Tale " dog's heart"Was written by Bulgakov in 1925, but was published only in 1987. It was the author's last satirical story. That huge experiment that took place throughout the country at that time, in an allegorical form, was reflected in this work.
An experiment to turn a dog into a man, which conducts worldwide renowned professor Preobrazhensky, and it turned out, and not. It turned out because Professor Preobrazhensky was the best surgeon in Europe and he managed to get ahead of his time. It did not work out, because the result of this experiment not only exceeded all the professor's hopes, but also terrified, frightened, forced everything to return to normal. These events took place in the midst of building a new society and a new person in Russia. There lived a cute and smart dog in the world, suffering from human cruelty: “But my body is broken, beaten, people abused it enough ... Didn’t they beat you on the backside with a boot? Billy. Did you get a brick in the ribs? Enough food." The last straw that overflowed the bowl of Sharik's suffering was the fact that he was scalded with boiling water on his left side: “Despair knocked him down. His heart was so painful and bitter, so lonely and scary that small dog tears, like pimples, crawled out of his eyes and immediately dried up.
Salvation came in the form of Professor Preobrazhensky, who fed Sharik and brought him to his home. The poor dog does not understand what is happening in this apartment, but he is well fed, and this dog is enough. But then the day comes when they put terrible experiment. Bulgakov, describing an operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into a dog, clearly shows his negative attitude to everything that happens: the previously handsome and respectful Professor Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental change dramatically: “Sweat from Bormental crept in streams, and his face became fleshy and multi-colored. His eyes darted from the professor's hands to the plate on the tool table. Philip Philipovich became positively terrifying. A whistle escaped from his nose, his teeth opened to the gums. Thinking about the achievements of science, the heroes forget about the most important thing - about humanity, about the torment that the unfortunate dog suffered, about the consequences that this experiment will lead to. The pituitary gland transplanted to Sharik belonged to Klim Chugunkin, a recidivist thief, who was killed in a fight and sentenced to hard labor. The professor did not take into account those genes that passed to Sharik, as a result of which, as Philipp Philippovich said, the sweetest dog turned "into such scum that your hair stands on end." Sharik became Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, his first words were obscene curses. He was reborn as an ignorant, vicious, aggressive boor who simply poisoned the lives of everyone around him in the professor's house. The upbringing that the professor and Dr. Bormenthal are trying to instill in him is completely destroyed by the influence of Shvonder, who knows how to put pressure on the basest instincts of Sharikov. The professor's intelligence turns out to be powerless in front of the undisguised rudeness, impudence and greed of a half-man, half-dog. The professor understands his mistake: “Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” The discovery made by Preobrazhensky turns out to be completely unnecessary: “Please explain to me why it is necessary to fabricate Spinoza artificially, when any woman can give birth to him at any time. Doctor, humanity itself takes care of this and in the evolutionary order every year, stubbornly, singling out from the mass of any filth, creates dozens of outstanding geniuses who adorn the globe.
When Sharikov turned the professor's life into a real hell, the scientists perform another operation: Sharikov becomes what he was originally - a cute, cunning dog. Only headaches reminded him of those metamorphoses that were happening to him: “I was so lucky, so lucky,” he thought, dozing off, “just indescribably lucky. I established myself in this apartment ... True, they slashed my head all over for some reason, but this will heal before the wedding. Sharik's story ended happily, but that huge risky transformation experiment huge country ended tragically: the balls bred in incredible numbers, and we are still reaping the fruits of this experiment. It is impossible to force history, it is impossible to carry out experiments on living people, it is impossible not to think about the consequences to which the vain desire to transform human nature and create " perfect person”, “An ideal society”, without changing its soul, consciousness and morality - this is the result to which the reader comes, reflecting on the transformations of Sharik in the story “Heart of a Dog”.
(1 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5)
The outstanding creation of M. Bulgakov was the story "Heart of a Dog". Written in 1925, it was not published during the life of the writer. The manuscript was confiscated from the author during a search in 1926 and banned from publication. It was published only in 1987.
The story was connected with the reality of the 1920s by many threads. It shows the era of the New Economic Policy, the dominance of the bourgeoisie, traces of recent devastation, the everyday disorder of Muscovites, the housing crisis, the practice of forcible compaction, bureaucracy, the omnipotence of the RAPP, the selflessness of scientists and their scientific experiments of those years.
The story embodies some autobiographical motifs, intimate author's experiences. They are connected with Bulgakov's own hobbies as a doctor, his personal interest in the problems of surgery, physiology, organ transplantation, and diagnostics. His relations with the Rappovites also had an effect, who, like Sharikov, found “one counter-revolution” in the writer’s works.
The structure of the story can be divided into four parts. It opens with a story about the wanderings of a dog that, due to a misunderstanding, received the nickname Sharik, a nickname that evokes the idea of something round, harmonious, full, while this dog is doomed to a hungry street existence. deployed internal monologue Sharik includes numerous well-aimed observations on the life of Moscow at that time, its way of life and customs, social stratification of the population into "comrades" and "gentlemen" and, accordingly, the division of establishments vital for a dog into tea, snack bars and canteens, on the one hand, and chic restaurants, on the other.
The narrative is replete with accurately grasped signs of the times, topographic references (Mokhovaya, Sokolniki, Myasnitskaya, Prechistenka) and imperceptibly includes images reminiscent of Blok’s harsh post-revolutionary landscape (black evening, White snow, "dry blizzard", blizzard, hungry dog on the road). At the same time, the author's commentary from the third person is introduced into the monologue with the verbs of the past tense prevailing in its text. There is a complex combination of two voices, a conditional device that emphasizes the ambiguity of the reproduced situation.
In the second part of the story, an experiment undertaken by Professor Preobrazhensky is reported, the essence of which is the creation of a new type of person by means of an operation on a dog, to which the pituitary gland (cerebral appendage) of a deceased person is transplanted. Professor's assistant Dr. Bormental records in his diary all the details of the operation, the victim of which is the harmless dog Sharik. The reader finds himself in a semi-fantastic setting of miraculous metamorphoses. Even with proper names, the author emphasizes that it will be about transformations: Sharik appeared from the Preobrazhenskaya outpost, and the professor's surname is Preobrazhensky. The result of the experiment is the emergence of a low-browed, bristly, disgusting male type, who inherited all the qualities of a criminal. From now on, he is Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. This name testifies to the pseudo-proletarian origin, and the surname - to the canine pedigree.
The third part of the work describes the consequences of the experiment. Sharikov is the most primitive creature, which is distinguished by rudeness and swagger, arrogance and impudence, viciousness and aggressiveness. He is the same thief and drunkard as Chugunkin, whose pituitary gland was transplanted to Sharikov. He is devoid of conscience, sense of duty, shame. Sharikov turns life in Preobrazhensky's apartment into a nightmare. A magnificent detail of the plot becomes such a detail: the former homeless dog receives the position of head of the subdepartment of cleaning the city from stray animals. In the social sphere, Sharikov quickly finds his own kind. To top it off, he finds a mentor in the person of the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, and becomes the object of his educational influence.
As you can see, M. Bulgakov refuses the traditional admiration for the "man of the people" only on the basis of his origin. Moreover, as we have seen, the past of this lumpen is rather dark. The author of "Heart of a Dog" is inclined to judge his hero by his deeds and human significance. And Sharikov, and Shvonder, and all like them, the writer executes with his satire.
The situation is much more complicated with the assessment of the representatives of the intelligentsia depicted in the story. On the one hand, Preobrazhensky is represented as a magician and a miracle worker in science. The inquisitiveness of his mind, his scientific search, the life of the human spirit, his honesty oppose historical turmoil, immorality and destructive permissiveness that reigned in society. Preobrazhensky is a resolute opponent of any crime and instructs his assistant with wise words: "Live to old age with clean hands." However, he shows obvious shortsightedness by creating a two-legged creature with a dog's heart, not seeing the rapidly spreading infection that the Sha-rikrvas spread. Therefore, the reflection of satire also falls on Preobrazhensky, although Bulgakov admires the brilliance of his hero's mind. That is why the writer endows the scientist with insight and encourages him to take decisive action.
Preobrazhensky is partly opposed by Dr. Bormenthal. Ivan Arnoldovich, in accordance with the advice of I.A. Krylova professes the principle: "... Don't waste speeches there, where you need to use power." Moreover, he resolutely defends violence as a way of fighting evil, as a means of reprisal against Sharikov. But this recipe contradicts the concept of the story, which passionately advocates the rejection of any form of violence - against nature, the people and man. Therefore, the rightness in the dispute between the two scientists remains on the side of Preobrazhensky, and much in the behavior of Bormental is presented in an ironic light.
The story ends with an epilogue, in which the awakened Preobrazhensky performs a secondary transformation - the transformation of Sharikov into a dog. The ending of the work at first glance may seem idyllic. However, this idyll is deceptive: the epilogue begins with the scene terrifying search, which presents the grotesque figures of a young woman, a black man and nightmare dog who climbed to hind legs, and ends with the leitmotif "To the banks of the sacred Nile", reminiscent of the choir of priests from "Aida", the executioners of freedom, love and happiness.
Bulgakov's story, scary and funny at the same time, surprisingly organically combining the description of everyday life, fantasy and satire, written in an easy, clear and transparent language, is distinguished by its topical sound even today. It denounces political demagogy, opposes militant ignorance and any manifestation of rudeness. Bulgakov ridicules both canine servile fidelity, and Sharikov's black ingratitude, dense ignorance, striving to seize commanding heights in all spheres of life. The Sharikovs, taking advantage of their rights, caused “devastation” in the country, and now, referring to this devastation, they are seeking votes and rights. The story also warns scientists who are experimenting about the inadmissibility of violence against nature in any of its forms. The brilliant work of M. Bulgakov instructs readers again and again: "Live to old age with clean hands."
Answer left Guest
Mikhail Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the revolution of 1917, showed the grave consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, whether it be nature or society. Using the example of the failure of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 1920s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of a brilliant professor unsuccessful? FROM scientific point On the other hand, this experience has been very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky makes unique operation: a human pituitary gland is transplanted into a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a short but capacious characteristic: “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab to the heart in a pub.” And what? In the creature that appeared as a result of a scientific experiment, the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharik is connected with the qualities of an alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And there is nothing surprising in the fact that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois”.
Scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday, everyday terms, it led to the most deplorable consequences. The type that appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unsympathetic appearance, ”turned the well-established life of this house. He behaves defiantly rude, arrogant and arrogant.
The newly appeared Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. puts on patent-leather shoes and a poison-colored tie, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of Shvonder's house committee, he registers himself in Preobrazhensky's apartment, demands the "sixteen arshins" of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he reads a book recommended by Schwonder, the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. And even makes critical remarks about the correspondence ...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are miserable attempts that in no way contribute to the mental and spiritual development of Sharikov. But from the point of view of Shvonder and Sharikov like him, it is quite suitable for the society they are creating. Sharikov was even hired in government agency. For him, to become, albeit small, but the boss means to change outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he is dressed in a leather jacket and boots, drives a government car, and controls the fate of a secretary girl. His arrogance becomes boundless. For days on end, obscene language and balalaika strumming are heard in the professor's house; Sharikov comes home drunk, sticks to women, breaks and destroys everything around. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormental unsuccessfully try to instill in him the rules good manners, develop and educate it. Of the possible cultural events Sharikov only likes the circus, and he calls the theater a counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave at the table in a cultured way, Sharikov notes with irony that this is how people tortured themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus, we are convinced that Sharikov's humanoid hybrid is more of a failure than a success for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results. In the story “Heart of a Dog”, the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov turns into a dog again. He is content with his fate and himself. But in real life, such experiments are irreversible, warns Bulgakov.
In his story “Heart of a Dog”, Mikhail Bulgakov says that the revolution that has taken place in Russia is not the result of a natural socio-economic and spiritual development society, but an irresponsible experiment. This is how Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening around and what was called the construction of socialism. The writer protests against attempts to create a new perfect society by revolutionary methods that do not exclude violence. And to educate the new by the same methods, free man he was extremely skeptical. the main idea The writer is that bare progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people.
Over one of his significant stories, "Heart of a Dog", M.A. Bulgakov supposedly worked in 1924, and in January-March of the following year he finished writing the last pages.
"Heart of a Dog" is a multifaceted work, despite its apparent outward simplicity. Completely unusual events here (the transformation of a dog into a man) are intertwined with specific everyday signs of the times. The plot of the work was based on the experiment of the world famous scientist - physician Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky. The final result of his experience was to be the creation of a new man, a physically perfect personality.
Experimental material for the operation soon appeared. They became a twenty-five-year-old man Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, non-party, a thief with two convictions, by profession a musician who played the balalaika in taverns, was stabbed to the heart in a pub. And now, together with Dr. Bormental, Filipp Filippovich performs a unique operation: he replaces the brain of a dog, a mongrel Sharik, with the cerebral pituitary gland and human glands of Klim Chugunkin. Surprisingly, the experiment was a success: on the seventh day, instead of barking, a human dog began to make sounds, and then move like a human…
But gradually the biomedical experiment turns into a social and moral problem, for the sake of which the whole work was conceived. The ever-hungry, homeless beggar Sharik takes on a human form and even chooses a name for himself, which confuses the professor - Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. Having made friends with Shvonder, Sharikov armed himself with the ideas of socialist teachings, but perceives them distortedly.
Sharik turned out to be a strange hybrid. From the dog he left animal habits and manners: Sharikov snaps, catches fleas, bites, harbors a pathological hatred of cats. From man, the new creature also inherited the worst inclinations that Klim Chugunkin possessed. Like Chugunkin, Sharikov has a sad penchant for alcohol (at dinner, Bormental even has to ask Zina to clear vodka from the table; in the absence of Preobrazhensky, he brings drunken friends to the apartment and arranges a drunken brawl), he is dishonest (recall the money he stole from the professor , but he blamed the innocent "Zinka"). Most likely accustomed to riotous image In his life, Klim did not consider it shameful to perceive a woman only as a source of bodily pleasures, and Sharikov makes an attempt to lure a woman, but does it rudely, primitively: he sneaks to Zina at night, pinches a lady on the stairs by the chest, deceives the typist Vasnetsova, who is desperate from eternal malnutrition. The genes transferred to the man-dog are far from perfect: he is a drunkard, rowdy, a criminal. One involuntarily recalls: "Do not expect a good tribe from a bad seed." Another reason is the objective conditions in which Sharikov was formed, the revolutionary reality of those years.
From Shvonder and the socialist doctrine he promoted, Sharikov took only everything bad: he wants to “dispossess” Preobrazhensky, who has as many as seven rooms, and he dine in the dining room in a bourgeois way. Meanwhile, the talent of Preobrazhensky as a surgeon, the brilliant operations he performs, give the professor the right to material wealth. In addition, Sharikov does not consider it unethical and immoral to denounce people to the relevant authorities.
The transformation of Sharikov into a man revealed him terrible essence: he turned out to be a rude, ungrateful, arrogant, soulless creature, vulgar, cruel, narrow-minded. Every day it gets worse. The denunciation of Preobrazhensky overflowed the cup of patience. There was only one way out: to restore Polygraph Poligrafovich's dog form, because Sharikov in the form of a dog is nobler, smarter, more benevolent, more peaceful. Sharik respected Preobrazhensky, was grateful to him, he felt sorry for the poor secretary, and so on. Indeed, why replenish the society with one more person, if this is not a person, but a miserable likeness of a person?
Preobrazhensky's experiment can also be interpreted as a parodic embodiment of the idea of a "new man" born of a revolutionary explosion and Marxist theory. The operation to return Sharikov to his former, dog-like appearance is a recognition that the man-idea born of the revolution must return (and will return) to his origins, from which the revolution turned him away, first of all, to faith in God. Through the mouth of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov expressed the idea of the danger of a reckless intrusion not only into the biological nature of man, but also into social processes society.
