Tatars what people. History of the Volga Tatars

Tatars are the second largest nation in Russia after Russians. According to the 2010 census, they make up 3.72% of the population of the entire country. This people, who joined in the second half of the 16th century, over the centuries managed to preserve their cultural identity, carefully treating historical traditions and religion.

Any nation is looking for its origins. The Tatars are no exception. The origin of this nation began to be seriously investigated in the 19th century, when the development of bourgeois relations accelerated. A special study was made of the people, the allocation of its main features and characteristics, the creation of a single ideology. The origin of the Tatars throughout this time remained an important topic of study for both Russian and Tatar historians. The results of this many years of work can be conditionally represented in three theories.

The first theory is connected with the ancient state of Volga Bulgaria. It is believed that the history of the Tatars begins with the Turkic-Bulgarian ethnic group, which emerged from the Asian steppes and settled in the Middle Volga region. In the 10th-13th centuries they managed to create their own statehood. The period of the Golden Horde and the Muscovite state made some adjustments to the formation of the ethnic group, but did not change the essence of Islamic culture. At the same time, we are mainly talking about the Volga-Ural group, while other Tatars are considered as independent ethnic communities, united only by the name and history of joining the Golden Horde.

Other researchers believe that the Tatars originate from Central Asians who migrated to the west during the Mongol-Tatar campaigns. It was the entry into the Ulus of Jochi and the adoption of Islam that played the main role in uniting disparate tribes and forming a single nationality. At the same time, the autochthonous population of the Volga Bulgaria was partially exterminated, and partially ousted. The alien tribes created their own special culture, brought the Kypchak language.

The Turkic-Tatar origins in the genesis of the people are emphasized by the following theory. According to it, the Tatars count their origin from the great largest Asian state of the Middle Ages of the 6th century AD. The theory recognizes a certain role in the formation of the Tatar ethnos of both the Volga Bulgaria and the Kypchak-Kimak and Tatar-Mongolian ethnic groups of the Asian steppes. The special role of the Golden Horde, which rallied all the tribes, is emphasized.

All of the above theories of the formation of the Tatar nation emphasize the special role of Islam, as well as the period of the Golden Horde. Based on these stories, researchers differently see the origins of the origin of the people. Nevertheless, it becomes clear that the Tatars originate from the ancient Turkic tribes, and historical connections with other tribes and peoples, of course, had an impact on the current image of the nation. Carefully preserving culture, language and managed not to lose their national identity in the face of global integration.

TATARS, Tatarlar(self-name), people in Russia (the second largest after the Russians), main population of the Republic of Tatarstan .

According to the 2002 Census, 5 million 558 thousand Tatars live in Russia. They live in the Republic of Tatarstan (2 million people), Bashkiria (991 thousand people), Udmurtia, Mordovia, the Mari Republic, Chuvashia, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and on Far East. They live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. According to the 2010 Census, 5,310,649 Tatars live in Russia.

History of the ethnonym

For the first time ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes in the 6th-9th centuries, but was fixed as a common ethnonym only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the 13th century, the Mongols who created the Golden Horde included the tribes they conquered, including the Turks, who were called Tatars. In the 13th-14th centuries, the Kipchaks, numerically predominant in the Golden Horde, assimilated all the other Turkic-Mongolian tribes, but adopted the ethnonym "Tatars". Also called the population of this state European peoples, Russians and some Central Asian peoples.

In the khanates formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the noble layers of Kypchak-Nogai origin called themselves Tatars. It was they who played the main role in the spread of the ethnonym. However, among the Tatars in the 16th century it was perceived as derogatory, and until the second half of the 19th century there were other self-names: Meselman, Kazanly, Bulgarians, Misher, Tipter, Nagaybek and others - in the Volga-Ural and nougai, karagash, yurt, tatars and others- the Astrakhan Tatars. Except for Meselman, all of them were local self-names. The process of national consolidation led to the choice of a unifying self-name. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars called themselves Tatars. In recent years, a small number in Tatarstan and other regions of the Volga region call themselves Bulgars or Volga Bulgars.

Language

Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak-Bulgarian subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family and has three main dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). The literary norm was formed on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect with the participation of Mishar. Writing based on Cyrillic graphics.

Religion

Most believing Tatars are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab. The population of the former Volga Bulgaria was Muslim from the 10th century and remained so in the Horde, therefore standing out among neighboring nations. Then, after the entry of the Tatars into the Muscovite state, their ethnic self-consciousness became even more intertwined with the religious. Some of the Tatars even defined their own nationality as a "meselman", i.e. Muslims. At the same time, they retained (and partly retain to this day) elements of the ancient pre-Islamic calendar rituals.

Traditional activities

The basis of the traditional economy of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries was plowed agriculture. They grew winter rye, oats, barley, lentils, millet, spelt, flax, and hemp. They were also engaged in horticulture and melon growing. Pasture-stall animal husbandry resembled nomadic in some ways. For example, horses in certain areas whole year grazed on pasture. Only the Mishars were seriously engaged in hunting. A high level of development was achieved by handicraft and manufactory production (jewelry, fulling and felting, furrier, weaving and gold embroidery), tanneries and cloth factories were operating, and trade was developed.

National Costume

Men and women consisted of trousers with a wide step and a shirt, which was worn with a sleeveless jacket, often embroidered. Tatar women's costume was distinguished by an abundance of jewelry made of silver, cowrie shells, glass beads. Cossacks served as outerwear, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. Men wore a skullcap on their heads, and over it a fur hat or a hat made of felt. Women wore an embroidered velvet cap and a scarf. The traditional shoes of the Tatars are leather ichigi with soft soles, over which they put on galoshes.

Sources: Peoples of Russia: Atlas of Cultures and Religions / Ed. V.A. Tishkov, A.V. Zhuravsky, O.E. Kazmina. - M.: CPI "Design. Information. Cartography", 2008.

Peoples and Religions of the World: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov. Editors: O.Yu.Artemova, S.A.Arutyunov, A.N.Kozhanovsky, V.M.Makarevich (deputy chief editor), V.A.Popov, P.I. ed.), G.Yu. Sitnyansky. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998, - 928 p.: ill. — ISBN 5-85270-155-6

They speak the Kazan dialect of the Tatar language of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages. The ethnic basis of the Kazan Tatars was made up of the Turkic (Bulgars, Kipchaks, etc.) peoples, as well as representatives of the Imenkovo ​​culture.

Story

Early history

Funeral rite

Many facts of the funeral rites of the Kazan Tatars show complete continuity from the Bulgars, today most of the rites of the Kazan Tatars are associated with their Muslim religion.

Location. The urban necropolises of the Golden Horde were located within the city, as were the burial grounds of the period of the Kazan Khanate. Cemeteries of the Kazan Tatars of the XVIII-XIX centuries. located outside the villages, not far from the villages, if possible - across the river.

Tomb structures. From the descriptions of ethnographers, it follows that the Kazan Tatars used to plant one or more trees on the grave. The graves were almost always surrounded by a fence, sometimes a stone was placed on the grave, small log cabins were made without a roof, in which birch trees were planted and stones were placed, sometimes monuments were erected in the form of pillars.

Burial method. The Bulgars of all periods are characterized by the rite of inhumation (deposition of corpses). The pagan Bulgars were buried with their heads to the west, on their backs, with their arms along the body. A distinctive feature of the burial grounds of the X-XI centuries. is the period of the formation of a new rite in the Volga Bulgaria, hence the lack of strict uniformity in the individual details of the ritual, in particular, in the position of the body, hands and face of the buried. Along with observance of the qibla, in the vast majority of cases there are individual burials facing up or even to the north. There are burials of the dead on the right side. The position of the hands is especially diverse during this period. For necropolises of the XII-XIII centuries. the unification of the details of the rite is characteristic: strict observance of the qibla, orientation of the face to Mecca, the uniform position of the deceased with a slight turn to the right side, with right hand, elongated along the body, and the left, slightly bent and laid on the pelvis. On average, 90% of the burials show this stable combination of features, compared to 40-50% in early burials. In the Golden Horde period, all burials were made according to the rite of inhumation, the body was stretched out on its back, sometimes with a turn to the right side, head to the west, facing south. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the funeral rite did not change. According to the descriptions of ethnographers, the deceased was lowered into the grave, then laid in a side lining, facing Mecca. The hole was filled with bricks or boards. The spread of Islam among the Volga Bulgars already in pre-Mongol times was very clearly manifested in the rite of the Bulgars of the 12th-13th centuries, during the Golden Horde period, and later in the funeral rite of the Kazan Tatars.

National clothes

The clothes of men and women consisted of wide-leg trousers and a shirt (for women it was supplemented with an embroidered bib), on which a sleeveless camisole was put on. Cossacks served as outerwear, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. The headdress of men is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; for women - an embroidered velvet cap (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes are leather ichigi with soft soles, they were worn outside the home with leather galoshes. The women's costume was characterized by an abundance of metal jewelry.

Anthropological types of Kazan Tatars

The most significant in the field of anthropology of the Kazan Tatars are the studies of T. A. Trofimova, conducted in 1929-1932. In particular, in 1932, together with G. F. Debets, she carried out extensive research in Tatarstan. 160 Tatars were examined in the Arsk region, 146 Tatars in the Yelabuga region, and 109 Tatars in the Chistopol region. Anthropological studies have revealed the presence of four main anthropological types among the Kazan Tatars: Pontic, light Caucasoid, sublaponoid, Mongoloid.

These types have the following characteristics:

Pontic type- characterized by mesocephaly, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nasal bridge, convex bridge of the nose, with a lowered tip and base, significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend.
Light Caucasian type- characterized by subbrachycephaly, light pigmentation of hair and eyes, medium or high nose bridge with a straight back of the nose, moderately developed beard, medium height. A number of morphological features - the structure of the nose, the size of the face, pigmentation, and a number of others - bring this type closer to the Pontic.
Sublaponoid type(Volga-Kama) - characterized by meso-subbrachycephaly, mixed pigmentation of hair and eyes, wide and low nose, weak beard growth and a low, medium-wide face with a tendency to flattening. Quite often there is a fold of the eyelid with a weak development of the epicanthus.
Mongoloid type(South Siberian) - characterized by brachycephaly, dark shades of hair and eyes, a wide and flattened face and low nose bridge, often occurring epicanthus and poor beard development. Growth, on a European scale, is average.

The theory of ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars

There are several theories of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars. Three of them are described in the scientific literature in the most detail:

• Bulgaro-Tatar theory
• Tatar-Mongolian theory
• Turko-Tatar theory.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology. Middle dialect (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Ufa, 1979.
• Akhmarov G. N. (Tatar.)Russian. Wedding ceremonies of the Kazan Tatars// Akhmarev G.N. (Tatar.)Russian Tarihi-documentary җyentyk. - Kazan: “Җyen-TatArt”, “Khater” Nәshriyati, 2000.
• Drozdova G.I. Funeral rite of the peoples of the Volga-Kama region of the 16th-19th centuries: based on archaeological and ethnographic materials / Abstract of the thesis. ... candidate of historical sciences: 07.00.06. - Kazan: Sh. Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2007. - 27 p.

For us, Russian historians, the history of the Volga Tatars and Bulgars is of tremendous importance. Without studying it, we will never understand Russia's connection with the East.

This story of a brilliant, bright, talented, energetic, courageous people - the Tatar people, attracts us with its great significance in history, I would say, general, international.

Academician M. N. Tikhomirov

In 1946, the Department of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, together with the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Kazan Branch of the Academy of Sciences, held a scientific session in Moscow on the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars. The session was organized to further scientific development history of the Tatar ASSR in the light of the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 9, 1944 "On the state and measures to improve mass-political and ideological work in the Tatar party organization."

This was the first and successful experience of holding ethno-genetic conferences in the history of the study of the past of the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions. Four main reports at the session were made by: A. P. Smirnov - "On the origin of the Kazan Tatars", T. A. Trofimova - "The ethnogenesis of the Tatars of the Middle Volga in the light of anthropological data", N. I. Vorobyov - "The origin of the Kazan Tatars according to ethnography”, L. 3. Zalyai - “On the question of the origin of the Tatars of the Volga region (based on the materials of the language)”. Co-reports were made by: N. F. Kalinin (based on epigraphy) and Kh. G. Gimadi (based on historical sources). Prominent scientists of the country, Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences M. N. Tikhomirov (later Academician), A. Yu. Yakubovsky, S. P. Tolstov, N. K. Dmitriev, S. E. Malov and others took part in the speeches. The session was led by the outstanding Soviet historian, Academician B. D. Grekov.

Despite the fact that this session could not fully resolve all the issues of the complex problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars, which, of course, could not be resolved only at one conference, however, a lot of useful work was done - the question of the origin and formation of the Tatar people was put before science. After discussing the issues raised, the scientists adopted a kind of program for further, more in-depth study this serious and urgent problem. In the reports and most speeches, the idea was that the main role in the formation of the ethnic group of the Kazan Tatars was played by the Turkic-speaking peoples (Bulgars and others), who even before the arrival of the Mongol conquerors, coming into contact with the local Finno-Ugric tribes, created the Bulgar state, which stood on higher level of economic and cultural development compared with nomadic Mongols". It must be emphasized that this main conclusion of the session was confirmed and even more enriched with new valuable materials revealed in the forty years that have passed since the session.

Particularly great success has been achieved as a result of archaeological research. Based on a long-term continuous survey of the former territory of the Volga Bulgaria, taking into account pre-revolutionary

research, the most complete Code of Bulgar and Bulgaro-Tatar monuments was compiled, which includes about 2000 different objects, 85% of which fall on the share of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Excavations of the Bulgar, Bilyar and some other settlements and settlements, the Iska of Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin, the study of epigraphic monuments of the 13th - 17th centuries. opened new pages in the history of the formation of the Volga Bulgaria, its individual cities, revealed very valuable information on the material culture of the Volga Bulgars and Kazan Tatars.

Excavations of the Bolshe-Tarkhansky, Tankeevsky, Tetyushsky, Bilyarsky and some other sites, the range of monuments of the pre-Bulgarian era, made it possible for their researchers to express new ideas about the early Turkization of the Middle Volga region, about ethnic composition region during the formation of the Volga Bulgaria, in particular,

about the significant role of the Ugric or Turko-Ugric component in the formation of the Volga Bulgars. A number of new provisions require clarification and new work in order to obtain supporting data.

Significant progress has been made; linguists i study history Tatar language, especially its dialects, issues of education and development of the national literary language, the language of individual monuments of ancient Tatar literature and manuscripts of the XVI -

XVII centuries, anthroponyms and toponyms of the Tatar ASSR. The most valuable information was obtained as a result of the historical and linguistic analysis of the ancient Bulgarian language (the name of the Bulgarian princes, Turkic borrowings in the Hungarian language, the language of the Bulgar epitaphs) and the comparison of this language with the Tatar. Such serious work made it possible to put this complex problem on a truly scientific basis.

In the study of certain periods of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals, especially late periods, representatives of other sciences have also achieved considerable success. In the 1950s and 1960s, N. I. Vorobyov and under his leadership created fundamental works on the traditional ethnography of the Kazan Tatars. Studies of the material culture of other ethnographic groups of the Tatar people (Tatars-Mishars, Tatars-Kryashens) have noticeably intensified recently.

It should be noted in-depth scientific study

Tatar folk ornament, other types and artistic and technical means of decorative and applied art of the Kazan Tatars, which makes it possible to see the origins of this art among the Volga Bulgars. Being one of the most sustainable elements material culture, reflecting the development of the spiritual culture of the people in different historical periods, the ornament is the most valuable source in the formulation and solution of issues of ethnogenesis. The successes of folklorists in collecting and publishing works of almost all genres of oral folk art, this huge heritage of spiritual culture, are also significant. Considerable progress has been made in the study of musical folklore, musical ethnography of the Tatar people.

Within the framework of one section of a small book, it is impossible to analyze all this huge scientific material covered in a fairly large number of monographs, collections and individual articles published in central, local, and partially foreign publications.

Taking this opportunity, I would like to give a brief summary of the main conclusions arising from the analysis of the historical and archaeological materials accumulated to date on the problem of the origin of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals. These conclusions also follow from the digression that was made in the previous essays of the book on the history of the Volga Bulgaria and the Kazan Khanate, their main cities. Naturally, as a historian, to the best of my ability, I will use the published, tested information from other related sciences. So, these main conclusions are summarized as follows.

The Bulgar origin of the Kazan Tatars is confirmed by all the data on the material and spiritual culture, self-consciousness of the Kazan Tatars. The basis of the economy of the Vozhskaya Bulgaria - arable farming on large and fertile areas - was the basis of the economy and the Kazan Khanate. It was the sedentary agricultural, and not the nomadic Mongolian, culture of the Kazan Khanate that was brought from the former, agricultural center of Bulgaria; Bulgarian agricultural culture was the basis for the development of the feudal relations of this state. The Bulgarian steam system was inherited by the Kazan Tatars, the Bulgarian plow with a metal plowshare (saban) was the main

nym agricultural tool of the population of the Kazan Khanate and later times. The old agricultural culture of the Bulgars was reflected in the national holiday of the Tatar people "Saban-tuy".

Kazan with its Gostiny Island on the Volga, like Bulgar with its Volga Aga Bazaar, was the center of international trade between the West and the East. On the example of Kazan and the Kazan Khanate, the complete preservation and further development traditions of the Bulgarian internal and external transit trade.

The continuity of the Bulgaro-Tatar economy and culture can also be traced in urban planning. The Bulgarian defensive architecture (fortifications of cities, feudal castles and military outposts) was continued in the construction of city fortifications of the Kazan Khanate. The presence of stone structures in the Tatar Kazan was the preservation of the traditions of the monumental architecture of the Volga Bulgaria. The surviving stone structures of the XV century. in the city of Kasimov (the minaret of the Khan's mosque), built by people from Kazan, and architectural monuments the cities of Bulgar (Small minaret) belong to the same architectural school in the presence of separate local elements. The features of the eastern classicism of the Bulgar monumental architecture were subsequently manifested not only in architecture, but also in the ornamentation of the epitaphs of the Kazan Khanate. In general, the urban culture of the Kazan Khanate is a continuation and further development of the urban culture of the Volga Bulgaria.

The identity of the Bulgaro-Tatar material culture is clearly distinguished in the craft and applied arts. Archaeological finds revealed at the settlements of the Volga Bulgaria and the Kazan Khanate repeat each other. Back in 1955, A.P. Smirnov wrote: “It is now quite firmly established by comparing the large material of the ancient settlement of the Great Bolgars from the layer of the XIV century with materials from the oldest layers of Kazan, the continuity of the culture of the Kazan Tatars from the Volga Bulgars” "Rich material in this regard gave further excavations of the Bulgar, Bilyar settlements, Iski-Kazan and the Kazan Kremlin: proximity or identity jewelry, iron yell

1 Smirnov A.P. Results of archaeological work in the flood zone of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station. Kazan, 1955, p. 24.

diy of labor and weapons, household items, simple polished and glazed ceramics, remnants of handicraft production, epigraphy. The most characteristic in this regard is Old Kazan - a large and bright link between the Bulgar and Kazan-Tatar material culture: here are layers with abundant material from pre-Mongolian and Golden Horde Bulgaria and the Kazan Khanate. Jewelry and generally decorative and applied arts of the Kazan Tatars, not only of the XV-XVI centuries, but also of later times (XVIII - early XX centuries), are basically Bulgar. Types of Tatar folk ornament - floral, geometric and zoomorphic - mainly date back to the Bulgar ones.

The epigraphy of the Kazan Tatars appeared on the basis of the epigraphy of the Volga Bulgars. A monographic study of epigraphic objects of the Middle Volga region (G. V. Yusupov) showed that the typological elements of the Bulgar epitaphs (both I and II styles) in the process of changing the political system formed the basis of a new style of tombstones in the first half of the 16th century, moreover, an organically binding role monuments of the 15th century played a role in the emergence of this classical style. Although paleographically, the monuments of the XV century. significantly inferior to the Bulgar ones, but on them there is a relief handwriting of the 1st style of the 13th - 4th centuries. and the new style of the XVI-XVII centuries. In linguistic terms, the monuments of the XV century. are also close to the epitaphs of both the 14th and 16th centuries, as well as to such literary heritage Kazan Khanate, as "Nury-sodur" and "Tukhfai-mardan".

Speaking about epigraphic monuments, it should be especially noted that the custom of their establishment in the Volga region is inherent only to the Volga Bulgars, and later to the Kazan Tatars. It is noteworthy that in the same cemetery of the modern Tatar villages of Zakazany and Gornaya side there are monuments of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. or 14th and 16th centuries. and more recent times. This clearly testifies to the continuous functioning of the "Tatar cemeteries since the Bulgar time. It is necessary to emphasize the utmost careful attitude to these monuments on the part of the Tatar population, unlike other Turkic-speaking peoples of the region. The Kazan Tatars treat the Bulgar epitaphs with worthy respect: they carefully guard them” when renewing the fences, they call them “tash gazizlar” (stones).

shrines”), “Tash bilge” (“Stone monument”), “Izge tash” (“Holy stone”), “Izge zirat” (“Holy cemetery”). The definitions of "shrine", "holy" are used in this case in the sense of deeply revered, dear, cherished.

The Tatar people keep a careful attitude not only to epigraphic, but also to other monuments of the Bulgar antiquity: settlements, settlements, individual tracts, calling them "Shaһre Bolgar", "Shem-Suar", "Kashan kalasy", "Iske Kazan", the names of other historical cities, as well as the common names "kala tau" (abbreviated from "kala tauy" - "the mountain where the city used to be"), "kyzlar kalasy" ("girl's city"), "iske avyl" ("old village"), "iske yort" ("old dwelling"), Russians call these Bulgar monuments "Tatar town", " Tatar dwelling"," suits-yurt. Legends, traditions and other works of oral folk art about the Bulgar cities and villages, about the resettlement of the Bulgars in the Order and the Northern Pre-Volga region,

about the emergence of Kazan's lawsuits instead of Bulgar are widespread among the Kazan Tatars and have found bright coverage in the literature.

Many researchers of the history of the peoples of Eastern Europe connected the Kazan Tatars with the Bulgars, considered the Kazan Khanate a continuation of the history of the Volga Bulgaria, paid special attention to the fact that the Kazan Tatars proudly called themselves Bulgars, and their past - "Bulgarlyk" ("Bulgarism"). The use of the epithet "al-Bulgari" ("Bulgarian"), not only in previous centuries, but also in the XX century. (based on the materials of "shezhere" - genealogies) serves as an excellent example of the consciousness of the Kazan Tatars of their Bulgar origin.

The fact that the Kazan Tatars used to be called Bulgars is clearly evidenced by famous expression The Nikon chronicle, compiled in the second half of the 16th century: “Bulgarians, verbs of Kazanians”, i.e. Bulgars, called Kazanians. Particularly noteworthy is the more specific phrase of the chronicle: "Bulgarians, Kazanians are now spoken" 1 .

However, it would be to a certain extent one-sided to limit the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars only to the Volga Bulgars. The very history of the Bulgar state

1 PSRL, vol. XI. M., 1965, p. 12.

The donation was closely connected with the history of Khazaria, later - the Golden Horde. The Bulgar culture was influenced by the cultures of many nationalities, elements of the cultures of Central Asia, Russia, the Caucasus, Mamluk Egypt penetrated to the Bulgars.

Even at the Moscow session of 1946, it was noted that the modern Tatar language cannot be considered a continuation of one Bulgar language. The Tatar language, at its core, has undergone very big changes. In addition to Bulgar, the Kipchak language also played a role in the formation of the language of the Kazan Tatars. At the same time, it is necessary to note the closeness of the Bulgar and Kipchak languages, their relation to one language group. This is to some extent confirmed, in addition to the data of linguistics, by the statements of contemporaries that the Polovtsy, i.e. the Kipchaks, "from the Bulgarians, the language and the genus are one." These words belong to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod III, a major political and statesman of his time ( end XII- early XIII centuries), who was quite well aware of his closest neighbors, i.e., the Bulgars and Kipchaks, with whom Russia had long had close economic and cultural ties.

First of all, it should be noted the ethnic and linguistic proximity of the Bulgars with the Lower Volga Kipchaks called Saksins. The resettlement of some part of the Saksins to the Volga Bulgaria before the invasion of the Mongols, in general, the historical closeness of the Bulgars and Saksins in subsequent times are noted in a number of written sources- in Russian chronicles and in the writings of Arab-Persian geography. Several Polovtsian-Kipchak cemeteries and burials are known in the Zakamsky and partially Zakazan regions of Tataria: the Bairako-Tamaksky burial ground in the Bavlinsky region and the Kipchak "stone woman" in the same area near the village. Urussu, the Lebedinsky burial in the Alekseevsky district and the Kipchak burial with the remains of a horse in the Kamaevsky settlement. The Kipchak clan is known as part of the princely families of the Kazan Khanate. At the same time, the share of the Kipchak ethnos in the origin of the Kazan Tatars was small, as evidenced primarily by the incomparably small number of Kipchak antiquities on the Bulgaro-Tatar territory, in contrast to the Bulgar ones - compare: about 2000 proper Bulgar monuments (hillforts, settlements, burial grounds, epigraphic objects ,

the richest treasures and finds, individual locations) and only 4 Kipchak monuments (more on the Kipchaks will be discussed below).

In addition to the Kipchak component, the Nogai also played a role in the origin and formation of the Kazan Tatars, which can be traced linguistically and from historical sources: Nogai elements in Zazan dialects, individual toponyms of Tataria associated with the ethnonym "Nogai" ("Nogai prison" in the past, "Nogai Stans ”, “Nogai cemeteries”), the presence of a large number of Nogais in Tatar Kazan, the Nogai militia from Order during the siege of Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible.

Finally, one cannot ignore the presence of the Finno-Ugric element, which is especially noticeable in the northern zone of the Order - in the basins of the Ashita, Sheshma, and partly Kazanka rivers - according to toponymy: old "Cheremis" cemeteries, "Chirmesh yruy" ("Cheremis clan"), "chirmesh yagy" ("Cheremis side") of the Tatar villages, as well as on the basis of ethnography, anthropology and language.

So, the formation of the ethnos of the Kazan Tatars was difficult historical process, which included a number of Turkic-speaking, partly Finno-Ugric components. The basis of the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars was the Volga Bulgars with a certain participation of the Saxin Kipchaks from the 12th century, the Nogais from the 15th - 16th centuries. and Finno-Ugric peoples during the X - XVI centuries.

In addition to the theory of the Bulgar origin of the Tatar people, mainly Kazan Tatars, there is also a theory of the Kipchak origin of modern Tatars. It is based on the data of the language, to some extent - on historical materials and, of course, on the well-known fact that the Kipchaks of the Golden Horde in. XIV - XV centuries. They were also called Tatars. The main linguistic source in this matter is the well-known Codex Kumanikus (Kuman Dictionary; Cumans is a parallel, Western European name for the Kipchaks), compiled at the beginning of the 14th century. At one time, academician-Turkologist V. V. Radlov, having analyzed this dictionary, expressed the opinion that it was closer to the language of the Mishars Tatars.

True, there were other points of view: some saw analogies of the language of the "Code" in the languages ​​of the Karaites (Western Karaites), Nogais, Karakalpaks; other pre

The search for parallels was delayed in the southwestern corner of the southern Russian steppes, in the Crimea. However, a number of researchers, among them Kazan, for example, Ali-Rahim, G. S. Gubaidullin, L. T. Makhmutova, I. A. Abdullin 'to one degree or another adhere to the opinion of V. V. Radlov.

In recent years, Sh. F. Mukhamedyarov came up with the theory of the assimilation of the Bulgar language by the Kipchak. The possibility of such assimilation was also expressed by the linguist V. Kh. Khakov, who noted at the same time that this opinion requires additional argumentation and specific clarifications. To a certain extent, accepting the concept of Sh. F. Mukhamedyarov, although not agreeing with a number of its points, I would like to note that such assimilation mainly refers to the Mishar Tatars, which can be traced through some historical and archaeological sources using language data.

In the 1950s and 1960s, M.R. Polessky studied a group of medieval archaeological sites Penza region, among which there were more than 40 settlements and settlements. Their main part is located in the basin of the upper and middle reaches of the Sura River to the east and southeast of modern Penza. Some of the settlements are located in the upper reaches of the Moksha River in the northwestern part of the region. In the process of studying this group of monuments, the point of view about them changed several times. ethnic background, which is apparently explained by the novelty of this range of monuments both for the region and for the researcher. So, in the first, preliminary publications of his research, he dated these settlements to the 13th - 14th centuries. and associated them with newcomers of "Polovtsian-Kipchak or Alanian origin", shifted by the Mongol invasion. A little later, he attributed them to the Burtases, assimilated by the Mongols; finally, he defended the idea of ​​the Burtas belonging of the monuments later, but already dating them to the 11th-12th centuries. At the same time, M.R. Polesskikh believed that the Burtases were assimilated by the Kipchaks, who took part in the ethnogenesis of the Mishar Tatars.

I had to closely familiarize myself with the materials of the Penza group of monuments. Their ceramics in its form, color and ornamentation finds a good analogy in the ceramics of the monuments of the Bulgar lands proper. A small part of the collections has early features,

for example, individual elements of dishes from the Yulovsky and Narovchatsky settlements; silver jewelry from the Zolotarevsky settlement are also largely associated with the pre-Mongolian time. However, the main part of the Penza monuments belongs to the XIII - XIV centuries. In general, the mass of all collected ceramics testifies to the Golden Horde period: clearly expressed elements of the form and ornamentation of the Late Bulgar pottery and the absence of known types of pre-Mongolian pottery and stucco ceramics. At the same time, this pottery somewhat differs from the proper Bulgar one by a pinkish tint of the outer surface, which is inherent in the ceramics of the Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga region.

A number of cemeteries in the same Penza region and in the neighboring Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are to a certain extent associated with these settlements and settlements. Such cemeteries as Starosotensky, Karmaleisky, attributed by M.R. Polessky to ancient mordva and dated to the 14th century, contain a noticeable number of Bulgar elements, for example, ceramics, bronze cauldrons. A synchronous Mordovian burial ground with Bulgar artifacts was also found in the center of Narovchat; burials with a purely Muslim burial rite were also unearthed there.

The presence of Mordovian burial grounds of the XIV century. in the area of ​​settlements and settlements with red pottery, as well as the parallel existence of two types of burial grounds, i.e. Mordovian and Muslim, once again testifies to the Golden Horde period of the Penza group of settlements. Ethnically they belong to the Bulgars; an attempt to connect them with the Burtases, which has been undertaken in recent years by some Kazan archaeologists, is not convincing, because the Burtas material culture, with which these monuments could be compared, is not known at all.

Based on all this, we can say that a certain part of the population of the Volga Bulgaria, forced to leave their indigenous lands after the invasion of the Mongols, came to the modern Penza region - Mordovian prince Purgas). The Bulgar population, having come to the Old Mordovian land, partially assimilated the inhabitants or lived in parallel with them, as evidenced by these burial grounds.

This group of Bulgars begins an independent way of development, which is connected with its isolation from the main Bulgar lands. Soon a separate ulus of the Golden Horde arose here with its center in Narovchat, located on the territory of Prince Bekhan and also known as the city of Mokhsha, where the minting of Jochid coins began in 1312. In the funds of the former Sarov Monastery of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, historian M. G. Safargaliev discovered the genealogy of the Tatar princes Seid-Akhmedovs, Adashevs, Kudashevs, Tenishevs and Yangalychevs, descended from this Bekhan “from the Golden Horde”, who “by the authority of the Golden Horde of the king owned many surrounding cities and other camps of the Tatar and Mordovians" along the valley of the Mokhshi River; since that time, their descendants "began to own estates and lands and settled in different places." On the territory of the possessions of one temnik prince, who belonged to the descendants of Behan, in 1257-1259. the city of Temnikov arises.

From the 60s of the XIV century. in these western lands, a separate Narovchat principality is formed under the leadership of Sekiz-bey, mentioned in the Venetian charters of 1349 as the governor of the ruler of Tanu (Azak-Azov). The capture of Tanu by Mamai in 1361 forced Sekiz Bey to retire to the Mordovian lands, to the region of the Pyana River. However, in the same year, another Horde prince, Tagai, ran there. The Nikon Chronicle reports that other princes arrived with him, between whom a struggle for power began in the new land. The Principality of Tagaya, with its center in Narovchat, occupied a fairly large territory. According to the observations of M. G. Safargaliev, within the former Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Penza province back in the 19th century. there were many toponyms bearing the name "Tagai".

So, the listed historical materials speak of the great role of the princes and the Kipchaks (“Tatars”) who arrived with them in the Sura and Mokhshi basins. These materials make it possible to judge a larger number of Kipchaks in comparison with the Bulgars, who came into partial contact with the local Mordovians. The Kipchaks entered into the same contact with the local population, as evidenced by the data of the language. The Kipchak basis of the Mishar dialect of the Tatar language has already been written in Turkology. This is also confirmed by studies of Kazan lines.

gvists of the last 20-25 years. This is evidenced by the data of the language of the Armenian-Kipchak manuscripts of the 16th-17th centuries.

Kipchak language of the XI-XIV centuries. among various ethnic admixtures, it also contained a significant Oguz layer (Oguzes, Guzes are the main ancestors of modern Turkmens). According to the research of L. T. Makhmutova, of the Tatar dialects, the largest number of features of the Oguz type is found in the Mishar dialect, moreover, a fairly large number of Oguz elements belong to the period no earlier than the 11th century. These elements, obviously, are explained through the Kipchak language - as early as the 11th century, having started moving to the west, the Kipchaks subjugated a significant mass of the Oguzes and Pechenegs. Part of the Pechenegs, with the exception of those pushed back to the west by the Kipchaks and assimilated after that by the Madjars, dissolved among the Kipchaks. The Oguzes, on the other hand, made up a significant component in the formation of a powerful Kipchak union of tribes. A contemporary of these events, Mahmud Kashgari, mentioning the Kipchaks, put them closer in language to the Oghuz, and a hundred years later, al-Garnati named the Oghuz as the main population of the city of Saksin in the lower reaches of the Volga, and about another 100 years later, in the 13th century, this population began to appear in the sources under the name Saksins, i.e., the Lower Volga Kipchaks.

The researcher of the ethnography of the Tatar-Mishars R. G. Mukhamedova sees in their ethnogenesis, in addition to the Kipchaks and Bulgars, participation and Mochars, calling them Turkic Ugrians. The linguist-Turkologist M. Z. Zakiev is more consistent and specific here, noting in the formation of the Mishar ethnos, in addition to the Akatsirs (an ancient Turkic, Hunnic tribe) and the Kipchaks, and the Turkic-speaking Madjars. Please note: it is the Turkic-speaking Madjars (Maҗar), and not the Finno-Ugric (Ugric!) Magyars-Hungarians. The researcher believes that the Madjars were later dissolved among the Kipchaks - the main Turkic population of the southern strip of Eastern Europe. For my part, I would also like to draw the reader's attention to the proximity of the ethnonyms "Mishar" and "Mazhar".

Thus, the ethnogenesis of the Tatar-Mishars was a rather complex historical process, which included a number of components, the main of which was the Kipchak-Bulgarian with a predominance of the Kipchak ethnos.

A few words about the Kipchaks themselves. Kipchaks - Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes of the Northern Altai, known

there from the II-I centuries BC. e. At that time, they did not yet play any significant role in the history of Siberia and Central Asia. From the 8th century n. e. as a large association, they are part of the Kimak Khaganate, formed in Western Siberia along the middle course of the Irtysh - the Kipchaks constituted the western branch of the Khaganate, the nomadic part of its population. From the middle of the ninth century in the history of the Kipchaks, great socio-economic changes are taking place: property inequality,

the formation of the privileged class, which ultimately led the class elite of society to expand their possessions, to campaigns.

Together with other Ural-Altai tribes, the Kipchaks began a mass movement to the west, which was the second major migration of tribes after the Huns. Having ousted the Pechenegs and Torks, at the beginning of the 11th century. the Kipchaks captured the Trans-Volga region and soon the interfluve of the Volga and the Don. In 1055 they reached the Dnieper and thus became the masters of a large territory between the Volga and the Dnieper, which turned into their second homeland. These lands later received the name "Dasht-i-Kipchak", which in Persian means "Kipchak Steppe" or "Polovtsian Steppe"; Polovtsy - the Russian, chronicle name of the Kipchaks, from the word "field" and meant a man of the field, that is, a nomad. From this period, the history of the Polovtsian world was closely connected with the history of Russia: feudal wars, diplomacy, trade, marriage relations between princes and beks (and later, in 1223, a joint struggle with the Russians against the Mongols on the Kalka River).

In the second half of the XI century. There were two large Kipchak unions of tribes: the western one in the territory from the Dnieper to the Don and the eastern one - from the Don to the Volga and in the Lower Volga region. The Western alliance under the leadership of Khan Kobyak broke up in 1183 under the blows of the troops of Svyatoslav and Rurik. Eastern union, on the contrary, intensified, and under the leadership of Khan Konchak, a powerful feudal association of the Polovtsian-Kipchak tribes was formed. In response to the defeat of the Western Kipchaks and the murder of Khan Kobyak, in 1183 Konchak began military operations against Russia, took Pereyaslavl and Putivl, defeated the troops of Igor, the son of Svyatoslav, and captured the prince himself (these events are clearly reflected in the famous poem " A word about Igor's regiment,

later served as the plot for the heroic opera "Prince Igor"),

As a result of constant communication with the Russians, from the middle of the 12th century, part of the Polovtsy. began to convert to Christianity; even Konchak's successor was baptized (Yuri). Russian campaigns 1190-1193 undermined the forces of the Polovtsy, during the period of the Mongol conquest they came into close contact with the Russians.

In the 30s of the XIII century. the Kipchaks led by Bachman rebelled against the Mongols (there were also Alans and Bulgars in Bachman's army), but were defeated. The Kipchaks became part of the Golden Horde, a state formed by the Mongols on the lands of Desht-i-Kipchak, the main Turkic population of which were the Kipchaks. The main part of the Mongols ("Tatar-Mongols") in the army of Genghis Khan, and then Batu Khan, returned to Mongolia after the conquests of Eastern Europe, and the rest assimilated among the Kipchaks, but left their name "Tatars" behind them (whence the name " Tatars" - see below). This historical phenomenon is most vividly described by al-Omari, the greatest Arab scholar-encyclopedist of the first half of the 14th century:

“In ancient times, this state was the country of the Kipchaks, but when the Tatars took possession of it, the Kipchaks became their subjects. Then they (Tatars) mixed and intermarried with them (Kipchaks), and the earth prevailed over the natural and racial qualities of them (Tatars) and they all became exactly Kipchaks, as if they were of the same (with them) kind, that the Mongols (and Tatars) settled on the land of the Kipchaks, entered into marriage with them and remained to live in their land (Kipchaks)." one

Finishing the story about the Kipchaks, it is necessary to pay special attention to one important point. Under this general ethnic term, one cannot mean a single nationality with one “purely Kipchak” language. The Kipchaks played one role or another in the formation of a fairly significant number of Turkic-speaking peoples: Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals, Crimean and Siberian Tatars, Uzbeks and others (Caucasoid and Mongoloid).

Famous Soviet Turkologists E. V. Sevortyan and A. K. Kuryshzhanov note the heterogeneity of the Kipchaks,

1 Tizenhausen V. Collection of materials relating to the history of the Golden Horde. SPb., 1884, vol. 1, p. 235.

It is believed that the ethnographic name "Kipchaks" meant a political military-tribal association of a number of Turkic peoples, tribes and clans, sometimes separated by many thousands of kilometers, who spoke their native languages, for which the Kipchak language did not become a single language. Kipchak-Polovtsian, Kipchak-Bulgarian, Kipchak-Nogai subgroups of the Kipchak group of languages ​​are known, with which modern Karaim, Kumyk, Karachay-Balkarian, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, Bashkir, Nogai, Karakalpak, Kazakh languages ​​are associated. Although this classification of N. A. Baskakov requires more clarifications, and perhaps, to some extent, revision, however, there is no doubt that the Kipchak language and its native speakers were far from unified. There are examples of the heterogeneity of large unions of tribes, different even in language, but having one collective name, in history there are: before the Kipchaks, these were the Huns, earlier - the Sarmatians, even earlier - the Scythians, and later - the Tatars.

So, where does the name "Tatars" come from? Tatars - an ethnonym, the name of some Turkic-speaking tribes of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, known since the 8th century. according to tombstones on the graves of the leaders of the kaganate. These tribes are known under the names "Tokuz-Tatars" ("Nine Tatars") and "Otuz-Tatars" ("Thirty Tatars"). Tatars are also mentioned in Chinese sources of the 9th century. in the forms yes-yes, ta-ta, tan-tan. In a Persian work of the tenth century "Khudud al-alam" Tatars are named as one of the Tokuz-Oghuz clans - the population of the Karakhanid state, formed after the collapse of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Tatars are also known from the sources of the 11th century. So, Mahmud Kashgari names the Tatar tribe among 20 Turkic tribes, and al-Gardizi cites a legend from the history of the formation of the Kimak Khaganate, according to which people from the Tatar tribe played a significant role in it.

In the XII century. Tatars began to play a prominent role in the movement that arose in the steppes of Central Asia in the process of the formation of the Mongol Empire. "According to

1 These events are vividly reflected in a number of valuable sources: in “Mongol un-niucha tobcha’an” (“ secret history Mongols"; also known as the "Secret Tale", and in Chinese "Yuan-chao-bishi", created in 1240; in a series of "Jami'at tavarikh" ("Collection of Chronicles") by an outstanding Persian historian and statesman of the first half. 14th century Rashid ad-din; in the Mongolian chronicle of the 17th century. "Altai Tobchi" ("Golden Legend"), as well as in the Chinese chronicle of the XIII century. "Meng-da bei-lu" (" Full description Mongol-Tatars").

sources, in the territory where modern Mongols live, in the XII century. the Mongols proper and other Mongolian tribes lived, for example, the Kereits, Merkits, Oirots and Naimans. If all of them occupied most of the basins of the Orkhon and Kerulen, as well as lands to the west and north of these rivers, then the Tatars lived in the east, in the areas of lakes Buir-Nor and Kulen-Nor. In sources, especially Meng-da bei-lu, these Tatars are called Eastern Mongolian tribes; despite the fact that they were once Turkic-speaking in origin, over time they were assimilated by more numerous Mongols. This process intensified during the creation of a unified Mongol empire under the leadership of Genghis Khan ("Great Khan"; his own name is Temujin or simply Timuchin).

Being a talented commander and an experienced diplomat, Genghis Khan achieved great success in uniting the scattered Mongol and other tribes subordinate to them. At the same time, he successfully took advantage of the long-standing enmity between some Mongol tribes and the Tatars. Considering the Tatars to be their blood enemies (they killed his father at one time), Genghis took revenge on them all his life, urging them to exterminate them. When he began his campaign to the west, he put the Tatars in the front detachment of his army, introduced them into battle first, as a kind of suicide bombers. The Western European traveler, the Hungarian monk Julian, who visited Eastern Europe in 1237-1238, i.e., during the period of the Mongol conquests, wrote that the Mongols, having armed the tribes and peoples they had defeated, sent themselves into battle and forced them to call them Tatars. Another Flemish traveler, Guillaume Rubruk, visiting Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire, in 1254, wrote: “Then Genghis sent Tatars everywhere, and from there their name spread, as everywhere they shouted:“ Here come the Tatars ”

Consequently, according to the name of the avant-garde detachment, the entire Mongol invasion was accepted as Tatar. Soon this name became a common, common noun

1 Guillaume de Rubruk. Journey to the Eastern countries. - In the book: Journey to the eastern countries of Plano Carpini and Rubruk. M., 1957, p. 116.

for all these conquerors. Actually, the Tatars, originally Turkic-speaking tribes, by that time had already disappeared as an ethnic group, were assimilated, absorbed by the Mongols, leaving only their name behind them. The entire Mongol conquest was called Mongol-Tatar or Tatar.

However, soon after the creation of the Golden Horde in the western regions of the vast Mongol Empire and the return of the main Mongol forces to Central Mongolia, the same story happened to the Mongols themselves, who remained in the new conquered lands - in Desht-i-Kipchak. As we saw above from the message of al-Omari, they were assimilated by the Kipchaks, but left their common name "Tatars" behind the latter. There are enough such phenomena in history; let us remember only the Asparukh Bulgarians, who were absorbed over time by the southern, Danubian Slavs, who took the name “Bulgarians” from them, as they are now called.

Gradually, the word "Tatars" began to be used to name the Turkic-speaking population of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Western Siberia; at the same time, it spread most of all in the western regions - in the Volga region and in adjacent regions. The name of the military-feudal elite was transferred to the entire population of the region, however, this term was used not by these peoples themselves, but by others, primarily Europeans and Russians. In other words, the Turkic world to the east of Russia was called Tatar, and was known for a long time under the name of Tataria, Tartaria. In the name of this world Tatar, a special role was played by Russian historical and fiction literature, in general, public opinion in Russia in the feudal and later eras.

The artificial spread of the name "Tatars" among the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe and adjacent areas was explained by "reminiscences (echoes - R.F.) of the Mongol conquest, primarily by the Russian historical tradition, for the Russians in most cases retained this term as the name of these peoples, who almost completely did not use this name themselves or did not use it at all.

The most powerful Turkic state after the collapse of the Golden Horde in the Volga region was Kazan

1 Sat. The origin of the Kazan Tatars, p. 137.

the khanate is the nearest eastern neighbor of Russia, which, according to the old tradition, was accepted as Tatar. In Russian sources reflecting the events of the 15th century, the time of formation and the initial history of this khanate, along with the words “Bulgarians”, “Besermens” (from the word “Busurmans”, that is, Muslims), the word “Tatars” appears. The entire XV century is the time of the parallel application of these three terms to refer to the population of the new, Bulgaro-Tatar land - first the Kazan principality, and then the khanate. However, the population itself, i.e. the former Bulgars, did not yet call themselves Tatars. Both in the 15th and 16th centuries, already in the period of the independent existence of the Kazan Khanate, this population was called mainly Kazanians, which is noted, as we have seen above, in Russian chronicles: “Bulgarians, verbs of Kazan”. Another curious example: in the “Kazan History” known to us, the author of which lived 20 years in Kazan before the capture of Ivan the Terrible by the troops, the term “Kazan” in the meaning of the main population of Kazan and the Kazan Khanate is mentioned 650 times, while “Tatars” - only 90 once.

"Tatars" as a self-name of the people began to be used only in the 19th century. In other words, the Tatars began to call themselves Tatars only during this period. However, even then there was still some strangeness of this word. In protest against this name, the old-timers often called themselves Muslims, or simply Bulgars. In numerous Tatar shezhers (genealogies), compiled at the end of the 19th - the first quarter of the 20th centuries, the epithet "al-Bulgari" (Bulgarian) is very common. Moreover, it was worn not only by representatives of the early generations, but also by the compilers themselves. The epithet "al-Bulgari" is characteristic of all centuries from the 12th century up to the 20s of our century.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. a number of Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia still wore common name"Tatars". In addition to the Kazan, Siberian, Astrakhan, Kasimov and Crimean Tatars, there were, for example, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Jagatai Tatars, Kazakh Tatars, Kirghiz Tatars, Khakass Tatars and others. After the Great October socialist revolution all these peoples, except for the Tatars, regained their original names, ethnonyms. The name "Tatars", although with difficulty, but fixed forever and became the self-name of the modern Tatar people - the very

numerous Turkic-speaking people of Eastern Europe, who left the most noticeable mark in the complex medieval history of this region. It was just as firmly entrenched in the population of the former Siberian, Astrakhan, Kasimov and Crimean khanates, formed in due time after the final collapse of the Golden Horde - the former "Tatar" state.

It should be noted that the nationalist Tatar bourgeoisie, who considered themselves the descendants of the “great Genghis”, the Horde, also played a certain role in the adoption of this name. One way or another, the name "Tatars" by the will of fate was assigned to the whole people. However, it must always be clearly borne in mind that the origin of a people and the origin of its name often do not coincide, which is especially clearly seen in the example of the modern Tatar people.

There was a time when modern Tatars were considered descendants of the Mongols conquerors. This idea, i.e., the idea of ​​the Mongol origin of the Tatar people, was widespread in the former, aristocratic-bourgeois historiography. Although the echoes of this theory are still alive to a certain extent, our Soviet historical science has practically already abandoned it, primarily because between the Chingizid Mongols of the XII-XIII centuries. and modern Tatars have nothing in common either in language, or in anthropology, or in material and spiritual culture. The current Tatars, as is known, have long spoken Turkic (Tatar), and not Mongolian. According to the structure of their physical type, they belong to the Caucasoid race, and the Mongols were and now are pronounced Mongoloids. True, among current Tatars there is a small proportion of Mongoloids - 14.5%; in addition to them, there is a noticeable part of sublaponoids (a type formed as a result of mixing Caucasoids and Mongoloids) - these make up 24.5%. However, they are by no means descendants of the Mongols conquerors.

According to anthropologists, the Mongoloid nature of modern Tatars is associated with the Kipchaks, and the sublaponoid type was formed as a result of the penetration of the Siberian (Mongoloid) tribes of the 1st millennium AD into the Middle Volga region. e. (and even earlier) and mixing them with local Caucasians. Between the Chingizid Mongols and modern Tatars - the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals - there is nothing in common and ethnography

Czech. There are no Mongolian archaeological sites in Tataria and adjacent regions, with the exception of the remains of several houses typical of Central Asia, which did not play a role in the formation of the ethnos.

Above, it was briefly told about the origin of the Kazan Tatars and Tatars-Mishars. Apart from these, there are other ethnographic groups modern Tatars - the Siberian, Astrakhan, Kasimov Tatars mentioned above. The Altai Turks and, to a certain extent, the late Kipchaks played a role in the formation of the ethnos of the Siberian Tatars. Astrakhan Tatars also have early and late components: Khazars and Nogais. Kasimov Tatars are natives of the Kazan Khanate, Kazan Tatars, but in the west they have largely mixed with the Mishar Tatars.

Within these groups there are separate small groups. Each of them. passed its historical path. This path has not always been direct. Entering into ethno-cultural contact with other groups, peoples, these groups were enriched with new elements of language and culture. As a result historical development all these groups and subgroups were created in the 19th century. bourgeois, and after the Great October Revolution - the Tatar socialist nation. From time immemorial, the Tatar people have lived in friendship with the great Russian people and with other peoples, sharing with them, in the words of Tukay, "their rich language, customs and morality."

In 1913, the seriously ill Tukay, in his incomplete 27 years, wrote two months before his death:

Our trace will not fade on Russian soil.

We are the image of Russia in mirror glass.

We lived and sang in harmony with the Russians of old,

Evidence - manners, habits, vocabulary.

We have long been related to the Russian people,

In all trials we stand together.

Such kinship cannot be avoided at times, -

We were firmly connected by a thread of history!

Like tigers, we are bold in the anxieties of war,

Like horses we work in peaceful days.

Fortunately - with any people on a par -

We have the right in our native country! one

The poet's cherished dream of the equality of his people with other peoples came true after the Great October Revolution. October, the great Lenin gave the Tatar people freedom, they gave the republic. Today, almost seven million Tatar people are in a single, friendly family of Soviet socialist nations.

1 Gabdulla Tukay. Favorites. M., 1986, p. 146-147.

Introduction. four

1. Anthropology and ethnic history of the Volga Tatars. eight

2.Tatars of the Saratov region. 19

3. Religious beliefs of the Tatars of the Volga region. 22

4. The language of the Tatars of the Volga region. 26

5.Traditional economy of the Volga Tatars. 31

Conclusion. 33

List of used literature.. 35

Introduction

Population of Privolzhsky federal district has over 32 million people, of which more than 20 million, or 67%, are Russians.

Relevance of the topic term paper lies in the fact that the ethno-demographic feature of the district lies in the fact that it is one of the most populous in the Russian Federation (it ranks second after the Central District, in which 38 million people), and at the same time, the share of Russians is the lowest in Russia. In the North Caucasus, which forms the basis of the Southern District, this share is the same or slightly higher, which is explained by the "transfer" to this district of two Volga regions - Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, predominantly Russian in composition.

The total Russian population of the Okrug grew at a slow pace throughout the 1990s. due to the excess of migration inflow from neighboring countries, primarily from Kazakhstan, over the natural decline, and then was replaced by zero growth.

More than 13% of the population of the district are Tatars, numbering more than 4 million people. Lives in the Volga region the largest number Tatars of the Russian Federation.

Russians and Tatars together are 80% of the total population of the Volga region. The remaining 20% ​​include representatives of almost all ethnic groups living in Russia. Among ethnic groups, however, there are only 9, which, together with Russians and Tatars, make up 97-98% of the population in the district.

There are about 6 million Tatars in Russia. Abroad, 1 million Tatars live in states that were previously part of the USSR (especially many in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). The ethnonym "Tatars" unites large and small ethnic communities.

Among them, the most numerous are the Kazan Tatars. It is impossible to determine the exact number of Kazan Tatars using the population census data, since all groups, except for the Crimean Tatars, were designated by the same name until the 1994 microcensus. It can be assumed that out of 5.8 million Tatars in the Russian Federation, at least 4.3 million people are Kazan Tatars. The question of the relationship between the ethnonym "Tatars" and the term "Tatar people" is to a certain extent politicized. Some scientists insist that the ethnonym "Tatars" denotes all groups of Tatars as an expression of a single, consolidated Tatar people (Tatar nation). On this basis, even special term in relation to groups of Tatars living outside the Republic of Tatarstan - "internal Russian Tatar diaspora".

The purpose of this course work is to consider the features of the settlement and residence of the Tatars in the Volga region.

To achieve the goal of the course work, consider the following tasks:

Consider the ethnic history of the Tatars of the Volga region

Analyze the residence of Tatars in the Saratov region;

Consider religious beliefs, language, traditional economy of the Volga Tatars

In the Volga District, the number of Tatars in the 2000s. slowly increased, primarily due to natural growth (average 0.8% per year).

Most of the Tatars are settled in the Middle Volga region, primarily in the Republic of Tatarstan. Over a third of all Tatars are concentrated there - about 2 million people. The densely populated Tatar area stretches to the neighboring Republic of Bashkortostan (where the Tatars outnumber the Bashkirs) and further to the Chelyabinsk region. Large groups are also settled in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan Tatars), as well as in Nizhny Novgorod region, Moscow and the Moscow region. The range of the Tatars extends into Siberia.

According to population censuses, 32% of the Tatar population of Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan. If we take only Kazan Tatars, then this share will be much higher: most likely it is 60%. In the republic itself, Tatars make up about 50% of all residents.

The basis of the literary Tatar language is the language of the Kazan Tatars, while regional dialects and dialects are preserved at the everyday level. There are three main dialects - Western, or Mishar; medium, or Kazan; Eastern, or Siberian.

Kazan Tatars and Mishars (or Mishars), as well as a small group of Kryashens, are settled in the Volga-Ural region. These groups are divided into smaller territorial communities.

The Mishars, the second major subdivision of the Volga-Ural Tatars, differ somewhat from the Kazan Tatars in terms of language and culture (it is believed, for example, that the Mishars, in their traditions and everyday features, are similar to the neighboring Mordovians). Their range, coinciding with the range of the Kazan Tatars, is shifted to the southwest and south. A characteristic feature of the Mishars is the blurred distinctions between territorial groups.

Kryashen Tatars (or baptized Tatars) stand out among the Volga-Ural Tatars on the basis of confessional affiliation. They were converted to Orthodoxy and their cultural and economic features are connected with this (for example, unlike other Tatars, the Kryashens have long been engaged in pig breeding). The Kryashen Tatars are believed to be a group of Kazan Tatars who were baptized after the Russian state conquered the Kazan Khanate. This group is numerically small and concentrated mainly in Tatarstan. Experts distinguish the following groups of Kryashens: Molkeevskaya (on the border with Chuvashia), Predkama (Laishevsky, Pestrechensky districts), Yelabuga, Chistopolskaya.

A small group lives in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions (about 10-15 thousand people) Orthodox Tatars who call themselves "nagaybaks". It is believed that the Nagaybaks are the descendants of either baptized Nogais or baptized Kazan Tatars.

Neither among researchers, nor among the population itself, there is a consensus on whether all groups of Tatars bearing this name form a single people. We can only say that the greatest consolidation is characteristic of the Volga-Ural, or Volga, Tatars, the vast majority of whom are Kazan Tatars. In addition to them, it is customary to include groups of Kasimov Tatars living in the Ryazan region, the Mishars of the Nizhny Novgorod region, and also the Kryashens into the composition of the Volga Tatars (although there are different opinions about the Kryashens).

The Republic of Tatarstan has one of the highest percentages of local natives in rural areas in Russia (72%), while migrants dominate in cities (55%). Since 1991, cities have been experiencing a powerful migration influx of the rural Tatar population. Even 20-30 years ago, the Volga Tatars had a high level of natural increase, which remains positive even now; however, it is not large enough to create demographic overloads. Tatars are in one of the first places (after Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) in terms of the share of the urban population. Although among the Tatars there is a significant number of interethnic marriages (about 25%), this does not lead to widespread assimilation. Inter-ethnic marriages are concluded mainly by Tatars living dispersedly, while in Tatarstan and in regions where Tatars are densely populated, especially in rural areas, a high level of intra-ethnic marriage remains.

When writing this term paper, the works of such authors as Vedernikova T.I., Kirsanov R., Makhmudov F., Shakirov R. and others were used.

The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

1. Anthropology and ethnic history of the Volga Tatars

The anthropology of the Volga and Ural Tatars provides interesting material for judgments about the origin of this people. Anthropological data show that all the studied groups of Tatars (Kazan, Mishars, Kryashens) are quite close to each other and have a set of inherent features. According to a number of signs - in terms of pronounced Caucasoidity, in terms of the presence of sublaponoidness, the Tatars are closer to the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions than to other Turkic peoples.

Siberian Tatars, which have a pronounced sublaponoid (Ural) character with a certain admixture of the South Siberian Mongoloid type, as well as the Astrakhan Tatars - Karagash, Dagestan Nogai, Khorezm Karakalpaks, Crimean Tatars, whose origin is generally linked with the population of the Golden Horde, differ in their greater Mongoloidity from the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions.

According to the external physical type, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions show a long-standing miscegenation of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. The last signs of the Tatars are much weaker than those of many other Turkic peoples: Kazakhs, Karagash, Nogai, etc. Here are some examples. For Mongoloids, one of the characteristic features is the peculiar structure of the upper eyelid, the so-called. epicanthus. Among the Turks, the highest percentage of epicanthus (60-65%) is in the Yakuts, Kirghiz, Altaians, and Tomsk Tatars. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, this feature is weakly expressed (from 0% for the Kryashens and Mishars of the Chistopol region to 4% for the Ar and 7% for the Kasimov Tatars). Other groups of Tatars, not related by their origin to the Volga region, have a significantly higher percentage of epicanthus: 12% - Crimean Tatars, 13% - Astrakhan Karagash, 20-28% - Nogai, 38% - Tobolsk Tatars.

The development of the beard is also one of the important features that distinguish the Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. The Tatars of the Middle Volga region have a beard growth below the average level, but still more than that of the Nogais, Karagash, Kazakhs, and even the Mari and Chuvash. Considering that the weak growth of the beard is characteristic of the Mongoloids, including the sublaponoids of Eurasia, and also the fact that the Tatars, located in the north, have a much greater growth of hairline than the more southern Kazakhs, Kirghiz, it can be assumed that this was manifested the influence of the so-called Pontic groups of the population, which have a fairly intensive growth of the beard. By the growth of the beard, the Tatars are approaching the Uzbeks, Uighurs and Turkmens. Its greatest growth is noted among the Mishar and Kryashens, the smallest among the Tatars of Zakazan.

The Tatars mainly have dark hair pigmentation, especially among the Tatars of Zakazany and the Narovchat Mishars. Along with this, up to 5-10%, lighter shades of hair are also found, especially among the Chistopol and Kasimov Tatars and almost all groups of Mishars. In this regard, the Tatars of the Volga region gravitate towards the local peoples of the Volga region - the Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, as well as the Karachays and the northeastern Bulgarians of the Danube region.

In general, the Tatars of the Middle Volga and the Urals are mainly Caucasoid in appearance with a certain inclusion of Mongoloid features, and with signs of long-standing miscegenation or mixing. The following anthropological types are distinguished: Pontic; light Caucasian; sublapanoid; Mongoloid.

The Pontic type is characterized by a relatively long head, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nose bridge, convex nasal bridge with a lowered tip and base of the nose, and significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend. On average, this type is represented by more than a third of the Tatars - 28% among the Kryashens of the Chistopol region to 61% among the mishars of the Narovchatov and Chistopol regions. Among the Tatars of the Order and the Chistopol region, it ranges from 40-45%. This type is not known among the Siberian Tatars. In the paleoanthropological material, it is well expressed among the pre-Mongolian Bulgars, in modern - among the Karachays, Western Circassians and in eastern Bulgaria among the local Bulgarian population, as well as among the Hungarians. Historically, it should be linked with the main population of the Volga Bulgaria.

Light Caucasoid type with an oval head shape, with light pigmentation of hair and eyes, with medium or high nose bridge, with a straight nasal bridge, a moderately developed beard. Growth is average. On average, 17.5% of all studied Tatars are represented, from 16-17% among the Tatars of the Yelabuga and Chistopol regions to 52% of the Kryashens of the Yelabuga region. It has a number of features (morphology of the nose, absolute dimensions of the face, pigmentation) approaching the Pontic type. It is possible that this type penetrated the Volga region along with the so-called. saklabs (fair-haired according to Sh. Marjani), about which Arab sources of the 8th - 9th centuries wrote, placing them in the Lower, and later (Ibn Fadlan) and in the Middle Volga region. But we should not forget that among the Kipchak-Polovtsy there were also light-pigmented Caucasoids; light, red. It is possible that this type, so characteristic of northern Finns and Russians, could penetrate to the ancestors of the Tatars from there as well.

The sublapanoid (Ural or Volga-Kama) type is also characterized by an oval head shape and has mixed hair and eye pigmentation, a wide nose with a low nose bridge, a poorly developed beard and a low, medium-wide face. In some features (significantly developed fold of the eyelids, occasionally occurring epicanthus, weak growth of the beard, some flattening of the face), this type is close to the Mongoloid, but has strongly smoothed signs of the latter. Anthropologists consider this type as formed in ancient times on the territory of Eastern Europe from a mixture of Euro-Asian Mongoloids and the local Caucasoid population. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, it is represented by 24.5%, the least among the Mishars (8-10%) and more among the Kryashens (35-40%). It is most characteristic of the local Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Kama region - Mari, Udmurts, Komi, partly Mordovians and Chuvashs. Obviously, it penetrated to the Tatars as a result of the Turkization of the Finno-Ugric peoples back in the pre-Bulgarian and Bulgar times, because in the Bulgar materials of the pre-Mongolian time, sublapanoid types are already found.

The Mongoloid type, characteristic of the Tatars of the Golden Horde and preserved among their descendants - Nogais, Astrakhan Karagash, as well as among the Eastern Bashkirs, partly Kazakhs, Kirghiz, etc., is not found in its pure form among the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Ural regions. In a state mixed with Caucasoid components (Pontic type), it is found on average in 14.5% (from 7-8% among the Kryashens to 21% among the Tatars of the Order). This type, which includes signs of both South Siberian and Central Asian Mongoloids, begins to be noted in the anthropological materials of the Volga and Ural regions from the Hunno-Turkic time, i.e. from the middle of the 1st millennium AD, it is also known in the early Bulgarian Bolshe-Tarkhan burial ground. Therefore, its inclusion in the anthropological composition of the Volga and Ural Tatars cannot be linked only with the time of the Mongol invasion and the Golden Horde, although at that time it intensified.

Anthropological materials show that the physical type of the Tatar people was formed in difficult conditions miscegenation of a mainly Caucasoid population with Mongoloid components of the ancient pores. In terms of the relative degree of expression of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions (average score - 34.9) are between Uzbeks (34.7), Azerbaijanis (39.1), Kumyks (39.2) Russians (39.4), Karachays (39.9), Gagauz (34.0) and Turkmen (30.2).

The ethnonym was historically assigned to the Turkic-speaking population of the Ural-Volga historical and ethnographic region, Crimea, Western Siberia and to the Turkic by origin, but who lost their native language Tatar population of Lithuania. There is no doubt that the Volga-Ural and Crimean Tatars are independent ethnic groups.

The long-term contacts of the Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars with the Volga-Urals, which especially intensified in the second half of the 19th century, had important ethnic consequences. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was an active process of consolidation of the Middle Volga-Urals, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars into a new ethnic community- the Tatar nation. The Tatars of the Volga-Ural region became the core of the nation due to their large number and socio-economic, as well as cultural advancement. The complex ethnic structure of this nation is illustrated by the following data (at the end of the 19th century): in it, the Volga-Ural Tatars accounted for 95.4%, Siberian -2.9%, Astrakhan -1.7%.

On the present stage it is impossible to talk about Tatars without the Republic of Tatarstan, which is the epicenter of the Tatar nation. However, the Tatar ethnos is by no means limited to the borders of Tatarstan. And not only because of the dispersed settlement. The Tatar people, having a deep history and millennial cultural traditions, including writing, are connected with the whole of Eurasia. Moreover, being the northernmost outpost of Islam, the Tatars and Tatarstan also act as part of the Islamic world and the great civilization of the East.

Tatars are one of the largest Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The total number of 6.648.7 thousand people. (1989). Tatars are the main population of the Republic of Tatarstan (1.765.4 thousand people), 1.120.7 thousand people live in Bashkortostan, 110.5 thousand people live in Udmurtia, 47.3 thousand people live in Mordovia, in the Republic Mari El - 43.8 thousand, Chuvashia - 35.7 thousand people. In general, the main part of the Tatar population - more than 4/5 lives in the Russian Federation (5.522 thousand people), occupying the second place in terms of numbers. In addition, a significant number of Tatars live in the CIS countries: in Kazakhstan - 327.9 thousand people, Uzbekistan - 467.8 thousand people, Tajikistan - 72.2 thousand people, Kyrgyzstan - 70.5 thousand people ., Turkmenistan - 39.2 thousand people. Azerbaijan - 28 thousand people, in Ukraine - 86.9 thousand people, in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) about 14 thousand people. There is also a significant diaspora throughout the rest of the world (Finland, Turkey, USA, China, Germany, Australia, etc.). In view of the fact that there has never been a separate account of the number of Tatars in other countries, it is difficult to determine the total number of the Tatar population abroad (according to various estimates, from 100 to 200 thousand people).

As part of the Tatars of the Volga region, two large ethnic groups (sub-ethnic groups) are distinguished: Kazan Tatars and Mishars.

An intermediate group between the Kazan Tatars and the Mishars are the Kasimov Tatars (the area of ​​their formation, the city of Kasimov, Ryazan Region, and its environs). The ethno-confessional community is represented by baptized Kryashen Tatars. Due to territorial disunity and under the influence of neighboring peoples, each of these groups, in turn, formed ethnographic groups that have certain peculiarities in language, culture and way of life. So, in the composition of the Kazan Tatars, researchers distinguish the Nukrat (Chepetsk), Perm, ethno-class group of Teptyars, etc. The Kryashens also have local features (Nagaybaks, Molkeevtsy, Yelabuga, Chistopol, etc.). The Mishars are divided into two main groups - the northern, Sergach, "choking" in language and the southern, Temnikovskaya, "choking" in language.

In addition, as a result of repeated migrations, several territorial subgroups were also formed among the Mishars: right-bank, left-bank or trans-Volga, Ural.

The ethnonym Tatars is a national, as well as the main self-name of all groups that form a nation. In the past, the Tatars also had other local ethnonyms - Moselman, Kazanly, Bolgars, Misher, Tipter, Kereshen, Nagaibek, Kechim, etc. In the conditions of the formation of the nation (the second half of the 19th century), the process of growth of national self-consciousness and awareness of their unity began . The objective processes taking place in the people's environment were recognized by the national intelligentsia, which contributed to the rejection of local self-names in the name of gaining one common ethnonym. At the same time, the most common ethnonym that unites all groups of Tatars was chosen. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars considered themselves Tatars.

The ethnic history of the Volga Tatars has not yet been fully elucidated. Formation of their main

10-09-2015, 16:35

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