In the simplest sense, art is the ability of a person to translate something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowing, called mastery, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.

terminological stop

In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica, the main criterion for art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. In turn, Big Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms public consciousness, which is the main component human culture.

No matter what anyone says, but the debate around the term "art" has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.

Special craft

In the very first and most common sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (it is also creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by a person in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.

Until the 19th century, art was the name given to the ability of an artist or singer to express their talent, captivate the audience and make them feel.

The concept of "art" can be used in the most different areas human activity:

• the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
• works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
• the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.

Summing up, we can say the following: art is a kind of subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can cause admiration from the public.

A bit of history

Art has been talked about in world culture since ancient times. primitive art(namely, fine art, it is also a rock drawing) appeared together with man in the era of the Middle Paleolithic. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, such as shell necklaces, date back to 75,000 BC.

In the Stone Age they called art primitive rites, music, dancing, decorations. Generally modern Art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were conditioned by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.

From primitive man

In world art, it is customary to single out several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century, art has become more and more complex shape.

The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the world of antiquity, art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers arose its own unique style of art, which has endured more than one millennium and even today has an impact on culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better contemporary masters) in the image of the human body. Only they managed in some incredible way to thoroughly depict the muscles, posture, pick up correct proportions and pass natural beauty nature.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true for Europe. Gothic and byzantine art based on spiritual truths and biblical stories. At that time, in the East and in the countries of Islam, it was believed that the drawing of a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was banned. Therefore, architecture, ornaments were present in the visual arts, but there was no person. Calligraphy and jewelry developed. In India and Tibet, the main art was religious dance followed by a sculpture.

A wide variety of arts flourished in China, they were not influenced and pressured by any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a Ming era vase or a Tang era painting. In Japan, the situation is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, art returns to material values and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.

In the era of Romanticism, emotions appear in art. The masters try to show the human individuality and the depth of experiences. Multiples are starting to appear. artistic styles such as academism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their century was short, and the former directions, spurred on by the horror of the wars experienced, can be said to have been reborn from the ashes.

On the way to modernity

In the 20th century, masters were looking for new visual possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to the ever-increasing globalization, cultures began to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the Impressionists were inspired by Japanese engravings, Picasso's work was significantly influenced by the fine arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of various areas of art was influenced by modernism, with its inexorable idealistic search for truth and rigid norms. The period of modern art came when it was decided that values ​​are relative.

Functions and Properties

At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that for art, as well as for any other social phenomenon have different functions and properties. All functions of art are conditionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.

Unmotivated features are properties that are integral to human nature. Simply put, art is something that instincts push a person to and that goes beyond the practical and useful. These functions include:

• Basic instinct for harmony, rhythm and balance. This is where art comes into play material form but in a sensual, inner striving for harmony and beauty.
• Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel the connection with the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating pictures, listening to music, etc.
• Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use imagination without restrictions.
• Addressing many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
• rituals and symbols. In some modern cultures there are colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are a kind of symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning laid down in the process of development of national culture.

Motivated Functions

The motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.

In this case, art can be:

• A means of communication. In its simplest form, art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
• Entertainment. Art can create an appropriate mood, helps to relax and distract from problems.
• For change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political changes.
• For psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art for medicinal purposes. The technique based on the analysis of the pattern makes it possible to conduct a more accurate diagnosis.
• For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
• Propaganda. Art can also be a means of disseminating propaganda, through which you can quietly influence the formation of new tastes and moods among the public.

As can be seen from the functions, art in the life of society plays far from last role affecting all areas of human life.

Types and forms

Initially, art was considered undivided, that is, the general complex of creative activity. For primitive man there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged into one. Only after a while did different types of art begin to appear. So called historical forms artistic reflection world, which use different means to create.

Depending on the means used, the following forms of art are distinguished:

• Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create art samples. There are three main genres - drama, epic and lyrics.
• Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental, in order to create samples of art, sound means are used.
• Dance. Plastic movements are used to create new patterns. Allocate ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art of dance.
• Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
• Architecture. Art is manifested in the transformation of the spatial environment with structures and buildings.
• Sculpture. It is a work of art that has volume and three-dimensional shape.
• Decorative and applied art. This form is directly related to application needs, it is art objects that can be used at home. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
• Theater. With help acting a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on the stage.
• Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
• Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern, audiovisual means are still used.
• Photo. It consists in fixing visual images by technical means.

To the listed forms, one can also add such genres of art as variety art, graphics, radio, etc.

The role of art in human life

Strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for higher strata population, the so-called elite. For other people, this concept is allegedly alien.

Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, it is these people who can afford to buy beautiful, indecently expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserved rich collections of the monarchs of the past. Today, governments, some private organizations and the very wealthy can afford such collections.

Sometimes one gets the impression that the main role of art in human life is to show others social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago attempts were made to high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened for everyone (until then it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia ( Tretyakov Gallery), USA (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. Still, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.

synthetic or real

IN modern world there is a wide variety of works of art. They gain different kinds, forms, means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.

Today, even a simple idea is considered art. Thanks to the ideas public opinion and critics' reviews, works such as "Black Square", a tea set covered with natural fur, or a photograph of the Rhine River that was sold for $4 million. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.

So what is true art? By by and large These are works that make you think, ask questions, look for answers. Real art attracts, I want to get this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. So, in Gogol's story "Portrait" main character spends his last savings on acquiring a portrait.

Real art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that have been collected over many generations and are now available in an acceptable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.

True art is always made from pure heart. It does not matter what it will be - a book, a picture, music, a play. The viewer will feel. Be sure to feel what the creator wanted to convey. Feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between an author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will never be the same again. That's what real art is. A real concentrated bunch of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - with a verb, brush or musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain when they are sad, and inspire hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. It's the only way, it can't be any other way.

Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to "hook to the quick", then they cannot relate to art a priori.

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The concept of "art"

What is "art"? This term does not have a simple and intuitive understandable meaning. Most people understand this word completely different, contradictory meanings. And at the same time, it is a very important entity that surrounds us from all sides.

Let's try to figure it out. To begin with, let's look at the meaning of this word in the most popular source of information - in the Wikipedia computer encyclopedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art

Art(from "the temptations to create") - the process or result of the expression inner world in (artistic) imagery, the creative combination of elements in a way that reflects feelings or emotions.

For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating expressive forms in accordance with aesthetic ideals has gained the right to be called art.

On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture both a person and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.

The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area.

Agree, it is quite difficult to understand. As if they had specially encrypted and hidden the meaning from all the uninitiated. Now let's try to interpret this term in a human way: simpler and more concise.

Art is an instrument of culture

It jumps in the description keyword, but it is buried in a mass of nonsense. This important word- "culture". Art is the main instrument of culture. It is through culture that the term "art" is most easily understood.

Culture is what distinguishes a person from an animal, it is all the accumulated information of mankind, passed down from generation to generation. Animals are in constant development, passing changes to their descendants through genes. Mankind, in addition to genetic development, uses information development. People are born and die, but the information recorded by them remains forever in culture, and is constantly available to new generations. Art is concrete intellectual or physical objects through which culture is transmitted.

It is not necessary to understand culture only as something lyrical, opposed to scientific and technical. Official science is only one of the sections of culture. In science, information about the outside world is carefully dismantled, sorted, sorted into shelves, and turned into formulas. Culture contains not only formulas, but also poorly structured information that has not yet succumbed to scientific analysis. People have already seized on this information, but have not yet fully realized it, therefore they use not exact words to describe it, but numerous examples, situations, actions, similar images.

Doesn't it remind you of anything? This poorly structured information is what art is based on.

Art is the transmission of unstructured information.

Art filtering

Do you not like the stingy scientific formulation? Not surprising. For most people, the word "art" is clearly associated with such words as "beautiful", "creativity", "skill", "skill", "masterpiece", but not with the term "unstructured information". All this can be explained, a little more, by understanding the process of creating works of art.

Modern authors sometimes create things that are terrible in quality and content, but nevertheless they are considered part of the art. For real connoisseurs, these facts do not fit in the head. Art historians have even come up with special categories of "contemporary art" and "high art" to separate one from the other. Good, kind, eternal should not be on a par with bad, evil and momentary.

But both are art. And there is no need to think that “modern” is a designation only for what has appeared in our 21st century. Obscene paintings, books, statues have been sold in the markets since time immemorial. Perhaps even in the Stone Age there were cave drawings of this kind. Only all these creations, aimed at meeting current needs, have not survived to this day. When the foam of modernity settles, everything temporary evaporates, leaving only the dry residue of the best masterpieces.

This is how art works: creators create works of the most different styles, directions, qualities, but only the best specimens - masterpieces - get into the treasury of culture. Masters of their craft are initially aimed at such a result - to leave a mark on culture, therefore they consider in their works eternal themes that will be relevant to both contemporaries and posterity. In the memory of people, unpleasant and insignificant events are quickly forgotten, for purely psycho-physiological reasons, only pleasant or vivid memories are remembered for a long time, giving emotional strength with every memory. That's why everything classical works seem so wonderful to us, and for the same reason we link together the words "art" and "beautiful". The input filters of culture are arranged in such a way that only that which corresponds to universal human values ​​gets into it, contributes to further development humanity.

From this point of view, the entire dispute among art historians boils down to what part of art is considered art: the whole variety of unstructured information, or only that which has already passed through the filters of universal human values.

The pace of our lives is accelerating every year. The period by which it is possible to determine whether a work has become a classic has been reduced to literally 10-20 years. It is unequivocally necessary to separate the eternal from the momentary, but for this it is necessary to study both sides of art, and not to fence off from modern trends. After all, it is we, the entire human community, who decide what descendants will watch, and what will be dissolved in the abyss of time. Every year more and more information appears, and less and less time is given to sort it. Because of this, strange and absurd works suddenly receive the high title of classics. The structure and appreciation of the arts needs to be sorted out so that more people can participate in this process, and so that the cultural filters do their job as well as they did before the advent of the digital age.

Art is the ability to create beauty

Let's consider that same "filtered art" that will ultimately remain in the memory of mankind. To designate it, you can come up with a more elegant and concise formulation:

Art is the ability to create beauty Source of art - Creation(creation).
Art medium - skill(craft).
The purpose of art is beautiful(spiritual pleasure).

Only three words were needed for the definition, but at the same time, the whole meaning fits in them: both the source, and the means, and the goal.

There are also three actions that are important for art: comprehension new (to motivate creativity), expression thoughts and feelings (to use skill, skill), belief(to achieve the consciousness of connoisseurs). The first three components - the very essence of art, these other three components - do not belong to art, but are necessary for it. In pure, disinterested art, no special attention is ever paid to these actions. If, on the other hand, some element (comprehension, expression, conviction) is emphasized, then art becomes a tool for some other action, and ceases to be itself.

Emphasis on comprehension. The goal is the fame of the author, or the notification of the event described, the delivery of information (science, news, PR campaigns, advertising).
Emphasis on expression. The goal is the trust required to beliefs(deception, exploitation of human weaknesses).
Emphasis on persuasion. The goal is to impose one's values, one's point of view, change one's worldview (power, religion).

The figure shows a diagram of art in the form of a regular hexagon. In this diagram, one can notice one similarity, if we move counterclockwise: comprehension, creativity, expression, craft, persuasion, enjoyment. It resembles the cycle of any product: study, modeling, design, production, distribution, consumption. It turns out:

Art is the production cycle of goods for the soul

The hexagon is a closed figure, there is tension inside it. Each facet opposes its opposite facet.

Expression is opposed to pleasure.

Pleasure is a need, a craving for the beautiful and spiritual. An expression is a possibility, something that a person can do. Often there are not enough opportunities to meet the needs. To get new needs, you need to change the possibilities.

Craft is opposed to comprehension.

Production is focused on creating ready-made ideas, they are honed to the ideal, a lot of effort is invested in the finished production. Therefore, the emergence of new knowledge is not beneficial to production: everything will have to be rebuilt to fit new ideas, spending resources on it, and re-achieving the ideal. Changes in production never happen voluntarily, only under the pressure of external circumstances (example: the successful role of an actor closes all other roles for him, he is forced to play what he does best). To comprehend the new, you need to escape from the old.

Persuasion is opposed to creativity.

With the help of persuasion, the products of production are spread and fixed. "Persuasion" is as rigid a structure as "craft." It counteracts new creations, does not allow them to break through to the consumer. (example: real fans of a series of computer games are always met with hostility new game series, no matter how good it is). To create something new, you have to give up on the old.

This internal tension causes the entire system to almost always stand still. Only when one of the three elements of movement (enjoyment, comprehension, creativity) becomes stronger than its opposite (the elements of inertia: conviction, craft, expression), only then do changes occur in the entire cycle. Changes occur, and immediately the elements of inertia begin to stiffen again, until the next change.

Art goods

Now let's analyze what kind of "goods for the soul" art produces.

All goods of art are sensations with which a person perceives the world, namely: smells, tastes, touches, colors, movements, sounds, thoughts. In general, all our sensations about the world can be divided into two groups: sensations of form and sensations of movement. The sensation of color, which is at the junction of these two groups, gives us the most full information about the world.

As can be seen from the diagram, movement and form are two opposites of which the whole world consists. Perhaps consciousness is the third full-fledged component of the world, then again the scheme can be represented as a regular hexagon, but so far this does not work out, there are not enough facts. Try it, maybe you will be able to prove this theory.

Let's consider each sensation separately.

Smell - analysis chemical composition forms at a distance (using gas analysis (individual atoms detached from the analyzed object)).

Taste is a direct analysis of the chemical composition of the form.

Touch is the sensation of encountering form. But the form itself cannot be directly felt.

Acceleration - sensations when changing speed. If we are moving at a uniform constant speed, then there is simply nothing to feel it with. The sensation of the movement itself is inaccessible to consciousness.

Sound is the sensation of air density waves emitted as the form moves. In this case, the sound itself is a movement (wave). Hearing, which perceives sounds, as if analyzes the movements that have occurred around.

Thought - long-term analysis of movements. Represents assumptions about what movements can occur after a while. Assumptions are built on the basis of already happened movements (experience). The more experience, the more difficult and closer to the truth of thought. It's like a scent, but not for objects and their atoms, but for events and their consequences.

The movement of form is light. As mentioned above, we cannot directly feel the form and movement. Also, we cannot fully feel their merging - light. Only a small part of it (called color) is available for perception.

All motion sensations and color sensations are simulated by a human using a computer. Practically a new virtual world, for the completeness of which only the sensations of taste, smell, touch are missing. And people are constantly trying to make the virtual more and more like the real world.

God, who created the world, created man in his own image and likeness. The desire of a person to create and create is that part of God that he endowed us with, having which we become like gods. Art is a manifestation of the desire to create and create your own own world like God. Previously, creators created only separate parts of the world they conceived, now well-coordinated teams of creators create entire invented worlds.

There is a general rule: “90% of everything that is created in the world is utter nonsense and not worth your attention”, this rule applies to art, and to all its types separately. In every form: in music, and in films, and in computer games - only about 10% of the works of all created are real masterpieces, everything else is 90% slag. There is nothing good in it, but it is necessary, slag is a dark background against which shine bright light the remaining 10% of the works.

Classification, types and forms of arts

Let us analyze all the types of art created by mankind according to their composition of sensations.

We start viewing the scheme from the bottom up. We examine a person and highlight all his senses: nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch), eyes (sight), ears (hearing). There is also something with which he evokes feelings: the whole body and mouth (vocal cords). Well, what eventually processes all the received feelings is the brain.

Encoding. All feelings can be encoded: a thought can be encoded into text, sound, movement, color and form; sound can be encoded into text or image; the shape is coded as a color; and in general, everything that has no form, everything that consists only of waves - color (as well as a form encoded in color), movement, sound, thought - everything can be encoded as a sequence of "0" and "1".

The nose perceives odors, and the only form of human activity that works on these senses is perfumery. It is very controversial to call perfumery an art, but it is quite possible to call it a lower art (as opposed to the expression "high art"). Smells in the physical sense are recognition chemical elements in the gaseous state.

The tongue perceives tastes, and again there is only one form of human activity that works on these feelings - cooking. But cooking is more complex, it involves the creation of smells, tastes, and shapes. The same applies to lower art. Taste in the physical sense is the recognition of chemical elements that are in any state, unlike smells, but only in close proximity.

The skin perceives the touch of other physical objects. The sense of form is used in design all varieties in fine arts, V sports(the art of sports can be attributed cybersport , military art). The form is directly felt only in close proximity, so most often its sensations are perceived at a distance using color coding.

The eyes perceive color, which carries most of the information about the world around us. As already mentioned, form and movement are encoded in it, and all kinds of arts related to them also apply to color. But the main thing for the eyes is fine art, which, with the advent of special devices, was continued in the form photography art And animations.

At the junction of movements and sounds is theater. The sounds themselves are used in more complex types arts, and at the same time are subdivided according to their form into music , singing, speech. Speech - sounds that carry thought, includes calligraphy. But the main thing is what thoughts are embedded in this text. A special kind of thought is humor. The controversial moment, is it art at all? But in our country it's true special kind art. Includes such forms as jokes, parodies, jokes. The text is used in more complex forms: in literature(books) and press(newspapers, magazines), while images are additionally used in the form of photographs.

The higher in the diagram, the newer the media that store the works of art.

With the advent of videotape, the old art forms have been transformed. The theater has been transformed into movie. Musical compositions in video clips. The rest of the arts of movement and sound: animation, sports, dance, concerts - have not changed, but have become available in the form of recordings.

With the advent of computers and the binary storage system, most of the previous media (such as image, video, audio, text) can be encoded and stored in this binary system without changes. Some old art forms have been transformed into new ones on the computer: design + animation in modeling, text + move in programming. And already on the basis of these new arts, even more complex ones appeared - computer and video games(modeling (design, image, animation), theater (movement, sound, music, speech), programming (movement, text)) and sites(programming (movement, text), press, animation).

At the very top of the diagram are the mediators of information.

Designs, images and photographs can be found in the exhibitions.

Animations and films are created and replicated in film studios.

Musical compositions are replicated in music studios.

Literature and the press are replicated in book publishing houses.

Computer games are created and replicated in computer studios and publishing houses.

Television distributes everything that can be encoded in video.

Radio distributes everything that can be encoded in audio.

The Internet distributes everything that can be encoded into a binary system.

A more correct, but also more difficult to perceive scheme for the arts

Click on image to enlarge

Conclusion

Thus, computer games- a composite art form, consisting of many previous art forms. And the Internet is a huge public museum of almost everyone known species creativity.

In contrast of classical art only that it is new and not yet filtered information. Masterpieces on the Internet are placed on the same shelves next to low-grade works that will be forgotten in a week. So far, only a few specialists can understand the information diversity of the oversaturated market. We, on this site, will help you navigate the turbulent flow of the modern look art.

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Art (lat. experimentum - experience, test) - figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of expressing the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects the interests of not only the author himself, but also other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural sciences and in religious picture perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area. For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activities that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms has gained the right to be called art. On the scale of the whole society, art is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both man and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called as actually creative artistic activity, and its result - piece of art. In the most general sense art is called craftsmanship (Slovak. Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: "The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings or activities that can be shared with others." Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is the subject of ongoing debate. During the Romantic era, the traditional understanding of art as craftsmanship of any kind gave way to a vision of it as "a feature of the human mind along with religion and science." In the XX century. in understanding the aesthetic, there have been three main approaches: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers aesthetic properties object immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which the aesthetic properties of the object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people may perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized according to the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life can be considered a work of art if it was created only for ornamenting, and an image can be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" (art) remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "skill" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "make up". In this sense, everything that was created in the process of deliberately compiling a certain composition can be called art. There are some examples that illustrate the broad meaning this term: "artificial", "art of war", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have a similar etymology. Artist Ma Lin, an example of painting of the Song era, circa 1250 24.8 H 25.2 cm art antiquity knowledge

Until the 19th century, fine arts referred to the ability of an artist or artist to express their talent, to awaken aesthetic feelings in the audience and engage in the contemplation of "fine" things.

The term art can be used in different meanings: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by the audience, as well as the study of art (art history). “Fine Arts” is a set of disciplines (arts) that produce works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as activity) and evoke a response, mood, convey symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). A work of art is the intentional and talented interpretation of an unlimited number of concepts and ideas in order to convey them to others. They may be created specifically for a specified purpose, or they may be represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, representations and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, accepts the most different forms and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can be admired. Art that evokes positive emotions and mental satisfaction with its harmony can also evoke a creative response from the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is how the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of the Professional Union of Artists, said about art: "Art can destroy and heal human soul, corrupt and educate. And only light art is able to save humanity: it heals spiritual wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world."

Since ancient times, art has shaped humanity, its worldview and value system. The key role in this case was always played by a certain act of creation, which allowed a representative of the human race to penetrate beyond everyday life, to add to reality an additional layer woven from one's own worldview, talent and imagination.

The problem of understanding art

Absolutely every person on planet Earth is familiar with the term "art", actively uses it in everyday life, but not everyone is wondering what art really is. The concept itself is already multifaceted and controversial. An even greater number of arguments and points of view produce the question "what can be called art." First of all, this applies, of course, to modernity, because no one doubts that the paintings of Pieter Brueghel or Vincent van Gogh can be called masterpieces.

First of all, let's figure out what the meaning of the word art is fraught with.

The essence of the term

There are quite a few points of view on this matter, but to date, humanity has managed to form a common basic understanding of this term. Most often, art means a certain set of cultural, spiritual, aesthetic knowledge of a person, embodied in artistic objects. In this case we are talking not about any particular kind of creativity, but about creation as a whole.

In the most general sense, art is man's attempt to comprehend the world through the act of creation. Of course, over time, there are more and more such attempts, they accumulate and an attentive inquisitive mind gets the opportunity to trace a certain pattern in existing aesthetic objects. Thus, over time, the art of a particular era appears, reflecting the consciousness of a person in a certain time period.

In fact, the question of whether the definition can be given indefinitely, since in this case simply plays a huge role own understanding question for each individual. In some cases, this term is understood as realities that are completely unrelated to the objects of aesthetics. Surgeons, programmers, postmen, teachers and an endless list of people of other specialties are quite capable of turning their own work into art, although this has absolutely nothing to do with aesthetics.

Arts

One can talk endlessly about the manifestations of art in the life of mankind, however, centuries-old traditions make it possible to single out a few basic words that appear to mankind in the form The experience of millennia is reflected in it in metaphors, explicit meanings over which the reader thinks over and over again, picking up this or that book.

folk art from the most ancient times, it accompanies a person in his life, the development of reality. Initially presented as syncretic rituals and actions, and then turned into a purely aesthetic form, it is still developing, improving and expanding its boundaries. Lyrical songs, frescoes, elegant embroidered shirts, ditties, and even all famous jokes about Vovochka - all this is a manifestation of the creativity of the people themselves, reflecting their consciousness and worldview.

Fine art conveys human consciousness in colors and shades. This kind of creativity is special in every sense. Each stroke, each bend of one form or another is aimed at conveying an image. A holistic, complete object, embodied in the smallest details.

Of course, we must not forget about music - the most synesthetic art form in existence. From time immemorial, it has accompanied a person, serving first to introduce a kind of trance, and then moving into the realm of aesthetics itself.

Views on the classification of the arts

In addition to the age-old question “what is art”, the definition of the concept itself provides for a number of aspects of considering this component of the existence of mankind. In particular, dividing it into types, an attempt at some classification.

Reflection of reality

The origins of this problem go back to Aristotle himself, who considered art to be an imitation of nature. It was from his theory that the theory of mimesis as the main component originated.

In his classification, Aristotle relied directly on the method of imitation. was determined precisely by the author of Poetics.

Being status

Lessing, on the other hand, built his classification on a different principle. The philosopher divided the arts into temporal and spatial. The first included literature and music, and the second - painting, sculpture. Of course, in this case it is quite difficult to draw a sharp dividing line, since the plan of content and the plan of expression of a particular work can differ dramatically.

Interaction with consciousness

The era of Romanticism owes humanity the division into fine and expressive arts. The meaning of the word "art" was understood at that time in a very peculiar way. The visual arts could include both literature and painting, not to mention sculpture and theater. However, any kind: musical art, sculpture or architecture - a priori affects a person, and therefore is expressive. This is especially true, of course, of music.

Nationality, culture, own aesthetics

What is art, the definition of which is still not fully understood, if not a reflection of the worldview of a certain category of people within a specific time? If you think about it, it is the common existential consciousness that determines the basic principles of creation. Folk art gives impetus to the author's art, which develops into something more. These features are formed depending on various aspects: the political, historical situation on the territory of a particular country, its population, interaction with other cultures.

Fine art, like any other, is determined by several factors at once. First of all, this is the awareness of the concept of beauty by a particular nationality. It is quite obvious that the aesthetic standards of Asia are completely incompatible with the ideals of the Slavs or Native Americans. The second component is the global context. In most cases, art still focuses on certain trends in world culture, borrows specific elements and basic principles from it, which subsequently makes it possible to determine the worldview of mankind at one stage or another of its development.

Art and Responsibility

Any aesthetic object is primarily an act of creation. In different eras, the attitude to this process was completely different. In the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the poet, for example, was considered a kind of mediator, connected between heaven and reality, a kind of messiah. Later, with the advent of the individual-author era, the poet, musician or artist began to be regarded precisely as creators. Entire worlds came out from the pen of masters, new realities were created with the help of colors, new feelings were born at the sound of music.

Him) if not responsible in this case? If not self-awareness as a creator? No wonder the meaning of the word "art" is etymologically and morphologically similar to the word "temptation". IN apocryphal literature the plot of the competition between god and devil in creation is often mentioned, when god created a woman, and his opponent is a snake. Even then, creation implied responsibility for itself, since there is no force more comprehensive than the art of music, and a platform more powerful than literature. Humanity itself is determined by creation, exists in it, develops and improves.

Introduction

The concepts of "art" and "culture" are identical for modern man. But still the concept of "culture" is much more voluminous than the concept of "art". It includes the entire system of arts and each of its types separately, the entire process of the formation of works of art over many centuries, the process of perception of art, specialized institutions of culture (theaters, museums, concert halls), carrying out the storage and transmission of artistic values. All this complex system of being art in artistic culture study special disciplines- art history and aesthetics, providing material for cultural analysis.

The first aesthetic thoughts about art, about what beauty is, we find in the ancient Eastern treatises "Vedas", "Avesta", among ancient philosophers, in medieval religious writings. For the German philosopher I. Kant, aesthetics is "the science of sensibility in general." Another understanding of aesthetics as a philosophy of art is presented in the most vivid form in the German classical philosophy G. G. Hegel.

In the 20th century, the problems of art were dealt with by such modern sciences like sociology and psychology. In the psychology of art, the psychology of artistic creativity and the psychology of a certain perception of art are studied. The sociology of art studies the patterns of interaction between art and society, their reflection in artistic creativity and performance.

The purpose of this work: the study of the place and role of art in the system of culture, consideration of the main issues related to the concept of art, its interaction with other areas of culture.

The concept of art

Definition of art, its essence.

On this moment There are many definitions of art. Basic definitions of art:

1. Art is called a specific kind spiritual reflection and understanding of reality. For many years, art researchers have added further: "aimed at the formation and development of a person's ability to creatively transform the world around him and himself according to the laws of beauty." The very fact that art has a purpose is debatable. The concept of beauty is relative. In this regard, the standard of beauty can vary greatly in different cultural traditions.

2. Art is one of the elements of culture in which artistic and aesthetic values ​​are accumulated.

3. Art is a form sensory knowledge peace. There are three methods of human cognition: rational (based on thinking); sensual (based on emotions); irrational (based on intuition). In the main manifestations of the spiritual cultural activity of a person, denoting the symbolic image of culture (science, art, religion), all three are present. Each of these spheres has its predominant areas: science-rational, art-sensual, religion-intuitive.

4. Art is an area of ​​manifestation creativity person.

5. Art is the process of mastering artistic values ​​by a person, giving him a certain pleasure, enjoyment.

Art is very multifaceted, as well as the human soul. Art is richest world beautiful images, the desire to understand the meaning of life and human being, the concentration of human creative forces.

Art is the perfection of ancient statues, the grandeur of medieval Gothic, beautiful images renaissance madonnas, these are the riddles that surrealism asks us. Art is greatest creations Dante and Michelangelo, Shakespeare and Pushkin, paintings by Leonardo and Rubens, Picasso and Matisse, brilliant music by Bach and Mozart, Beethoven and Chopin, Tchaikovsky and Shostakovich, sculptures by Phidias and Policlet, Rodin and Mayol, performances by Stanislavsky and Meyerhold, Brecht and Brooke, films Fellini, Bergman, Tarkovsky.

Art is everything that surrounds us in everyday life, everything that comes to our home from TV screens and video, what sounds on the stage, in audio recordings.

Artistic images reflect not only reality, but also the worldview, worldview cultural epochs, the originality of the culture of the people at different times. All these interpretations reflect the accumulated knowledge about art and open up the diverse facets of culture.