Bandura- Ukrainian folk string plucked musical instrument.
It has an oval body and a short neck. The strings (on old instruments - 12-25, on modern ones - 53-70) are partly stretched over the neck (the so-called basses", longer, low-sounding), partly attached to the deck (the so-called servants , shorter, high-sounding). The bandura is distinguished by its fullness of sound and a bright characteristic timbre. Bandura system is mixed, in the lower register it is quarto-second, in the modern instruments- chromatic. They play the bandura by plucking the strings with their fingers with or without special "nails".
The bandura's tuning is mixed, in the lower register it is a quarter-second, in the upper it is predominantly diatonic, in modern instruments it is chromatic. The bandura is played by plucking the strings with or without special thimbles.
Origin
The tool is very ancient origin, because it is similar to tools Eastern peoples, for example, Chinese and Indian baths. The bandura reminds Spanish guitar and has a resemblance to the pandora, on which the Greek rhapsodes sang the exploits of their heroes, as well as to the bzura, the folk instrument of the Crimean Tatars.
Device
Components of Bandura: a short and wide neck, called a handle; the bent part of the neck is called the head, in which the pegs (kilochki) sit to pull up and lower the strings. The body of the bandura has the appearance of a convex oval, resembling a hollowed-out pumpkin; it's called a spinner. The circumference of the oval of the speedboard extends a little to the side (like the edges of a bowl) for convenient placement of the bells that hold the short strings of the bandura, and is called a strap. The soundboard covering the speedboard is called the top, or dike. At the very bottom of the soundboard, against the fingerboard, there is a strip of wood, grasped tightly by 2 - 3 screws - a stringer to which the strings are attached. A round hole is cut in the middle of the soundboard - a voice box for sound propagation (you give out a voice). Between the stringer and the vocalist, closer to the first, there is a wooden stand - a filly, on which all 12 strings lie.
The bandura is usually made from solid linden wood, has 12 strings: 6 thick and long and 6 thinner and shorter. strings large sizes are called riots and stretch from the strut along the soundboard and the entire neck, where they are wound on keels in the head. The first string, extreme, long (bass) is made of sheep's gut and wrapped with a cantle (dry gold), the 2nd and 3rd (bass) are also made of guts (guts), the 4th copper (drotova), the 5th naz. prima, 6th - third (both from the intestines, called Roman, i.e. from transparent intestines, better dignity), the remaining 6 strings - the stringers - all from the intestines. These stringers are directed not to the neck, but to the top of the soundboard, where they are attached. The lack of resonance of the bandura, if its body is small, makes it necessary to replace the intestinal tethers with copper ones, due to which the bandura wins in sonority. The number of bandura strings can be more than 12, sometimes it reaches 25-30.
Modern types of bandura
IN Soviet time the bandura was transformed into a heavy, non-mobile, multi-stringed instrument. However, it was preserved in its original form thanks to the efforts of the architect and musician Georgy Tkachenko. Today, the bandura has been updated by young workers of the Kyiv kobza workshop under the guidance of the artist and musician Nikolai Budnik.
Today, concert bandura players in Ukraine use instruments of the Kyiv type. Mainly produced in Chernihiv or Lvov music factory. These instruments are made according to the design of I. Sklyar and V. Gerasimenko. The standard prima bandura has 55-58 strings and is tuned in the key of G major. concert instruments differ from the prima's bandura in that they have a mechanic for rebuilding the strings. Concert instruments have 61-65 strings. Both factories made instruments in children's sizes. The Lviv factory also produces a teenage bandura, which can also be ordered with a mechanical rebuilder.
Banduras of the Kharkov type (designed by the Goncharenko brothers) are popular in the diaspora. Instruments are diatonic (34-36 strings), semi-chromatic and chromatic. Equipped with mechanics for rebuilding individual strings.
In the 60s, experimental Kiev-Kharkov banduras designed by I. Sklyar were made, which, unfortunately, did not take root in Ukraine. The instrument was built on the basis of the Kyiv bandura and was not convenient for playing by the Kharkov method. Complex mechanics for rebuilding the key negatively affected acoustic features concert versions of this instrument.
IN Lately attempts were made to revive the Kharkov bandura in Ukraine. V. Gerasimenko made several versions of the Kharkov bandura, the latter is equipped with total mechanics for restructuring, but the instruments are not yet perfect, they are not yet mass-produced.
Not everyone knows what a bandura is, because this instrument can hardly be called modern.
Bandura - musical instrument
Bandura is an ethnic Slavic instrument. According to one legend, it got its name from the ancient European string instrument called Pandora, which somewhat resembled a lute.
Bandura history of occurrence
This musical instrument belongs to the group of string-plucked instruments. Scientists still disagree about when the bandura originated. For example, A. Famitsyn claimed that it arose in 1561 in England. And then it spread throughout the territory Western Europe and came to our lands. Musicologist Khotkevich believed that the bandura is a truly Ukrainian instrument. Her ancestor was the kobza. It was only added to the strings.
It is known that the bandura was a favorite instrument among the Cossacks. There were even orchestras, choirs and rhapsodic bandura players in the Sich. They enjoyed special honor and performed military Cossack music.
Thus, in the seventeenth XIX centuries it was this musical instrument that became widespread among the Ukrainian people, which became a national treasure. Since the twentieth century, the bandura began to be improved and it became popular with groups and performers.
It should be noted that the bandura on present stage is both a solo, ensemble instrument, and is included in the orchestral composition of folk instruments. It goes well with classical and electronic instruments.
The first written evidence of the appearance of the bandura on the lands of Ukraine dates back to 1580.
Training for bandura players lasted about 3 years. At the end, a kind of initiation into the kobzars awaited them.
The most famous factory for the serial production of bandura - the Chernihiv factory and the Lvov factory "Trembita".
Bandura is a Ukrainian folk stringed plucked musical instrument. It has an oval body and a short neck. The strings (on old instruments - 12-25, on modern ones - 53-64) are partly stretched over the neck (the so-called riots, longer, low-sounding), and partly attached to the deck (the so-called stringers, shorter, sounding high). The bandura is distinguished by its fullness of sound and a bright characteristic timbre. The bandura's tuning is mixed, in the lower register it is a quarter-second, in the upper it is predominantly diatonic, in modern instruments it is chromatic. They play the bandura by plucking the strings with their fingers with or without special thimbles.
There are several theories regarding the origin Ukrainian bandura. Probably its origin is connected with the kobza, and not with the gusli. Old Russian gusli had a small number of strings (4-5), which were played with “rattling”. This way of playing is inherent in the balalaika and has not been recorded in Ukraine. By the way, how the sample of the ancient Russian harp itself was not found. After unification with the Principality of Lithuania (1321), the orientation of the Ruthenian lands was directed towards Western culture. Imperial cultural assimilation began with late XVIII century, when the multi-stringed Ukrainian musical instrument "bandura" was already formed and existed (1740).
The following facts speak in favor of the thesis about the origin of the bandura from the kobza:
In the 19th century banduras were symmetrical, which is inherent in lute-like instruments;
The main strings located on the body of the bandura are called "strings", that is, as part of the strings PRI of the main strings on the fingerboard;
The functional names of the strings on the neck of the kobza have been preserved in some places on the banduras;
The commonality of the traditional repertoire and forms of activity of kobza and bandura players;
Structural inconveniences for playing the bandura of the “doom order” on the strings in comparison with the absolute convenience of playing it on the kobza neck. The appearance of the bandura as an instrument of a homophonic-harmonic musical formation could not have happened before the appearance and formation of the system itself in European music.
[edit] Usage
Kobza-Bandura is related to Pandura or Mandora. All these instruments, through the medieval lute, originate from the Turkic instrument kopuz and the Middle Eastern oud. The image of the kobza bandura has been known since the 12th century.
Back in the 15th century. Ukrainian kobza players were invited to the royal court of Poland, and in the 18-19 centuries. - in Russian imperial court. The largest ancient kobza players are T. Bilogradsky (famous lute player, 18th century), A. Shut (19th century), O. Veresai (19th century) and others.
At the beginning of the 19th century * old-world * bandura supplanted the kobza. IN different time the bandura had 7-9 to 20-30, or even more strings made of veins, later they were wrapped around with copper wire. The bandura was widely spread among the Ukrainian Cossacks. Banduras were played by wandering blind bandura players who performed songs of specific genres - historical, thoughts, psalms, cants, etc.
A diatonic multi-stringed bandura is a musical instrument with a harp-like way of playing (without pinching the strings on the fretboard). An example of 1840 (erroneously dated 1740) is in the St. Petersburg Conservatory under the name "Nedbailo bandura".
The name of the bandura comes from the Latin (pandura) through the Old Polish (Barduny, ie Lute).
In the 17th century, the kobza was popular in Ukraine, and from early XVIII century, the fashion for it also came to the aristocratic circles of Russia. It was with the aim of dissociating itself from the “servile” name “kobza” in the lordly environment that they began to call it the noble and fashionable Western name “bandora” in the *Latin manner*. This name is recorded in many Polish sources of the 17th century, and in the royal order of 1738 on the creation of a musical educational institution in Glukhov. “In Polish dictionaries and descriptions of instruments, bandura is interpreted as a Cossack lute” (A. Famintsyn). The fact that in the cities they play the bandura, "and the peasants ... on the harp", explaining in brackets that this is the "kind of the bandura" was reported in 1788 by A. I. Rigelman. Most of the witnesses (Bergholz, Shtelin, Bellerman, etc.). The bandura of the 18th century was reported as “an instrument similar to a lute, but smaller in size and number of strings”, “only the handle is somewhat shorter”, “the tone is absolutely similar to the tone of a lute”. So, it was about the "Cossack lute" - kobza. But nearby there were real banduras with “20 or more strings ... on the last (multi-stringed banduras), not all strings are stretched along the fingerboard, half are on the body itself” (A. Famintsyn).
Yes, in early XIX century, there were also lute-like multi-stringed musical instruments that were "Ukrainized", began to be called banduras, and performers on them - bandurists.
Comparing the banduras with the Veresaeva bandura, we can conclude that the main strings on the banduras for playing were short strings located to the right of the fretboard above the soundboard of the instrument, and the basses on the fretboard were carried minor role. On the bandura by O. Veresai, the main functions in the performance of melody and bass are laid down in the way of playing the fretboard (like on a guitar), and six strings performed additional function- increased range when playing in one position ( folk way game in which the hand does not move up the neck, but is in one place).
Any open string (especially vein) sounds better pressed without calculations to the fretboard. It is much easier to master playing an instrument with a stable pitch. Therefore, the first chores prompted the musicians to create a new multi-stringed musical instrument, which in the 19th century. displaced the lute-like kobza, adopting certain performing traditions from it, and in some rural areas and the name of the instrument itself.
- (Polish bandura; original source: Greek pandura - three-stringed zither) Ukrainian multi-stringed plucked instrument. Known from... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
