XXVI. Governors-derzhavtsy as bodies of economic and financial management in the gospodar domains Governors and tiuns in the suburbs and volosts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in ancient times. Replacement of tiuns by governors in the 15th century. Rapprochement of the governors with the Polish

Until the middle of the 16th century, local government was built on the basis of a feeding system. The state was subdivided into counties - the largest administrative-territorial units. Counties were divided into camps, camps into volosts. However, complete uniformity and clarity in the administrative-territorial division has not yet been developed. Along with the counties, in some places "lands" were still preserved, there were also "categories" - military districts.

At the head of separate administrative-territorial units, into which the Russian state began to be divided, were officials - representatives of the center. These officials were kept at the expense of the local population - they received "food" from it, i.e. carried out natural and monetary requisitions, collected judicial and other fees in their favor. Feeding, thus, was at the same time a type of state, military and other service and a form of remuneration for princely vassals for it.

Feeders were obliged to manage the respective counties and volosts on your own, i.e. maintain their own administrative apparatus (tiuns, closers, righteous people, etc.) and have their own military detachments to ensure the internal and external functions of the feudal state.

The administration of the city and county was headed by the governor on the basis of feeding, the administrative unit - the volost was under the jurisdiction of the volost. The agents of the governors and volostels were tiuns, closers, righteous people and others. It is also characteristic that, both in the letters of the governor's office and in the Sudebniks, not only feeders are mentioned, but also their agents. In these legislative acts, the special attention of the legislator to such a person in the apparatus of the governor as tiun can be traced, which can be explained by his special role. Tiun, having actually concentrated all the functions of managing a county or volost in his own hands, doing justice and reprisals against the local population, was thus an intermediary between the feeder himself and the local residents. At the same time, it should be noted that, despite such a significant role in administration, in practice, the tiun, like other agents, was a servant of the governor and was personally dependent on the latter, which was enshrined in legislation.

The chief official at the local level, responsible for the actions of his apparatus, is the governor. As for the righteous and the closers, they remain, as before, the personal agents of the feeder. Thus, one of distinguishing features The governorship system of government is the exercise by governors and volosts of management functions not with the help of official officials, but with the assistance of persons who are personally dependent on the breadwinner.

Among the administrative powers of the governors, one should point out their activities in the field of land relations - participation in such economic affairs as the renting of empty princely lands, sometimes direct participation in the contract for the benefits of new taxpayers, supervision over the activities of princely slobodchiks, courtiers and clerks. In addition, local authorities controlled the conclusion of the most important transactions, were in charge of the organization of trade, including interstate. The vicegerent administration carried out some police functions: monitoring the order at feasts and brotherhoods, prohibiting unauthorized people from entering the territory under their jurisdiction, etc. It is impossible not to mention one more very important sphere of administrative activity of feeders - this is the organization of military affairs in the territory under their jurisdiction. The powers of local authorities in the military sphere can be reduced to several main areas: the governors could lead local noble militias, oversee the city fortifications and the garrison, and lead the defense of the besieged city. It was through their apparatus that the orders of the prince about the collection for the service went. In addition, in the largest border cities, the administration of feeders performed the most important diplomatic functions, putting into practice the foreign policy line of the grand duke's power, the personification of which it was at the local level: these were the receptions of embassies, participation in negotiations with neighboring powers, the conclusion of interstate agreements, etc.

But, nevertheless, the main function of the governors was the administration of justice, it is this area of ​​\u200b\u200bactivity that is regulated in detail by the legislator in the Charter and Code of Laws. Judicial functions occupied one of the central places in the activities of feeders and their apparatus, the duties from the departure of which were, moreover, a very significant source of their income. The competence of governors in this area extended to the most wide circle both civil and criminal cases. And it was in the judicial activities of local authorities that the most significant changes took place during the period under study, related to the improvement of the organization of legal proceedings, increased control, and which significantly influenced the activities of feeders.

A general description of the areas of activity of the viceroyal bodies allows us to conclude that their competence was of a universal nature and was not limited only to the collection of taxes and the implementation of the court. Being local representatives of the grand ducal authorities, they performed the main functions of the apparatus of power and therefore were endowed with judicial, administrative and financial powers. Concentrating in their hands all the most important threads, they permeated all spheres of government, thus representing the framework of the system of local institutions that existed at that time. This was the qualitative difference between feeders and other local officials who performed private, often one-time assignments.

The system of viceroyal administration, as one of the means of uniting the Russian lands together, played a progressive role at the initial stage of centralization, thanks to the universality of the functions of feeders.

Thus, evaluating the activities of feeders in a functional sense, we can conclude that the governors and volostels, who had comprehensive powers, were completely independent, autonomously acting locally (on behalf and by order of the Grand Duke) governing bodies.

However, by the second half of the 15th century, the government came to understand the need to establish control over local authorities, as well as regulate their activities. The measures taken by the legislator gradually add up to a whole plan aimed at constraining, and then at the abolition of feeding.

This plan included three areas:

1. Legislative regulation of the activities of the local apparatus;

2. Limitation of the competence of governors;

3. Establishing control over local authorities.

First of all, the government began to determine more precisely by legislative means, the rights and responsibilities of feeders established by custom or practice. Among these measures are the following:

regulation of the amount of feed and legislative establishment of the procedure for their collection (Articles 38, 40, 65 of the Code of Laws of 1497), as well as the exact amount of duties and fines;

establishing a procedure for appealing against the actions of feeders (Article 45 of the Sudebnik 1497, Article 75 of the Sudebnik 1550);

establishment of responsibility for feeders and their people for abuses and violations of service (art. 67, 69-71, 75 and others).

The Sudebnik of 1550 introduces no less important changes in another direction, clearly pursuing a line towards the strengthening and development of new institutions in the system of local government. Continuing to remain until the 50s of the 16th century the main bodies in the apparatus of local government of the Russian state, the vicegerent government, the further, the more pressure was exerted by the new institutions that emerged in the process of developing a centralized state. The most important of these institutions, the development of which falls on the first half of the 16th century, was the institute of labial elders. The innovation introduced by the Sudebnik of 1550 consisted in the fact that the Sudebnik sanctioned the development of labial institutions, introducing them into common system local government and establishing relationships with them of the old bodies - feeders.

In an effort to eliminate the existing tensions between local authorities and the subordinate population, reduce the possibility of abuse of their power by feeders, and also gain popularity with local feudal lords, the legislator introduces a rule according to which “good” or “best” people should be present when considering court cases by the governor or tiun. The involvement of the local population was aimed not only at exercising control functions over the activities of the governors, but also at their gradual abolition. By itself, the fact of the participation of zemstvo authorities in the governor's court did not appear until the middle of the 16th century. news, however, the Sudebnik of 1550 went much further along the line of expanding the role and importance of the elders and the "best" people in local government - the participation of the zemstvo authorities is transformed by the Sudebnik into a general and mandatory norm. Firstly. The Sudebnik prescribes that in those volosts where there were no zemstvo authorities before, they should be; secondly, it emphasizes the obligation of their participation for all governors and volostels without exception, now even in minor court cases, feeders are placed under the control of elected local representatives.

In addition to their direct and direct participation in the governor's court, the elders performed another very important function, namely: they carried out the compilation of counting books in cities. These books were lists of the posad taxable population with an indication of "how many rubles each tsar and the grand duke gives tribute." It was with the help of marked books that the legality or illegality of the claims of the townspeople among themselves and the claims of the population against the governors were determined. At the same time, as mandatory condition the legitimacy of claims against the governors, Sudebnik staged the sending of counting books by the elders and kissers to Moscow. And since they were compiled by the elders and kept by them, they (the elders) thus got the opportunity to influence the outcome of the claims.

The Sudebnik of 1550 also contains a very important norm on the control functions of the zemstvo authorities. This article defines the procedure for considering cases when the governors report the results of their work in a higher authority. In the event of a dispute, the zemstvo authorities participate in the report and play a decisive role in the consideration of disputes.

Assessing the activities of the “best” people in local government, one can define the functions of the zemstvo authorities, mainly as control ones, the implementation of which can be reduced to four forms: firstly, participation directly in the trial itself, and secondly, participation in the presentation of the case in a higher authority in the event of a dispute, thirdly, the compilation of dimensional books, and fourthly, the issuance of sanctions upon arrest and bail.

The clearly expressed tendency of the Sudebnik of 1550 to strengthen control over the vicegerent administration "from below" is supplemented by control from the side of the central bodies and, above all, through the institution of the report, which has already been noted above. Thus, two types of control - on the part of local communities and on the part of the central government - complemented each other, with the aim of limiting the power and arbitrariness on the part of governors and volosts in relation to the subject population.

The specifics of the legal status of governors and volostels in the local government system, their functional features make it possible to highlight some of the features of this management system:

the "natural" nature of management, which manifested itself in the form in which the governor received remuneration for the performance of management duties;

the "personal" nature of service in the apparatus of feeders, which was expressed in the relationship of personal dependence of persons who were part of the governor's administration from the governors and volostes who headed local bodies;

the universality of the functions performed by local governors, namely the comprehensive nature of the powers of the feeders, who concentrated administrative, military, financial and judicial powers in their hands.

Over time, the feeding system, in the form in which it was presented in the XIV-XV centuries, falls into decay. The crisis of the local government system was expressed both in internal and in external manifestations. Firstly, the terms of stay of feeders in positions are reduced, apparently in order to bypass through feeding it is possible more persons, the princes began to reduce the time of feeding. For the last quarter of the XV century. the most common period should be considered one year. In the form of a special favor, the prince "passed" the feeder for the second year, giving an increase to the first year of feeding a quarter, half, three quarters, or even a whole year. Secondly, viceroyalties lose their integrity. Feedings given to the management of several governors are becoming common. Already by the end of the XV century. there are known cases of allocation to special feeding positions of tiuna, closer, bringer, and in the first half of the 16th century. it is becoming more common.

These changes did not go unnoticed, they changed the very essence of this management system, since in the end the feeder turned from a judge and steward into a simple tax collector. Not engaging in administration, and often not having such an opportunity due to living in another county, the governor adapted to this situation, either sending his people to collect income, or renting out the income granted to him.

The fragmentation of feeding in a variety of forms, the reduction in the terms of the fed service, had a destructive effect on the governor's system of administration from the outside, but there were also so-called internal manifestations of the crisis. With the development and strengthening of princely power, the most profitable items are withdrawn from the entire mass of fed income. Fiscal interest prompted to withdraw such profitable items as various customs duties from the hands of the governors. All this ultimately led to a decrease in the profitability of well-fed positions.

Not less than important process destruction came from the side of privileged landownership: private, church and monastery. The spread of immune privileges to an increasing number of ordinary service people (reflecting the process of political elevation of the nobility) led to a narrowing of the competence of feeders and deprived them of part of their income.

As an organization of princely power, viceroyalties were also destroyed by the fact that certain branches of government were separated from the competence of local institutions and entrusted to special clerks - city clerks. Introduction in the 40s of the XVI century. In the 1960s, very important cases were withdrawn from the competence of the governors - robbery and tatin, which, moreover, constituted a profitable article for feeders.

Thus, as a result of these changes, by the middle of the 16th century. pitiful remnants of the once great feedings remained. Having emerged as a local apparatus of grand ducal administration, governors and volostels played an important role in the struggle of grand ducal power against feudal fragmentation and for the creation of a centralized state. However, this progressive role soon exhausted itself, and as the centralized state strengthened, the governorship found itself in ever-growing conflict with the central state power.

After the unification of the main lands of North-Eastern Rus' around Moscow in the mid-50s of the XV century. the creation of the state apparatus began on foundations that differed from those on which the reign of the predecessors of Vasily the Dark was built. First of all, the territorial-administrative structure of the state was changed. Instead of the destroyed destinies, new ones were created, but not on a tribal basis (descendants of Kalita), but on a family basis - they all belonged to the children of Vasily II.

But the main territory of the Moscow principality remained subject to the Grand Duke. The main feature of this period was the transition of destinies to the system of counties. Initially, they appear in the Moscow lands, and in the middle of the century their number increases significantly due to the newly annexed lands.

Power in the counties is concentrated in the hands of the governors, who, as a rule, become the boyars of the Grand Duke. As appanages are annexed to Moscow, the power of the governors extends to specific lands (Galich, Uglich, Mozhaisk, etc.).

The rights and privileges of the governors in the previous period were determined by the charter governor's letters, the norms of which dated back to Russian Pravda. But from the time of the reign of Vasily II, such letters have not been preserved.

The creation of a local administration was ahead of changes in the central government apparatus. Basil II was the head of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. He was not distinguished by either determination or will, he did not possess military leadership talents either. After being blinded in 1446, Vasily II could hardly take an active part even in the most important events. The real power during the years of his reign belonged first to his guardians, and when he reached the age of majority - to the boyar advisers.

Significantly increased the role of the boyars. The boyars headed the Sovereign's Court as a military-administrative corporation. The leadership of the palace apparatus came from the environment of the old Moscow boyars devoted to the interests of the grand duke. Representatives of one boyar family were usually appointed to palace posts for life.

In the middle of the 40s of the XV century. The Sovereign's Court was divided into the Palace, which remained an economic and administrative organization that provided for the needs of the Grand Duke and his family, and the Court, a military-administrative corporation that became the core of the armed forces of the Moscow Principality.

Along with the boyars and boyar children (nobles), the descendants of the once independent Russian princes (Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and others), the so-called service princes, began to be involved in the execution of state orders.

Certain changes have been made judicial system. Their essence was reduced to the reduction of judicial privileges of landowners and the transfer of cases of significant crimes to the jurisdiction of the governors' apparatus.

In the middle of the century, a new monetary reform and the issue of a national coin was resumed at the grand ducal court. Coins minted during the feudal war by the Galician princes were taken as a sample, and the weight of the coin increased slightly.

All these measures contributed to the further strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Reign of Ivan III

After the death of Vasily II the Dark, the Moscow throne was taken by his eldest son Ivan Vasilievich (1462 - 1505), who became co-ruler of his father during his lifetime. It was on the lot of Ivan III that the completion of the two-century process of unification of Russian lands and the overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke fell. Distinguished by his great mind and willpower, this great Moscow sovereign completed the collection of lands under the rule of Moscow.

If at the beginning of his reign the Muscovite state was surrounded by sovereign possessions, the lands of the “Lord of Veliky Novgorod”, the inheritances of the independent princes of Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, then at the end of the 15th century in Eastern Europe there were colossal political changes. The Moscow state began to directly border on Sweden, German possessions in the Baltic states, Lithuanians and the remnants of the Golden Horde in the south.

Ivan III laid the foundations of Russian autocracy, not only significantly expanding the territory of his state, but also strengthening its political system and state apparatus, sharply raising Moscow's international prestige. A reflection of the new status of the country was the establishment of magnificent court etiquette and new state symbols.

Ivan III was the actual creator of the Muscovite state.
Accession of the lands of Novgorod to Moscow

The most important task facing Ivan III in unifying the Russian lands was the annexation of the vast lands of Veliky Novgorod, which were also claimed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Novgorod boyars, being under constant pressure from two powerful, competing powers - Moscow and Lithuania, understood that it was possible to preserve the independence of Novgorod only by entering into an alliance with one of them. At the same time, the Moscow party was mainly made up of ordinary Novgorodians, who saw in the Moscow prince, first of all, an Orthodox sovereign. And the Lithuanian party was supported by the absolute majority of the boyars and " the best people who sought to maintain their traditional privileges.

In 1471, the Novgorod authorities concluded an agreement with Lithuania, according to which the Polish-Lithuanian king Kazimir IV Yagailovich undertook to defend Novgorod from Moscow and send his governor to Novgorod. The initiator of this agreement was the widow of the Novgorod posadnik and the actual head of the boyars, Marfa Boretskaya.

Having learned about the transition of Novgorod to Lithuania, in May 1471 Ivan III decided to march on the free city.

At the same time, the war with Novgorod was given the appearance of a campaign for the Orthodox faith, against apostates. The Moscow army was led by Prince Daniel Kholmsky. Casimir IV did not dare to open war with Moscow, and the help he promised was never provided. The vanguard of the Moscow troops first burned the city of Rusa and defeated the advanced Novgorod detachments on the banks of the Ilmen. July 14, 1471 on the river. Shelon, a decisive battle took place, in which the Moscow rati utterly defeated the Novgorod militia.

The road to Novgorod was open. Realizing the hopelessness of their situation, the Novgorod authorities surrendered to the mercy of the winner. The Grand Duke of Moscow forgave the apostates, obliging them to pay a huge ransom - 15.5 thousand rubles (at the same time, the price of several peasant households at that time was 2 - 3 rubles). Novgorod from that time recognized itself as the fatherland of Ivan III, who was given the right to judge the Novgorodians.

The Novgorod authorities completely refused any relations with Lithuania. However, the troubles continued. Then, on November 23, 1475, Ivan III entered Novgorod, accompanied by a large retinue, playing the role of a fair judge protecting the offended. Arrests were made among the Novgorod boyars. And in 1477, the Novgorod ambassadors recognized Ivan III as their sovereign, which meant the unconditional submission of Novgorod to the power of Moscow.

After that, the Grand Duke demanded direct control of Novgorod and the elimination of its independence. At first, the Novgorodians refused to obey. But Ivan III besieged the city in January 1478, and soon its inhabitants had to capitulate. The veche bell was taken to Moscow, the posadnichestvo was liquidated, and Moscow governors began to manage the city. In 1484 - 1499. the lands of the Novgorod boyars were confiscated, and the landowners themselves were evicted to central regions Moscow State. The Novgorod Republic ceased to exist.

Pskov still retained its self-government, but was also under the strict hand of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Strengthening the state system under Ivan III

The unification of Russian lands around Moscow was a qualitatively new stage in the development of Russian statehood. The territory of the Muscovite state, which had grown significantly, demanded centralized system management. In an attempt to elevate the power of the grand duke over the feudal nobility, the government of Ivan III consistently formed a multi-stage system of service people. The boyars, swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke, assured their loyalty with special "swearing letters".

The Moscow sovereign received the right to impose opals on the boyars, removing them from public service confiscate their fiefdoms or, conversely, grant them new ones. The functions of state administration gradually became more complicated, which predetermined the separation of the palace economy. Already from the middle of the XV century. allocated "treasury" (subsequently the state yard). And from 1467, the posts of a state clerk and clerks appeared, in charge of the office work of this institution, which dealt not only with finances, but also with embassy, ​​local, yam and other affairs.

From the end of the XV century. the state body of the centralized state is formalized - the Boyar Duma. In addition to the boyars of the Moscow prince, it also included former appanage princes. The Duma decided the most important matters and was a legislative body.

In order to centralize and unify the order of judicial and administrative activities, in 1497 a new set of laws was drawn up - the Code of Laws of Ivan III, which established uniform norms for tax liability and the procedure for conducting investigations and trials. It was aimed primarily at protecting the life and property of feudal landowners, as well as the state as a whole.

It is characteristic that one of the articles of the Sudebnik (57th) limited the right of the peasants to leave their feudal lord for other lands for a strictly defined period - a week before St. George's Day (autumn - November 26) and within a week after, with the obligatory payment of "elderly" - payments for the past years in the amount of about 1 ruble. Sudebnik also limited servility in the city. Thus, the number of taxpayers, or taxpayers, among the urban population increased.

The second marriage of Ivan III contributed to the growth of the authority of the Grand Duke of Moscow (to the niece of the latter Byzantine emperor Constantine Palaiologos Sofya). He was actively supported by the papal throne, since, according to the plan of the Pope, such a union would contribute to the unification of Catholicism and Orthodoxy. But this plan met with sharp resistance from the Russian clergy.

On November 1, 1472, Sophia Paleolog and Ivan III got married in Moscow according to the Orthodox rite. After that, new magnificent ceremonials were introduced at the Moscow court, and the Byzantine double-headed eagle was used as the state coat of arms. Barmas and Monomakh's cap became special signs of the sovereign's dignity.
Testament of Ivan III

Ivan III declared his first heir and co-ruler to be his son from his first wife, Ivan the Young, but in 1490 he died, leaving behind his 6-year-old son Dmitry. As a result, there were two contenders for the throne - Dmitry and the 10-year-old son of Ivan III and Sophia Paleolog Vasily.

A dynastic crisis arose: Ivan III declared his grandson or son as his heir, depending on the development of court intrigues, until, finally, in the spring of 1502, Dmitry Ivanovich, together with his mother, was sent to prison. Vasily Ivanovich was proclaimed the heir of the sovereign and the Grand Duke of Moscow.

In his spiritual charter, Ivan III summed up his more than 40-year reign. He handed over 60 cities to Vasily, while all his other sons received 30 cities. Vasily's younger brothers did not have the right to mint coins, to judge criminal cases in their destinies, escheated possessions also passed to Vasily. The brothers swore an oath to obey Vasily in everything, and in the event of his death, to obey his eldest son, their nephew.
Socio-economic development of Russia in the 15th century

In the XV century. the boyars completely lost the right to free passage. Now they were obliged to serve not the specific princes, but the Grand Duke of Moscow, and swore allegiance to him in this. The number of boyars in Muscovy grew as its borders expanded.

The 15th century was a time of active growth of landownership. From the second half of the XV century. the process of distribution and legalization of the local system begins. The expansion of the social stratum of the landowners contributed to the strengthening of the centralized Muscovite state.

The first elements of the legal enslavement of peasants began to appear in the second half of the 15th century. From the middle of the century, the earliest princely charters were preserved, prohibiting peasants from leaving their owners, but so far they were fragmentary.

The first nationwide legal act that limited the freedom of peasant transitions was the Sudebnik of 1497, according to which peasants could “refuse” a boyar or landowner only once a year. It was the first open step to the establishment of serfdom in Rus'. Attempts to limit the freedoms of the peasants were also manifested in the policy of financial enslavement. Having received a loan from a landlord or feudal lord, the peasant could no longer leave him until the debt was paid, and this often dragged on for many years and decades. The most disenfranchised part of the debtors was called bonded people (the first mention of them comes at the end of the 15th century).

In the XV century. Rus''s economy is developing rapidly. The changes affected both handicraft production, and construction, and agriculture. The basis of progress in agriculture served as an almost ubiquitous transition to the three-field. Relog, i.e. “abandonment” of land for several years was used only when cultivating new land. The use of organic fertilizers has become a necessary component of agricultural work.

The increase in agricultural productivity led to an increase in the urban population, which in turn contributed to the growth of handicrafts and trade. Any new technologies in Rus' in the XV century. did not appear, with the exception of the production of firearms. But throughout the century, both quantitative and qualitative growth of handicraft production took place, specialization deepened, and the number of handicraft settlements and cities increased.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.bestreferat.ru were used.

Archivist- an official, the chief responsible for the grand duke, zemstvo or city archive.

Budovnichy- monitored all civil buildings in the cities and collected taxes for their construction.

Burmister- was elected for a period of one year from the top of the wealthy residents of the city, and after the expiration of the term he gave a report for his work to the council, which he headed for a year. He also presided over the local Burmister-Radetsky court, as well as the burmister presided over the courts that considered civil cases and other property disputes of the townspeople. Managed the city treasury.

Voight urban- head of administration in cities. Chairman of the Voitovsko-Lavnich Court. He had significant sources of income from: natural requisitions, ship dues, shares from market trade, shops, taverns, land donations. He was appointed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania from among the wealthy burghers or large gentry.

Voight rural- head of administration in the villages. The elder came to change his position after the judicial and administrative reform of 1565-1566. In submission there were several villages that constituted the administrative-territorial unit of voitovstvo. He collected taxes, kept order and ensured that the peasants did not run away, was responsible for the condition of roads and bridges, for fire safety. As a reward for service, he was released from duties and received a land allotment from 0.5 to 1 portage. He was appointed officer of the pan and every week reported to the pan's court.

Gaevnik- position from the 15th to the 16th centuries. Followed the guys with a board tree. He received part of the honey tribute he collected. He obeyed the sovereign.

A nobleman of his royal grace or a nobleman of the state- position at the court of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. He performed various assignments for the protection of castles and embassies, acted as a diplomatic representative, conducted audits of grand ducal and state estates.

holder- came to replace the tiuna in the middle of the 16th century. Performed the administrative and judicial functions of the state estate (power) subordinate to him: collecting taxes, monitoring the repair and condition of buildings, organizing security, ensuring labor force estates, conducting an inventory, distributing the wasteland to the gentry military service. Derzhavtsa also judged the master's peasants and philistines in cities without Magdeburg law. Foresters, beavermen, haeviki, clerks, underhorsemen and vizhi obeyed him.

ten's manager- managed a dozen, a small administrative territorial unit consisting of several villages. He maintained order and supervised the execution of duties by the peasants. In the middle of the 16th century, it was replaced by a voit.

clerk- clerk and head of the office in various institutions of the GDL.

Chancellor ON-, head of the office of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Minister of Foreign Affairs, the highest official who led the state during the absence of the Grand Duke. He made decisions on behalf of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, kept a large state seal with the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was in charge of the metrics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (state archive), supervised the preparation of collections of laws. He presided over the assessor and court courts. His subordinates were: the clerk of the ON and the clerk of the ON.

key keeper- an official of the local administration subordinate to the voivode. He was in charge of collecting honey tribute to the state treasury.

equestrian- great, noble, zemstvo. Watched the Grand Duke's herds and stables. The position has existed since the 15th century.

Kraichy- He occupied a high place in the hierarchy of orders. He cut the served dishes to the Grand Duke of Lithuania. As a rule, young representatives of magnate families were appointed to this position.

cookmaster- supervised the court cooks and kitchen. He was subordinated to: the steward, the understaff, the chalice, the chalice, the krai, the brewery. The position has been known since the 15th century.

Lenvoit- an assistant to the voit in cities with Magdeburg rights. Appointed by a voit and obeyed him.

forester- observed the grand ducal forests and hunting grounds in a certain area. Obedient to the hunter.

Stalker- kept order in the forests and ordered hunting. It was divided according to the level into the great, zemstvo, deputy of the great hunter, yard. Since the 16th century, an honorary title without specific duties.

lustrator- Carried out periodic inventories of state property to indicate the profitability of state property. Opposition to him was considered a grave state crime.

Marshall ON- received foreign ambassadors, led the court of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, led the grand ducal guards and court guards, followed the etiquette and rules at the court of the Grand Duke. He appointed nobles and chaired the Rada of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and also considered cases of crimes committed at court.

Zemsky marshalok (district)- led the povet gentry and presided over povet soimiks and zemstvo courts.

Marshal yard- supervised the administration of the Grand Duke's court. Deputy Marshal ON.

Mernik (mernichiy)- Member of the sub-comorian court. He measured the boundaries of land plots and marked the boundaries.

metricant- Monitored the archives of the Grand Duke's office and the issuance of privileges.

swordsman- carried a naked sword in front of the Grand Duke of Lithuania as a symbol of power during the celebrations. The same position was in povets. She later became a courtier.

Bridge- monitored the serviceability of bridges, roads and crossings in the 16th - 18th centuries.

Mytnik- Collected for the import and export of goods duty, tax (washed) from merchants.

Viceroy- assistant to the governor and headman, who performed some administrative and judicial functions in the provinces and counties in the 16th - 17th centuries.

Pivnichy- was in charge of the Grand Duke's pubs, was responsible for the storage, quality and delivery of beer to the table.

Clerk- a position that existed in government institutions and courts in the 15th - 18th centuries. He had to be able to read, write, count and think logically. There were: a clerk of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a courtier, a treasurer, a city, a zemstvo, etc.

Poborets- collected taxes and received remuneration for his service from the sums he collected.

Subvoevoda- Deputy governor for administrative and judicial affairs in the 15th -18th centuries. controlled taxes, trade, the availability and serviceability of standards of measures and weights in the territory of his voivodeship.

Underchancellor- Deputy Chancellor in the 15th - 18th centuries. He was a member of the Rada of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and kept the small state seal. Like the chancellor, he was engaged in internal and foreign affairs, managed the work of secretaries and clerks in the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Connecter- assistant keykeeper.

Podkomory yard- was an adviser and kept order and decoration in the premises of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Appointed from a large gentry. He was a member of the Rada ON.

Podkonyushy- Deputy equerry who had subordinate grooms. Followed the Grand Duke's herds and stables.

Great Podskarby- dealt with state financial affairs, taxes, managed the grand ducal income and kept the regalia.

Podskarby yard- Deputy treasurer of the great, managed the estates determined for the maintenance of the grand prince's table.

Substarosta (surrogator)- deputy headman, actual head of the city court. During the war, he remained in place with the army in the city. Often, along with his main position, he could hold the position of steward and mayor.

Underframe- deputy steward, helped to serve the grand duke's table.

Subcup- deputy chaperon. Before serving the drink to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, he tried it himself. The position was considered very honorable, and only representatives of the Mangat clans were appointed to it.

Radets- was chosen or appointed from wealthy townspeople. Member of the administrative body of city self-government, magistrate and council.

Regent- a leading position in the offices, head of the archive, was responsible for office work in the office, was one of the secretaries, entered documents into the books of the Metrics of the ON and issued their official copies-extracts, acted as a notary, submitted grand ducal, chancellor, sub-chancellor documents for signature. He was appointed chancellor or sub-chancellor and approved by the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Great Seal Secretary ON- assistant to the chancellor in the office of the ON. He applied a large seal to documents coming out of the grand duke's office, and was engaged in office work.

Secretary of the Gospodarsky- directly engaged in office work and acted as an auditor, measurer, commissar, fighter.

Small Press Secretary ON- assistant to the sub-chancellor, applied a small seal to documents coming out of the grand duke's office, conducted office work under the sub-chancellor.

Skarbnik- keeper of the county treasury and taxes collected from the population of the county, made inventories of possessions liable to pay tax. Subordinated to the subsistence of ON. It was the same in voivodeships and counties.

centurion- Through the foremen appointed by him, he monitored the execution of duties by the townspeople, the payment of taxes. He performed castle work for the defense of the castle, participated in meetings of the city council. Without his approval, Voight could not make important decisions.

Stolnik- was responsible for laying the grand duke's table. He was subordinated to the underframe.

Tiun- 1) in the 15th century ruled the grand ducal courts with volosts that were not part of the judicial-administrative units. He collected tribute, managed the household, judged the peasants. Appointed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania. From the 16th century, a derzhavtsa came to replace him. 2) was in charge of the gentry economy. He was appointed from among the peasants, servants of the yard, and sometimes from the gentry. He was responsible for the consumption and safety of grain, followed the work of the peasants on the estate, judged ordinary people. For service, he received an earthly allotment freed from duties, or simply freed from various duties.

Chashnik- poured drinks into the dishes brought by the cup holder of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. The position has been known since 1409. Later it became very honorary and only representatives of magnate families were appointed to it.

Shafar- Responsible for the collection of state taxes in the county. The taxes collected by him from the fighters were taken to the state treasury in Vilna. He was elected by the nobility of the county. In private estates, he performed the functions of an accountant and housekeeper.

1. In the structure of the veche administration of Veliky Novgorod there were:
posadnik
viceroy
governor
thousand
zemstvo headman
street chief
princely council
council of gentlemen

2. Name high council under the Russian monarch at the end of the 15th-17th centuries, which consisted of representatives of the feudal aristocracy:
Elected Rada
Supreme Privy Council
Boyar Duma
Senate

3. Service people "in the fatherland":
Boyars
Duma nobles
Duma clerks
Cossacks
roundabout
Pushkari
Stolniki
archers

4. The name of the first king of the Romanov dynasty.:
Fedor
Michael
Alexei
Ivan

5. The spiritual dignity of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church in 988 - 1589:
Archbishop
Patriarch
Metropolitan
Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne

6. The feeding system was:
remuneration for the performance of management functions
reward for court and military service
a kind of tribute in favor of the governor
performance of guardianship functions by the voivode

7. The form of relations between the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde in the XIII-XV centuries.
only the economic dependence of the principalities on the Horde khans
vassalage of Russian principalities from the Golden Horde
equal partners in international relations
Horde governors were appointed to the Russian principalities as the main rulers

8. Name of the central state institutions in Russia XVI- the beginning of the XVIII centuries, in charge of the branches of government or individual regions of the country:
colleges
departments
ministries
orders

9. Monarch in whose reign the feeding system was limited:
Alexey Mikhailovich
Ivan IV
Peter I
Mikhail Fedorovich

10. Reforms carried out during the reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich:
provincial
zemstvo
labial
church

11. Service people in the Muscovite state, who made up the first permanent army in the middle of the XVI - early XVIII centuries:
Cossacks
huntsmen
archers
guardsmen

12. The name of the boyar government that came to power after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky:
council of all the earth
Seven Boyars
Elected Rada
Middle thought

13. Boyars, men, gridi, howls, youths, children - these are
the names of the soldiers who are part of the princely squad
titles monetary units in ancient Rus'
names of dependent categories of the population in Ancient Rus'
names of semi-free categories of the population who paid tribute to the Grand Duke

14. The specified structure of public administration bodies existed:
in Kievan Rus
in Moscow principality
in Veliky Novgorod
in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality

15. Name of the first crowned Russian monarch:
Ivan IV
Ivan III
Peter I
Pavel I

16. The governors in the grand ducal administration performed the following functions:
heads of the entire princely administration
candidate for position (for "place")
representative of the princely administration in other cities
manager of the princely court

17. National assembly in ancient and medieval Rus' to discuss and resolve important common issues:
thought
Cathedral
veche
forum

18. Forms of statehood that existed in Ancient Rus' (IX-XIII centuries):
a constitutional monarchy
early feudal monarchy
autocratic monarchy
estate-representative monarchy
feudal republic

19. The name of the code of laws of the Russian state, adopted Zemsky Cathedral during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, who completed the legal registration of serfdom:
Cathedral code
Sudebnik 1550
Russian Truth
General Regulations

20. The actual head of the Council of Masters of the Novgorod Feudal Republic:
archbishop
prince
posadnik
thousand

21. The name of the detachment of warriors who united around the prince and constituted the privileged layer of Russian feudal society in the 9th-11th centuries:
retinue
army
militia
army

22. Legislative functions in the Novgorod feudal republic in XII - XIV centuries carried out (o):
archbishop
veche
prince
posadnik
council of gentlemen
Tysyatsky

23. The discharge order was in charge of:
distribution of land grants
the formation of the armed forces, affairs on the personnel of the state apparatus
determining the terms of punishment for state crimes
armaments of the army

24. Unofficial council under Ivan IV Vasilyevich during the development of reforms:
Indispensable advice
The secret committee
Supreme Privy Council
Elected Rada

25. Service people "on the instrument":
Boyars
Duma nobles
Duma clerks
Cossacks
roundabout
Pushkari
Stolniki
archers

26. Correspondence between the names of legislative acts of the XI-XVII centuries and their content:
Code of legal norms for the internal life of the Russian clergy and its relationship with society and the state, adopted at the Council of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1551.
Stoglav

Code of laws of ancient Russian feudal law
Russian truth
Collection of laws contributing to the centralization of the Russian state, codifying the norms of customary law, charters, princely decrees
Sudebnik
The code of laws that completed the legalization of serfdom
Cathedral code

27. Zemstvo reform of Ivan IV led to:
strengthening the central government, limiting governors and volostels
development of noble self-government
creation of a zemshchina
strengthening the power of governors

28. The name of the position of the military leader of the city militia in Rus' until the middle of the 15th century:
governor
thousand
centurion
sergeant

29. To the Boyar Duma at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. included:
boyars
roundabout
tiunas
boyar children
rightists
Duma clerks

30. The Cathedral Code of 1649 included:
articles dealing with crimes against church and state
articles on court and legal proceedings
articles on property and criminal law
articles on the definition of the essence of supreme power
church management articles