Categories of objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Legislation in the field of conservation, use and state protection of cultural heritage sites

Objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation are objects in the form of real estate or other objects in the form of a monument or sculpture that have historical value. To preserve the historical heritage, Federal Law No. 73 was adopted.

The current Federal Law includes norms and rules that contribute to the protection of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Every citizen of the Russian Federation is obliged to protect monuments and preserve sculptures. Also, the legislation is aimed at the realization of the rights to develop and preserve information in a paramount form to create their own culture. Cultural heritage objects (monuments, sculptures, etc.) are of particular value to the people of the Russian Federation. Such objects form part of the world cultural heritage.

The bill was adopted on May 24, 2002, and entered into force on the basis of a decision of the Federation Council on June 14, 2002. The last amendments were made on March 7, 2017.

Law "On objects of cultural heritage of peoples Russian Federation» includes the following aspects:

• Determination of the subject of regulation of the current Federal Law;
• Determining the powers of the authorities to preserve, use or restore historical monuments;
• Providing funding for activities that contribute to the preservation, promotion and creation of their own cultural heritage;
• Accounting for historical real estate;
• Conducting an examination;
• Creation of methods for the preservation of historical monuments;
• Definitions of situations in which property rights arise or terminate for such types of real estate and historical objects;
• Enumeration of the conditions for the lease of cultural heritage property;
• Definition of responsibility in case of violation of the norms of the current federal law.

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The law "On objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation" includes 14 chapters and 66 articles. It also describes ways to protect historical items and objects. It should be said that the protection of monuments or sculptures is one of the priorities of the authorities state power RF, as well as bodies local government Russian Federation. To read the latest version of the current Federal Law, go to the following.

Recent changes made to the law "On objects of cultural heritage"

According to the law, the last changes were made on March 7, 2017. They touched upon the change of the name of Article 52.1 and the addition of this Article with clause 7.1.

Title of article 52.1

At latest edition the title of the article was changed, namely the word "federal" was replaced by "state".

Supplementing Article 52.1 with Clause 7.1.

According to the law, were listed additional institutions, who are included in the list of those who are given the authority to restore and protect monuments and sculptures.

These are:

• Municipal educational organizations;
• State municipal organizations;
• Scientific organizations/institutions.

In addition to the above changes, the following articles are discussed below:

Article 18

Article 18 73-FZ defines the procedure on the basis of which objects of property (including monuments) can be registered as real estate of cultural heritage. In order for the characteristics of the object to correspond to cultural values, it is necessary to conduct a state historical and cultural study.

Article 25

Article 25 of the law includes the grounds on which the right to be included in the list of a property is determined.

For at least one of them to be included in the list, a monument, sculpture or other object must provide the following value:

• scientific;
• artistic;
• aesthetic;
• Anthropological.

Article 45

73-FZ Article 45 describes the procedure for carrying out restoration work to preserve the integrity of real estate, including monuments or sculptures. Restoration work is carried out only after a special order by local or state authorities. According to the law, before starting construction or restoration work, you must obtain a permit.

To view the changes made in the last edition, download the law from the following.

Cultural heritage objects are immovable objects that have cultural value for the population of Russia, as well as those included in the global cultural heritage.

The concept of the objects under consideration

These objects have a special legal status. The category of objects under consideration includes:

• real estate with an integral part of the painting;
• scientific and technical objects;
• objects of arts and crafts;
• sculptures;
• other cultural objects that have value from the standpoint of various sciences, technology and social culture, are monuments and serve as evidence of the initial birth of culture and its subsequent development.

Cultural heritage objects include: built-in real estate (memorial apartments), buildings located separately, as well as ensembles and complexes of various buildings, structures and other structures. At the same time, these objects can be completely preserved, or they can be partially destroyed or be an integral part of objects of a later period.

Legal basis of the objects under consideration

The laws on cultural heritage objects in force in our country include:

• Federal Law No. 73-FZ.
• Law of the RSFSR, adopted in 1978 in part that does not contradict modern legislative framework RF.
• Regulations of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments" of 1982 in the same part.
• Instruction No. 203 of the USSR Ministry of Culture of 1986, in the same part.

Features of the objects under consideration

Objects of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation must have the following features:

1. Real estate. Thus, movable property a priori does not apply to the objects under consideration.
2. Historical and cultural value. If we take into account only the attribute "real estate", then the objects under consideration include all apartments, cottages, garages that are available in the country. Therefore, the subject of interest to us includes objects that have a certain scientific and technical interest (value) for different sciences and social culture. This value is determined in the process of implementation by historical and cultural expertise, which is carried out at the initiative of the state.
3. Age. In addition to memorial apartments and houses, which were recognized as objects in question as a result of the fact that they lived there prominent figures, the rest of the monuments are included in the register of cultural heritage objects after at least 40 years have passed since their creation or the occurrence of events of historical value.
4. special status. This status is acquired in a certain order by being included in the state register and state list by decision of certain executive authorities.

The presence of these 4 signs in the complex makes it possible to speak of the object in question as an object of cultural heritage.

Classification

All considered historical and cultural monuments are divided into places of interest, ensembles and monuments.

Ensembles are a group of cultural heritage objects that arose at the same time or complemented each other in the process. historical development on the same territory, as a result of the combination of which a single composition is formed.

Ensembles include monuments and structures located in areas that can be unambiguously localized in territories that have developed historically, including those with religious purposes, as well as fragments of various settlements (buildings and layouts) that belong to urban planning ensembles; parks, boulevards, squares, gardens, as well as necropolises.

Places of interest include:

• creations that were created anthropogenically or with the participation of nature;
• the same fragments that can be classified as ensembles;
• centers of historical settlements;
• various places associated with the formation of ethnic groups on the territory of our country;
• ruins of ancient settlements and parking lots;
• places where various kinds of rituals related to religion were performed;
• reserves recognized as objects of cultural heritage.

Varieties of monuments

The monuments have more complex classification. Let's consider it in more detail.

Monuments as objects of cultural heritage emerged as a result of certain historical events. On currently they are evidence of civilizations, eras when culture began to emerge and develop.

In this form, the following subspecies are distinguished:

• free-standing various buildings with the territories on which they are located historically;
• separate premises of various religious denominations;
• individual burials and mausoleums;
• traces of human existence under the ground or water, which may be completely or partially hidden, as well as movable objects related to them;
• scientific and technical facilities, including military ones;
• works of monumental art;
• memorial apartments.

In addition, the monuments are classified into monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology. Their belonging to one of the varieties is determined during the preparation of state accounting documents for these objects and is established during the approval of the list of acceptance of these objects for protection.

Categories

All considered objects, depending on their value, are classified into categories:

• federal facilities - having special meaning for the culture and history of our country, this also includes objects belonging to the archaeological heritage;
• regional objects of cultural heritage - of particular importance for the culture and history of a particular region of the country;
• municipal (local) objects - having the appropriate value for a particular locality or municipality.

In addition, especially valuable cultural objects are distinguished, some of which are included in the UNESCO heritage.

Examples of considered objects in the world

Examples of cultural heritage sites are cities (Athens, Rome, Venice, Prague, Jerusalem, Mexico City), ancient palaces, temples, religious centers (for example, the Taj Mahal), the Great Wall of China, Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, Olympia and Carthage (their ruins).

Russian national cultural heritage

There are a huge number of federal objects in our country. These include, for example, the Likhachevs' house in Tatarstan, the Vladimir Church in Cheboksary, the complex of the Caucasian Riviera sanatorium in Sochi, the building female gymnasium in Krasnoyarsk, the people's house in Vladivostok, the building of the State Bank in Khabarovsk, the Trinity Church in Bryansk, Ivanovo, Kirov, the ensemble of the Resurrection Church in the Vladimir region, many residential buildings in the Vologda region and Irkutsk, the Lutheran church in Voronezh, the ensemble of St. Basil's Church in Kaluga and a huge number of others, located, including in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

There are also many regional and local facilities. Each subject of the federation has its own register of cultural heritage objects, in which they are listed.

World cultural heritage sites in our country

There are 16 UNESCO sites in Russia.

There are not so many of these objects, so let's consider them in more detail.

One of them is transboundary: the Struve Geodetic Arc (the Baltic states, Moldova, Russia, Belarus, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, Finland).

The center of St. Petersburg, which has preserved its historical appearance with a group of monuments associated with it. This includes many canals, bridges, the Admiralty, the Hermitage, the Winter and Marble Palaces.

Kizhi Pogost is located in Karelia on the islands of Lake Onega. There are two wooden churches of the 18th century here. and a wooden bell tower of the 19th century.

Red Square with the Kremlin located on it in Moscow.

Monuments of the history of V. Novgorod and its suburbs with many medieval monuments, monasteries, churches.

Complex of history and culture of the Solovetsky Islands. Here is the largest monastery in the north, built in the 15th century, as well as churches of the 16th-19th centuries.

Monuments made of white stone and located in Suzdal and Vladimir, consisting of many religious buildings of the XII-XIII centuries.

Trinity-Sergius Lavra (architectural ensemble) is a monastery with features of a fortress. The tomb of B. Godunov is located in the Assumption Cathedral. The icon of A. Rublev "Trinity" is located in the laurel.

The Church of the Ascension (Kolomenskoye, Moscow) is one of the first churches in which the tent is made of stone, which influenced the subsequent development of church architecture in Russia.

The Kremlin in Kazan is a complex of history and architecture. Here are several historical buildings XVI-XIX centuries Civil buildings are adjacent to Orthodox and Muslim churches.

Ferapontov Monastery (ensemble) - a monastery complex of the XV-XVII centuries. in the Vologda region.

Derbent with fortress walls, the Old Town and the Citadel were strategically important objects until the 19th century.

Novodevichy Convent (ensemble) - was created in the XVI-XVII centuries. and was part of the defense system of Moscow. It belongs to the masterpieces of Russian architecture, representatives of the Romanovs were placed here, where they were tonsured and then buried, as well as representatives of noble boyar and noble families.

The Struve geodetic arc includes geodetic "triangles", which were laid by Struve, who for the first time measured the great arc of the earth's meridian with their help.

Yaroslavl (historical center) - many churches of the 17th century, the Spassky Monastery of the 16th century.

The Bulgar complex is located on the banks of the Volga south of Kazan. It is evidence of the existence in the VII-XV centuries. the city of Bulgar. Here one can trace the historical continuity and difference between different cultures.

Tauric Chersonese with a choir - located on the territory of the Crimea, was destroyed in the XIV century, after which it was hidden under the ground, in the XIX century. excavations began.

Office for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites

In various subjects of our country, these departments are called differently. So, in the Orel region it is called the Department for the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects, the Ministry of Culture and National Policy - in Bashkortostan, the Department of Culture and Art - in Kirov region etc.

In general, all of them are institutions (or, in particular, perform the functions of departments) for the protection of cultural heritage sites.

These bodies are regional, which carry out executive, administrative and supervisory functions in the field of protection of the above objects, contribute not only to their preservation, but also to popularization.

Finally

The objects considered in the article include various monuments that can be located singly or assembled in ensembles, as well as places of interest. In our country there are federal, regional and local in relation to national objects, in addition, in different parts of the country there are objects world heritage UNESCO. Work on the preservation of cultural heritage objects is assigned to the relevant departments, departments, committees in the regions, and for federal objects - the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation with its territorial offices.

From Moscow to the outskirts - vandalism passes like a master

"Heritage Keepers"

Continuing to sum up the results of the past year, we publish the martyrology of the historical and architectural monuments Russia. Of course, there were much more heritage losses in 2015; our publication presents the most valuable and interesting lost monuments and objects of the historical environment. As well as the most typical causes and methods for their destruction. And also - the utter impunity of the organizers and performers.

1-2. The building of the Wine and Salt Yard and the buildingXIXcentury on the Island in Moscow

Bolotnaya embankment, 15, building 10 and 11.

Building 10 was sentenced to be demolished at a meeting of the Moscow Government Commission on Urban Planning in Cultural Heritage Protection Zones on December 24, 2014. Researchers published information that building 10 was part of the Wine and Salt Yard complex, demolished in the 1920s-1930s. , and its basement may date back to the 18th century. During a visual inspection of the building, it was obvious that the basement floor is older than the two upper floors of the 19th century: its walls are much thicker, made of oversized bricks, and inside the masonry, iron beams - “connections” were visible.

Along with the 10th building, the neighboring building 11 (XIX century) was also demolished - without any permission. The contractor was Stroy Garant LLC, the subcontractor was Sip-Energo LLC, the customer was United Energy Company OJSC.

The buildings did not have the status of monuments. In their place, a new power substation was built.

3. Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Zagorodye

Tver region, Maksatikhinsky district.

The wooden temple of 1866 burned down in a little over an hour. IN The possible cause of the fire, which started at night, was cited as a faulty electrical wiring. The temple retained the original iconostases and interior decoration, in itthere were icons and wooden sculptures from neighboring churches and monasteries closed during the years of Soviet power.

4. Front wall of the Foundry shop of the ZIL plant in Moscow

Avtozavodskaya st., 23, bldg. 4.

The foundry, a magnificent example of industrial architecture of the early 20th century (designed by the famous design engineer Alexander Kuznetsov in 1916), was demolished to the front wall at the end of May 2013.

Despite the fact that the demolition took place without any permission, the city authorities did not even try to look for those responsible. They limited themselves to the decision to keep the facade wall, but it was also destroyed by another developer of the ZIL territory - a certain OOO "Matiko" - also without any permission. As it turned out during the proceedings, the city authorities do not have any legal leverage to force the developer to restore the demolished facade. As a result of authorized and unauthorized demolitions in 2014-2015. the entire facade line of the ZIL complex along Avtozavodskaya Street was destroyed (with the exception of the building of the Plant Administration, which is under state protection).

5. "House with Belvedere" in Nizhny Novgorod

New street, 46.

On the first business day after New Year holidays, as feared by the Nizhny Novgorod city defenders, who held pickets in defense of the city estate deprived of its protective status, its demolition began. On the morning of January 12, the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Nizhny Novgorod Region received an act of state historical and cultural expertise, substantiating the inclusion of the estate in the state register of monuments of regional significance. The prosecutor's office and the police suspended the demolition of the house, but only until the next day.

6-8. The complex of houses of the merchant Privalov in Moscow

Sadovnicheskaya street, 9, building 1, 2, 3.

Wooden house of 1905, one of the rare examples of wooden architecture in Yaroslavl. The facade was decorated with numerous carved details. Demolished on January 30, 2015 without permission from the city. Before the demolition, an examination of the historical and cultural value of the building was not carried out, as required by the current urban planning regulations for the protection zones.

14. Outbuilding of the estate N.B. Yusupov in Moscow

Bol. Kharitonevsky per., 19, building 1.

Demolished in January 2015.

The main house of the city estate, which previously served as an outbuilding of the estate of N.B. Yusupov (1791; rebuilt in 1880) demolished in January 2015 - according to "Archnadzor", under the guise of repair and emergency work. It had the status of a valuable city-forming object. Appeals of city defenders to the city authorities did not prompt them to stop work.

15. Residential and office building of the Butikov factory in Moscow

Khilkov lane, 2/1, building 5.

Demolished in January 2015.

A fragment of the historical building of one of the lanes in the Ostozhenka area, where, after the town-planning bacchanalia of the 1990-2000s. she's almost gone. By according to Archnadzor, the demolition of the building (1848; rebuilt in 1872) was started in December 2014 and completed in January 2015.

16. House of Merchant Matrena Petrova in Moscow

Ladozhskaya street, 11/6.

Demolished in January 2015.

At the heart of the 2-storey house was the stone building of the German market with shops in 1802. according to Archnadzor, the house was demolished in several stages by private owners, under the guise of reconstruction, in December 2014 - January 2015. Numerous appeals of city defenders to the city authorities have not yielded results.

17-22. Complex of houses XIXcentury on Bolshaya Dmitrovka in Moscow

st. Bolshaya Dmitrovka, 9, building 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Representative building (built in 1952 according to the design of one of the best Rostov architects of the twentieth century, Lev Eberg. Author of the bas-reliefs that decorated main facade- the famous Rostov sculptor V.V. Barinov) on one of the central streets of the historical center of the city began to be destroyed on February 21 - according to a good tradition, secretly, from the rear, which is why the demolition was not immediately noticed. February 23-24 was destroyed most of street facade. The determination of the historical and cultural value of the building, which at the same time was conducted by the Ministry of Culture of the Rostov Region, did not prevent the liquidation of the subject of the proceedings.The police did not react to the signals of the city defenders, althoughIn December 2014, as reported by the Rostov media, the first deputy governor of the region, Igor Guskov, said that the Ministry of Culture of the region and personally Minister Alexander Rezvanov were instructed to determine the historical and cultural value of the building of the Rostov Newsreel Studio, after which it would be possible to decide on the prospects for its preservation. According to the data local online media, in September 2013 the building was sold to the former lieutenant governor Krasnodar Territory Alexey Agafonov.

34. Postal-Yamskaya station in Tarasovka

Moscow region, Pushkinsky district, pos. Tarasovka, Bol. Tarasovskaya st., 9.

E the only building in the region (XIX V.) on the Yaroslavl Highway, connected both with the history of one of the oldest highways in Russia, and with the history of the Russian post office, since 2009 it has been officially listed as a building with signs of a cultural heritage site.

On the night of February 28, activists of the district branch of VOOPIK recorded the dismantling of the building, presumably for the needs of expanding the highway. In 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region intended to conduct a historical and cultural examination of the value of the building, but did not. When the demolition began, the Ministry of Culture of the region tried to stop it, but did not succeed.

35. Stroyburo House in Korolyov

Moscow region.

The last remnant of the complex of the Euplas Archdeacon church demolished in the 1920s, a classical house early XIX V. was demolished without the permission of the city authorities 28-29 March, under the guise of building reconstruction. Signs of the dismantling of the building were noticed by Arkhnadzor on February 18, 2015, appeals to the city authorities followed, but the latter could not or did not want to prevent the destruction of the house, whichwas officially listed as a “valuable city-forming object” located on the territory of the protected zone, i.e. not legally subject to demolition.

The customer for the work on the building was Redut LLC, the contractor was Salyut LLC.

40-41. Buildings of the Konshin factory with chambers XVIII centuryin Serpukhov

Moscow region.

On March 29, 2015, heavy construction equipment began to demolish buildings of the 19th - early 20th centuries. on the territory of Konshin's Printed Printing Factory in the very center of Serpukhov, one of which contains built-in chambers of the 18th century, an object of cultural heritage of federal significance. On the evening of March 29, after repeated appeals from city defenders, the police arrived at the site, and on March 30 - representatives of the regional Ministry of Culture. Demolition has been suspended. However, the envoys of the developers managed to completely destroy the industrial building with an Art Nouveau facade and cause significant damage to other buildings, including the chambers of the XVIII century.centuries. All work was carried out without the consent of the authorities and monument protection authorities, which is required by the status of Serpukhov as a historical settlement.

42. Art Deco PBX in Moscow

Serpukhov Val, 20.

Vyatka cultural figures recorded in early April the demolition of a significant section of the walls (XIX century) in the current Monastery of the Nativity of Christ in the ancient city of Slobodskoy. Work on the cultural heritage site was carried out without the sanction of the regional department of culture and in pure form were the subject of a criminal article for the destruction of architectural monuments. The Department of Culture wrote a corresponding statement to the prosecutor's office, the case was set in motion, but in May 2015 the court did not establish the guilt of the Vyatka diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church in the destruction of the walls of the monastery.

45. Profitable house of Rzhevsky in Moscow

Sushchevskaya st., 16, building 8.

On May 19, the demolition of the wooden house of Matorina (XIX century) began in Ufa. The house, famous for its carved facades, was previously on the list of identified architectural monuments, but was not included by the authorities in the register of cultural heritage sites. The demolition took place in order to “clear” the territory for the construction of a new residential complex.

The city defenders from "Arkhzashchita Ufa" made a desperate attempt to save the house. The traffic coordinator Vladimir Zakharov stood in the way of the excavator, several residents of the city joined him. City guards organized duty at the house. The activists on duty remained at the building until 10 pm, until the excavator left. However, during the night, the demolition resumed, and the returning activiststhe police did not let the object.

52. Mushroom Water Pavilion at VDNKh in Moscow

Prospekt Mira, 119, building 562.

Demolished May 20, 2015 - according to "Archnadzor" without the permission of the city authorities. Since VDNKh came under the jurisdiction of Moscow, the demolition of historical buildings on the territory of the exhibition has become almost a daily routine.

"Mushroom", it is also the Boiler House of the greenhouse complex, was also used as a transformer substation. The building was based on the construction of the original VSHV complex in 1937.

53. Church of the Assumption

Tver region, pos. Spirovo.

The wooden building of the former Assumption Church of the Spirovskaya Cenobitia (a small monastery, a “branch” of the Kazan Monastery in Vyshny Volochek), built in 1878 according to the design of the famous Russian architect A.S. Kaminsky, was completely demolished by excavators on June 6, 2015. Despite the venerable age and the name of the architect, the building, rebuilt in the 20th century, did not have a conservation status. In 2011The Main Directorate for the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Tver Region refused to the city defenders and experts to put it under state protection.In May 2010, the building was damaged by fire, after which it was gradually destroyed and taken away for building materials. Local authorities responded with a refusal to the calls of local historians to preserve it.

54. Artesian well at VDNKh in Moscow

Prospekt Mira, 119, building 594.

One of the small architectural forms of the VDNKh complex, a turret over an artesian well on the territory of the Sheremetyevo oak forest, was built in the 1950s. By according to Archnadzor, demolished on June 16, 2015 without permission from the city. A typical example of senseless and merciless vandalism.

55. St. Nicholas Church in Vasilyevsky

Moscow region, Serpukhov district.

The most valuable and rarest monument (1689) of ancient Russian wooden church architecture, an object of cultural heritage of federal significance - died under unclear circumstances in the early morning of June 19, 2015. Firefighters managed to defend only three walls of the charred log cabin of the refectory. Destroyed and unique five-sided carved beams XVII century highly valued by the researchers of St. Nicholas Church. By not official version, the cause of the fire was arson as a result of penetration into the current temple by unknown persons. According to the priest,the door to the temple on the north side was forced open. Upon receipt of the news of the fire, the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region expressed its intention “inJune-July (! - Ed.) 2015check the information about the destruction of the specified monument of history and culture.

56. Profitable house Gradov in St. Petersburg

Esperova st., 16/23, letter A.

The demolition took place in June 2015, according to St. Petersburg city defenders.

The house was built in 1909 according to the project of A.I. Gavrilov. In 2014, the St. Petersburg authorities recognized the house as “emergency and subject to demolition,” while its owner, TsentrStroy LLC, was instructed to “ensure the restoration of the external appearance of the building that forms the street front of the development.” “Living City” assumes that a a new, larger residential building, to which a “recreated” historical facade will be attached.

57. Building of the Barykovskaya almshouse in Moscow

Barykovsky per., 4, building 3.

Demolished in July 2015.

The protection of the unique Sokol village in the capital is organized in a very original way: the complex as a whole has the status of a cultural heritage site, while the individual buildings that make it up do not. Which, of course, creates the ground for various abuses, which resulted in the rebirth of the historical fabric of the complex. In July 2015, it became known about the death of another local object - the wooden House of the Vesnin brothers (1924). The house was dismantled without the sanction of the authorities, according to the city defenders - by the owners of the land.

59. Pavilion "Glass" at the airport "Sheremetyevo-1"

Moscow region.

D wooden Assumption Chapel II half of XVIII century, has been under state protection since 1985. The miniature (2.5 by 2.5 m) Kletskaya chapel once stood “on the harvest”, i.e. in flood meadows. Therefore, its frame was raised above the ground on three lower crowns, between the logs of which special gaps were made to allow water to flow into the spring flood. At the beginning of the 20th century, the chapel was moved to Krasny Bor. In the 1970s, it was restored by the efforts of the VOOPIK. According to eyewitnesses, the chapel burned down "completely, to the firebrands."

65. House of Kochkin in Ufa

st. Aksakov, 81.

The demolition of the house was discovered by the Archprotection of Ufa on the morning of September 2. City guards stopped the demolition, called the police and representatives of the Ministry of Culture of Bashkiria. Ministry of Culture of the Republic announcedSeptember 2, that the demolition was undertaken by "unidentified persons". The next day, the “unknowns” showed that the Ministry of Culture and the police did not give them orders, and smashed the building.

19th century house it was empty for several years after a fire that occurred in it in 2005, in which city defenders suspected arson. In 2013, the Ufa media calledKochkin's house is among the objects of cultural heritage that were included in the targeted program for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock. Then these monuments were supposed to be restored at the expense of investors and sold at auctions.

66. House late XVIII century in Tver

Chernyshevsky street, 4.

The demolition of a cultural heritage site of regional importance in the very center of Tver was noticed by city defenders from the Tverskie Vaults on September 3. By this time, from a residential building of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. only the western wall remained. The Main Directorate for the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites of the Tver Region did not give any approvals for such work on the monument. In July 2014, a conservation project was agreed with fragmentary restoration and proposals for adaptation to modern usage. Meanwhile, a notice was published on the Internet about the construction of a new residential building at the address of the monument. The developer is Zhilstroyinvest LLC. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation explained to Tverskiye Svodov that the regional government agency agreed only on the work to preserve the existing object with compensatory replenishment and restoration of the volumes of the lost historical buildings.

67-69. Military hospital of the Red Cross in Lefortovo in Moscow

Krasnokazarmennaya street, 14a, building 20, etc.

Main building of the hospital .

Demolition of a memorial object connected with the history of the First World War - the Red Cross Hospital in Lefortovo, in which thousands of defenders of the Fatherland were treated, who shed blood for it, in which Emperor Nicholas II visited And grand duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna - was carried out by the developer while the Moscow City Hall was celebrating City Day - September 5, 2015.

A little earlier, on September 1, the Moscow City Branch of VOOPIK filed an application with the Department of Cultural Heritage of Moscow for the inclusion of "an object with signs of a cultural heritage object" in the state register of historical and cultural monuments. But even earlier, the city authorities issued the developer - the group of companies "Morton" - the Town Planning Plan of the land plot (GPZU) allowing massive new housing construction on the site of the historical buildings of the hospital complex. Even earlier, in April 2005, a decree was issuedThe Government of Moscow on the implementation of a construction investment contract here with the demolition of 26 out of 37 buildings of the former factory complex, on the territory of which the hospital turned out to be.

The building of the hospital, (until 1914 - a complex of warehouses Russian Society Red Cross), a good example of the "brick style" of the early twentieth century, until recently retained many of the original elements of facade and interior decoration.

After the demolition in September, a real scandal erupted in the media, and city officials even started talking about the destruction of the building as a flagrant violation of the law. But several months passed, and the developer, as if nothing had happened, continued in December 2015 with the demolition of other buildings that were once part of the historical complex.

70-71. Merchant Kulikov's house and building XIXcentury in Ulyanovsk

Orlova street, 31 and 33.

September nightin Rostov the Great, one of the best examples of classical urban development was lost - wooden house first half of XIX century street Decembrists. The fire, which began on the evening of September 27, was extinguished all night. The firefighters announced the “elimination of the fire” in the morning, but the building was liquidated at the same time: three furnaces remained from it, sticking out among the smoldering ruins. As a cultural heritage site, the house also had an important urban planning significance, marking the intersection of city streets Dekabristov and Frunze.

Rostov local historians emphasize that in last years wooden historical buildings are systematically destroyed by fires. On Decembrists Street, they write, in Lately several more wooden houses burned down: one stood next to the fire victim of 2015, it has already been demolished, the other, No. 34, is still standing, covered with a banner after the fire, the wooden house opposite burned down in the first half of 2013. And these are far from all cases of fires in the city's history in recent years.

74. House of the early 20th century in Zvenigorod

Moscow region, Zvenigorod, st. Shnyreva, 8.

The death of a house in the first quarter of the 20th century in Zvenigorod by fire was reported by activists of the VOOPIK branch near Moscow. Since 1998, the building had the status of an identified monument of history and culture. According to public figures, the house was a victim of arson: “The building was disconnected from communications, there are no homeless people in our city. Judging by the nature of the fire, arson is obvious. According to the neighbors, the building burst into flames throughout the area in a matter of minutes.

Earlier, the Zvenigorod branch of the VOOPIK repeatedly, but to no avail, appealed to the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region with statements about the need to take measures to bring the owner of the house to justice due to the poor condition of the monument and the threat to its safety.

A new residential development is planned in the adjacent area.

75-76. Barracks of the Alexandria Hussars in Samara

The territory of the former Fourth State Bearing Plant, buildings 6 and 7.

One building of the once vast complex of hussar barracks (building 8) in October decided to be included in the register of monuments in Samara, but buildings 6 and 7 fell victim to development. Back in the spring of 2015, on the basis of a historical and cultural expertise, they were denied inclusion in the heritage register, and they lost the status of identified ones. The publicists, who fought for them for a long time, lost their legal support.

77-78. The mansion and grain barns of Prince Gruzinsky in St. Petersburg

Sinopskaya nab, 66, letters A and E.

An object of cultural heritage of regional significance - a house of the second half of the 19th century, accepted for state protection in February 1995, also had a memorial value. At the beginning of the 20th century, it, like the neighboring house No. 41, belonged to the Nurok family. B.L. Nurok was the head of the Vyazemsky city zemstvo hospital, and his brother M.L. Nurok - county doctor and head of the zemstvo pharmacy While working in the Vyazemsky city zemstvo hospital, the future famous writer Mikhail Bulgakov, who knew the Nurok brothers well, visited them several times.

According to regional media,the demolition of the house is on the conscience of a local entrepreneur who bought the land and plans to build a “shop or shopping center” on it.

80. BuildingMilitary School named after the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Moscow Kremlin

Moscow, Kremlin, building 14

Ivanovo region literally on the last evening managed to make a worthy contribution to the agenda of the meeting of the Commission of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Culture and Art, held on November 19, 2015, dedicated to the problems of preserving wooden architecture. On the evening of November 18, in Ivanovo, in a little over two hours, the Assumption wooden church of the 17th century, the oldest church in the capital of the region, one of the two surviving wooden clerical churches of the 17th - early 18th centuries, was completely destroyed by fire. in area. At the object of cultural heritage of federal significance in 2014-2015. restoration was carried out.

The Ivanovo authorities, as if nothing had happened, are now informing the population that the “conservation” of the architectural monument is now taking place, and the governor has set the task of restoring the church, and at the expense of the federal budget. In short, life goes on.

82. Residential building of the Shorygin factory

Moscow region, pos. October, st. New, 2, 4.

In early December, Archnadzor discovered the complete absence of an object of cultural heritage of regional significance on the site - an outbuilding of the Khludovs' city estate in 1861. Instead of a wooden mansion, there was a wasteland with a concrete slab behind the construction screen.

According to the official version, “emergency response work” is taking place on the architectural monument (the customer is Media Consulting LLC, the contractor is Profinvest LLC, architectural supervision is RSK LLC architectural heritage"). The house was included in the program of preferential rent "ruble per meter", which provides for the restoration of monuments in record time. During the emergency works, again according to the official version, the monument collapsed, after which it had to be completely dismantled. Some of the historical logs have been sent for processing, some are allegedly stored at the facility, and some will be replaced with new structures.

84. Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in the village of Koprino

Yaroslavl region, Rybinsk district.

The demolition of the ruined temple took place .

In November, plans for the careful restoration of the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in the former village of Koprino on the Volga were enthusiastically toldleaders of the business resort "Yaroslavskoye Vzmorye", on the territory of which he ended up. However, in mid-December, at the site of the remains of the temple, there was already a leveled area with traces of equipment and earthworks. Local residents say that the walls of the 1787 temple were destroyed by special equipment. In "Yaroslavsky seashore" put forward alternative version: "There was a strong wind, and the walls collapsed."

P.S.The publication does not take into account objects partially preserved after collapses, fires, damage and dismantling. The materials of the city protection movements “Arkhnadzor”, “Living City”, “Tver vaults”, “ Real story", "Real Vologda", "ArchiStrazh", "SpasGrad", "ArchZaschita Ufa" and others, regional media, network resources.

New Year's series “Guardians heritage”:

on cultural heritage in Russia 2015.

on the fate of cultural heritage in Russia and the world in 2015.

To be continued.

Cultural heritage must be protected by the state. This is evidenced by Article 72 of the Russian Constitution, as well as FZ-73 "On objects of cultural heritage", which will be discussed below. So, in more detail.

On the subject of regulation of the law

According to Article 1 of the Federal Law-73 "On objects of cultural heritage", the following points are the subject of regulation of the normative act:

• the process of formation and maintenance of the register of cultural objects;
• relations that arise in the field of search, preservation and use of cultural objects;
• features of ownership and disposal of cultural objects;
• compliance general principles protection of cultural objects by state bodies.

Article 2 refers to the legal regulation of the represented area. It is worth noting here that Federal Law 73 "On objects of cultural heritage" is far from the only legal source that regulates relations in the field of culture. Here it is necessary to highlight, of course, Russian constitution, civil legislation, through which property relations are regulated, as well as the Land Code and some other regulations.

About cultural objects

Article 3 of Federal Law 73 "On objects of cultural heritage" fixes the main groups of these objects. What is worth highlighting here? According to the law, objects are objects material culture, namely: certain types real estate, paintings, sculptures, scientific and technical facilities and other items.

What is meant by objects archaeological culture? According to the law, these are traces of human existence hidden in the soil. The objects of archeology are mainly settlements, villages, objects of art, tools, etc.

Cultural objects are divided into the following types:

• monuments, namely individual structures or buildings;
• ensembles, that is, groups of monuments;
• places of noteworthy nature, namely, especially valuable creations of man or nature.

All types of cultural heritage presented must be kept under strict state supervision. It is about control by the authorities that will be discussed further.

Powers of the state in the field of preservation of cultural heritage

Article 9 of the Federal Law-73 "On objects of cultural heritage" fixes the main types state functions in the area under consideration. It is worth recalling that work with cultural objects is noted in Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which describes the delimitation of powers between the federation and the subjects. That is why regional authorities can also perform certain types of activities:

The most important function of the state in relation to cultural objects remains, of course, control and supervision activities. It is about her that will be discussed further.

About state supervision

In Article 11 of Law 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage" what is meant by state supervision? This is the activity of the relevant federal authorities in the prevention, suppression, as well as the detection of crimes and offenses aimed at intentional or unintentional damage to cultural elements.

The subject of state supervision is compliance by the relevant authorities with the following requirements:

• maintenance and use of cultural objects;
• carrying out activities within the boundaries of cultural heritage sites;
• compliance with the requirements of urban planning regulations within the boundaries of a cultural object.

What rights do officials have? Here's what's highlighted in normative act:

• requesting and receiving information from authorities;
• unhindered inspection of relevant cultural objects;
• issuance of special orders.

The bodies for the protection of cultural objects may be involved by the court to participate in the relevant office work.

On conducting an examination of a historical and cultural nature

Historical expertise is the most important component in the field of work with cultural heritage objects.

What is this expertise, what is it for? Article 28 of the Federal Law-73 "On objects of cultural heritage" (as amended in 2017) states that such examinations are necessary for the following purposes:

• holding discussions about the inclusion of a particular object in the register of cultural heritage;
• determining the type and category of a particular cultural object;
• justification for changing the category of an object;
• establishing requirements for urban planning regulations;
• clarification of information about the object, etc.

Conducting an examination allows you to save cultural objects. These processes will be discussed below.

On the preservation of cultural objects

Article 40 of the normative act under consideration speaks of measures aimed at ensuring the quality of the physical preservation of historical and cultural values. Restoration, repair, conservation works - all this is included in the activities for the preservation of certain cultural objects.

Article 47.2 refers to the need to provide funding for the relevant cultural foundations dealing with cultural objects. For failure to fulfill their professional duties, such funds may be held liable. This is stated in Art. 61 FZ-73 "On objects of cultural heritage". physical or legal entities may be subject to criminal, administrative or civil liability for violation of the norms specified in the law under consideration. Article 61 also refers to the need to compensate for damage if a particular cultural object has been damaged. The same applies to restoration work during archaeological activities. Thus, the restoration of a cultural object after causing damage to it still does not exempt from liability.

What changes were made to the law in 2017? The content of Article 52.1 and the synopsis has slightly changed in the normative act.

Good day to all, fellow readers of my blog and just passing by! Today I will tell you how to check a cop's place for cultural and archaeological sites. After all, if in such a place you are caught with a device and a shovel, then it is quite possible to end up in custody. They will start a case, confiscate equipment, etc. Indeed, in almost all abandoned villages, those ruins of churches can be listed in the register as a monument.

Recently I saw the news on the review. A digger was caught digging at a distance of 200 meters from the cultural heritage site. The problem is that the current legislation does not define the boundaries of monuments and objects of cultural heritage. Therefore, you can catch anyone who digs nearby. And in order not to get into this whole thing, you need to know whether there is such an object at the intended detecting point or not. And if there is, then know him and stay away from him.

There is a website where you can see it. This is the unified state register of cultural heritage objects. There you can also see the object on the map, find out some of its details, and also see its photo.

You can find the monument registration number, name, region, address, category and type. To narrow the search field, if necessary, check the box in the main typology. Here in the screenshot, and above, examples of search and detailed information about the building.

By the way, this a new version registry site. The old one was much more detailed, and there were more objects. Perhaps in time it will all come back.

That's all. See you!