Plucked strings - by definition, it becomes clear that the way to extract sound is by plucking, with the help of fingers, a pen, a plectrum and a plectrum. This is an extensive group of instruments, from the most ancient - harps and lyres, to modern ones - guitar, balalaika, mandolin, dombra (Kazakh), domra (Russian), lute, dutar, gusli, banjo, spinet, harpsichord and many folk instruments, various in form, material of manufacture, time of occurrence, but combined according to the principle of sound extraction.
The very first images of a harp that have come down to us date back to the third millennium BC! In its primitive, simplest form, the harp is found among all the peoples of the world. From the earliest historical information that has come down to us, the harp is present among the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Turks, and Romans. And this is natural, because the stretched string of the bow pushes a person to hook on the bowstring, there is a desire to make a sound, and this is already the first musical instrument! The first harps and lyres had several strings - from three to eleven. The lyre, the next stage of development of which was the cithara, was used only in ancient times, later the lyre is not found. From the 10th to the 19th centuries, the wheeled lyre, or organistrum, the bowed lyre, and then the guitar, the lyre, were widely used. The ancients endowed the harp and lyre with magical properties, the seven-stringed lyre in ancient Greek mythology personifies seven-syllable structures physical world, and the sounds made by the lyre are the release of energy by matter, a way to atone for the sins of a person. The same analogies are seen in other ancient cultures and religions. The fundamental thought, common to all ancient cultures - at its highest level, art is the differentiation of primary energy - the arrangement of the universe.
HARP. The modern academic harp was invented in 1810 in France by S. Erard. This is a wooden frame, triangular in shape, the upper part is curved in the form of a wave, strings of different lengths and tunings are stretched inside. The harp has a pedal mechanism with seven pedals, and each of the pedals moves in three positions. This mechanism allows you to increase the harp's tuning by half a tone or a tone, thereby rebuilding the instrument in all major-minor keys. There are usually 44 strings, sometimes 1 to 4 strings are added. The harp's tuning is diatonic, ranging from C to the first octave to S of the fourth octave. The timbre is gentle, soft, silvery. The playing technique is varied - arpeggios, chords, harmonics, glissando, used mainly as an accompanying instrument, but there are also virtuosos of solo harp playing.
UD - a folk stringed plucked instrument, known from the 3rd - 12th centuries, widespread in the countries of the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. At different peoples It has different history, the forerunner of the European lute. It has a pear-shaped body made of walnut, sandalwood, and pumpkin, a short neck without frets, a head bent back, a flat wooden soundboard with 2-3 resonators. Ancient ouds had 4-5 strings, modern oud - 8-11 strings. The tuning is a fourth, melodic (paired) strings are located in the center, and the bass ones are at the edges. The range is 1-2 octaves, the sound is extracted using a plectrum, the timbre is soft, quiet, muffled.
The lute is a stringed plucked musical instrument that originated from the oud, but has its own differences. The shape is oval, the body is glued together from thin wooden blocks, a wide short neck with a head bent back, the upper deck is flat, with a large resonator hole in the center. The number of strings at first was 6-11, the first single, and eventually increased to 24 (paired). The most common were lutes with 6-8 strings, quarto-tert settings. Until the 16th century, the lute did not have frets, but later, the masters began to add frets, first to 4, and then brought to 11. The sound was extracted with a pinch, sometimes with a plectrum, in terms of the timbre of the sound, the lute is similar to a guitar. It became widely known during the Renaissance, it was played by both professionals and amateurs.
It was accompanied by singing, played solo, introduced into ensembles of various composition. The peak of the lute's popularity dates back to the 16th-17th centuries; the number of various art paintings, engravings, drawings depicting musicians playing the lute testifies to the widespread use of this instrument in European countries. This went on until mid-eighteenth century, until the lute was finally supplanted by the guitar, and other keyboard instruments - the harpsichord and clavichord. In the 19th century, interest in the lute and music written for the lute reappeared. But structurally, the lute of the 19th century practically does not differ from the guitar, with the exception of the shape of the body. Extensive musical literature, created for the lute, was recorded using tablature, the way a modern guitar is recorded.
The guitar is a stringed plucked instrument. Today we can talk about the “family” of guitars, as this instrument is so popular and widespread in the world among different peoples. Spanish (classical), Russian, Hawaiian, 12-string, ukulele - small ukulele solo, electric guitars, bass guitar. Is not full list tools that exist today and “live” in the world. What is the reason for such popularity? First, timbre and sound. Due to its design, the modern guitar has a bright, moderate sound, a timbre that matches the human voice, a lot of playing techniques and techniques that allow both professionals and amateurs to play it. Secondly, small size and weight, versatility, accessibility, the ability to quickly learn elementary accompaniment chords. Thirdly, the cultural revolution that swept through the countries of Europe and America in the early 60s of the last century, chose the electric guitar among its symbols as the main instrument of beats, and later rock bands. In all modern music, excluding academic, the guitar is the main instrument. There are many schools, clubs, communities of guitarists in the world, periodically publishing their bulletins, magazines, festivals, concerts, competitions.
The first mentions date back to the 13th century, when it was widespread in Spain. Although you can find information that the mention of the instrument dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. But this information is contradictory, the instruments found in the ancient cultures of the East most of all resemble the prototype of Uda. The cithara and lute are considered the ancestor of the guitar, and the guitar became the next step in the evolution of the lute. Initially, the guitar had four double strings, after a while - five double ones. In the 18th century, it “conquers” Europe, and instead of 5 double strings, 6 single strings appear, the creative guitar is finally set in tune - fourth - with one third between two groups of strings. In Russia and Poland at this time, the Russian guitar is gaining popularity, with 7 strings and a different system - quarto - terts. Guitars were made with additional 3-4 bass strings, as well as smaller ones, with a tuning increased by a third or a quart - in guitar ensembles for solo parts. The sound is extracted with a pinch, plectrum, blow, nails, combined. Recorded in treble clef, but sounds an octave higher. There is also a special notation of chords in the form of a "grid" - tablature. Many works have been written for the guitar. alternative guitar In the first half of the 19th century, guitar art experienced an unprecedented rise; Weber, Paganini, Berlioz wrote for it, outstanding guitarists - virtuosos Giuliani, Sor, Agudo. In Russia - for the seven-string guitar - Sikhra, Aksenov, Morkov.
A new flowering of guitar art begins at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Spanish guitarist Tarrega established the importance of the guitar as a solo instrument. Masters - virtuosos - Pujol, Llobet, Anido come out of his school. Works for the greatest contemporary guitarist of Segovia are written by Western European composers - Rodrigo, Tansman, Torroba, Falla, South America- Vila - Lobos, Ponce.
In our time, along with a huge number of guitar companies, masters are looking for alternative forms of the instrument, experimenting with designs, material, sound timbre. This is evidence that the guitar lives and develops, and there is a craftsman who will step further - a new instrument will be born ...
Balalaika is a folk stringed plucked instrument. The first mentions refer to early XVII century. The body is glued from wooden plates, triangular in shape, the neck is long, slightly bent back, with a spade-shaped head. The soundboard is flat with one large or several small resonator holes. At first, 5 frets were imposed on the balalaika, giving a diatonic system. String - three. Sound is made by rattling index finger right hand top to bottom and back on all strings.
The balalaika sounded loud and cheerful. It was widely used among the people for solo playing, in ensembles, for singing accompaniment. In 1880, by order of V. Andreev, craftsmen F. Paserbsky and S. Nalimov improved the design of the balalaika. The improved instrument received better resonant properties, a shorter neck, on which the frets crashed, located along the steps of the chromatic scale. A family of new balalaika designs was created - treble, piccolo, prima, second, alto, tenor, bass and double bass. However, apart from the treble and tenor, these instruments have not received further distribution. In 1896, the fourth system was installed on all balalaikas. In modern times, the balalaika - treble and tenor is used in folk instrument orchestras.
The mandolin is a stringed plucked instrument of the lute family. It originated in Italy, where it is a folk instrument. There are many varieties of mandolins, differing in the shape of the body, system, number of strings - Florentine, Genoese, Padua, Neapolitan. The most widely used Neapolitan mandolin. Its body is oval, glued from wooden blocks, the neck with cut-in frets, the head is flat with mechanical tuning pegs. The system is like that of a violin, fifths, paired strings, the sound is sonorous, clear, bright, and is extracted by a plectrum - mediator. Ensembles in combination with guitars are called Neapolitan. There are also orchestral varieties of mandolins - mandolin - viola, mandolin - cello, mandolin - bass. L. Beethoven, A. Vivaldi wrote for the mandolin.
Dombra (dumbyra, dumbrak) is a folk stringed plucked instrument, dombra of eastern Kazakhstan, common among the peoples of Central Asia. There are two main varieties of dombra - Western Kazakhstan - a pear-shaped glued or dugout wooden body, a long fingerboard, imposed frets, the other - Eastern Kazakhstan spade-shaped or triangular in shape. It has two strings, one of which is melodic. The performance on the dombra is rich in stroke technique of the right hand, on the Western Kazakh dombra it is possible to perform virtuoso pieces. This dombra was reconstructed, the resonator properties of the body were improved, mortise metal frets appeared, and a mechanical peg system appeared. In orchestras of Kazakh folk instruments, dombra plays a solo role.
Domra is an ancient Russian folk plucked instrument, the first mentions refer to XVII century. Images and descriptions of the instrument have not been preserved, and in 1896 - 1900, Andreev, together with the master S. Nalimov, reconstructed the ancient Russian three-string domra of the fourth order and created a family of instruments - piccolo, prima, alto, tenor, bass and double bass. In 1908 - 1917, masters G. Lyubimov and S. Burov designed a family of four-string domras from piccolo to fifth-string double bass, which laid the foundation for a domra orchestra. The shape of the body is round, glued together from wooden segments, the neck is small with mortise frets, with a slightly bent head. The soundboard is flat, with a large resonator hole in the middle. The sound is sonorous, warm, extracted with the help of a plectrum - mediator. Thanks to the fifth system, the technical capabilities of the instrument, violin repertoire is suitable for domrists. The four-string domra is more common in Ukraine, and in folk orchestras, the domra group is similar to violins in a symphony orchestra.
Banjo is a stringed plucked instrument. In the 17th century, from West Africa, along with slaves, it was brought to the United States, where it became widespread. The first banjos had a body in the form of a flat drum, with a leather membrane, a long neck without frets, 4-9 strings were imposed on the head, at first veined, the first was melodic, the rest served as accompaniment. In the 30s of the XIX century, the banjo was reconstructed. Frets were cut into the neck, the number of strings was increased to 5. Modern models are made using a metal or wooden shell, a plastic membrane is stretched over a wooden rim open from below or from above with metal bolts, mechanical pegs on a flat head. With the advent of jazz, the banjo was part of the rhythm group. Since the beginning of the 40s, in the rhythm group, the banjo has been supplanted by the guitar, and various combinations of the banjo have appeared. Banjo-mandolin - equipped with 4 paired strings, banjo-tenor - 4 strings and has a system bowed viola, banjo guitar - 6 strings, guitar tuning, banjo ukulele - rarely used. The sound of the banjo is sharp, sharp, quickly fading. They play the instrument with special plectrums that are put on the fingers or with a plectrum. Currently used in styles - country, dixieland, traditional jazz.
Gusli is a Russian folk stringed plucked instrument. The earliest information refers to the VI century. The harp is mentioned in legends, epics, folk tales. Fragments of several copies of the instrument dated to the 11th-14th centuries were found by archaeologists during excavations in Novgorod in 1951-1962. The harp has various shapes - rectangular, pterygoid, helmet-shaped, and the number of strings depends on the shape. Pterygoid psaltery - "voiced" in the old days had a dugout body, now they are made glued, closed with a wooden deck, and from 5 to 12 strings tuned diatonically. The performer holds the harp on his knees, rattles the strings with his right hand, and muffles unnecessary sounds with his left. The sound is loud and resonant. In the 16th century, rectangular harps were constructed, the design was based on helmet-shaped instruments, 55-66 strings were stretched in a case with a lid, at this time of chromatic tuning. They were placed on the table, or had legs, played with both hands, plucking the strings. The sound is loud, not fading for a long time. Their repertoire is extensive, instrumental plays, adaptations of folk songs, excerpts from operas. Nowadays, rectangular gusli are part of some ensembles of Russian folk instruments.
Bandura is a folk Ukrainian stringed plucked instrument. In terms of design and sound production, the bandura is related to the Russian gusli. Derived from the kobza, the first mentions date back to the 15th century, the images - to the 17th century. The first banduras were made from whole piece wood, the body has a pear-shaped or oval shape, the soundboard is flat with star-shaped resonator holes. A short, fretless neck ends in a small head. In the history of the development of the instrument, the number of strings has changed - from 7-9 to 20-33 strings. The structure of modern banduras is chromatic, it sounds soft, muffled, and is used to accompany singing.
The harpsichord is a plucked keyboard instrument. The first mentions date back to 1515. Construction began in the 14th century. The strings in the harpsichord of different lengths, in contrast to the spinet and clavichord, are brought into vibration by a pinch, with the help of a bird's feather mounted on a rod - a pusher. The first harpsichords had a rectangular shape, and from the 17th century it acquires a triangular wing-shaped shape with a longitudinal arrangement of strings. In the XVII-XVIII centuries for the transfer of various dynamic shades, begin to produce harpsichords with two and even three keyboards arranged in a terrace - one above one, as well as with register switches. The third keyboard had its own timbre color, more often reminiscent of a lute. That's what they called it - the lute keyboard.
In order to enhance sonority in harpsichords, double, triple and, there are instances, with four paired strings were used. All these "tricks" were made with one goal - to change the timbre of the sound, which is brilliant on harpsichords, but not very melodious, and not amenable to dynamic changes. Interestingly, the force or speed of hitting the key does not affect the sound in any way. It was used as a solo, chamber-ensemble and orchestral instrument. Interest in the harpsichord still exists. Numerous musical literature written by brilliant composers of the XVI-XVIII centuries, is being fulfilled today. Some eminent factories produce two-keyboard harpsichords with register switches to order.
The sitar is an Indian stringed plucked instrument belonging to the lute family. The instrument was born from the combination of the Arabic setar and Indian folk instruments in the XIII-XIV century. The first master of the instrument was Amir Khusrow, who combined the traditions of the Indian raga and the Arab-Persian maqam. The body of the sitar is made from a hollow gourd, which is a resonator; on some models, 1-3 more resonators are added, placing them under the fingerboard. The neck is wide and long, made of teak wood, with movable metal arcuate frets 19-21, which are attached to the neck with wax or tied with silk thread. This system of moving frets makes it possible to talk about the uniqueness of the instrument, on which it is possible to rebuild the scale according to the scale of a given raga. The sitar has 21 strings, of which 5 are melodic, 2 are bourdon and 9-13 are resonant. The sitar sounds loud and bright. Today, thanks to the scale and the specific sound of the sitar, it is used in modern music, mainly as a solo instrument, to give the tracks a national flavor and colors.
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Basic information Adyrna is an ancient multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. Used by the ancient Turks and Kypchaks. It was originally made in the form of a bow from wood and leather. Pegs are attached to the horns, then the strings are pulled. Sometimes the instrument was stylized as horned animals (deer, deer, goat). The technique of playing the instrument is finger stringing. Video: Adyrna on video + sound Video from
Basic information Acoustic bass guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, acoustic variety bass guitars. Belongs to the family of guitars. Video: Acoustic bass guitar on video + sound real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique: Sale: where to buy/order?
Basic information Acoustic guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument. Unlike electric guitars, acoustic guitars have a hollow body that acts as a resonator, although modern acoustic guitars may have built-in pickups, either magnetic or piezoelectric, with an equalizer and volume control. The acoustic guitar is the main instrument of such genres as art song, folk, takes important place in gypsy and Cuban folk
Basic information The harp is a stringed plucked musical instrument. It is believed that the beauty of her appearance surpasses all her neighbors in the orchestra. Its graceful outlines hide the shape of a triangle, the metal frame is decorated with carvings. Strings (47-48) of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled onto the frame, which form a transparent mesh. At the beginning of the 19th century, the famous piano master Erar improved the ancient harp.
Basic Information Baglamazaki is a Greek plucked stringed instrument with three double strings. “Baglamazaki” literally means “little baglama” in Greek. That is, baglamazaki is a smaller version of bouzouki (which is often called baglama). Used as a solo and ensemble instrument. It is part of the Greek National Orchestra, along with the bouzouki (baglama). For orchestras playing in the rebetiko style
Basic information Balalaika is a Russian folk stringed plucked musical instrument. The length of balalaikas is very different: from 600-700 mm (prima balalaika) to 1.7 meters (subcontrabass balalaika) in length, with a triangular slightly curved (in XVIII-XIX centuries also oval) wooden case. The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings (In the 18th century, two of
Banjo is a stringed plucked musical instrument with a tambourine-shaped body and a long wooden neck with a fingerboard, on which from 4 to 9 core strings are stretched. A kind of guitar with a resonator (the extended part of the instrument is covered with leather, like a drum). Thomas Jefferson mentions the banjo in 1784 - probably the instrument was brought to America by blacks
Basic information Bandura is a Ukrainian folk stringed plucked musical instrument, has oval body and a short neck. The strings (on old instruments - 12-25, on modern ones - 53-64) are partly stretched over the neck (the so-called riots, longer, low-sounding), and partly attached to the deck (the so-called stringers, shorter, sounding high). Mixed bandura system, in lower case
Basic Information The baritone guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a guitar with a longer scale (27″) than a regular guitar, which allows it to be tuned to a lower sound. Invented by Danelectro in the 1950s. The baritone guitar is a transitional model between the regular electric guitar and the bass guitar. The baritone guitar also has six strings, like the regular guitar, but they are tuned lower.
Bass guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a type of guitar designed to play in the bass range. Used in many musical styles and genres as an accompaniment and, more rarely, as a solo instrument. Since its introduction in the middle of the 20th century, it has become one of the most widely used bass instruments, especially in popular music. bass guitar part piece of music
Basic information Bouzouki is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a kind of lute. It comes from the ancient Greek cithara (lyre). It is also known under the name "baglama", common in Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Ireland ("zuk") and in a slightly modified form in Turkey (Turkish bouzouki). Classic bouzouki has 4 double metal strings (archaic - baglama - 3 double). To the bouzouki family
Basic Information Waliha is a Madagascar plucked stringed instrument. AT classical form is a cylindrical segment of a hollow bamboo trunk. Strips of bark split off from the trunk (from 7 to 20, most often 13) serve as strings that are plucked with fingers. During the game, the performer keeps the valiha on his knees. The upgraded roller is equipped with metal or stranded strings and pegs. Its length is
Basic information Wambi (ubo, kissumbo) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, common in Sudan and in tropical countries East Africa. The body is hollowed out of wood or made from dried pumpkin, covered with a wooden deck from above. There are no pegs; strings are tied at one end to reed pegs in the lower part of the body, and at the other - to flexible bamboo rods, which, trying to straighten out,
Vina is an ancient Indian stringed plucked (plector) musical instrument. It is called Saraswati Vina, named after Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and arts. It has the shape of a lute. The sound of the wine is soft, rich in shades. Its inventor is Narada, the son of Brahma. The most ancient explanations of its types are found in Soma, the author of the musical composition "Ragavibada". Images of the so-called Bengali wine are found
Vihuela is a Spanish stringed plucked musical instrument, close to the lute and having six double (tuned in unison) strings, the first string could be single. In the XV-XVI centuries, the vihuela was especially popular in aristocratic circles, rules good manners and aristocratic upbringing required mastery of the art of playing the vihuela, the musicians who played the vihuela and wrote for it were
Basic information The guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, one of the most widespread in the world. It is used as an accompanying instrument in many musical styles, as well as a solo classical instrument. It is the main instrument in such styles of music as blues, country, flamenco, rock music and many forms. popular music. Invented in the 20th century, the electric guitar had a profound impact
The Warr guitar (or tap guitar, also the Warr guitar) is a plucked stringed musical instrument designed by Mark Warr. Belongs to the family of guitars. Warr's guitar looks very similar to conventional electric guitar, but which can be tapped like the Chapman stick, as well as pizzicato. Techniques traditional for the bass guitar can also be used, such as slap and pop, double tamping.
Basic information Guitar-harp (harp guitar) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a kind of guitar. Contemporary makers Charles A. Hoffman and Jim Worland Prominent harp guitarists Muriel Anderson Stephen Bennett John Doan William Eaton Beppe Gambetta Michael Hedges Dan LaVoie Andy McKee Andy Wahlberg Robbie Robertson (during The Last Waltz) Jimmy Page Pat Metheny Jeff Martin Michael Lardie Video:
Basic information Gitarron or "big guitar" (in Spanish the suffix "-on" indicates large sizes) is a Mexican stringed plucked musical instrument with double strings. The peculiar Mexican acoustic six-string bass guitar is very large sizes. Despite the obvious resemblance to the guitar, the guitarron was invented separately, it is a modification of the Spanish instrument bajo de una. Thanks to large sizes, the guitarron doesn't need
Basic information GRAN-guitar (new Russian acoustic) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, which is a classical guitar, on which 2 sets of strings are installed at different heights from the neck: nylon and, closer to the neck, metal. A similar idea was proposed by Stradivari, but did not gain popularity. Invented by Chelyabinsk guitarists Vladimir Ustinov and Anatoly Olshansky. Thanks to the efforts of the authors,
Gusli is the oldest stringed plucked musical instrument, which in Russia refers to several varieties of recumbent harps. The psalted harp is similar to the Greek psalter and the Jewish kinnor; these include: the Chuvash harp, the Cheremis harp, the clavier-shaped harp and the harp, resembling the Finnish kantele, the Latvian kukles and the Lithuanian kankles. These are the tools that were
Basic information Dobro is a stringed plucked musical instrument. Even though the dobro looks like a guitar, has 6 strings like a guitar, and stows away in a case like a guitar, it's not a guitar. It is distinguished by a number of essential qualities, and above all, the presence of a special resonator that amplifies the sound and gives it a peculiar timbre. Origin This acoustic resonator was
Dombra is a Kazakh two-stringed plucked musical instrument, a relative of the Russian domra and balalaika. It is also found in Uzbekistan (dumbyra, dumbrak), Bashkiria (dumbyra). The sound of the dombra is quiet, soft. It is extracted with a pinch, a blow with a brush or a plectrum. Folk storytellers - akyns accompany their singing by playing the dombra. Dombra performance of musical compositions is a favorite form artistic creativity Kazakhs. Under
Basic information Domra is an ancient Russian plucked stringed musical instrument. It has three (sometimes four) strings, it is played, as a rule, with the help of a pick. Domra is the prototype of the Russian balalaika. Domra consists of a neck with pegs at the top and a wooden body with a shield at the bottom. Also, strings are attached below and stretched to the kolkoimpatv. Information about
Basic information Dumbyra is a Bashkir stringed plucked musical instrument. Closely related instruments are also common among Kazakhs (dombra), Uzbeks, and others. Turkic peoples, as well as among the Tajiks. Compared to Kazakh dombra dumbyra is noticeably different in the shorter length of the neck. Dumbyra - traditional instrument folk storytellers-sesens. Epic tales and kubairs, as well as songs, were performed to her accompaniment. Dumbyra had
Basic information Zhetygen is an ancient Kazakh and Turkic stringed plucked musical instrument resembling a gusli or a recumbent harp in shape. The classical zhetygen has seven strings, the modern reconstructed one has 15. The most ancient type of zhetygen was an oblong box hollowed out of a piece of wood. On such a zhetygen there was neither a top deck nor pegs. The strings were stretched by hand from the outside
Basic information Kantele is a Karelian and Finnish stringed plucked musical instrument related to the gusli. Ancient kantele had five gut strings, modern ones are supplied with metal strings and their number reaches thirty-four. During the game, the kantele is held on the knees in a horizontal or slightly inclined position and the strings are plucked with the fingers of both hands. The kantele is played solo, accompanied by runes
Basic information Gayageum is a Korean multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. One of the most popular stringed instruments in Korea. The appearance of kayagym is attributed to the VI century. It has a flat, elongated resonator body with two holes at one end. The number of strings may vary; The most popular is the 12-string gayageum. Each string corresponds to a special mobile stand (“filly”), with the help of which
Basic Information Kifara is an ancient Greek plucked stringed musical instrument, similar to a professional version of the lyre. It has a deep cavity used as a cavity resonator. Kifara is one of the most common plucked musical instruments in the world. Ancient Greece. Among the Greeks, it personifies the universe, repeating Heaven and Earth with its shape. The strings symbolize the different levels of the universe. Attribute of Apollo and Terpsichore. Kifara, like
Basic information classical guitar(Spanish, six-string) - a stringed plucked musical instrument, the main representative of the guitar family, a plucked stringed musical instrument of the bass, tenor and soprano registers. In its modern form, it exists from the second half of XVIII century, is used as an accompanying, solo and ensemble instrument. The guitar has great artistic and performing capabilities and a wide variety of timbres. A classical guitar has six strings
Basic information Kobza is a Ukrainian lute-like stringed plucked musical instrument with 4 (or more) paired strings. The kobza consists of a body and a neck, there are 8-10 forced frets on the neck, with the help of which you can get the sounds of a chromatic scale on each string. There were also instruments without frets. The predecessor of the kobza is a small lute-shaped instrument, probably of Turkic or Bulgar origin.
Basic information hurdy gurdy(organistrum, hardy-gardy) - a stringed plucked musical instrument, shaped like a violin case, which is rightfully considered the predecessor of the nickelharpa. The performer holds the lyre on his knees. Most of its strings (6-8) sound simultaneously, vibrating as a result of friction on the wheel rotated by the right hand. One or two separate strings, the sounding part of which is shortened or lengthened with the help of rods
The Kora is an African 21-string plucked musical instrument native to West Africa. In structure and sound, the kora is close to the lute and harp. The bark is a central instrument in the musical tradition of the Mandinka people. It is often used in conjunction with djembe and balafon. Griots, wandering singers, storytellers and keepers of legends, traditionally play the kora.
Basic information Koto (Japanese zither) is a Japanese stringed plucked musical instrument. Koto, along with the hayashi and shakuhachi flutes, the tsuzumi drum and the shamisen, is a traditional musical instrument. Japanese instruments. Similar instruments are typical for the culture of Korea (gayageum) and China (qixianqin). The Japanese zither koto (the old name is “so”) can be considered without exaggeration a symbol musical culture Japan, like
Basic information Cuatro is a stringed plucked musical instrument from the guitar family. Distributed throughout Latin America, and especially in musical ensembles Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Usually has four strings, but there are modifications of this instrument with a different number of strings. Video: Quatro on video + sound Thanks to these videos you can get acquainted with the instrument, see
Basic information, the Lavabo device (rawap, rabob) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, common among the Uighurs inhabiting the Xinjiang province in northwestern China. Similar to Asian rubab. Lavabo has a small wooden rounded body with a leather top and a long neck with a bent head. The latter at the base is equipped with two horn-shaped processes. Usually on the neck there are 21-23 bindings (silk) frets,
Lyra is a yoke-shaped stringed plucked musical instrument with two curved posts protruding from the resonator body and connected closer to the upper end by a crossbar, to which five or more core strings are stretched from the body. Origin, historical notes Having arisen in prehistoric times in the Middle East, the lyre was one of the main instruments of the Jews, and
Basic information The lute is an ancient stringed plucked musical instrument. The word "lute" probably comes from the Arabic word "al'ud" ("tree"), although recent research by Eckhard Neubauer proves that "ud" is simply an Arabized version of the Persian word rud, meaning a string, string instrument, or lutes. At the same time, Gianfranco Lotti believes that in early Islam "tree" was a term with
Basic information Mandolin (Italian mandolino) is a small-sized stringed plucked musical instrument, similar to a lute, but with a shorter neck and fewer strings. Derived from the mandora and pandurina, etc. The strings are touched by the player not with fingers, but with a pick or plectrum, using the tremolo technique. Since the metal strings of the mandolin produce a short sound, the sustained notes
Basic information Ngombi is an African stringed musical instrument, something like a harp with ten strings. The strings are attached, on the one hand, to a wooden resonator case, upholstered in leather, and a knot extending from it, on the other; the knot is equipped with small pegs for tuning the strings. Sometimes the design is crowned with a carved wooden figurine. The first five strings differ by an octave from the rest.
Pipa is a Chinese lute-type stringed plucked musical instrument that plays important role in Chinese folk music. Pipa - one of the most common and famous Chinese musical instruments, bent back neck, 4 strings, tuned in fourths or fifths. Pipa is widely distributed in Central and South China. Since the 8th century, it has also been known in Japan under
Basic information Seven-string (Russian) guitar” title=”Seven-string (Russian) guitar” /> Seven string guitar(seven-string, Russian, gypsy guitar) - a stringed plucked musical instrument, one of the varieties of guitars. Origin, history The seven-string guitar appeared in Russia in late XVIII - early XIX century. Her popularity is associated with the musician Andrei Osipovich Sikhra, who wrote about a thousand works for her. According to one
Basic information The sitar is an Indian plucked stringed musical instrument with a rich, orchestral sound. The name "sitar" comes from the Turkic words "se" - seven and "tar" - a string. The sitar has seven main strings, hence the name. Sitar belongs to the lute family, in Asia there are a lot of analogues of this instrument in appearance and sound, for example, the Tajik “setor”, with
Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, if not, then cacophony. There are so many tools that learning them is like an exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of the sound, the material of manufacture, the method of sound production, and other features.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of an air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (by material, design, methods of sound extraction, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, the group of wind musical instruments is divided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).
1. Flute - a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.
2. Oboe - woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d "amour, English horn, haeckelphone.
3. Clarinet - woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), bass clarinet are commonly used.
4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st floor. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.
5. Trumpet - a wind brass mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe has developed to ser. 19th century
6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.
7. Trombone - a wind brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch is regulated by a special device - a backstage (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.
8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.
Metallophones are a kind of musical instruments, the main element of which are plates-keys, which are beaten with a hammer.
1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the sound source of which is their elastic metal body. The sound is extracted with hammers, sticks, special drummers (tongues).
2. Instruments such as xylophone, in contrast to which metallophone plates are made of metal.
String musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidjak, kemancha), plucked (harp, harp, guitar, balalaika), percussion (cymbals), percussion keyboards (piano), plucked - keyboards (harpsichord).
1. Violin - a 4-string bowed musical instrument. Highest in register in the violin family that formed the basis symphony orchestra classical composition and string quartet.
2. Cello - a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15-16 centuries. Classical samples were created by Italian masters of the 17th-18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, J. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.
3. Gidzhak - stringed bowed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uighur).
4. Kemancha (kamancha) - 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle and Near East.
5. Harp (from German Harfe) - a multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form, it is found in almost all peoples. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.
6. Gusli - Russian stringed musical instrument. Pterygoid gusli ("voiced") have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.
7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) - a lute-type stringed plucked instrument. It has been known in Spain since the 13th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries it spread to the countries of Europe and America, including as a folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become common, the 7-string has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; in modern pop music, the electric guitar is used.
8. Balalaika - Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known from the beginning 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the direction of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the family of balalaikas, later - S.I. Nalimov.
9. Cymbals (Polish cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument of ancient origin. Are part of folk orchestras Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.
10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - common name keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). The pianoforte was invented in the beginning. 18th century Appearance modern type piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the forerunner of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords various forms, types and varieties, including chembalo, virginel, spinet, claviciterium.
Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments combined common feature- the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into different classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments are combined with other categories.
1. Strings (percussion and plucked keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.
2. Wind (wind and reed keyboards): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melody.
3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet
4. Electronic: electronic piano
pianoforte (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name of keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). It was invented in the early 18th century. The appearance of the modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments combined according to the method of sound production - impact. The sound source is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.
1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) - a percussion musical instrument of a cauldron shape with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Widespread since ancient times.
2. Bells - orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - percussion self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a number of wooden blocks of various lengths.
4. Drum - percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found in many peoples.
5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.
6. Castanetvas (Spanish: castanetas) - a percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the form of shells, fixed on the fingers.
Electric musical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a peculiar timbre, they can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.
1. Theremin - the first domestic electric musical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch in the theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.
2. Emiriton - an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by the inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreutser and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).
3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert the vibrations of metal strings into electric current vibrations. The first magnetic pickup was built by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loer in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.
