Great and varied. In its open spaces, nature is beautiful in its versatility, and other wonders created by man. In addition, the territory itself big country the world sheltered dozens different peoples. Exactly this great wealth amazing hospitable state.
We know that many nationalities live in Russia - Russians, Udmurts, Ukrainians. And what people still live in Russia? Indeed, in the far corners of the country, small and little-known, but interesting peoples with their own unique culture have been living for centuries.
The national composition of the population of Russia
We will stipulate right away that Russians make up approximately 80% of the total population. A full one would be very large. According to some reports, more than 200 different nationalities are registered. This information is current as of 2010.
We will begin our acquaintance with the rest of the national composition of Russia with the most common. Large nationalities are those that are present on the territory of the state in the amount of more than 1 million.
Tatars
The ratio of the Tatar nationality among all others in the country is 3.8%. has its own language and regions of the greatest distribution.
In addition, it includes several ethnic groups: Crimean Tatars, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan. Most of them live in the Volga region.
Ukrainians
Let's continue our short excursion on the topic of what peoples live in Russia, and move on to the Ukrainians. Their number in Russia is 2% of total population. According to some historical references, the name of the nationality comes from the word "outskirts", which served as the basis for the name of the country - Ukraine.
Ukrainians living in Russia continue to honor their traditions, celebrating holidays according to their customs, wearing folk clothes. A feature of Ukrainian clothing is embroidery in a variety of colors. Main symbolic colors in ornaments - red and black.
Bashkirs
The ratio of the Bashkirs to the entire population of the country is 1.2%. The territories where most of these people live are Altai, Tyumen, and other regions of Russia (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and others).
To this day, ethnologists have not agreed on where the name of the nationality came from and what it means. The most common interpretations are " head wolf», « separate people”,“ Ugrian brother-in-law. In total, there are about 40 different assumptions.
The culture of the Bashkirs is significant for their songs, fairy tales, ditties.
Chuvash
Next, let's talk about the Chuvash, answering the question of what peoples live in Russia. The Chuvash people make up 1.1% of the population of Russia. Most of the Chuvash live in Tatarstan, Samara and many other regions of the country, the Krasnoyarsk Territory. And today their main occupation is handicraft, animal husbandry and agriculture.
The Chuvash culture is surprisingly beautiful and interesting. They have their own ancient developed mythology. National clothes are extremely diverse, there are many dozens of different cuts and color options.
Chechens
Chechens in Russia are about 0.9% of the total population. This is one of the most severe nationalities in the country. At the same time, they are distinguished by wit, courage and endurance are inherent in them.
A feature of Chechen songs is a deep, incommensurable longing for home. There are many motifs of exile in their poetry and songs. Such poetry is not to be found in any other folklore.
One can notice the similarity of the Chechen people with the Circassian and Lezgin. There is a simple explanation for this: all three nationalities belong to a single Caucasian.
And we continue to uncover most interesting question about what peoples live in Russia.
Armenians
In the population of Russia, Armenians make up 0.8%. Their culture is very ancient. Its roots can be traced back to Greek culture. The special flavor of this nation is created by their indefatigable cheerfulness and hospitality.
Armenian music appeared before our era. And today we know many world singers from Armenian roots. Among them french singer David Tukhmanov, Jivad Gasparyan and many others.
Armenian clothing is distinguished by luxury and pretentiousness. And children's costumes are simply irresistible, which is not seen in other nations.
We now know what peoples inhabit Russia, but this is far from all. In the far corners huge country there are still peoples who are not so many in number, but their culture is so diverse and interesting that we simply cannot help but remember them.
small nations
Russians know quite a lot about peoples whose number exceeds 1 million. But there are also small peoples of Russia, which you may not even hear about in your entire life.
So, in the Volga-Vyatka region, for many centuries, such nationalities as the Mari, Mordovians have lived. The server region is native to Karelians, Komi, Saami, Nenets. Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts live in the Urals. Kazakhs and Kalmyks have long settled in the Volga region.
Western Siberia is the homeland for the Selkups, Altaians, Mansi, Khanty, Shors, Eastern Siberia is for Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Dolgans, Evenks.
On the Far East such nationalities live as the Yakuts, Koryaks, Evens, Udeges, Nanais, Orochs and many other peoples, the number of which is very small.
The peculiarity of small peoples is that they have preserved and to this day revere their ancient pagan beliefs. They are characterized by following animism (animation of natural objects and animals) and shamanism (belief in shamans - people who speak with spirits).
How many peoples live in Russia in total?
In 2002, a pan-European data collection also included information on the ethnic composition of the countries' populations. Then received interesting information about what peoples live in Russia, and about their numbers.
The census figures in Russia showed that representatives of 160 different nationalities. This figure is simply huge in comparison with European countries. On average, people belonging to 9.5 nationalities live in them. On a global scale, Russia's performance is also high.
Interestingly, in 1989, when a similar census was conducted in Russia, a list of 129 nationalities was compiled. The reason for such a difference in indicators, according to experts, is the possibility of self-identification as belonging to one or another nationality. Such an opportunity appeared in 1926. Previously, various peoples of Russia considered themselves Russians, based on the geopolitical factor.
Dynamics in the ratio of nationalities
According to experts in demographic studies, in last years The number of Ukrainians in Russia has decreased threefold. Belarusians have also become much smaller, as well as Mordovians.
The number of Armenians, Chechens, Azerbaijanis, and Tajiks increased. Some of them even entered the number of those of which there are more than a million on the territory of Russia.
The dynamics in the ratio of nationalities is believed to be influenced by several factors. One of them is the decline in the birth rate, which has affected the entire country. The other is emigration.
Jews left Russia. Russian Germans also emigrated from the country.
Positive dynamics is observed among small indigenous peoples. On the contrary, they recent decades became more. Thus, we see that the question of what peoples inhabit Russia is always relevant for study due to its dynamics.
Do only Russians live somewhere?
We learned that many different nationalities live in Russia, in addition to Russians. Many who have discovered it may wonder if there is an area where only Russians live.
The answer is unequivocal: there is no region with a completely homogeneous composition of the Russian population. Only close to it central District, Central Black Earth, Northwestern. All other territories of the country are full of different nationalities.
conclusions
In the article, we examined which peoples live on the territory of Russia, learned what they are called and where they are most common. We were once again convinced how rich the country is not only natural resources, but also human, and this is much more important.
In addition, we learned that the national composition of the population of Russia is not something static. It changes over the years under the influence of various factors (migration, the possibility of self-determination, etc.).
We hope that the article was interesting for you: it helped you make a mental journey through the expanses of Russia and introduced you to its so different, but so hospitable and interesting inhabitants. Now we can, without hesitation, tell anyone who wants to, if he becomes interested, what kind of peoples live in Russia.
Planet Earth is a multiethnic community inhabited by a large number of various nationalities. How many nations live in the world? Surely every person at least once in his life asked a similar question. At the same time, the exact answer is practically unknown, since even historians find it difficult to give exact numbers. Only in Russia lives more 1194 nationalities, and if we take into account how many peoples are in the CIS countries, then the number will be several times greater.
General classification of nationalities
Most people are interested in a quantitative indicator, but if you collect all the data, how many peoples exist, then the list can be almost endless. Most often, the unification of different peoples into groups occurs either according to species characteristics, or according to the language spoken by this or that group, or according to the territory of residence.
Sometimes the division into groups can occur in accordance with cultural traditions and foundations
In total, there are 20 language families which includes different peoples.
In 2016, the largest language families were the following 4 groups:
- Indo-European. In total, this group contains 150 peoples, which are located on the territory of Asia and Europe. The total population of this group is 2.8 billion people.
- Sino-Tibetan. This group includes the entire population of China and neighboring countries with a common language and culture. In total, there are almost 1.5 billion people in this group.
- Afro-Asian. A language family that includes the peoples of Southwest Asia and North Africa.
- Niger-Kordofanian. The rest of the peoples inhabiting the African continent, including areas of Central and South Africa.
The largest nationalities of the world
Throughout the history of existence on Earth, a large number of peoples have developed
Some of the nationalities, by the standards of history, are small in number and number no more than a million people (there are only 330 such peoples). There are numerous, where the number of people exceeds 100 million. There are only 11 such nationalities:
- Chinese. The palm is occupied by the Chinese, of whom there are 1 billion 17 million people on the planet.
- Hindustanis. In second place is the nationality of India, which has 265 million people.
- Bengalis. Their number is 225 million.
- Americans. There are more than 200 million people in the United States.
- Brazilians. There are 175 million indigenous people in Brazil.
- Russians. If you say how much Slavic peoples If there are, then we can note the number of Russians, who constitute a large group and number 140 million people.
- Japanese. Despite the limited territory of the islands, their population is 125 million people.
- Punjabis. Another nationality of India, the number of which is 115 million people.
- Biharis. A people also living in India and numbering 115 million.
- Mexicans. There are 105 million of them around the world.
- Javanese. Latest of 11 large nationalities, which number 105 million people.
Summing up
Speaking about the concept of "people", it is very difficult to achieve a single interpretation.
Also, do not forget that the planet is home to several endangered nationalities, some of which number only 280 people. In any case, each nationality is originality and uniqueness.
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Russia has always been multinational, this feature is closely connected with the history of the country, during which it influenced the consciousness and lifestyle of the people inhabiting the country. The multinational composition of the state is also indicated in the constitution, where it is called the bearer of sovereignty and the source of power.
Due to the heterogeneous composition of the country's population since ancient times, many people who identify themselves as actually have different roots and can be considered equally representatives of other nationalities. But in the USSR, mandatory fixation was adopted ethnic background, which served as the basis for determining the number of nationalities and their percentage. Today, it is not necessary to indicate your own, and there is no exact figure in the census data - some people did not mark their origin.
In addition, it is a rather vague concept, ethnographers divide some nationalities into several parts, others are distinguished into individual groups. Some disappear or assimilate.
Number of nations in Russia
However, census data allow us to calculate almost exact number nations whose representatives live on the territory of Russia. There are more than 190 of them, although only about 80 nationalities make up a more or less significant part of the population: the rest get thousandths of a percent.
In the first place are Russians or those people who classify themselves as Russians: these include the Karyms, Ob and Lena old-timers, Pomors, Russo-Ustyintsy, Mezens - there are a lot of self-names, but they all make up a nation. The number of Russians in the country is more than 115 million people.
In second place are the Tatars and all their varieties: Siberian, Kazan, Astrakhan and others. They number five and a half million, which is almost 4% of the country's population. This is followed by Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Armenians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Udmurts and many other nationalities: Caucasian, Siberian. Part of the population - about 0.13% - is. Germans, Greeks, Poles, Lithuanians, Chinese, Koreans, Arabs live on the territory of Russia.
Thousandths of a percent are given to such people as Persians, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, Saami, Teleuts, Spaniards, French. There are also representatives of very few nationalities in the country: Laz, Vod, Svans, Ingiloys, Yugis, Arnauts.
Multinational composition of the population Russian Federation enshrined in the first lines of the Constitution and conditioned historical traditions left over from previous historical eras.
The documents of the last census fixed the voluntary nature national definition an individual, so the question "how many nationalities are there in Russia" can only receive a conditional answer.
Construction of a common house
The history of Russian statehood, which began in ancient times, is the process of formation on a vast area of a social organism, consisting of very different in composition national formations. The quantitative predominance of the Russian nation largely determined the qualitative composition of the multinational formation. The real Russian mentality is characterized by natural tolerance, which was formed from the habit of living in peace with neighbors. And how many nationalities in Russia - those who came with formidable intentions, and became united people with the Russians? How can one not recall the history of the Kazan Khanate or nomadic peoples from the southern steppes.
Another reason for the increase in the number of peoples who gathered on one sixth of the land was the imperial policy of expanding the territory, which led to the unification under a single public education a huge number of "foreigners" with their own customs, languages and culture. Respectful attitude titular nation to way of life other peoples was in many ways the basis of state unity, and how many nationalities there are in Russia can be understood by the huge variety of languages, costumes and traditions.
Ethnicity
It is human nature to strive to realize one's place in society, belonging to certain linguistic, cultural, professional, educational, religious groups. division by ethnicity has always been one of the most important and familiar, nationality - one of the main categories of stratification. Appeals to return to the roots, to search for national roots are characteristic of even the most advanced and educated strata of society.
Unfortunately, the desire for national identity often takes the form of a fad, a fashion fad, or, even worse, xenophobia and chauvinism, to please the political needs of the moment. This has always been a serious danger, considering how many nationalities live in Russia. But hope remains for the minds of people, because a rare nationality can consciously declare intolerance towards other people's customs, call for the destruction of a culture born within the framework of another people.
Fifth column
A mandatory item about nationality (in the sense of belonging to a specific ethnic group) was in the Soviet passport, which was in direct accordance with the beliefs of the founder of the communist state - Lenin. Even before the revolution, in the questionnaires of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, at the direction of the leader, the column "nationality" was introduced.
Stalin became a faithful successor national policy, which had the goal of hiding interethnic problems, and solving obvious and urgent ones with an iron fist, not taking into account the diversity, how many nationalities and nationalities there are in Russia, evicting entire peoples from their usual places or creating artificial formations such as complex in composition autonomous republics. During the collapse of the USSR, this approach created huge problems in the form of interethnic conflicts, often with the use of armed force.
The Soviet document flow made the state bureaucracy a powerful force. It was easier to take into account how many nationalities live in Russia with such a document flow, although some nationalities, in particular small Finno-Ugric groups, were considered non-existent because they were not included in the list approved by the authorities.
Modern perspectives on national identity are in the nature of approaching specific person, which itself draws conclusions about belonging to a particular ethnic group based on linguistic and cultural preferences.
Number of nations and nationalities
More than 800 answers to the census questionnaire question about nationality, but after processing the figures with the participation of ethnographers, it turned out that the names of many nations and nationalities differ only in pronunciation in various dialects.
Thus, 193 ethnic formations of various scales were identified: 145 were separate ethnic groups, and 48 were their constituent parts in the process of historical and cultural evolution. This is one of the answers to the question "how many nationalities are there in Russia". That this is only an option is clear from an analysis of the results of censuses conducted in other years. It becomes clear that the allocation of ethnic groups in a separate category or their inclusion in another entity is made at the discretion of expert ethnographers on the basis of their scientific developments.
indigenous peoples
There is another type of statistical data showing how many nationalities there are in Russia. They divide all the nationalities of Russia into three groups:
The first is large ethnic groups, most of who lives within the borders Russian state, often forming national-administrative units. A minority of these peoples live outside the Russian Federation. This group includes Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Komi, Yakuts, Kalmyks and others - about 100 peoples in total.
The second group is the peoples from the countries of the near abroad (former Soviet republics). Namely: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Kazakhs, etc.
The third group includes representatives of the peoples, which are not numerous in terms of population, most of which live outside Russia: Romanians, Hungarians, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc. Total ethnic groups of the second and third categories depends on the method of calculation and ranges from 60 to 90. This statistics shows how many nationalities in Russia and nationalities whose representatives belong to a foreign ethnic group.
The majority of the population of Russia consider themselves Russians - 81%, this is 111 million people. In addition to them, there are six more nationalities that number more than 1 million people: Tatars - 5.3 million (3.72%), Ukrainians - 1.92 million (1.35%), Bashkirs 1.58 million (1.11% ), Chuvash 1.43 (1.01%), Chechens - 1.41 million (1.0%) and Armenians - 1.1 million (0.83%).
Geographic ethnography
Story Russian Empire, story Soviet Union, today's period is an endless process of interaction between large and small ethnic entities, resettlement of peoples, migration and re-emigration. And how many nationalities in Russia have experienced cataclysms of various scales in their history at the behest of the authorities?
As a result, there are no more or less vast areas inhabited by representatives of one nation on the map of Russia, there are areas with a relatively homogeneous national composition and areas that are a motley mixture of customs and languages. The latter can be safely attributed to the Middle Volga and North Caucasus. Using their example, one can imagine how many nationalities live in Russia, if, say, in small developed mountainous areas, speakers of several dialects belonging to different language families coexist.
language tree
It is the language, and not a typical way of life for a group of people or similar external signs, is a defining category for the nationality. How many nationalities in Russia - almost the same number of languages! That is, no one knows a definite answer, and every linguist and ethnographer has his own special opinion. This is as true as the fact that language is like a living organism: it changes, develops or withers away. Science knows many dead languages.
The number of only language families is striking, to which scientists include dialects spoken by Russians, there are 14 of them. This is like the number of branches extending from a single trunk, and smaller branches extend from them, the number of languages is comparable to the number of leaves, and in the case of languages throughout Russia, according to a number of scientists, this figure is approaching two hundred.
Conclusion
The most reasonable answer to the question of how many nationalities and languages there are in Russia, even world-famous scientists, linguists, ethnographers, sociologists, consider the option - more than a hundred. But just reasonable people add that the point is not in quantity, but in the fact that common house enough room for happy life to all peoples, and the smallest of them would feel like a part of a friendly family.
