The painting "Ascension of the Righteous" ("Ascent to the Empyrean") by the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch was painted in oil on a board, probably in 1500-1504. Genre - religious painting. Probably, "Ascension of the Righteous" was part of the "Blessed and Damned" polyptych. […]
This painting was created by an artist from the Netherlands. It has a fairly straightforward title "Death of a miser." The main feature of the image is the style of placing the picture in space. The painting is strongly elongated vertically, which gives the impression of an altarpiece. […]
Hieronymus Bosch, the son of hereditary artists, immigrants from Germany. Bosch is a pseudonym that was formed from the name of the city of 's-Hertogenbosch (translated as the ducal forest). The workshop of his parents was engaged in wall paintings, gilding of sculptures, […]
Painting "Magician" Flemish painter Hieronymus Bosch, unfortunately, has not been preserved. Today you can admire only copies of this work. The most accurate of them is the work that is housed in the museum of the city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Date written […]
At the time of the decline of the Renaissance and the heyday of the Inquisition, society was filled with disturbing prejudices and superstitions. The artists who worked in these rebellious times tried their best to clarify their view of the world. Hieronymus Bosch writes from 1500 […]
I. Bosch created several triptychs on biblical themes, one of the latest is the Adoration of the Magi. The main part of the work shows the main plot. The Mother of God is located in front of the house and shows the baby. The Magi lay gifts at the feet of a woman. […]
Jeroen Antonison van Aken (Dutch. Jeroen Anthoniszoon van Aken), better known as Hieronymus Bosch (Dutch. Jheronimus Bosch [ˌɦijeˈroːnimʏs ˈbɔs], lat. Hieronymus Bosch; around 1450-1516) - Dutch hereditary artist, one of the greatest masters of the Northern Renaissance period. Of the artist's work, about ten paintings and twelve drawings have been preserved. He was ordained a member of the Brotherhood of Our Lady (Dutch Illustre Lieve Vrouwe Broederschap; 1486); considered one of the most mysterious painters in history Western art. In Bosch's hometown, 's-Hertogenbosch, Holland, the Bosch Art Center has been opened, displaying copies of all of his works.
Jeroen van Aken was born around 1450 in 's-Hertogenbosch (Brabant). The van Aken family, which originated from the German city of Aachen, has long been associated with the pictorial craft - the artists were Jan van Aken (grandfather of Bosch, d. 1454) and four of his five sons, including Jerome's father, Anthony. Since nothing is known about Bosch's development as an artist, it is assumed that he received his first painting lessons in the family workshop.
Bosch lived and worked mainly in his native 's-Hertogenbosch, which at that time was part of the Duchy of Burgundy, and is now the administrative center of the province of North Brabant in the Netherlands. The first mention of Bosch in archival documents dates back to 1474, where he is called "Jheronimus".
According to information about the life of the artist, preserved in the city archive, his father died in 1478, and Bosch inherited his art workshop. The van Akens' workshop carried out a wide variety of orders - primarily wall paintings, but also gilding wooden sculptures and even making church utensils. "Hieronymus the painter" (according to a document of 1480) took a pseudonym from the abbreviated name of his hometown- Den Bosch - during the period of change of power in the country: after the death of Charles the Bold (1477), power in the Burgundian Netherlands passed by 1482 from the Valois to the Habsburgs.
Around 1480, the artist marries Aleith Goyarts van der Meervene, whom he apparently knew from childhood. She came from a wealthy merchant family in 's-Hertogenbosch. Through this marriage, Bosch becomes an influential burgher in his hometown. They didn't have children.
In 1486 he joined the Brotherhood of Our Lady (“Zoete Lieve Vrouw”), a religious society that arose in 's-Hertogenbosch in 1318 and consisted of both monks and laity. The Brotherhood, dedicated to the cult of the Virgin Mary, was also involved in charity work. In archival documents, Bosch's name is mentioned several times: as a painter, he was entrusted with various orders, from decorating festive processions and ritual sacraments of the Brotherhood to painting the altar doors for the Brotherhood's chapel in the Cathedral of St. John (1489, lost) or even models of a candelabra.
In 1497 his elder brother Gossen van Aken died. In 1504, Bosch received an order from the governor of the Netherlands, Philip the Handsome, for the triptych " Last Judgment».
The painter died on August 9, 1516, the funeral service was performed in the aforementioned chapel of the cathedral. The solemnity of this ceremony confirms Bosch's closest connection with the Brotherhood of Our Lady.
Six months after Bosch's death, his wife distributed to the heirs what little was left after the artist. There is every reason to believe that Hieronymus Bosch never owned any real estate. Bosch's wife survived her husband by three years.
Bosch's art has always had a tremendous attraction. Previously, it was believed that the devilry in the paintings of Bosch is intended only to amuse the audience, tickle their nerves, like those grotesque figures that the masters Italian Renaissance woven into their ornaments.
Modern scientists have come to the conclusion that Bosch's work contains much more deep meaning, and made many attempts to explain its meaning, find its origins, give it an interpretation. Some consider Bosch to be something like a surrealist of the 15th century, who extracted his unprecedented images from the depths of the subconscious, and, calling his name, invariably recall Salvador Dali. Others believe that Bosch's art reflects medieval "esoteric disciplines" - alchemy, astrology, black magic. Still others try to connect the artist with various religious heresies that existed in that era. According to Frenger, Bosch was a member of the Brotherhood of the Free Spirit, whose adherents were also called Adamites, a heretical sect that arose in the thirteenth century but flourished throughout Europe several centuries later. However, this hypothesis is rejected by most scholars, since there is no evidence to support the existence of a sect in the Netherlands during Bosch's lifetime.
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Hieronymus Bosch - medieval artist fashionable even today, in particular, because of his apocalyptic ideas. Fragments of his work entitled "Garden earthly pleasures” can now be seen even on leggings and in children's coloring, a modern musical group. Why?
Some fanatical, if you can call it that, the artist's paintings late medieval were popular for their nightmarish details: a man playing a flute sticking out of his anus, with the help of releasing gases, or a monster bird devouring sinners and defecating them into a pit for sewage, etc. King Philip II of Spain, the patron of the Inquisition, hung one from paintings by Bosch ("The Seven Deadly Sins") in his bedroom. Perhaps she helped him to better tune in to the fight against heretics.
Bosch's most famous painting is the Garden of Earthly Delights triptych. On the left side of the triptych God, Adam and Eve are depicted in paradise, on the central one: the garden of pleasures, on the right side: degradation, sinners, hell.
Despite the fact that the plot of this picture at first glance seems far from childish, a coloring book for children aged 6 years and over was created from its fragments. The Coloring Book Hieronymus Bosch introduces children to the amazing landscapes, fantastic fruits and flowers, and fabulous animals that Bosch painted. According to the author, the coloring book was published to help children develop creatively and inspire them to create own works art in the future.
Also published in 1991 fiction book"Pish Posh, Said Hieronymus Bosch" ("Pah, pah, said Hieronymus Bosch"). The plot of the book is the story of Bosch's disgruntled housekeeper, who is already fed up with the mess that his wild monsters (winged fish and the like) make around the house.
These two products show that even though Hieronymus Bosch died 500 years ago, the images from his work and his vision seem to be more popular than ever. About all his paintings came out A new book from the world famous TASCHEN publishing house. In 2007, an art center dedicated to his work was opened in Bosch's hometown of 's-Hertogenbosch. Prints of his paintings adorn Doc Martens shoes, T-shirts and sweatshirts, surfboards and skateboards. Why is this happening?
Bosch enjoyed great popularity during his lifetime. He has inspired so many imitators that it is sometimes difficult to determine his original canons. But after all, so much time has passed since then: the days of the counter-reformation, the baroque style ...
"The Catholic Church is reclaiming its position and it would like to emphasize the church, salvation and the saints, which was not exactly what Bosch was focusing on," Larry Silver, an art history professor at Pennsylvania State University, said by phone. "Take Rubens. Then, it simply could not be that both Bosch and Rubens could be in demand at the same time. This is one of the circumstances that put an end to his popularity at that time, it was, as it were, a turn from pessimism to the bright side."
This state of affairs continued until the beginning of the 20th century. Art historians such as Carl Justi did not show special interest to the painting of Bosch, in contrast to the founders and theorists of surrealism, such as, for example, Andre Breton, who began new wave interest in the paintings of Hieronymus Bosch. Surrealists and lovers of surrealism appreciated his imagination and "unconscious painting". They were enthusiastic about his ideas against organized religion and bourgeois morality.
Bohemian delight of this kind became a constant presence in the stories of Jerome. There is a thesis, first put forward by Wilhelm Franger in 1947, that Bosch was a member of a cult called the Free Spirit Brothers. In this interpretation, the central part of the garden shows not a world that is slipping into sinfulness, but the enjoyment of sexual tantric delights. free love in harmony with nature. There is another interesting reference to the Garden of Earthly Delights in The Da Vinci Code, chapter 37.
There is also a version, no less popular than about the sex cult, that Bosch had bad trips from eating moldy rye bread. According to author Walter Bosing, for Bosch, it “worked like a miracle cure to help make up for the lack of education and scholarships in higher education.” educational institutions and contributing to the creation of paintings that satisfy the sensational appetites of viewers.” Next funny example- philosopher, publicist of the 60s Norman Oliver Brown, who combined Freud's theories of anal eroticism with Martin Luther's doctrine of justification by faith, illustrated his work with the Garden of Earthly Delights.
Such interpretations are in line with modern stereotypes O psychedelic paintings an artist with an upset psyche, but for modern experts they are nothing more than jokes, academics only laugh at them. Bosing calls them "scientific nonsense". It is more likely that Bosch was simply an artist completely out of his time, and not a crazy drug addict who attends sectarian orgies and paints them after using LSD.
Either way, now Bosch is a muse to some of the most important creators. Director Guillermo del Toro (films Pan's Labyrinth, Pacific Rim, Crimson Peak...) cites Bosch as the inspiration for his famous surreal imagery. The late Alexander McQueen used Jerome-printed fabrics to create his final collection. Best-selling writer Michael Connelly named the protagonist of his most popular detective novel after the painter. Above his desk is a copy of Bosch's Inferno.
Its current popularity comes from the fact that modern people his ideas are close and interesting. To date, films about the apocalypse are on the lists of the most box office films. Among ordinary people, art lovers and artists, not only Jerome's paintings are very popular, but also his style in general, his unique approach to art. The paintings of Hieronymus Bosch equally attract both our compatriots and foreign viewers. Bosch was a very interesting person. His paintings are very multifaceted and ambiguous, they can be understood in different ways. Therefore, it may turn out that his work will not lose its relevance soon, it will live for a very long time after us.
The triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights" was made in oil on wood, approximately in 1500 - 1510. Its size: 389 cm. 220 cm. The painting is in National Museum Prado, in Madrid. 
The painting "Ship of Fools" was made in oil on a board, approximately in 1495 - 1500. Its size: 33 cm. 58 cm. The painting is in the Louvre, in Paris.
The painting "Carrying the Cross" (Ghent) was made in oil on a board, around 1490 - 1500. Its size: 83.5 cm. 77 cm. The painting is in the Museum of Fine Arts, in Ghent.
The painting "Carrying the Cross" (Vienna) was made in oil on a board, approximately in 1515 - 1516. Its size: 32 cm. 57 cm. The painting is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
"Carrying the Cross" (Madrid) - side panel from a triptych that has not survived, made in oil on board, around 1505. Its size: 94 cm. 150 cm. The painting is in the Royal Palace, in Madrid.
The triptych "The Temptation of St. Anthony" was made in oil on wood, around 1505-1506. Its size: 225 cm. 131.5 cm. The painting is in the National Museum of Ancient Art, in Lisbon.
The panel "The Temptation of St. Anthony" is made in oil on wood, not earlier than 1490. Its size: 52.5 cm. 73 cm. It is located in the Prado National Museum, in Madrid.
Painting " Prodigal son» made in oil on board, around 1510. Its diameter: 70 cm. The painting is in the Boijmans van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam.
The painting "Seven deadly sins and four last things"made in oil on a board, around 1475 - 1480. Its size: 150 cm x 120 cm. The painting is in the Prado National Museum, in Madrid.
The painting "Saint Christopher" was made in oil on a board, around 1504 - 1505. Its size: 71.5 cm x 113 cm. The painting is in the Boijmans van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam.
The Last Judgment triptych was made in oil on wood, around 1504. Its size: 247 cm. 164 cm. The painting is in the Academy fine arts, in Vienna.
The painting "The Crowning with Thorns" (London) was made in oil on a board, approximately in 1508 - 1509. Its size: 59 cm. x 73 cm. The painting is in National Gallery, in London.
The painting "The Crowning with Thorns" (Escorial) was made in oil on board, around 1510. Its size: 195 cm x 165 cm. The painting is located in the Escorial Monastery, in the city of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, in Spain.
The Hay Cart triptych was made in oil on wood, around 1500-1502. Its size: 190 cm. 135 cm. The painting exists in two copies. One is in the Prado National Museum, in Madrid. The second is in the Escorial Monastery, in the city of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, in Spain.
The painting "Extracting the stone of stupidity" was made in oil on a board, around 1475 - 1480. Its size: 35 cm x 48 cm. The painting is in the Prado National Museum, in Madrid.
The Adoration of the Magi triptych was made in oil on wood, around 1510. Its size: 138 cm. 138 cm. The painting is in the Prado National Museum, in Madrid.
(Jeronymus Antoniszon van Aken)
Part 1
Hieronymus Bosch is an outstanding Dutch painter who whimsically combined the features of medieval fantasy, folklore, philosophical parable and satire in his paintings. One of the founders of landscape and genre painting in Europe.
The work of this outstanding Dutch painter remains exciting, mysterious and surprisingly modern. Four centuries after his death, the Surrealists dubbed Bosch "Honorary Professor of Nightmares", believing that he "presented a picture of all the fears of his time ... embodied the delusional worldview of the late Middle Ages, full of magic and devilry."
None of Bosch's surviving works are dated by himself. Therefore, presumably, the first known paintings of him, which were of a satirical nature, date back to the mid-1470s. Created in 1475-1480. the paintings “The Seven Deadly Sins”, “Marriage at Cana”, “The Magician” and “Removing the Stones of Stupidity” (“Operation Stupidity”) have a pronounced moralizing character with elements of irony and satire.
It is no coincidence that the Spanish king Philip II ordered the Seven Deadly Sins to be hung in the bedroom of his residence-monastery in Escorial in order to indulge in reflections on the sinfulness of human nature at his leisure. Here you can still feel the uncertainty of the stroke of the young artist, he uses only individual elements of the symbolic language, which later fill all his works.
They are also not numerous in the films “Operation of Stupidity” and “The Magician”, ridiculing the human naivety used by charlatans, including those in monastic attire.
Even sharper Bosch. ridiculed the clergy in the painting "Ship of Fools" (1490-1500), where a tipsy nun and a monk bawl a song in the company of commoners on a fragile boat driven by a jester.
Sharply condemning the depravity of the clergy, Bosch was still hardly a heretic, as the modern German art historian V. Frangler. Although he was looking for his way to comprehend God outside the official church.
The section is based on:
"100 famous artists 14-18th centuries", (Kharkiv, publishing house "Folio", 2001)
Louvre-"OLMA-PRESS", Moscow-2003
Prado-"OLMA-PRESS", Moscow-2003
Bosch: Between Heaven and Hell (Basic Series: Art) by Walter Bosing. TASCHEN America, 2000.
The Secret Heresy of Hieronymus Bosch by Lynda Harris. Floris Books, 2002.
Hieronymus Bosch: The Complete Paintings and Drawings by Jos Koldeweij, Paul Vandenbroeck. Harry N. Abrams, 2001.
Sites of museums where the paintings are located
Jeroen Antonison van Aken, better known as Hieronymus Bosch, - Dutch artist of the Renaissance, who combined fantastic, folklore, philosophical and satirical motifs in his paintings.
Childhood and youth
Hieronymus Bosch was born around 1453 in 's-Hertogenbosch (province of Brabant). His family, which originated from the German city of Aachen (from where he got his surname), has long been associated with creative craft. Jerome's grandfather, Jan van Aken, as well as four of his five sons, including the father of the future artist Anthony, were painters.
The van Aken family workshop carried out orders for wall painting, gilding wooden sculptures and the manufacture of church utensils. It was probably in this forge of painting that Hieronymus Bosch received his first creative lessons. In 1478, when his father dies, Bosch becomes the owner of an art workshop.
The first mention of Jerome is dated 1480. Then he, wanting to start his own business and separate himself from the surname Aken, took the pseudonym Hieronymus, a painter by the surname Bosch, which comes from the name of his native city.
Engraving by Hieronymus Bosch In 1486, in the biography of Hieronymus Bosch, crucial moment: he joins the Brotherhood of Our Lady - a religious society dedicated to the cult. He performs creative work- draws up festive processions and ceremonies, paints the altar for the chapel of the Brotherhood in the Cathedral of St. John. From now on religious motives run like a red thread through the work of Jerome.
Painting
First famous paintings Bosch, which are brightly satirical in nature, presumably belong to the mid-1470s. So, for example, in the period 1475-1480, the works “The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things”, “Marriage in Cana”, “The Magician” and “Removing the Stones of Stupidity” (“Operation of Stupidity”) were created.
These works hypnotize contemporaries. For example, King Philip II of Spain even hangs a painting of The Seven Deadly Sins in his bedroom to make reflections on the sinfulness of human nature more acute.
In the first paintings, Jerome ridicules human naivety, their vulnerability to charlatans, including those in monastic attire. In the years 1490-1500, Bosch creates an even more cruel picture of the "Ship of Fools", which depicts monks. They sing songs surrounded by commoners, and the jester rules the ship.
Has a place in the work of Bosch and landscape. For example, in the triptych "Garden of Earthly Delights" Jerome depicts the world on the third day of God's Creation. In the center of the picture are naked people, frozen in a blissful half-sleep, and around them are animals and birds, striking in their size.
The Last Judgment triptych is considered the largest of Bosch's surviving works. In the central part, the Last Judgment is depicted directly, where the righteous in the blue sky are opposed to sinners pierced by arrows and spears. On the left wing - Paradise in dynamics. In the foreground is the creation of Eve, in the middle is a scene of temptation and a bone of contention, and in the background is a cherub who drives them out of Eden. Hell is depicted on the right wing of the triptych.
Bosch tended to present creativity through a triptych. For example, the painting "Hay Carriage" also consists of three parts. In the central part, a distraught crowd is depicted, dismantling a large load of hay into bundles. Thus the artist denounces greed.
In addition, pride can be found on the canvas in the form of secular and spiritual rulers, lust in couples in love and gluttony in a plump monk. left and right leaf decorated with already familiar motifs - Hell and the fall of Adam and Eve.
From the paintings of Bosch, it cannot be said that he gravitated towards a certain genre of painting. Portraits, landscapes, architectural painting, animalistics and decor were reflected in his canvases. Nevertheless, Jerome is considered one of the progenitors of the landscape and genre painting in Europe.
A distinctive feature of the work of Hieronymus Bosch is that he became the first of his compatriots who created sketches and sketches before moving on to a full-fledged creation. Some sketches have seen the light in the form of paintings and triptychs. Often the sketches were the product of the painter's imagination, inspired by images gothic monsters, which he saw in engravings or church frescoes.
It is also characteristic that Hieronymus Bosch did not sign or date his works. According to art historians, only seven paintings were signed by the master's hand. Those names that the canvases have today may not have been invented by the author himself, but have been preserved according to museum catalogs.
Jerome Bosch created in the a la prima technique (from it. a la prima - “in one sitting”), which consists in the fact that the oil layer is finished to be applied until it is completely dry. IN traditional method drawing, the artist waits for a coat of paint to dry before putting on the next one.
Personal life
With all the madness artistic ideas Hieronymus Bosch was not alone. In 1981, he married Aleith Goyarts van der Meervene, whom he is believed to have known since childhood. She was from a wealthy and noble family and brought her husband a substantial fortune.
The marriage left no descendants, but provided Jerome with financial well-being. From the moment of his marriage to Aleith, he took on those orders that brought him moral, not material pleasure.
Death
The painter died on August 9, 1516. The funeral service took place in the same chapel of St. John, which Bosch painted, being an adherent of the idea of the Brotherhood of Our Lady. The cause of death, unlike the work of Jerome, cannot be called mystical - at that time the artist was 67 years old. However, centuries after the burial, historians testify to amazing events.
In 1977, the grave was opened, but there were no remains there. Historian Hans Gaalfe, who led the excavations, said that a piece of stone was found in the grave. When put under a microscope, it began to heat up and glow. Because of this interesting fact it was decided to stop the excavations.
Artworks
Bosch's works are kept in galleries and museums around the world - in the Netherlands, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, Austria, etc.
- 1475-1480 - "The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things"
- 1480-1485 - "Crucifixion with a donor"
- 1490-1500 - "Allegory of Gluttony and Lust"
- 1490-1500 - "Crowning with thorns"
- 1490-1500 - "The Garden of Earthly Delights"
- 1495-1505 - "Last Judgment"
- 1500 - "Death of a miser"
- 1500-1502 - "Hay Carriage"
- 1500-1510 - "The Temptation of St. Anthony"
- 1505-1515 - "Blessed and Damned"
