"Dubrovsky"- unfinished (at least unprocessed) and not published during his lifetime, the story of A. S. Pushkin (1833), which is romantic story about the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - the offspring of two warring landlord families. Many phrases from this novel have survived to this day. Such as "Calm down, Masha, I'm Dubrovsky." The word "Troekurovshchina" is also often used, which means the rules and procedures that Troekurov had. (cruel treatment of courtyards, disrespect for important ranks, etc.)
History of creation
A. S. Pushkin's story had no title. Instead of the name, it was written "October 21, 1832". The last chapter was written October 21, 1833. The story is written in pencil
The plot of the story
The rich and wayward Russian master Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, whose whims are catered to by neighbors and whose name provincial officials tremble, maintains friendly relations with his closest neighbor and former comrade in the service, a poor and independent nobleman Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Troyekurov has a cruel and wayward personality, often subjecting his guests to cruel jokes by locking them in a room with a hungry bear without warning.
Due to the audacity of Dubrovsky, a quarrel occurs between him and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troyekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, sues Dubrovsky for his estate Kistenevka. Senior Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. Dubrovsky's servant sets fire to Kistenevka; the estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying on local landowners, who, however, did not touch the Troekurov estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing teacher, the Frenchman Deforge, who intends to enter the service of the Troekurov family, and under his guise becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is tested with a bear and shoots him in the ear. Between Dubrovsky and Troekurov's daughter Masha, a mutual affection-love arises.
Troekurov gives the seventeen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky tries in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, however, too late. During the wedding procession from the church to the Vereisky estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage, Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by the fact that she has already taken an oath. Some time later, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky's detachment, after which he disbands the "gang" and hides abroad. Pushkin preserved the end of the story in drafts. Vereisky dies, Dubrovsky comes to Russia under the guise of an Englishman, and he and Masha reunite.
Screen adaptations
- Dubrovsky (film) - film directed by Alexander Ivanovsky, 1935.
- The noble robber Vladimir Dubrovsky - a film directed by Vyacheslav Nikiforov and his 4-episode extended television version called "Dubrovsky", 1989.
see also
- Novels by A. S. Pushkin
Notes
- Ozhigov online dictionary http://slovarozhegova.ru/
- Alexander Bely "About Pushkin, Kleist and the unfinished Dubrovsky". "New World", No. 11, 2009. P.160.
Links
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Books
- Master of triumphant light. The Tale of Rembrandt, Alexei Petrov-Dubrovsky. Moscow, 1959. Detgiz. With illustrations. Original dust jacket, publisher's binding. This story tells about the labors and days of the greatest Dutch artist, unsurpassed…
Several films were staged based on this text, its plot became the basis famous opera. At the same time, for many of Pushkin's contemporaries and the most eminent researchers of his work, this is just an adventurous story, the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" is declared by many to be a delusion, a clear mistake of the great poet. Is it so?
Russian Robin Hood
Pushkin's genius forced him to set more and more new tasks. In verses appeared the language that became the basis great literature, great culture. In prose, in this language - simple, clear, expressive - Belkin's Tales were written, which can hardly be called purely prose texts, because in them the place for each word, for each sound is exactly aligned in a poetic way.
From "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman" to "Dubrovsky"
Although two years after The Young Lady-Peasant Woman, young people in love from neighboring estates again appear in Dubrovsky, they even communicate similarly - leaving the right message in the hollow of a tree, the story of the creation of the novel Dubrovsky shows us a new Pushkin. The matured author looks at the world in a completely different way.
Starting from the summer of 1831, it became more and more important for Pushkin to create a different character, where the main content becomes a fascinatingly told story. The creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" could begin with the desire to create a Russian replica of the adventure novels so popular in Western European literature. But to consider Pushkin's text only an echo of the novels of Walter Scott or a discussion on the "robber" theme proposed by Schiller is unacceptably banal for the level of Alexander Sergeevich. Perhaps the first stimulating thoughts could have had a similar form, but then they became much more significant.
Dubrovsky - Ostrovsky?
It was Ostrovsky who initially planned to name the main character Pushkin. Such an impression was made on him by the story told by a good Moscow friend P. V. Nashchokin. The creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" was largely determined by Pushkin's acquaintance through Nashchokin with the circumstances of the case of the Belarusian landowner Pavel Ostrovsky.
Papers for the ownership of a small village of twenty souls, which was located in the Minsk province, burned down during the Napoleonic invasion. This was taken advantage of by a wealthy neighbor who sued the village from the impoverished landowner. For a while, he was forced to hire himself as a home teacher, but soon attacks began on bailiffs and other officials in those places. Arrested Ostrovsky, according to some reports, managed to escape by sawing through the chains on the shackles, and his trace was lost. Before us is an almost exact plot of Pushkin's novel.
The Case of Lieutenant Muratov
In the second chapter of "Dubrovsky" Pushkin places a document that sums up Troekurov's litigation with former friend. This verdict seems to be an author's work, so impressive are its clericalisms and ponderous turns. But it turns out that this is a copy of a document from a court case on the alienation of Lieutenant Martynov's estate in favor of a neighbor, Colonel Kryukov. Pushkin put a copy of the document into the drafts of the novel, only making pencil corrections - he changed real surnames on those with which he endowed the heroes of "Dubrovsky".
The drafts indicate the place - Kozlovsky district of the Tambov province, where this story took place. The creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" is largely based on similar processes that took place in the vastness of the empire. final version the name of the protagonist became a settled matter for Pushkin when he became acquainted with similar court cases where the famous Pushkin estate Boldino was located. Among real people he met a landowner with such an expressive surname. It was this surname that became the name of the unfinished novel when it was decided to publish it in a posthumous collected works.
People's riot
Of course, it is difficult to imagine Pushkin's work as a blind compilation based on real life cases. The history of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" cannot look like this. Pushkin was also interested in more significant phenomena public life. How could he pass over in silence the armed uprisings of 1830 in Paris and Lille, the Polish national liberation movement directed against Nicholas I, and even in his contemporary Russian Empire cholera riots broke out here and there.
Pushkin's work on the history of the Pugachev war left its mark. What story of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" - a story about a noble robber who fought with government troops - could do without references to the not forgotten among the people. In the Kistenevskaya grove, men gather, very similar to those whom Pushkin sent to Pugachev's army in " Captain's daughter". Also, we do not see the author's full approval of the element of rebellion - in the unfinished Dubrovsky, a young robber disbands his gang, which seems quite logical.
Outcome
Even quite Short story creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" makes untenable the pejorative opinion of the most respected writers about this work of Pushkin. To define it as failed attempt to earn money by creating lightweight reading matter, one must be very arrogant about a great name. Alexander Sergeevich, who is trying to reach the level of Zagoskin, Lazhechnikov or Bulgarin (this is how he is presented in Dubrovsky by some critics), is too pathetic a sight to be true.
This work of the great Russian classic about the descendants of two warring landlord families remained unfinished, was not prepared for publication, the author's own notes and comments remained on the pages of the manuscript, and did not even have a title. But, nevertheless, it is this novel that is still considered one of the most famous works about robbers in Russian.
The first publication of the novel dates from 1841. But the work passed strict censorship, during which it underwent significant distortions, changes, some parts of the novel were cut out, omitted. The reason for such changes was, of course, the popularization of freethinking, showing the robber chieftain as goodie with the ability to love, empathize and empathize. Only many years later, in Soviet time, the reader has the opportunity to familiarize himself with it in its entirety.
The history of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky"
The author based the novel on the enmity of the social strata of the country, it is very clearly expressed in his drama, contrasting scenes of the work, mental throwing of both the hero and the characters of the second plan.The idea to write a novel of such a plan came to Pushkin after he heard from his friends a story about a nobleman Belarusian origin Ostrovsky. It was he who became the prototype of the protagonist, it was his life ups and downs that formed the basis of the work. This story happened in 1830, when Ostrovsky was deprived of his family estate, and its peasants, not wishing to become the property of the new owner, chose the robbery path.
This story struck Pushkin to the depths of his soul, who was an implacable fighter for the human right to free thought and tried in every possible way to emphasize this in his works, for which he was subjected to persecution and disgrace.
About the plot of the novel "Dubrovsky"
The plot of the novel revolves around the fate of the protagonist. Despite the fact that Vladimir Dubrovsky is endowed with such qualities as nobility, courage, kindness and honesty, his life does not add up, he is haunted by fatal failures and troubles.In the course of the story, the hero passes not one, but three life paths- from an ambitious and wasteful guard officer to a courageous and unusually modest teacher Deforge, to an implacable and formidable robber chieftain.
Having lost parental home, the environment familiar from childhood, society and having lost the possibility of a simple cultural communication, the hero also loses love. At the end of the novel, he has no choice but to go against the law, to enter into a fierce duel with the morals and foundations of society that prevailed at that time.
Dubrovsky
"Dubrovsky"- the most famous robber novel in Russian, an unedited (and possibly unfinished) work of A. S. Pushkin. It tells about the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - the descendants of two warring landlord families.
History of creation
When creating the novel, Pushkin was based on the story of his friend P. V. Nashchokin about how he saw in prison “one Belarusian poor nobleman, by the name of Ostrovsky, who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was forced out of the estate and, left with some peasants , began to rob, first clerks, then others. During the work on the novel, the main character's surname was changed to "Dubrovsky". The action takes place in the 1820s and spans about a year and a half.
The title was given to the novel by the publishers when it was first published in 1842. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: "October 21, 1832." The last chapter is dated February 6, 1833.
The plot of the novel
A rich and wayward Russian gentleman, a retired general-in-chief landowner Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, whose whims are catered to by neighbors and in whose name provincial officials tremble, maintains friendly relations with his closest neighbor and former comrade in service, a retired lieutenant, a poor but independent nobleman Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Troekurov has a violent personality, often subjecting his guests to cruel pranks by locking them in a room with a hungry bear without warning.
Due to the insolence of the serf Troekurov, a quarrel occurs between Dubrovsky and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troyekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, sues Dubrovsky for his estate Kistenevka. Senior Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. Dubrovsky sets fire to Kistenevka; the estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying the local landowners, but not touching Troekurov's estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing French teacher Deforge, who intends to enter the service of the Troekurov family, and under his guise becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is put to the test with a bear, which he kills with a shot in the ear. Between Dubrovsky and Troekurov's daughter, Masha, love arises.
Troekurov gives the seventeen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky tries in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, but too late. During the wedding procession from the church to the Vereisky estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage, Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by the fact that she has already taken an oath. Some time later, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky's detachment, after which he disbands the "gang" and hides abroad from justice.
Possible continuation
In Maykov's collection of Pushkin's drafts, several drafts of the last, third volume of the novel have been preserved. Decryption of a later version: The text is based on the book "From Pushkin's Papers" Researchers interpret Pushkin's plan as follows: after the death of Vereisky, Dubrovsky returns to Russia to reunite with Marya. Perhaps he is pretending to be English. However, Dubrovsky receives a denunciation related to his robbery, this is followed by the intervention of the police chief.
Criticism
In literary criticism, there is a similarity of certain situations of "Dubrovsky" with Western European novels on a similar topic, including those by Walter Scott. A. Akhmatova ranked "Dubrovsky" below all other works by Pushkin, pointing out its compliance with the standard of the "tabloid" novel of that time:
Screen adaptations
- "Eagle" ( The Eagle) - Hollywood silent film with a heavily modified plot (1925); V leading role- Rudolph Valentino
- "Dubrovsky" - film Soviet director Alexander Ivanovsky (1936)
- « Noble Rogue Vladimir Dubrovsky" - a film directed by Vyacheslav Nikiforov and his 4-episode extended television version called "Dubrovsky" (1989).
Opera
- Dubrovsky - opera by E. F. Napravnik. The first production of Eduard Napravnik's opera "Dubrovsky" took place in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1895, at the Mariinsky Theater, under the direction of the author.
- Dubrovsky (film-opera) - film-opera by Vitaly Golovin (1961) based on opera of the same name E. F. Napravnica
Message from A.S. Pushkin to prose was quite natural in the process of developing his creative genius. Pushkin admitted in "Eugene Onegin": "... Summer tends to harsh prose ...". One of the great prose works A.S. Pushkin became the novel "Dubrovsky". Many researchers of the poet's work point to its incompleteness. However, incompleteness artwork is always relative, "incompleteness does not mean understatement." When studying the prose of Alexander Sergeevich, it is worth paying special attention to the history of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky".
Beginning of the novel
Alexander Sergeevich began work on the novel in 1832. The exact date of the beginning of the creation of the work is known - October 21, since Pushkin himself put the dates in the draft as the novel was being written. The work remained unfinished; the writer stopped working on it in 1833. The name "Dubrovsky" was given to the novel when it was published after the death of its great author. There are many theories about the reason for Pushkin's interruption of the creation of Dubrovsky. Some researchers of his work believe that he leaves work on the novel, because he understands that within the genre Western European novel about the noble robber he can not decide artistic problems Russian life. It is known that the writer's draft notes contained outlines of the contents of the third volume. (The widowhood of Marya Kirillovna, the return of Dubrovsky to his homeland to reunite with his beloved).Real prototypes of the main character
The work was based on the story that Pushkin heard from his friend, about the poor nobleman Ostrovsky, whose estate was sued by a wealthy neighbor who had great influence in the local society. Ostrovsky was left penniless and was forced to become a robber. Together with his peasants, he robbed rich landlords and officials. Later he was captured and put in jail. It was there that Pushkin's comrade Nashchokin met him. This story was the basis for the creation storyline novel. This version is supported by the fact that initially, in his drafts, Pushkin gave the protagonist the surname Ostrovsky.Second version says that Lieutenant Muratov served as the prototype for Dubrovsky, whose story Pushkin learned while in Boldin. The Novospasskoye estate, which had belonged to the Muratov family for seventy years, was recognized as the property of Lieutenant Colonel Kryukov, whose father had once sold it to Muratov's father. The court made this decision based on the fact that the defendant could not provide any papers proving his legal right to own the estate, since they were lost in the fire, and Muratov never filed an appeal against the verdict. The lawsuit lasted for many years and was decided in favor of the influential plaintiff Kryukov.
Genre of the work
When creating "Dubrovsky" Pushkin refers to the genre of robbery or adventurous novel, popular at that time. He was most typical of Western European literature, but Pushkin managed to create a work corresponding to all the subtleties of this direction. A noble robber who evokes sympathy for his fate and hatred for those who pushed him on this path.Conclusion
The novel "Dubrovsky" is based on real stories people facing prejudice judicial system and unable to resist it.The action of a ruthless and unprincipled judicial and bureaucratic state system and the life of the Russian village with massive folk scenes - all this has found its place in "Dubrovsky".
