A. Rublev "Trinity"

How the transitional stage from icon painting to portrait stands out Parsuna(distorted from lat. persona - personality, person).

Parsuna of Ivan the Terrible. author unknown

household genre

The paintings depict scenes from everyday life. Often the artist writes about those moments of life, of which he is a contemporary. Distinctive features of this genre are the realism of the paintings and the simplicity of the plot. The picture can reflect the customs, traditions, system everyday life one people or another.

Household painting includes famous paintings like “Barge haulers on the Volga” by I. Repin, “Troika” by V. Perov, “ Unequal marriage» V. Pukireva.

I. Repin "Barge haulers on the Volga"

Epic-mythological genre

Epic-mythological genre. The word myth comes from the Greek. "mythos", which means tradition. The paintings depict the events of legends, epics, legends, ancient Greek myths, ancient legends, plots of folklore.

P. Veronese "Apollo and Marsyas"

allegorical genre

Allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory). Pictures are painted in such a way that they have hidden meaning. Intangible ideas and concepts, invisible to the eye (power, good, evil, love), are transmitted through the images of animals, people, other living beings with such inherent characteristics that have symbolism already fixed in the minds of people, and help to understand the general meaning of the work.

L. Giordano "Love and vices disarm justice"

Pastoral (from French pastorale - shepherd, rural)

A genre of painting that glorifies and poetizes the simple and peaceful rural life.

F. Boucher "Autumn Pastoral"

Caricature (from Italian caricare - to exaggerate)

A genre in which, when creating an image, a comic effect is deliberately used by exaggerating and sharpening features, demeanor, clothing, etc. The purpose of a caricature is to offend, unlike, for example, a cartoon (from French charge), the purpose of which is simply to play a joke. Closely related to the term "caricature" are such concepts as splint, grotesque.

Nude (from French nu - naked, undressed)

Genre, in the paintings of which a naked human body is depicted, most often a female.

Titian Vecellio "Venus of Urbino"

Deception, or trompley (from fr. trompe-l'œil - optical illusion)

A genre whose characteristic features are special techniques that create an optical illusion and allow you to blur the line between reality and image, i.e. the deceptive impression that the object is three-dimensional, while it is two-dimensional. Sometimes snag is distinguished as a subspecies of still life, but sometimes people are also depicted in this genre.

Per Borrell del Caso "Escape from Criticism"

For the completeness of the perception of tricks, it is desirable to consider them in the original, because. a reproduction is unable to fully convey the effect that the artist depicts.

Jacopo de Barberi "The Partridge and the Iron Gloves"

Plot-thematic picture

A mixture of traditional genres of painting (everyday, historical, battle, landscape, etc.). In another way, this genre is called figure composition, its characteristic features are: leading role a person plays, the presence of an action and a socially significant idea, relationships (conflict of interests / characters) and psychological accents are necessarily shown.

V. Surikov "Boyar Morozova"