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Volga Tatars origin. Tatar people: culture, traditions and customs

Volga Tatars origin. Tatar people: culture, traditions and customs

09.02.2019

, Finno-Ugrians

Story [ | ]

Early history [ | ]

Funeral rite[ | ]

Many facts of the funeral rites of the Kazan Tatars show complete continuity from the Bulgars, today most of the rites of the Kazan Tatars are associated with their Muslim religion.

Location. The urban necropolises of the Golden Horde were located within the city, as were the burial grounds of the period of the Kazan Khanate. Cemeteries of the Kazan Tatars of the XVIII-XIX centuries. located outside the villages, not far from the villages, if possible - across the river.

Tomb structures. From the descriptions of ethnographers, it follows that the Kazan Tatars used to plant one or more trees on the grave. The graves were almost always surrounded by a fence, sometimes a stone was placed on the grave, small log cabins were made without a roof, in which birch trees were planted and stones were placed, sometimes monuments were erected in the form of pillars.

Burial method. The Bulgars of all periods are characterized by the rite of inhumation (deposition of corpses). The pagan Bulgars were buried with their heads to the west, on their backs, with their arms along the body. Distinctive feature burial grounds of the X-XI centuries. is the period of the formation of a new rite in the Volga Bulgaria, hence the lack of strict uniformity in the individual details of the ritual, in particular, in the position of the body, hands and face of the buried. Along with observance of the qibla, in the vast majority of cases there are individual burials facing up or even to the north. There are burials of the dead on the right side. The position of the hands is especially diverse during this period. For necropolises of the XII-XIII centuries. the unification of the details of the rite is characteristic: strict observance of the qibla, orientation of the face to Mecca, the uniform position of the deceased with a slight turn to the right side, with right hand, elongated along the body, and the left, slightly bent and laid on the pelvis. On average, 90% of the burials show this stable combination of features, compared to 40-50% in early burials. In the Golden Horde period, all burials were made according to the rite of inhumation, the body was stretched out on its back, sometimes with a turn to the right side, head to the west, facing south. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the funeral rite did not change. According to the descriptions of ethnographers, the deceased was lowered into the grave, then laid in a side lining, facing Mecca. The hole was filled with bricks or boards. The spread of Islam among the Volga Bulgars already in pre-Mongol times was very clearly manifested in the rite of the Bulgars of the 12th-13th centuries, during the Golden Horde period, and later in the funeral rite of the Kazan Tatars.

National clothes[ | ]

The clothes of men and women consisted of wide-leg trousers and a shirt (for women it was supplemented with an embroidered bib), on which a sleeveless camisole was put on. Cossacks served as outerwear, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. The headdress of men is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; for women - an embroidered velvet cap (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes are leather ichigi with soft soles, they were worn outside the home with leather galoshes. The women's costume was characterized by an abundance of metal jewelry.

Anthropological types of Kazan Tatars[ | ]

The most significant in the field of anthropology of the Kazan Tatars are the studies of T. A. Trofimova, conducted in 1929-1932. In particular, in 1932, together with G. F. Debets, she carried out extensive research in Tatarstan. 160 Tatars were examined in the Arsk region, 146 Tatars in the Yelabuga region, and 109 Tatars in the Chistopol region. Anthropological studies have revealed the presence of four main anthropological types among the Kazan Tatars: Pontic, light Caucasoid, sublaponoid, Mongoloid.

Table 1. Anthropological characteristics of various groups of Kazan Tatars.

signs	Tatars of the Arsk region	Tatars of Yelabuga region	Tatars of the Chistopol region
Number of cases	160	146	109
Growth	165,5	163,0	164,1
Longitudinal diam.	189,5	190,3	191,8
Transverse diam.	155,8	154,4	153,3
Altitude diam.	128,0	125,7	126,0
Head order.	82,3	81,1	80,2
Altitude-longitudinal	67,0	67,3	65,7
Morphological face height	125,8	124,6	127,0
Cheekbone dia.	142,6	140,9	141,5
Morphological persons. pointer	88,2	88,5	90,0
Nasal pointer	65,2	63,3	64,5
Hair color (% black-27, 4-5)	70,9	58,9	73,2
Eye color (% dark and mixed 1-8 according to Bunak)	83,7	87,7	74,2
Horizontal profile % flat	8,4	2,8	3,7
Average score (1-3)	2,05	2,25	2,20
Epicanthus(% availability)	3,8	5,5	0,9
Eyelid crease	71,7	62,8	51,9
Beard (according to Bunak) % very weak and weak growth (1-2)	67,6	45,5	42,1
Average score (1-5)	2,24	2,44	2,59
Bridge height Average score (1-3)	2,04	2,31	2,33
General profile of the bridge of the nose % concave	6,4	9,0	11,9
% convex	5,8	20,1	24,8
The position of the tip of the nose % elevated	22,5	15,7	18,4
% omitted	14,4	17,1	33,0

Table 2. Anthropological types of Kazan Tatars, according to T. A. Trofimova

Population groups	Light Caucasian		Pontic		Sublaponoid		Mongoloid
Population groups	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Tatars of the Arsk region of Tatarstan	12	25,5 %	14	29,8 %	11	23,4 %	10	21,3 %
Tatars of the Yelabuga region of Tatarstan	10	16,4 %	25	41,0 %	17	27,9 %	9	14,8 %
Tatars of the Chistopolsky district of Tatarstan	6	16,7 %	16	44,4 %	5	13,9 %	9	25,0 %
All	28	19,4 %	55	38,2 %	33	22,9 %	28	19,4 %

These types have the following characteristics:

Pontic type- characterized by mesocephaly, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nasal bridge, convex bridge of the nose, with a lowered tip and base, significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend.
Light Caucasian type- characterized by subbrachycephaly, light pigmentation of hair and eyes, medium or high nose bridge with a straight back of the nose, moderately developed beard, medium height. A number of morphological features - the structure of the nose, the size of the face, pigmentation, and a number of others - bring this type closer to the Pontic.
Sublaponoid type(Volga-Kama) - characterized by meso-subbrachycephaly, mixed pigmentation of hair and eyes, wide and low nose, weak beard growth and a low, medium-wide face with a tendency to flattening. Quite often there is a fold of the eyelid with a weak development of the epicanthus.
Mongoloid type(South Siberian) - characterized by brachycephaly, dark shades of hair and eyes, a wide and flattened face and low nose bridge, often occurring epicanthus and poor beard development. Growth, on a European scale, is average.

The theory of ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars[ | ]

There are several theories of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars. Three of them are described in the scientific literature in the most detail:

Bulgaro-Tatar theory
Tatar-Mongolian theory
Turko-Tatar theory.

Notes [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology. Middle dialect (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Ufa, 1979.
Akhmarov G. N. (Tatar.). Wedding ceremonies of the Kazan Tatars// Akhmarev G.N. (Tatar.) Tarihi-documentary җyentyk. - Kazan: “Җyen-TatArt”, “Khater” Nәshriyati, 2000.

Tatars are the second largest people in Russia.
Photo ITAR-TASS

On the European ethno-political scene, the Bulgar Turks appeared as a special ethnic community in the second half of the 5th century, after the collapse of the Hunnic state. In the 5th-6th centuries, an alliance of many tribes led by the Bulgars formed in the Sea of Azov and the Northern Black Sea region. In the literature they are called both Bulgars and Bulgarians; so that there is no confusion with the Slavic people in the Balkans, in this essay I use the ethnonym "Bulgars".

Bulgaria – options are possible

At the end of the 7th century, part of the Bulgars moved to the Balkans. Around 680, their leader, Khan Asparukh, conquered the lands near the Danube Delta from Byzantium, at the same time concluding an agreement with the Yugoslav tribal association of the Seven Clans. In 681, the First Bulgar (Bulgarian) kingdom arose. In subsequent centuries, the Danube Bulgars, both in linguistic and in culturally were assimilated by the Slavic population. Appeared new people, which retained, however, the former Turkic ethnonym - "Bulgarians" (self-name - Bulgar, Bulgari).

The Bulgars, who remained in the steppes of the Eastern Black Sea region, created public education, which went down in history under the loud name "Great Bulgaria". But after a brutal defeat from the Khazar Khaganate, they moved (in the 7th-8th centuries) to the Middle Volga region, where at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century their new state was formed, which historians call Bulgaria / Volga-Kama Bulgaria.

The lands to which the Bulgars came (the territory mainly on the left bank of the Volga, bounded in the north by the Kama, and in the south by the Samara Luka) were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes and Turks who had come here earlier. All this multi-ethnic population - both old-timers and new settlers - actively interacted; By the time of the Mongol conquest, a new ethnic community had formed - the Volga Bulgars.

The state of the Volga Bulgars fell under the blows of the Turkic Mongols in 1236. Cities were destroyed, part of the population died, many were taken into captivity. The rest fled to the right-bank regions of the Volga region, to the forests north of the lower reaches of the Kama.

The Volga Bulgars were destined to play an important role in the ethnic history of all three Turkic-speaking peoples of the Middle Volga region - Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvashs.

Talented Chuvash people

Chuvash, Chavash (self-name) - the main population of Chuvashia, they also live in neighboring republics of the region, in different regions and regions of Russia. There are about 1,436,000 of them in the country in total (2010). The ethnic basis of the Chuvashs was the Bulgars and related Suvars, who settled on the right bank of the Volga. Here they mixed with the local Finno-Ugric population, making it linguistically Turkic. The Chuvash language has retained many features of the Bulgar language; in the linguistic classification, it forms the Bulgar subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altaic family.

In the Golden Horde period, the “second wave” of Bulgar tribes moved from the left bank of the Volga to the interfluve of the Tsivil and Sviyaga. It laid the foundation for a sub-ethnic group of the lower Chuvashs (Anatri), who retain to a greater extent the Bulgar component not only in the language, but also in many components of material culture. Among the riding (northern) Chuvashs (Virials), along with the Bulgars, elements of the traditional culture of the mountain Maris are very noticeable, with which the Bulgars intensively mixed, migrating to the north. This was also reflected in the vocabulary of the Chuvash-Virials.

The self-name "Chavash" is most likely associated with the name of the tribal group of Suvars/Suvazs (Suas) close to the Bulgars. Suvaz are mentioned in Arabic sources of the 10th century. In Russian documents, the ethnonym Chavash first appears in 1508. In 1551, the Chuvash became part of Russia.

The predominant religion among the Chuvash (with mid-eighteenth centuries) - Orthodoxy; however, pre-Christian traditions, cults and rituals have survived to this day among the rural population. There are also Muslim Chuvashs (mostly those who have been living in Tatarstan and Bashkiria for several generations). Since the 18th century, writing has been based on Russian graphics (it was preceded by Arabic writing - from the time of the Volga Bulgaria).

The talented Chuvash people gave Russia many wonderful people, I will name only three names: P.E. Egorov (1728–1798), architect, creator of the Summer Garden fence, participant in the construction of the Marble, Winter Palaces, Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg; N.Ya.Bichurin (monastic Iakinf) (1777–1853), who headed the Russian spiritual mission in Beijing for 14 years, an outstanding sinologist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; A.G. Nikolaev (1929–2004), USSR pilot-cosmonaut (No. 3), twice Hero Soviet Union, Major General of Aviation.

Bashkir - wolf-leader

Bashkirs are the indigenous population of Bashkiria. According to the 2010 census, there are 1,584.5 thousand of them in Russia. They also live in other regions, in the states of Central Asia, in Ukraine.

The ethnonym accepted as the main self-name of the Bashkirs - "Bashkort" - has been known since the 9th century (basqyrt - basqurt). It is etymologized as “chief”, “leader”, “head” (bash-) plus “wolf” (kort in the Oguz-Turkic languages), that is, “wolf-leader”. Thus, it is believed that the ethnic name of the Bashkirs is from the totemic hero-ancestor.

Previously, the ancestors of the Bashkirs (Turkic nomads of Central Asian origin) roamed in the region of the Aral Sea and Syr Darya (VII–VIII). From there, in the 8th century, they migrated to the Caspian and North Caucasian steppes; at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century, they move northward, into the steppe and forest-steppe lands between the Volga and the Urals.

Linguistic analysis shows that the vocalism (vowel system) of the Bashkir language (as well as Tatar) is very close to the vowel system in Chuvash(a direct descendant of the Bulgar language).

In the 10th - early 13th centuries, the Bashkirs were in the zone of political domination of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Together with the Bulgars and other peoples of the region, they fiercely resisted the invasion of the Turkic-Mongols led by Batu Khan, but were defeated, their lands were annexed to the Golden Horde. In the Golden Horde period (40s of the 13th - 40s of the 15th century), the influence on all aspects of the life of the Kipchak Bashkirs was very strong. The Bashkir language was formed under the powerful influence of the Kypchak language; it is included in the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkirs fell under the rule of the Nogai khans, who ousted the Bashkirs from their best nomadic lands. This forced them to leave to the north, where there was a partial mixing of the Bashkirs with the Finno-Ugric peoples. Separate groups of Nogais also joined the Bashkir ethnic group.

In 1552-1557, the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship. it significant event, which determined the further historical fate of the people, was formalized as an act of voluntary accession. Under the new conditions and circumstances, the process of ethnic consolidation of the Bashkirs significantly accelerated, despite the long-term preservation of the tribal division (there were about 40 tribes and tribal groups). It should be noted in particular that in the 17th-18th centuries the Bashkir ethnos continued to absorb people from other peoples of the Volga and Ural regions - Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts and especially Tatars, with whom they were brought together by linguistic kinship.

When on March 31, 1814, the allied armies led by Emperor Alexander I entered Paris, the Bashkir cavalry regiments were also part of the Russian troops. It is appropriate to recall this this year, when the 200th anniversary of Patriotic War 1812.

Adventures of an ethnonym, or why "Tatars"

Tatars (Tatars, self-name) - the second largest people of Russia (5310.6 thousand people, 2010), the largest Turkic-speaking people of the country, the main population of Tatarstan. They also live in many Russian regions, in other countries. Among the Tatars, there are three main ethno-territorial groups: the Volga-Urals (Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals, the most numerous community); Siberian Tatars and Astrakhan Tatars.

Supporters of the Bulgaro-Tatar concept of the origin of the Tatar people believe that the Bulgars of the Volga Bulgaria became its ethnic basis, in which the basic ethno-cultural traditions and features of the modern Tatar (Bulgaro-Tatar) people were formed. Other scholars develop the Turkic-Tatar theory of the origin of the Tatar ethnos - that is, they speak of broader ethno-cultural roots of the Tatar people than the Ural-Volga region.

The anthropological influence of the Mongols who invaded the region in the 13th century was very insignificant. According to some estimates, 4-5 thousand of them settled on the Middle Volga under Batu. In the subsequent period, they completely "dissolved" in the surrounding population. In the physical types of the Volga Tatars, Central Asian Mongoloid features are practically absent, for the most part they are Caucasoids.

Islam appeared in the Middle Volga region in the 10th century. Both the ancestors of the Tatars and the modern believing Tatars are Muslims (Sunnis). The exception is a small group of so-called Kryashens who converted to Orthodoxy in the 16th-18th centuries.

For the first time, the ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongol and Turkic tribes who roamed in the 6th-9th centuries in Central Asia, as the name of one of their groups. In the XIII-XIV centuries, it spread to the entire Turkic-speaking population of a huge power created by Genghis Khan and the Genghisids. This ethnonym was adopted by the Kipchaks of the Golden Horde and the khanates that formed after its collapse, apparently because representatives of the nobility, military service and bureaucratic strata called themselves Tatars.

However, among the broad masses, especially in the Middle Volga - Urals, the ethnonym "Tatars" and in the second half of the 16th century, after the annexation of the region to Russia, took root with difficulty, very gradually, to a large extent under the influence of the Russians, who called the entire population of the Horde Tatars and khanates The famous Italian traveler of the 13th century, Plano Carpini, who, on behalf of Pope Innocent IV, visited the residence of Batu Khan (in Saray on the Volga) and at the court of the Great Khan Guyuk in Karakorum (Mongolia), called his work "History of the Mongols, called by us Tatars."

After the unexpected and crushing Turkic-Mongol invasion of Europe, some historians and philosophers of that time (Matthew of Paris, Roger Bacon, etc.) reinterpreted the word "Tatars" as "natives of Tartarus" (that is, the underworld) ... And six and a half centuries later, the author articles "Tatars" in the famous encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron reports that “in the 5th c. under the name ta-ta or tatan (from which, in all likelihood, the word Tatars comes) meant the Mongol tribe that lived in northeastern Mongolia and partly in Manchuria. We have almost no information about this tribe. In general, he summarizes, “the word “Tatars” is a collective name for a number of Mongolian peoples and, mainly, Turkic origin speaking the Turkic language…”.

Such a generalized-ethnic naming of many peoples and tribes by the name of some one is not uncommon. Let us recall that in Russia only a century ago Tatars were called not only Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian and Crimean Tatars, but also some Turkic-speaking peoples North Caucasus ("Mountain Tatars" - Karachays and Balkars), Transcaucasia ("Transcaucasian Tatars" - Azerbaijanis), Siberia (Shors, Khakasses, Tofalars, etc.).

In 1787, the outstanding French navigator La Perouse (Count de La Perouse) named the strait between the island of Sakhalin and the Tatar mainland - because even in that already very enlightened time, almost all the peoples living east of the Russians and north of the Chinese were called Tatars. This hydronym, the Tatar Strait, is truly a monument to the inscrutableness, the mystery of the migrations of ethnic names, their ability to “stick” to other peoples, as well as to territories and other geographical objects.

In search of ethnohistorical unity

The ethnos of the Volga-Ural Tatars took shape in the 15th-18th centuries in the process of migration and rapprochement, rallying different Tatar groups: Kazan, Kasimov Tatars, Mishars (the latter are considered by researchers to be descendants of the Turkic Finno-Ugric tribes known as the Meshchers). In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the growth of the all-Tatar national identity, awareness of the ethnohistorical unity of all territorial groups of Tatars.

At the same time, the literary Tatar language was formed, mainly on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect, which replaced the Old Tatar language, which was based on the language of the Volga Turks. Writing from the 10th century to 1927 is based on the Arabic alphabet (before the 10th century, the so-called Turkic runic was occasionally used); from 1928 to 1939 - based on the Latin alphabet (yanalif); from 1939-1940 - Russian graphics. In the 1990s, a discussion intensified in Tatarstan about the transfer of the Tatar script to a modernized version of the Latin script (Yanalif-2).

The described process naturally led to the rejection of local self-names, to the approval of the most common ethnonym, which united all groups. In the 1926 census, 88% of the Tatar population of the European part of the USSR called themselves Tatars.

In 1920, the Tatar ASSR was formed (as part of the RSFSR); in 1991 it was transformed into the Republic of Tatarstan.

A special and very interesting topic, which I can only touch upon in this essay, is the relationship between the Russian and Tatar populations. As Lev Gumilyov wrote, "our Great Russian ancestors in the 15th-16th-17th centuries mixed easily and rather quickly with the Tatars of the Volga, Don, Ob ...". He liked to repeat: "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar, scratch a Tatar - you will find a Russian."

Many Russian noble families had Tatar roots: the Godunovs, the Yusupovs, the Beklemishevs, the Saburovs, the Sheremetevs, the Korsakovs, the Buturlins, the Basmanovs, the Karamzins, the Aksakovs, the Turgenevs... most interesting book"Born in Russia" literary critic and poet, Professor Igor Volgin.

I didn't start this by accident. short list surnames from the Godunovs: known to everyone from history textbooks and even more from the great Pushkin tragedy, Boris Godunov, the Russian tsar in 1598-1605, was a descendant of Tatar Murza The couple, who left the Golden Horde for the Russian service under Ivan Kalita (in the 30s of the XIV century), was baptized and received the name Zakharia. He founded the Ipatiev Monastery, became the ancestor of the Russian noble family of the Godunovs.

I want to complete this almost endless topic with the name of one of the most talented Russian poets of the 20th century - Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina, whose rare talent has different genetic sources, Tatar - one of the main ones: "The immemorial spirit of Asiaticism / Still roams in me." But her native language, the language of her work, was Russian: “And Pushkin looks kindly, / And the night has passed, and the candles go out, / And the gentle taste of her native speech / So pure her lips cool.”

Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, all the peoples of multi-ethnic Russia, which is celebrating the 1150th anniversary of its statehood this year, have had a common, common, inseparable history and destiny for a very long time, for many centuries.

Introduction. four

1. Anthropology and ethnic history Tatars of the Volga region. eight

2.Tatars of the Saratov region. 19

3. Religious beliefs of the Tatars of the Volga region. 22

4. The language of the Tatars of the Volga region. 26

5.Traditional economy of the Volga Tatars. 31

Conclusion. 33

List of used literature.. 35

Introduction

Population of Privolzhsky federal district has over 32 million people, of which more than 20 million, or 67%, are Russians.

The relevance of the topic of the course work lies in the fact that the ethno-demographic feature of the district is that in the Russian Federation it is one of the most populous (ranks second after the Central District, in which 38 million people), and at the same time it is the lowest in Russia share of Russians. In the North Caucasus, which forms the basis of the Southern District, this share is the same or slightly higher, which is explained by the "transfer" to this district of two Volga regions - Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, predominantly Russian in composition.

The total Russian population of the Okrug grew at a slow pace throughout the 1990s. due to the excess of migration inflow from neighboring countries, primarily from Kazakhstan, over the natural decline, and then was replaced by zero growth.

More than 13% of the population of the district are Tatars, numbering more than 4 million people. Lives in the Volga region the largest number Tatars of the Russian Federation.

Russians and Tatars together are 80% of the total population of the Volga region. The remaining 20% include representatives of almost all ethnic groups living in Russia. Among ethnic groups, however, there are only 9, which, together with Russians and Tatars, make up 97-98% of the population in the district.

There are about 6 million Tatars in Russia. Abroad, 1 million Tatars live in states that were previously part of the USSR (especially many in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). The ethnonym "Tatars" unites large and small ethnic communities.

Among them, the most numerous are the Kazan Tatars. It is impossible to determine the exact number of Kazan Tatars using the population census data, since all groups, except for the Crimean Tatars, were designated by the same name until the 1994 microcensus. It can be assumed that out of 5.8 million Tatars in the Russian Federation, at least 4.3 million people are Kazan Tatars. The question of the relationship between the ethnonym "Tatars" and the term "Tatar people" is to a certain extent politicized. Some scientists insist that the ethnonym "Tatars" denotes all groups of Tatars as an expression of a single, consolidated Tatar people (Tatar nation). On this basis, even special term in relation to groups of Tatars living outside the Republic of Tatarstan - "internal Russian Tatar diaspora".

The purpose of this course work is to consider the features of the settlement and residence of the Tatars in the Volga region.

To achieve the goal of the course work, consider the following tasks:

Consider the ethnic history of the Tatars of the Volga region

Analyze the residence of Tatars in the Saratov region;

Consider religious beliefs, language, traditional economy of the Volga Tatars

In the Volga District, the number of Tatars in the 2000s. slowly increased, primarily due to natural growth (average 0.8% per year).

Most of the Tatars are settled in the Middle Volga region, primarily in the Republic of Tatarstan. Over a third of all Tatars are concentrated there - about 2 million people. The densely populated Tatar area stretches to the neighboring Republic of Bashkortostan (where the Tatars outnumber the Bashkirs) and further to the Chelyabinsk region. Large groups are also settled in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan Tatars), as well as in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Moscow and the Moscow region. The range of the Tatars extends into Siberia.

According to population censuses, 32% of the Tatar population of Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan. If we take only Kazan Tatars, then this share will be much higher: most likely it is 60%. In the republic itself, Tatars make up about 50% of all residents.

The basis of the literary Tatar language is the language of the Kazan Tatars, while regional dialects and dialects are preserved at the everyday level. There are three main dialects - Western, or Mishar; medium, or Kazan; Eastern, or Siberian.

Kazan Tatars and Mishars (or Mishars), as well as a small group of Kryashens, are settled in the Volga-Ural region. These groups are divided into smaller territorial communities.

The Mishars, the second major subdivision of the Volga-Ural Tatars, differ somewhat from the Kazan Tatars in terms of language and culture (it is believed, for example, that the Mishars, in their traditions and everyday features, are similar to the neighboring Mordovians). Their range, coinciding with the range of the Kazan Tatars, is shifted to the southwest and south. A characteristic feature of the Mishars is the blurred distinctions between territorial groups.

Kryashen Tatars (or baptized Tatars) stand out among the Volga-Ural Tatars on the basis of confessional affiliation. They were converted to Orthodoxy and their cultural and economic features are connected with this (for example, unlike other Tatars, the Kryashens have long been engaged in pig breeding). The Kryashen Tatars are believed to be a group of Kazan Tatars who were baptized after the Russian state conquered the Kazan Khanate. This group is numerically small and concentrated mainly in Tatarstan. Experts distinguish the following groups of Kryashens: Molkeevskaya (on the border with Chuvashia), Predkama (Laishevsky, Pestrechensky districts), Yelabuga, Chistopolskaya.

A small group (about 10-15 thousand people) of Orthodox Tatars, who call themselves "Nagaybaks", live in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. It is believed that the Nagaybaks are the descendants of either baptized Nogais or baptized Kazan Tatars.

Neither among researchers, nor among the population itself, there is a consensus on whether all groups of Tatars bearing this name form, united people. We can only say that the greatest consolidation is characteristic of the Volga-Ural, or Volga, Tatars, the vast majority of whom are Kazan Tatars. In addition to them, it is customary to include groups of Kasimov Tatars living in the Ryazan region, the Mishars of the Nizhny Novgorod region, and also the Kryashens into the composition of the Volga Tatars (although there are different opinions about the Kryashens).

The Republic of Tatarstan has one of the highest percentages of local natives in Russia in countryside(72%), while migrants prevail in cities (55%). Since 1991, cities have been experiencing a powerful migration influx of the rural Tatar population. Even 20-30 years ago, the Volga Tatars had high level natural increase, which remains positive now; however, it is not large enough to create demographic overloads. Tatars are in one of the first places (after Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) in terms of the share of the urban population. Although among the Tatars there is a significant number of interethnic marriages (about 25%), this does not lead to widespread assimilation. Inter-ethnic marriages are concluded mainly by Tatars living dispersedly, while in Tatarstan and in regions where Tatars are densely populated, especially in rural areas, a high level of intra-ethnic marriage remains.

When writing this term paper, the works of such authors as Vedernikova T.I., Kirsanov R., Makhmudov F., Shakirov R. and others were used.

The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

1. Anthropology and ethnic history of the Volga Tatars

The anthropology of the Volga and Ural Tatars provides interesting material for judgments about the origin of this people. Anthropological data show that all the studied groups of Tatars (Kazan, Mishars, Kryashens) are quite close to each other and have a set of inherent features. According to a number of signs - in terms of pronounced Caucasoidity, in terms of the presence of sublaponoidness, the Tatars are closer to the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions than to other Turkic peoples.

The Siberian Tatars, who have a pronounced sublaponoid (Uralian) character with a certain admixture of the South Siberian Mongoloid type, as well as the Astrakhan Tatars - Karagash, Dagestan Nogai, Khorezm Karakalpaks, Crimean Tatars, whose origin is generally associated with the population of the Golden Horde, are distinguished by their greater Mongoloid from the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions.

According to the external physical type, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions show a long-standing miscegenation of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. The last signs of the Tatars are much weaker than many others. Turkic peoples: Kazakhs, Karagash, Nogai, etc. Here are some examples. For the Mongoloids, one of characteristic features is a peculiar structure of the upper eyelid, the so-called. epicanthus. Among the Turks, the highest percentage of epicanthus (60-65%) is in the Yakuts, Kirghiz, Altaians, and Tomsk Tatars. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, this feature is weakly expressed (from 0% for the Kryashens and Mishars of the Chistopol region to 4% for the Ar and 7% for the Kasimov Tatars). Other groups of Tatars, not related by their origin to the Volga region, have a significantly higher percentage of epicanthus: 12% - Crimean Tatars, 13% - Astrakhan Karagash, 20-28% - Nogai, 38% - Tobolsk Tatars.

The development of the beard is also one of the important features that distinguish the Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. The Tatars of the Middle Volga region have a beard growth below the average level, but still more than that of the Nogais, Karagash, Kazakhs, and even the Mari and Chuvash. Considering that the weak growth of the beard is characteristic of the Mongoloids, including the sublaponoids of Eurasia, and also the fact that the Tatars, located in the north, have a much greater growth of hairline than the more southern Kazakhs, Kirghiz, it can be assumed that this was manifested the influence of the so-called Pontic groups of the population, which have a fairly intensive growth of the beard. By the growth of the beard, the Tatars are approaching the Uzbeks, Uighurs and Turkmens. Its greatest growth is noted among the Mishar and Kryashens, the smallest among the Tatars of Zakazan.

The Tatars mainly have dark hair pigmentation, especially among the Tatars of Zakazany and the Narovchat Mishars. Along with this, up to 5-10%, lighter shades of hair are also found, especially among the Chistopol and Kasimov Tatars and almost all groups of Mishars. In this regard, the Volga Tatars tend to local peoples Volga - Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, as well as to the Karachays and the northeastern Bulgarians of the Danube region.

In general, the Tatars of the Middle Volga and the Urals are mainly Caucasoid in appearance with a certain inclusion of Mongoloid features, and with signs of long-standing miscegenation or mixing. The following anthropological types are distinguished: Pontic; light Caucasian; sublapanoid; Mongoloid.

The Pontic type is characterized by a relatively long head, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nose bridge, convex nasal bridge with a lowered tip and base of the nose, and significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend. On average, this type is represented by more than a third of the Tatars - 28% among the Kryashens of the Chistopol region to 61% among the mishars of the Narovchatov and Chistopol regions. Among the Tatars of the Order and the Chistopol region, it ranges from 40-45%. This type of Siberian Tatars not known. In the paleoanthropological material, it is well expressed among the pre-Mongolian Bulgars, in modern - among the Karachays, Western Circassians and in eastern Bulgaria among the local Bulgarian population, as well as among the Hungarians. Historically, it should be linked with the main population of the Volga Bulgaria.

Light Caucasoid type with an oval head shape, with light pigmentation of hair and eyes, with medium or high nose bridge, with a straight nasal bridge, a moderately developed beard. Growth is average. On average, 17.5% of all studied Tatars are represented, from 16-17% among the Tatars of the Yelabuga and Chistopol regions to 52% of the Kryashens of the Yelabuga region. It has a number of features (morphology of the nose, absolute dimensions of the face, pigmentation) close to Pontic type. It is possible that this type penetrated the Volga region along with the so-called. saklabs (fair-haired according to Sh. Marjani), about which Arab sources of the 8th - 9th centuries wrote, placing them in the Lower, and later (Ibn Fadlan) and in the Middle Volga region. But we should not forget that among the Kipchak-Polovtsy there were also light-pigmented Caucasoids; light, red. It is possible that this type, so characteristic of northern Finns and Russians, could penetrate to the ancestors of the Tatars from there as well.

The sublapanoid (Ural or Volga-Kama) type is also characterized by an oval head shape and has mixed hair and eye pigmentation, a wide nose with a low nose bridge, a poorly developed beard and a low, medium-wide face. In some features (significantly developed fold of the eyelids, occasionally occurring epicanthus, weak growth of the beard, some flattening of the face), this type is close to the Mongoloid, but has strongly smoothed signs of the latter. Anthropologists consider this type as formed in antiquity on the territory of Eastern Europe from a mixture of Euro-Asian Mongoloids and the local Caucasoid population. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, it is represented by 24.5%, the least among the Mishars (8-10%) and more among the Kryashens (35-40%). It is most characteristic of the local Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Kama region - Mari, Udmurts, Komi, partly Mordovians and Chuvashs. Obviously, it penetrated to the Tatars as a result of the Turkization of the Finno-Ugric peoples back in the pre-Bulgarian and Bulgar times, because in the Bulgar materials of the pre-Mongolian time, sublapanoid types are already found.

The Mongoloid type, characteristic of the Tatars of the Golden Horde and preserved among their descendants - Nogais, Astrakhan Karagash, as well as among the Eastern Bashkirs, partly Kazakhs, Kirghiz, etc., is not found in its pure form among the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Ural regions. In a state mixed with Caucasoid components (Pontic type), it is found on average in 14.5% (from 7-8% among the Kryashens to 21% among the Tatars of the Order). This type, which includes signs of both South Siberian and Central Asian Mongoloids, begins to be noted in the anthropological materials of the Volga and Ural regions from the Hunno-Turkic time, i.e. from the middle of the 1st millennium AD, it is also known in the early Bulgarian Bolshe-Tarkhan burial ground. Therefore, its inclusion in the anthropological composition of the Volga and Ural Tatars cannot be linked only with the time of the Mongol invasion and the Golden Horde, although at that time it intensified.

Anthropological materials show that the physical type of the Tatar people was formed in difficult conditions miscegenation of a mainly Caucasoid population with Mongoloid components of the ancient pores. In terms of the relative degree of expression of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions (average score - 34.9) are between Uzbeks (34.7), Azerbaijanis (39.1), Kumyks (39.2) Russians (39.4), Karachays (39.9), Gagauz (34.0) and Turkmen (30.2).

The ethnonym was historically attached to the Turkic-speaking population of the Ural-Volga historical and ethnographic region, Crimea, Western Siberia and to the Turkic by origin, but who lost their native language, the Tatar population of Lithuania. There is no doubt that the Volga-Ural and Crimean Tatars are independent ethnic groups.

The long-term contacts of the Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars with the Volga-Urals, which especially intensified in the second half of the 19th century, had important ethnic consequences. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was an active process of consolidation of the Middle Volga-Urals, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars into a new ethnic community - the Tatar nation. The Tatars of the Volga-Ural region became the core of the nation due to their large number and socio-economic, as well as cultural advancement. The complex ethnic structure of this nation is illustrated by the following data (at the end of the 19th century): in it, the Volga-Ural Tatars accounted for 95.4%, Siberian -2.9%, Astrakhan -1.7%.

At the present stage, it is impossible to talk about Tatars without the Republic of Tatarstan, which is the epicenter of the Tatar nation. However, the Tatar ethnos is by no means limited to the borders of Tatarstan. And not only because of the dispersed settlement. The Tatar people, having a deep history and millennial cultural traditions, including writing, are connected with the whole of Eurasia. Moreover, being the northernmost outpost of Islam, the Tatars and Tatarstan also act as part of the Islamic world and the great civilization of the East.

Tatars are one of the largest Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The total number of 6.648.7 thousand people. (1989). Tatars are the main population of the Republic of Tatarstan (1.765.4 thousand people), 1.120.7 thousand people live in Bashkortostan, 110.5 thousand people live in Udmurtia, 47.3 thousand people live in Mordovia, in the Republic Mari El - 43.8 thousand, Chuvashia - 35.7 thousand people. In general, the main part of the Tatar population - more than 4/5 lives in the Russian Federation (5.522 thousand people), occupying the second place in terms of numbers. In addition, a significant number of Tatars live in the CIS countries: in Kazakhstan - 327.9 thousand people, Uzbekistan - 467.8 thousand people, Tajikistan - 72.2 thousand people, Kyrgyzstan - 70.5 thousand people ., Turkmenistan - 39.2 thousand people. Azerbaijan - 28 thousand people, in Ukraine - 86.9 thousand people, in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) about 14 thousand people. There is also a significant diaspora throughout the rest of the world (Finland, Turkey, USA, China, Germany, Australia, etc.). In view of the fact that there has never been a separate account of the number of Tatars in other countries, it is difficult to determine the total number of the Tatar population abroad (according to various estimates, from 100 to 200 thousand people).

As part of the Tatars of the Volga region, two large ethnic groups (sub-ethnic groups) are distinguished: Kazan Tatars and Mishars.

An intermediate group between the Kazan Tatars and the Mishars are the Kasimov Tatars (the area of their formation, the city of Kasimov, Ryazan Region, and its environs). The ethno-confessional community is represented by baptized Kryashen Tatars. Due to territorial disunity and under the influence of neighboring peoples, each of these groups, in turn, formed ethnographic groups having some peculiarities in language, culture and way of life. So, in the composition of the Kazan Tatars, researchers distinguish the Nukrat (Chepetsk), Perm, ethno-class group of Teptyars, etc. The Kryashens also have local features (Nagaybaks, Molkeevtsy, Yelabuga, Chistopol, etc.). The Mishars are divided into two main groups - the northern, Sergach, "choking" in language and the southern, Temnikovskaya, "choking" in language.

In addition, as a result of repeated migrations, several territorial subgroups were also formed among the Mishars: right-bank, left-bank or trans-Volga, Ural.

The ethnonym Tatars is a national, as well as the main self-name of all groups that form a nation. In the past, the Tatars also had other local ethnonyms - Moselman, Kazanly, Bolgars, Misher, Tipter, Kereshen, Nagaibek, Kechim, etc. In the conditions of the formation of the nation (the second half of the 19th century), the process of growth of national self-consciousness and awareness of their unity began . The objective processes taking place in the people's environment were recognized by the national intelligentsia, which contributed to the rejection of local self-names in the name of gaining one common ethnonym. At the same time, the most common ethnonym that unites all groups of Tatars was chosen. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars considered themselves Tatars.

The ethnic history of the Volga Tatars has not yet been fully elucidated. Formation of their main

10-09-2015, 16:35

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Tatars are a Turkic people living in the central part of European Russia, as well as in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, on Far East, on the territory of the Crimea, as well as in Kazakhstan, in the states of Central Asia and in the Chinese autonomous republic XUAR. About 5.3 million people of Tatar nationality live in the Russian Federation, which is 4% of the total population of the country, in terms of numbers they rank second after Russians, 37% of all Tatars in Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan in the capital of the Volga Federal District with the capital in Kazan and make up most (53%) of the population of the republic. The national language is Tatar (a group of Altaic languages, a Turkic group, a Kypchak subgroup), which has several dialects. Most of the Tatars are Sunni Muslims, there are also Orthodox, and those who do not identify themselves with specific religious movements.

Cultural heritage and family values

Tatar traditions of housekeeping and family life lives are largely preserved in villages and towns. Kazan Tatars, for example, lived in wooden huts, which differed from Russians only in that they did not have a vestibule and the common room was divided into a female and male half, separated by a curtain (charshau) or a wooden partition. In any Tatar hut, the presence of green and red chests was obligatory, which were later used as a bride's dowry. In almost every house, a framed piece of text from the Koran, the so-called “shamail”, hung on the wall, it hung over the threshold as a talisman, and a wish of happiness and prosperity was written on it. Many bright juicy colors and shades were used to decorate the house and the adjacent territory, the interior was richly decorated with embroidery, since Islam forbids depicting humans and animals, mainly embroidered towels, bedspreads and other things were decorated with geometric ornaments.

The head of the family is the father, his requests and instructions must be carried out unquestioningly, the mother in a special place of honor. Tatar children are taught from an early age to respect their elders, not to hurt the younger ones and always help the disadvantaged. The Tatars are very hospitable, even if a person is an enemy of the family, but he came to the house as a guest, they will not refuse him anything, they will feed him, give him drink and offer him an overnight stay. Tatar girls are brought up as modest and decent future housewives, they are taught in advance to manage the household and prepare for marriage.

Tatar customs and traditions

Rites are calendar and family sense. The first ones are related to labor activity (sowing, harvesting, etc.) and are held every year at about the same time. Family ceremonies are held as needed in accordance with the changes that have taken place in the family: the birth of children, the conclusion of marriage alliances and other rituals.

The traditional Tatar wedding is characterized obligatory Muslim rite nikah, it takes place at home or in a mosque in the presence of a mullah, festive table are exclusively Tatar national dishes: chak-chak, kort, katyk, kosh-tele, peremyachi, kaymak, etc., guests do not eat pork and do not drink alcohol. The male groom puts on a skullcap, the female bride puts on a long dress with closed sleeves, a headscarf is obligatory on her head.

Tatar wedding ceremonies are characterized by a preliminary agreement between the parents of the bride and groom to conclude a marriage union, often even without their consent. The groom's parents must pay a dowry, the amount of which is discussed in advance. If the size of the kalym does not suit the groom, and he wants to "save", there is nothing shameful in stealing the bride before the wedding.

When a child is born, a mullah is invited to him, he performs a special ceremony, whispering prayers in the child's ear that drive away evil spirits and his name. Guests come with gifts, a festive table is set for them.

Islam has a huge impact on public life Tatars and therefore the Tatar people divide all holidays into religious ones, they are called "gaeta" - for example, Uraza Gaeta - a holiday in honor of the end of the fast, or Korban Gaeta - a feast of sacrifice, and secular or folk "bayram", meaning "spring beauty or triumph".

On the holiday of Uraza, believing Muslim Tatars spend the whole day in prayers and conversations with Allah, asking him for protection and removal of sins, you can drink and eat only after sunset.

During the celebrations of Eid al-Adha, the feast of sacrifice and the end of the Hajj, also called the holiday of goodness, every self-respecting Muslim, after performing the morning prayer in the mosque, must slaughter a sacrificial ram, sheep, goat or cow and distribute the meat to those in need.

One of the most significant pre-Islamic holidays is considered the holiday of the plow Sabantuy, which is held in the spring and symbolizes the end of sowing. The culmination of the celebration is the holding of various competitions and competitions in running, wrestling or horse racing. Also, a treat for all those present is obligatory - porridge or botkasy in Tatar, which used to be prepared from common products in a huge cauldron on one of the hills or hillocks. Also at the festival it was obligatory to have a large number colored eggs for children to collect. The main holiday of the Republic of Tatarstan Sabantuy is recognized at the official level and is held every year in the Birch Grove of the village of Mirny near Kazan.

The population of the Volga Federal District is over 32 million people, of which more than 20 million, or 67%, are Russians.

More than 13% of the population of the district are Tatars, numbering more than 4 million people. The Volga District is home to the largest number of Tatars in the Russian Federation.

Among them, the most numerous are the Kazan Tatars. It is impossible to determine the exact number of Kazan Tatars using the population census data, since all groups, except for the Crimean Tatars, were designated by the same name until the 1994 microcensus. It can be assumed that out of 5.8 million Tatars in the Russian Federation, at least 4.3 million people are Kazan Tatars. The question of the relationship between the ethnonym "Tatars" and the term "Tatar people" is to a certain extent politicized. Some scientists insist that the ethnonym "Tatars" denotes all groups of Tatars as an expression of a single, consolidated Tatar people (Tatar nation). On this basis, even a special term arose in relation to groups of Tatars living outside the Republic of Tatarstan - "internal Russian Tatar diaspora".

The purpose of this course work is to consider the features of the settlement and residence of the Tatars in the Volga region.

To achieve the goal of the course work, consider the following tasks:

In the Volga District, the number of Tatars in the 2000s. slowly increased, primarily due to natural growth (average 0.8% per year).

Kazan Tatars and Mishars (or Mishars), as well as a small group of Kryashens, are settled in the Volga-Ural region. These groups are divided into smaller territorial communities.

Neither among researchers, nor among the population itself, there is a consensus on whether all groups of Tatars bearing this name form a single people. We can only say that the greatest consolidation is characteristic of the Volga-Ural, or Volga, Tatars, the vast majority of whom are Kazan Tatars. In addition to them, it is customary to include groups of Kasimov Tatars living in the Ryazan region, the Mishars of the Nizhny Novgorod region, and also the Kryashens into the composition of the Volga Tatars (although there are different opinions about the Kryashens).

The Republic of Tatarstan has one of the highest percentages of local natives in rural areas in Russia (72%), while migrants dominate in cities (55%). Since 1991, cities have been experiencing a powerful migration influx of the rural Tatar population. Even 20-30 years ago, the Volga Tatars had a high level of natural increase, which remains positive even now; however, it is not large enough to create demographic overloads. Tatars are in one of the first places (after Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) in terms of the share of the urban population. Although among the Tatars there is a significant number of interethnic marriages (about 25%), this does not lead to widespread assimilation. Inter-ethnic marriages are concluded mainly by Tatars living dispersedly, while in Tatarstan and in regions where Tatars are densely populated, especially in rural areas, a high level of intra-ethnic marriage remains.

When writing this term paper, the works of such authors as Vedernikova T.I., Kirsanov R., Makhmudov F., Shakirov R. and others were used.

The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

According to the external physical type, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions show a long-standing miscegenation of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. The last signs of the Tatars are much weaker than those of many other Turkic peoples: Kazakhs, Karagash, Nogai, etc. Here are some examples. For Mongoloids, one of the characteristic features is the peculiar structure of the upper eyelid, the so-called. epicanthus. Among the Turks, the highest percentage of epicanthus (60-65%) is in the Yakuts, Kirghiz, Altaians, and Tomsk Tatars. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, this feature is weakly expressed (from 0% for the Kryashens and Mishars of the Chistopol region to 4% for the Ar and 7% for the Kasimov Tatars). Other groups of Tatars, not related by their origin to the Volga region, have a significantly higher percentage of epicanthus: 12% - Crimean Tatars, 13% - Astrakhan Karagash, 20-28% - Nogai, 38% - Tobolsk Tatars.

The Tatars mainly have dark hair pigmentation, especially among the Tatars of Zakazany and the Narovchat Mishars. Along with this, up to 5-10%, lighter shades of hair are also found, especially among the Chistopol and Kasimov Tatars and almost all groups of Mishars. In this regard, the Tatars of the Volga region gravitate towards the local peoples of the Volga region - the Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, as well as the Karachays and the northeastern Bulgarians of the Danube region.

The Pontic type is characterized by a relatively long head, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nose bridge, convex nasal bridge with a lowered tip and base of the nose, and significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend. On average, this type is represented by more than a third of the Tatars - 28% among the Kryashens of the Chistopol region to 61% among the mishars of the Narovchatov and Chistopol regions. Among the Tatars of the Order and the Chistopol region, it ranges from 40-45%. This type is not known among the Siberian Tatars. In the paleoanthropological material, it is well expressed among the pre-Mongolian Bulgars, in modern - among the Karachays, Western Circassians and in eastern Bulgaria among the local Bulgarian population, as well as among the Hungarians. Historically, it should be linked with the main population of the Volga Bulgaria.

Light Caucasoid type with an oval head shape, with light pigmentation of hair and eyes, with medium or high nose bridge, with a straight nasal bridge, a moderately developed beard. Growth is average. On average, 17.5% of all studied Tatars are represented, from 16-17% among the Tatars of the Yelabuga and Chistopol regions to 52% of the Kryashens of the Yelabuga region. It has a number of features (morphology of the nose, absolute dimensions of the face, pigmentation) approaching the Pontic type. It is possible that this type penetrated the Volga region along with the so-called. saklabs (fair-haired according to Sh. Marjani), about which Arab sources of the 8th - 9th centuries wrote, placing them in the Lower, and later (Ibn Fadlan) and in the Middle Volga region. But we should not forget that among the Kipchak-Polovtsy there were also light-pigmented Caucasoids; light, red. It is possible that this type, so characteristic of northern Finns and Russians, could penetrate to the ancestors of the Tatars from there as well.

The sublapanoid (Ural or Volga-Kama) type is also characterized by an oval head shape and has mixed hair and eye pigmentation, a wide nose with a low nose bridge, a poorly developed beard and a low, medium-wide face. In some features (significantly developed fold of the eyelids, occasionally occurring epicanthus, weak growth of the beard, some flattening of the face), this type is close to the Mongoloid, but has strongly smoothed signs of the latter. Anthropologists consider this type as formed in ancient times on the territory of Eastern Europe from a mixture of Euro-Asian Mongoloids and the local Caucasoid population. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, it is represented by 24.5%, the least among the Mishars (8-10%) and more among the Kryashens (35-40%). It is most characteristic of the local Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Kama region - Mari, Udmurts, Komi, partly Mordovians and Chuvashs. Obviously, it penetrated to the Tatars as a result of the Turkization of the Finno-Ugric peoples back in the pre-Bulgarian and Bulgar times, because in the Bulgar materials of the pre-Mongolian time, sublapanoid types are already found.

Anthropological materials show that the physical type of the Tatar people was formed in difficult conditions of miscegenation of the mainly Caucasoid population with the Mongoloid components of the ancient pores. In terms of the relative degree of expression of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions (average score - 34.9) are between Uzbeks (34.7), Azerbaijanis (39.1), Kumyks (39.2) Russians (39.4), Karachays (39.9), Gagauz (34.0) and Turkmen (30.2).

As part of the Tatars of the Volga region, two large ethnic groups (sub-ethnic groups) are distinguished: Kazan Tatars and Mishars.

An intermediate group between the Kazan Tatars and the Mishars are the Kasimov Tatars (the area of their formation, the city of Kasimov, Ryazan Region, and its environs). The ethno-confessional community is represented by baptized Kryashen Tatars. Due to territorial disunity and under the influence of neighboring peoples, each of these groups, in turn, formed ethnographic groups that have certain peculiarities in language, culture and way of life. So, in the composition of the Kazan Tatars, researchers distinguish the Nukrat (Chepetsk), Perm, ethno-class group of Teptyars, etc. The Kryashens also have local features (Nagaybaks, Molkeevtsy, Yelabuga, Chistopol, etc.). The Mishars are divided into two main groups - the northern, Sergach, "choking" in language and the southern, Temnikovskaya, "choking" in language.

In addition, as a result of repeated migrations, several territorial subgroups were also formed among the Mishars: right-bank, left-bank or trans-Volga, Ural.

The ethnic history of the Volga Tatars has not yet been fully elucidated. The formation of their main groups - Mishars, Kasimov and Kazan Tatars, had its own characteristics. Early stages the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars is usually associated with the Volga Bulgars, ethnic composition which was heterogeneous, and their different groups have come a long way of development. Except Turkic tribe, actually the Bulgars, such tribes as the Bersils, Esegels, Savirs (Suvars), etc. are known. The origins of some of these tribes go to the Hunnic environment, later they are mentioned among the Khazars. Finno-Ugric groups played a significant role in the formation of the Bulgars. As part of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria) from many tribes and post-tribal formations, the Bulgar people took shape, which in the pre-Mongolian period experienced a process of consolidation.

Settled during the VIII - early XIII century. ethnic ties are broken in 1236 by the Mongol invasion. The conquerors destroyed cities and villages, especially those located in the center of the country. Part of the Bulgars moved to the north (to the regions of the Pre-Kama region) and to the west (to the Pre-Volga region). As a result of these migrations, the northern border of the settlement of the Volga Bulgars is pushed back to the Ashit river basin. Separate small groups of Bulgars penetrated to the river Cheptsa, thereby laying the ethnic basis of the Chepetsk or Nukrat Tatars.

After the Mongol conquest, Volga Bulgaria became part of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde period in the ethnic history of the Bulgars and their descendants, including the Volga Tatars, is characterized by increased contacts with Turkic-speaking world. Epigraphic monuments of the XIII-XIV centuries. indicate that certain changes in the direction of strengthening the elements of the Kypchak language, characteristic of the population of the Golden Horde, experienced the language of the Bulgars. This is explained not only by the interaction of cultures, but also by the process of consolidation of the Kypchak and other Turkic-speaking tribes. Starting from the second half of the 14th century, especially after the new defeat of Bulgaria by Timur (1361), there was a mass migration of the Bulgars from the Trans-Kama region to the Pre-Kama region (to the area of modern Kazan). In the middle of the XV century. a feudal state was formed here - the Kazan Khanate. Russian chronicles call its population new Bulgars or Bulgars, spoken by Kazanians, later Kazan Tatars. On the ethnic development The Bulgars in this area were imprinted by the close proximity to the Finno-Ugric population.

The ethnic formation of the Mishars took place in the Oka-Sura interfluve as a result of a complex mixture of Turkic, Turkicized Ugric and Finnish population groups in the era of the Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. During the collapse of the Golden Horde, they ended up on the territory of the Golden Horde prince Bekhan, later the Narovchatov principality. This territory early entered the sphere of economic and political influence of the Muscovite state.

The formation of the Kasimov Tatars as an independent group took place within the framework of the Kasimov Khanate (1452-1681), which was a buffer principality between Moscow and Kazan, completely dependent on the Russian state. The population already in the XV century. was ethnically heterogeneous and consisted of the newcomer Golden Horde population (the dominant layer), Mishars, Mordovians, a little later Russians, who had a certain impact on their culture.

From the middle of the XVI century. The ethnic history of the Tatars was determined by diverse connections with ethnic processes taking place within the framework of the Russian multinational state, which, after the defeat and capture of Kazan since 1552, included the Kazan Tatars.

The ethnic territories of the Tatars in the Middle Ages occupied a vast zone: the Crimea, the Lower and Middle Volga regions (with part of the Urals), Western Siberia. Almost in the same area, the Tatars lived in the XVI - early. XX centuries However, during this period, intensive migration processes were observed among the Tatars. They were especially intense among the Volga-Ural Tatars. Active migration of Tatars from the Middle Volga region to the Urals began after the liquidation of the Kazan Khanate, although in some areas of the Urals the Tatars and their ancestors lived before. The peak of the migration of the Tatars in the Urals occurred in the first half of the 18th century. Its causes are connected with the strengthening of socio-economic oppression, cruel persecution on religious grounds with forced Christianization, etc. Due to this, the number of Tatars in the Urals in the middle of the XVIII century. amounted to 1/3 of the Tatars of the Ural-Volga region.

In the post-reform period, Tatars-migrants from the Middle Volga and Ural regions moved through northern and northeastern Kazakhstan to Western Siberia and Central Asia. Another direction of Tatar migrations from the zone under consideration was resettlement in industrial areas European part of Russia and in Transcaucasia. Volga-Ural Tatars in the XVIII - early. XX centuries became a noticeable part of the Tatar population of the Astrakhan region and Western Siberia. In the Astrakhan region, their share at the end of the XVIII century. amounted to 13.2%, in the 30s. 19th century -17.4%, and at the beginning of the 20th century. - exceeded 1/3 of the total number of the Tatar population of the Lower Volga region. In Western Siberia, a similar picture was observed: by the end of the 19th century. migrant Tatars made up 17% of all Tatars in Western Siberia.

Historically, all groups of Tatars had a noticeable layer of urban residents, especially during the existence of independent khanates. However, after the accession of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates to the Muscovite state, the urban stratum of the Tatars was sharply reduced.

As a result of socio-economic transformations of the XVIII-XIX centuries. urbanization processes among the Tatars began to develop quite intensively. However, urbanization remained rather low - 4.9% of the total population of the Volga - Ural Tatars at the beginning. 20th century Most of the Tatar townspeople lived in large cities of the region - in Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Simbirsk, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Penza, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Troitsk, etc. In addition, people from the Middle Volga and Urals lived in a number of cities in the European part of Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, etc.), Transcaucasia (in Baku), Central Asia and Western Siberia. Very significant changes in the distribution of the Tatar population occurred in the 20th century. As a result of urbanization processes, which were especially intensive in the period of 1950-1960s, more than half of the Tatar population of the country became city dwellers. In 1979-09 the share of urban Tatars increased from 63 to 69%. Now Tatars are one of the most urbanized peoples of the former Soviet Union.

The traditional religion of the Tatars is Sunni Islam, with the exception of a small group of Kryashen Christians who were converted to Orthodoxy in the 16th-18th centuries. According to historical sources and archaeological excavations, the ancestors of modern Tatars - the Bulgars began to join Islam already in the first decades of the 9th century, and this process ended in 922 with the proclamation of Islam as the official religion of the Volga Bulgaria.

The adoption of Islam opened up the opportunity for familiarization with the advanced Arab-Muslim culture, a wide penetration into the Volga-Kama region of scientific-philosophical and literary-artistic ideas widespread in the East. And this, in turn, played a very significant role in the development of culture, scientific and philosophical thought among the Bulgars themselves. The foundations for education have been laid, and a system of education is being established. The Muslim school was the most important factor national consolidation and self-preservation.

Severe trials fell on the lot of the Tatars after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by the Russians in 1552. Since that time, the systematic offensive of the state and the church against Islam began, which became especially tougher from the beginning of the 18th century, from the reign of Emperor Peter I. The process of converting "gentiles" was carried out with increased economic pressure on those who did not want to be baptized: the lands of non-Christian landowners were assigned to the sovereign, while the newly baptized were granted tax benefits for 3 years, and all fees for them were shifted onto the shoulders of the Muslim Tatars who remained in "disbelief". Missionaries desecrated Muslim cemeteries, tombstones were placed in the foundations of Orthodox churches under construction. By decree of 1742, the destruction of mosques began: literally in two months in the Kazan district, out of the existing 536 mosques, 418 were broken, in the Simbirsk province out of 130 - 98, in Astrakhan out of 40 - 29.

The Tatars could not stand it: on the one hand, their flight to those areas where life was easier became massive. The most accessible of these regions was the Urals, Trans-Volga; on the other hand, they took an active part in a number of uprisings, including peasant war under the leadership of E. Pugachev (1773-75), which shook all the foundations of feudal Russia. In this confrontation of the Tatars, the unifying influence of Islam and the Muslim clergy increased even more. Even in the pre-Russian period of Tatar history, when Islam occupied the dominant ideological positions, it did not play such a significant role in the spiritual life of the people as it did during the period of persecution and oppression in the second half of the 16th - mid-18th centuries. Islam began to play a huge role in the development of not only culture, but even ethnic identity. Apparently it is no coincidence that in the XVIII-XIX centuries. many of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals, defining their ethnicity, preferred to call themselves Muslims.

In the struggle against the spiritual yoke of autocracy and Orthodoxy, the Tatar people defended their historical person, but this struggle for survival delayed the natural course of development of secular culture and social thought for at least two centuries. It resumes in the last quarter of the 18th century, when the autocracy, frightened by the growth of the national liberation movement among the Muslims of the Volga region and the Urals, changes tactics. The reforms of Catherine II legalize the Muslim clergy - the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly opens, creates the prerequisites for the development of the Tatar bourgeoisie, the secularization of social thought. Forces are gradually maturing that feel the need for social change and a departure from the dogmas of medieval ideology and traditions, a reformist-renewal movement is being formed, called Jadidism: religious, cultural and, finally, political reformism (late 18th - early 20th centuries).

In Tatar society until the beginning of the 20th century. Three generations of Islamic reformers have been replaced. G. Utyz-Imani and Abu-Nasr al Kursavi belong to their first generation. The main and most prominent representative the second generation of religious reformers was Shigabuddin Marjani. The essence of religious reformism was the rejection of Islamic scholasticism and the search for new ways of understanding Islam.

The activities of the Muslim reformers of the last generation fell on the period of the development of cultural reformism in the Tatar society and at the stage of drawing the Jadids into politics. Hence the two main features of Muslim reformism among the Tatars late XIX- the first decades of the 20th century: the desire to consider Islam within the framework of culture and active participation in politics. It was this generation of reformers through the radical reformism of the early 20th century. ensured the movement of the Tatar-Muslim Ummah towards secularization. The most prominent representatives of this generation of Muslim reformers were Rizautdin Fakhrutdinov, Musa Yarulla Bigi, Gabdulla Bubi, Ziyauddin Kamali and others.

The main result of the activities of the Muslim reformers was the transition of the Tatar society to a purified Islam that meets the requirements of the time. These ideas penetrated deeply into the masses of the people, primarily through the system of education: Jadid mektebes and madrasahs, through printed matter. As a result of the activities of Muslim reformers, the Tatars by the beginning of the 20th century. faith basically separated from culture, and politics became an independent sphere, where religion already occupied a subordinate position.

The believing Tatars of the Saratov region in the overwhelming majority are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi direction. The policy of mass Christianization of the Volga peoples, actively pursued by the tsarist government in XVIII-XIX centuries, was not successful.

In pre-revolutionary times, mosques functioned in all Tatar villages of the province.

During the Soviet period, especially in the 30s, most of the mosques were destroyed, some of them were converted into schools, clubs, shops, first-aid posts and warehouses. Only in some villages mosques continued to function, although most of the official clergy were repressed, and their functions were performed by local elders.

To date, there are 20 mosques and 2 madrasahs in the Saratov region. The Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Saratov Region (DUMSO) was created.

Newly built mosques in the countryside in architectural terms completely copy the old mahalla mosques, while their size, number and size of windows have been increased, and some of them are built of brick.

The Tatar language is included in the so-called Kypchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages. In lexical terms, it shows the greatest proximity to the Bashkir, then Karakalpak, Kazakh, Nogai, Balkar, Uzbek and Kumyk languages.

According to UNESCO, the Tatar language is one of the 14 most communicative languages in the world. It was formed together with the people - the native speaker of this language in the Volga and Ural regions in close communication with others, both related and not related languages. He experienced a certain influence of Finno-Ugric (Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt, Old Hungarian), Arabic, Persian, Slavic languages. Thus, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changes in the scale of vowels, etc.), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages with each other, and, on the other hand, oppose them to other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationship with the Finno-Turkic languages. Ugric languages.

The folk-spoken language of the Tatars is divided into 3 dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Before mid-nineteenth c, the Old Tatar literary language functioned. The earliest surviving literary monuments- poem by Kyis and Yosyf. This language is close to the Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary language, but has also experienced a certain influence of the Ottoman language. It was attended big number borrowings from Arabic and Persian. All this made the Old Tatar literary language incomprehensible to the masses, and it was used, like other literary languages of the pre-national period, by a thin layer of scientists, writers, religious and state (diplomats) figures.

From the second half of the XIX century. on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect, but with a noticeable participation of Mishar, the formation of modern Tatar begins national language ending at the beginning of the 20th century. In reforming the Tatar language, two stages can be distinguished - the second half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century. (until 1905) and 1905-1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri. It was he who sought to ensure that the literary language became more Tatar. After the revolution of 1905-1907. the situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a convergence of the literary language with the colloquial language, a terminological apparatus is being developed in it.

Of no small importance was the reform of the alphabet and spelling. The Arabic alphabet, on which the Tatar writing was based since the Middle Ages (before this period there was a Turkic runic), was not sufficiently adapted to the characteristics of the Tatar language. Legislative consolidation of the writing reform took place at the end of 1920 by the adoption of the decree "On the alphabet and spelling", accompanied by the decision of the People's Commissar of Education on the obligation for all schools and all publications noted in the decree, the features of Tatar writing. At the same time, work began (completed in 1926) to improve the writing of Arabic letters, which are important for printing, publishing newspapers, magazines and writing. However, already in 1929 the Latin alphabet was introduced, by the way, more adapted to the phonetics of the Tatar language, and since 1939 - the Russian alphabet. Since the 1990s, the question of introducing the Latin script has been raised again.

Until the end of the XIX century. among the Volga-Ural Tatars, a confessional (Muslim) school of two types dominated: primary - mektebe and secondary - madrasah, maintained at the expense of parishioners. Their network was extremely wide. They functioned not only in large cities and villages, but also in the most remote villages. So, in 1912, only in the Kazan province there were 232 madrasahs and 1067 mektebs, in which about 84 thousand people studied. And throughout Russia, there were 779 madrasahs and 8117 mektebs, where about 270 thousand students received a Muslim education.

From the end of the 19th century new-method (Jadidist) schools appear and become widespread, learning programs which included a wide range of secular subjects. Literacy among the Tatars was mainly mother tongue- in 1897, 87.1% were literate in the Tatar language, in 1926 - 89%.

This, in turn, contributed to the widespread dissemination of printed materials among the population. By 1913, the Tatars in terms of the circulation of national books came in second place in Russian Empire, yielding only to Russian and in third place in terms of the number of published books (a greater number of books, except for Russian, were published only in Latvian). The main place, along with religious, was occupied by publications of folklore works, fiction, textbooks, various calendars, books on history, philosophy, pedagogy, etc. All this book production, published not only in Kazan, but also in many cities of the Volga region, the Urals, St. Petersburg, etc., was distributed throughout the territory where the Tatars lived. There were booksellers in almost every large Tatar village. Mullahs, shakirds were engaged in this noble deed.

At the beginning of the XX century. Tatars created an extensive network of periodicals. Newspapers and magazines were published in almost all major cities of the Volga-Ural region (in Astrakhan, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Orenburg, Troitsk, Saratov, Simbirsk, etc.), in capital cities. By the way, published in the beginning. 20th century the newspaper of the Samara Tatars was called " new power"-" Yana ketch ".

In Soviet times, in connection with the transfer of control over the content of education to the state, totally subordinate to the communist ideology, the Tatar school is gradually losing its positions. Even in rural areas, education is being translated into Russian (most actively since the early 1960s), pedagogical schools and institutes that train teachers in their native language are being closed. The vast majority of periodicals in the Tatar language are also closed, especially outside of Tatarstan.

According to linguists, on the territory of the Saratov region, a single Tatar dialect with specific features. Since the overwhelming majority of the settlers were from among the clattering Mishars, the peculiarities of the language of this particular group are observed in the dialect of the Tatars in the north-west of the Saratov region. At the same time, close contacts with the Mishars who migrated from areas with a choking dialect, as well as with dialects of the middle (Kazan-Tatar) dialect and other neighboring peoples, contributed to the emergence of local specifics. Linguists called this dialect the Melekes dialect of the Mishar dialect. At the same time, in the eastern regions of the region, settlements with a choking dialect have been preserved.

Animal husbandry - pasture-stall played a subordinate role. They kept cattle and small cattle. In the steppe zone, the herds were significant. Tatars are characterized by a special love for the horse. Poultry rearing was common, especially chickens and geese. Horticulture and horticulture were poorly developed. Beekeeping was traditional: first on-board, in the 19th-20th centuries. - apiary.

Along with agriculture, trades and crafts were of great importance: otkhodnichestvo to areas of entrepreneurial agriculture for harvest, etc. and to factories, factories, mines, to cities (the latter were more often resorted to by the Mishars and the Kasimov Tatars). The Tatars were famous for their skill in leather processing "Kazan morocco", "Bulgarian yuft". Trade and trade-intermediary activity were primordial for them. They practically monopolized petty trade in the region; most of the prasol-purveyors were also Tatars.

At the end of the XX century. Tatars, having become one of the most urbanized peoples of Russia, both in the republic and abroad, are mainly employed in industrial production: in oil production, in the production of petrochemical products, mechanical engineering, instrument making, etc. Tatarstan is a highly developed republic Agriculture, an important producer of cereals and livestock products.

The traditional economic activity of the Saratov Tatars was arable farming and subsidiary animal husbandry. From the 16th century, agriculture was carried out on a three-field basis with the use of characteristic arable implements: a heavy wheeled plow - "saban", a two-coulter plow with a club, a wicker, later a frame harrow - "tyrma". The set of grain crops, as well as the way they were processed, was the same as that of the other peoples of the Volga region. Horticulture and horticulture were poorly developed.

Cattle breeding (animal husbandry) had a stall character, large and small cattle predominated in the herd. The meat of horses among the Tatars was a favorite food. Breeding poultry was widely practiced. In accordance with religious taboos pork was not eaten, which is why pigs were practically not kept.

The Tatars also developed crafts: jewelry, leather, felt.

Tatars are the most numerous ethnic group of the Volga Federal District among the peoples who traditionally profess Islam. According to the 2002 census, 4 million 063 thousand Tatars live in the Volga Federal District, of which more than 2 million live in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Before 1917 list ethnic communities, called Tatars, was much wider than it is now. In Russian sources, the Turkic-speaking peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia were sometimes called Tatars, so they called the Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Shors, Yakuts.

At present, the various ethnic groups named in official statistics and scientific research Tatars are united primarily by the proximity of languages: almost all of them speak the languages of the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic languages.

The Tatar language has one of the most ancient writing traditions in Russia. Even the Bulgars, the predecessors of the current Volga Tatars, had runic writing. As Islamization progressed, the runic writing was replaced by Arabic script. The Old Tatar literary language was formed on the basis of the Arabic script in the 16th-19th centuries. In 1927, the Tatar script was translated into Latin script, in 1939 - into Cyrillic with the addition of six letters to convey sounds that are absent in Russian. The grammar of the Tatar language has been developed since the end of the 19th century.

The basis of the literary Tatar language is the language of the Kazan Tatars; regional dialects and dialects are preserved at the everyday level. There are three main dialects: western (Mishar), (Kazan), eastern (Siberian).

The everyday everyday culture of the Kazan Tatars was formed on the basis of agriculture, and Islam had a significant influence on everyday culture.

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