arguments for writing
Final essays on the topic "Sense and Sensibility" on our website:
- Do you agree with the statement of M. Prishvin: “There are feelings that replenish and obscure the mind, but there is a mind that cools the movement of feelings”?
Knowles seems to have happy childhood. His father was a veterinarian, and from the age of four, Knowles often accompanied him on visits to farms and ranches. Malcolm Knowles spoke of his mother helping him in this example and taking care to be a more "gentle, loving, caring person". His training also seems to have strengthened his "positive self-image".
Malcolm Knowles received a scholarship to Harvard and enrolled in courses in philosophy, literature, history, political science, ethics, and international law. Again, his extracurricular activities were especially important to him. He became president of the Harvard Liberal Club, general secretary of the New England Model League of Nations, and president of the Phillips Brooks House. Participation in voluntary service for the latter forced him to work in a boys' club. Knowles also met his wife Hulda at Harvard. Her father was a tool and die in the Detroit auto industry and an active union member. "As we spoke," Knowles later wrote, "It became clear that our value systems were identical."
- Do you agree with Firdousi's statement, “Let your mind guide things. He will not allow your soul to do evil"?
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The problem of reason and feeling is devoted to a huge number of literary works.
the main characters belong to two warring clans - the Montagues and the Capulets. Everything is against the feelings of young people, and the voice of reason advises everyone not to succumb to the outbreak of love. But emotions are stronger, and even in death, Romeo and Juliet did not want to leave.
feelings main character take over her mind. Having fallen in love with the young nobleman Erast and trusting him, Liza forgets about her girlish honor. Karamzin writes about this fact with bitterness and reproaches the heroine, although he feels sorry for the kind, sincere girl with all his heart. But Karamzin also accuses Erast of recklessness, he directly says that the mind (especially in a man!) Should guide emotions. Yes, in response to thoughts young man about the fact that he will not use the girl’s trust for evil and will always remain only her brother, the author exclaims:
He passed the foreign service exam, but there was a three year wait for entry. Knowles joined the new National Youth Administration in Massachusetts. His job was to find out what skills local employers were looking for, create courses to teach those skills, and get young people involved. Lindemann took Knowles under his wing and effectively became his mentor. It became my main source of inspiration and ideas for a quarter of a century. Hole, whose "deep commitment to scholarship and his role in modeling a rigorous scientific approach to learning" had great importance.
Indeed, the girl’s feelings were deceived: Erast, having lost at cards in order to somehow improve his financial situation, marries a rich widow, and Liza commits suicide by drowning herself in the lake.
In a tragic discord, the mind and feelings of the protagonist
His heart burns with love for Sofya Famusova, it is for her sake that he returns to Moscow, but does not find reciprocal feelings in the girl. When the hero finds out that Sophia's chosen one is Molchalin, her father's secretary, he is unable to believe it.
Knowles also came under the influence of Carl Rogers. At the start of his master's program, he enrolled in a group counseling workshop led by Arthur Shedlin. It was exciting. He attended several summer sessions of the National Teaching Laboratories and was influenced by the thought of their founders: Kenneth Benn, Leland Bradford and Ronald Lippett and Kurt Lewin. Hulda and their children also took part in the workshops, and one of the fruits of this, in particular, was the joint authorship of books by Malcolm and Hulda on leadership and group dynamics.
exclaims Chatsky. The hero perfectly sees what Molchalin really is, sees what his true goals are. And this is progress career ladder and material well-being. For the sake of this, Molchalin does not shun hypocrisy, or subservience to his superiors, or meanness. It is such meanness on his part that courting the daughter of the boss becomes. Chatsky's mind refuses to believe in Sophia's love for Molchalin, because he remembers her as a teenager, when love broke out between them, he thinks that Sophia could not change over the years. But the reality turned out to be harsher than the dream. And now Chatsky, with all his mind, well versed in people, realizing that Famusov and his guests will not understand and share neither his ideas, nor opinions, nor actions, does not hold back and speaks out in front of them, so to speak, “casts pearls in front of pigs." The hero's mind cannot contain his overwhelming emotions. The whole behavior of Chatsky is so strange " Famus Society that it accepts with relief the news of the hero's madness.
we also see a clash between reason and feeling. Pyotr Grinev, having learned that his beloved Masha Mironova is forcibly held by Shvabrin, who wants to force the girl to marry him, contrary to the voice of reason, turns to Pugachev for help. The hero knows that this can threaten him with death, because the connection with a state criminal was severely punished, but he does not deviate from his plan and eventually saves own life and honor and receives Masha as a legal wife.
In another work
He also began studying for a doctorate. Remarkably, he began to chart the development of the adult education movement in the United States - and it appeared in book form. This was the first major attempt to combine the various streams of traffic - and although it was not detailed historical research, has been the book's main source for over twenty years.
He saw that the movement was in some sense peripheral to the dominant institutions in society, and yet important to it. Knowles joined the staff of Boston University as an adjunct professor of adult education with tenure and began graduating new program graduates. He spent about 14 years there, during which time he prepared his key texts: "Modern Practice in Adult Education" and "The Adult Learner". These books were to cement their position at the center of adult education discourse in the United States and popularize the notion of andragogy.
the theme of reason and feeling is also given an important place. After seven years of separation, Eugene, seeing the transformed Tatyana, falls in love with her. And although the hero knows that she is married, he cannot help himself. Onegin realizes that many years ago he could not fully discern in the young Tanya all the strength of her character and inner beauty. Now, the feelings of love for the heroine obscure all reasonable evidence in Eugene, he longs for mutual confessions. But in Tatyana there is a voice of reason, speaking of duty and honor. married woman takes over the emotions. Unlike Onegin, she finds the strength to resist the surging feelings and confesses:
He also updated his key texts and published new book about independent learning. He has also been associated with North Carolina State University as a professor emeritus. He had time to write further articles and books. In Britain, Josephine McAlister Bru published the first full-length non-formal education course, but Non-formal adult education was an important addition to literature. Knowles was looking for a "coherent and comprehensive theory of adult learning", and the closest he could come to an organizing theme was "informal".
also repeatedly subjected to a test of reason and feelings. But his mind is always above emotions. So, we see how the hero struggled with sympathy for Princess Mary and admitted to himself that another minute and he was ready to fall at her feet and ask to become his wife. But ... Pechorin does not give in to impulse, he knows that he is not intended for family life and does not want to make the girl unhappy. We see the same struggle when Pechorin, after reading Farewell letter Vera, rushes in pursuit of her. But here, too, the cold mind cools the ardor of the hero, and, no matter how painful it was, he leaves the thought of reuniting with Vera.
the youngest son of Taras, Andriy, having fallen in love with a Polish girl, betrays the Cossacks and goes to fight against them. He says to his beloved:
Focusing on the concept of non-formal education, Malcolm Knowles pointed to the "friendly and non-formal climate" in many adult learning situations, the flexibility of the process, the use of experience, the enthusiasm and commitment of the participants. He did not define non-formal adult education, but uses the term to refer to the use of non-formal programs and, to some extent, learning derived from associative or club life. Clubs are also "useful tools for sparking interest".
He contrasts formal and informal programs in the following way. official programs are sponsored mainly educational institutions such as universities, high schools and schools of commerce. This distinction is reminiscent of what was later used by the Coombes and others to distinguish formal from non-formal education.
Andriy's mind did not resist his feelings for long: all his thoughts about honor, duty, and relatives were burned by the fire of love, he even dies with the name of his beloved.
With another hero
Reason always takes precedence over emotions. Even having met a mysterious young stranger at the station (and here Gogol mentions a twenty-year-old youth who would forget everything in the world at the sight of such a young and charming creature), Chichikov does not succumb to romantic thoughts. On the contrary, his reasoning is quite practical (as Gogol says about him, he is a man of a prudently chilled character): the hero thinks about who the girl’s father can be and what his income is, and that if you give a girl two hundred thousand dowries, then from her it will be a very tasty morsel.
Feelings often take precedence over reason. She is natural, sincere, does nothing on purpose, trying to find her own benefit in this or that business. Yes, she is the “heroine of the heart”, but this, according to Tolstoy, is exactly what a real woman should be, that is why he loves her, and after him we do. In this she is opposite to her mother, and Sonya, and the little princess, and Helen Kuragina. We forgive her that she betrays Andrei Bolkonsky, turned by the courtship of Anatole Kuragin. After all, we see how sincerely she later repents, realizing that it was an impulse, a momentary hobby. But it is this incident that changes Natasha, makes her think about eternal values. Another time, the heroine, without hesitation, forces her mother to give carts to the wounded soldiers, on which things were to be taken out of their house in Moscow, awaiting Napoleon's invasion. In this "irrationality" of the heroine lies, according to Tolstoy, main point her being – kind, compassionate, loving.
Dmitry Gurov, a middle-aged man, married, while relaxing in Yalta, meets a young woman, Anna Sergeevna, whom he unexpectedly falls in love with. Falling in love for the first time in my life! He is discouraged by this, but this feeling changes the hero. He suddenly begins to notice how petty and petty life around him is, how petty and selfish people are. outer life Gurova (family, bank job, dining with friends in restaurants, playing cards in a club) turns out to be fake, and real life- these are secret meetings with Anna Sergeevna in a hotel, their love. These two lives are very difficult to reconcile, but the heroes are not yet able to find a reasonable solution to the problem, although it seems to them that it is about to come and a new, wonderful time will begin.
Main character's heart
Knowles are more likely to use group and forum approaches. There are several important differences between interests in organized classes and interests in lecture programs, forums, and clubs. First, the former are likely to be stable, long-term interests, while the latter are more transient. Secondly, lectures, forums and club programs are more flexible than organized classes. In a series of programs, topics can range from pure entertainment to serious lectures, while an organized class is necessarily limited to one subject area.
also at odds with his mind. He loves two women - his legal wife Tonya and Larisa Antipova. He loves differently, but equally strongly. He experiences his condition as a huge tragedy: torn between two families, the hero cannot find a solution until fate itself divorces him from his wife Tonya.
September
2016
Third, lecture, forum, and club programs typically require less time, money, and energy from participants than organized classes. As a result, they are likely to attract people with somewhat less intense interest. Malcolm Knowles was able to draw on material from various new fields of knowledge.
Knowles on non-formal adult education. The main problems of our time are related to human relations; solutions can only be found in education. A skill in human relations is a skill to be learned; he learns at home, at school, at church, at work and where people are gathered in small groups.
There are many such books to name, but when literature shows the consequences of this victory, they are most often destructive, and in some cases ridiculous. The theme of reason in literature was largely inspired by the Age of Enlightenment, but not only did not linger, but caused a sharp reaction and a general disappointment in rationalism in particular and in reason as such. Let's give examples.
This fact makes the task of every adult group leader real, concrete and clear: every adult group of any nature should become a laboratory of democracy, a place where people can have the experience of learning to live in a cooperative mode. Attitudes and opinions are formed mainly in study groups, working groups and play groups with which adults join voluntarily. These groups are the backbone of our democracy. Their goals largely determine the goals of our society. Adult education should produce at least the following results.
"Crime and punishment"- the mind suggests that it is rational to kill the old woman, and wins, and we see what came of it.
"Frankenstein"- the mind tells you what to try to sew perfect person from pieces of corpses rationally. It didn't work out too well either. A hundred years later, Wells will raise the same topic in " Island of Doctor Moreau", and with about the same consequences.
Adults need to get a mature understanding of themselves. They must understand their needs, motivations, interests, opportunities and goals. They must be able to look at themselves objectively and maturely. They must accept themselves and respect themselves for who they are, and do their best to become better.
Adults must develop an attitude of acceptance, love, and respect for others. It is an attitude on which all human relationships depend. Adults must learn to distinguish between people and ideas, and to challenge ideas without threatening people. Ideally, this attitude will go beyond recognition, love and respect, to empathy and sincere desire help others.
"Catch 22"- almost all the absurdist nonsense of the entire book is created solely on the basis of the victory of formal logic over all human instincts.
At our Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in " War and Peace"- the mind tells Prince Andrei to wait a year with the wedding, although he has a clear feeling that this is not necessary. Well, that's it.
Adults should develop a dynamic attitude towards life. They must accept the fact of change and think of themselves as always changing. They must acquire the habit of seeing every experience as an opportunity to learn, and must skillfully learn from it. Adults must learn to respond to the causes, not the symptoms, of behavior. The solutions to problems lie in their causes, not in their symptoms. We have learned to apply this lesson in physical world but have not yet learned how to apply it in human relations.
Adults must acquire the skills necessary to achieve the potential of their personalities. Every person has abilities which, if realized, will contribute to the well-being of himself and society. The purpose of education is to give each person the necessary skills so that he can use his full potential. Adults need to understand the core values in the capital of the human experience. They must be familiar with the heritage of knowledge, great ideas, great traditions, the world in which they live.
"House with mezzanine"Chekhov can be interpreted as a contrast between the mind of the cruel Lida and the feelings of the narrator and Missus. Reason wins and destroys the relationship of the latter. In general, Chekhov, of course, mocks sensual natures a lot, but in the end he always justifies them, but he never justifies rational ones.
The victory of rationalism is partly parodied in " Faust"Goethe, when Faust hears the sound of spades, and thinks that they are building a dam that will bring great benefits to people - although in fact it is lemurs who are digging his grave.
They must understand and respect the values that bring people together. Adults must understand their society and must skillfully manage social change. In a democracy, people participate in decision-making that affects the entire social order. The society of our time, as Robert Maynard Hutchins warns us, cannot wait for the next generation to solve its problems. Our destiny rests on the intellect, skill, and goodwill of those who are now citizen-rulers. The tool by which their abilities as civil rulers can be improved is through adult education.
Enormous volumes were devoted to the chanting of reason in 18th-century poetry, which massively rolled back to the chanting of feelings, and did not come back much.
And so on. Rare examples of a positive assessment of the mind due to their now obvious naivety - almost all eventually spilled over into the section of children's literature, although they were initially taken seriously.
Knowles Informal Adult Education, Chicago: Press Association, pages 9. Malcolm Knowles saw that the quality of experience people have in the government of their own groups influences the skills and attitudes they will play in running their nation. However, this interest was largely secondary to the possibility of creating "clubs, groups and forums of effective adult learning tools." For all the talk of "laboratories of democracy," he did not fully understand the significance of the association.
This may be partly due to the limited scope of adult education as a social movement. It is difficult not to avoid the conclusion that, even at this stage, Malcolm Knowles was more interested in establishing the claims of adult education as a separate field. professional activity And individual training than with fundamental social change. Knowles was convinced that adults learned about children in different ways - and this provided the basis for a distinctive field of study. His previous work on non-formal adult education has identified some of the elements of process and establishment.
The main crown of the literature of rationalism was in its time " Robinson Crusoe". To appreciate the degree of absurdity of what is happening in the book, it really is worth re-reading as an adult: Robinson is actively trying to turn a desert island into an English country club, sends all animals to enclosures, does everything according to a calendar and schedule, and even trains an island parrot English language. It is not surprising that the novel for a long time served as a torch of colonial enlightenment. What it all led to - we, again, can see. Not just in the book, but in real life.
Similarly, his timeline of the development of the adult education movement in the United States helped him come to some conclusions about the form and direction of adult education. Now he needed to collect these elements. The mechanism he used is the concept of andragogy.
First, as Merriam and Caffarella have pointed out, Knowles' concept of andrology is an attempt to construct a comprehensive theory of adult learning that is anchored in the characteristics of adult learners. Cross also uses such perceived characteristics in a more limited attempt to offer "a framework for thinking about what and how adults learn". Such approaches can be contrasted with those that focus on
The plot looks just as naive now " coral island", in which a bunch of English schoolchildren thrown onto the island organize a typical English colony there. The notorious " Lord of the Flies where they end up roaming naked through the jungle and the chief rationalist Piggy is stoned to death.
And of course, one cannot help but recall Ayn Rand, whose mind justifies such things as rape (" Atlas Shrugged") and undermining a residential complex ready for occupancy (" The Fountainhead"). But, as Rand tries to convince us, he is right everywhere and around.
Such are the apologists.
This is why it all happens. Feelings are well mistaken, and the mind is mistaken very terribly. Feelings are hermetic and consistent, they just exist, and they are inevitable - and the mind is arrogant and dodgy, it tries to live according to the scheme, and it is physically impossible to live according to the schemes. Therefore, even when the heroes of the literature of the 19th century, in a fit of feelings, do some monstrous garbage, no matter how tragic the consequences of these actions, we still internally feel that they are right. Well, what if they, in fact, shook themselves off, thought it over carefully, and decided not to throw themselves under the train? No, it's just like that. It turns out that this is not so that we act in this way, and not in order to listen to the voice of reason - for those who try, everything turns out to be even worse - but to educate in the reader another set of feelings, perhaps more empathic, capable of resolving the situation in some other way.
Because the rationalist heroes are wrong from any point of view. Absolutely nothing justifies them, except for the passion of the action itself, and subsequent repentance, if it does occur - but neither passion nor repentance, as we understand it, does not belong to the field of reason.
