The psychological story of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "The Village" is recognized as one of the most outstanding and truthful works of Russian literature of the 20th century.
It is in this story that the writer begins to reveal in himself the talent of a realistic prose writer, while the diversity of his artistic techniques to display a simple peasant life Russia closely echoes the themes and artistic expressiveness of his lyrics.
The main "Village" is a sober, merciless realism in its truth, with the help of which Bunin reveals to readers a complete picture of peasant life.
The idea of the story "Village"
The idea for the story "The Village" came from Bunin as a result of reflections on the events of 1905 and how it was reflected in life in the Russian village. This led to the fact that the lyrical and master of subtle and gentle poetry, Bunin, had to depict what was happening in the village in simple style and in a purely objective manner.
Only in this way could he reach out to the callous and already seemingly unbeatable hearts of people who ignored what thousands of disadvantaged people are experiencing. At the same time, Bunin does not just paint a harsh picture of reality, he reveals the personalities of the people who were the key figures in this picture.
Therefore, the story "The Village" is considered, first of all, psychological novel, since Bunin pays a lot of attention to deep portraits of people, their feelings, experiences, thoughts.
Artistic expressiveness of Bunin's lyrics
In portraying this most skillfully, Bunin is helped by his artistic expressiveness, which is also contained in his village lyrics dedicated to the beauty of nature and the amazing sensations that it causes in humans. (The lyrical hero of Bunin: a state of loneliness or peace of mind?)
Bunin's carefully described life and everyday existence of the peasants and the images of people shown in detail testify to the main idea of the story.
The writer aims not only to realistically show reality, but also to lead the reader to a logical thought about the future of the Russian people and, in particular, about the fate of the Russian village and those people who devote their whole lives to it.
And it is here that the lyricism so close to Bunin manifests itself, it sounds softly in the tone of the whole story, in those amazing pictures nature, to which the writer pays so much attention, in bright and difficult feelings heroes and their heartfelt words.
Images of the main characters
The two main characters of the story - the Krasov brothers - are carefully thought-out images, the opposite of which helps the writer to fully describe the picture of reality.
Kuzma, a self-taught poet, is clearly close to Bunin's personality, in his actions and thoughts one can feel the writer's personal attitude to what is happening and his assessment.
On the example of Kuzma, the author shows the features of the new folk psyche, Kuzma himself reflects on the fact that the Russian people are lazy and wild, that the reasons for such cruel life peasants is not only in difficult circumstances, but also in their own ideas and psychology.
In contrast to the self-taught poet, Bunin makes the image of his brother Tikhon selfish and prudent. Gradually, he increases his capital, and on his way to prosperity and power, does not stop at nothing.
But despite the path he has chosen, he still feels emptiness and despair, which are directly related to looking into the future of his homeland, painting pictures of an even more destructive revolution.
Problems of the story
On the example of the main and secondary characters Bunin reveals to readers those sharp social contradictions in which Russian reality lies.
The first years after the revolution of 1905-1907. was the desire to study social reality. The works of these years involve us in deep reflections on the history of Russia, its people, the fate of the Russian revolution. Interpenetration of national, historical, contemplative-philosophical thought is observed.
General characteristics of the "Village"
The story "The Village", created in 1910, has such a complex content in an outwardly traditional everyday appearance. This is one of the first major works Ivan Alekseevich, written in prose. The writer worked on its creation for 10 years, starting work back in 1900.
V. V. Voronovsky described this work, which opens the village cycle in Bunin's work, as a study of the causes of "memorable failures" (that is, the reasons for the defeat of the revolution). However, the semantic content of the story is not limited to this. The story about the doom of the Russian outback, given in the "Village", is one of the most talented descriptions of the fate of the patriarchal system in the history of modern times. There is a generalized image: the village is the realm of death and hunger.
The task that the author has set for himself is to portray the Russian people without idealization. Therefore, Ivan Alekseevich spends a merciless psychological analysis("Village"). Bunin had rich material for him, which was given to the writer by the life familiar to him, everyday life and the psychology of the Russian outback. A miserable, impoverished life, to match which the appearance of people - inertness, passivity, cruel morals- all this was observed by the writer, drawing conclusions, as well as conducting a thorough analysis.
"Village" (Bunin): the ideological basis of the work
The ideological basis of the story is a reflection on the complexity and problematic nature of the question "Who is to blame?". Kuzma Krasov, one of the main characters, struggles painfully to resolve this issue. He believes that there is nothing to exact from the unfortunate people, and his brother, Tikhon Krasov, that the peasants themselves are to blame for this situation.
The two characters mentioned above are the main characters of this work. Tikhon Krasov personifies the appearance of the new village master, and Kuzma - the people's intellectual. Bunin believes that the people themselves are to blame for the misfortunes, but does not give a clear answer to the question of what should be done.
The story "Village" (Bunin): composition of the work
The action of the story takes place in the village of Durnovka, which is collectively long-suffering village. In this title there is an indication of the idiocy of his life.
The composition is divided into three parts. In the first part, Tikhon is in the center, in the second part - Kuzma, in the third part the life of both brothers is summed up. Based on their fates, the problems of the Russian village are shown. The images of Kuzma and Tikhon are in many ways opposite.
Tikhon, being a descendant of serfs who managed to get rich and become the owner of an estate, is sure that money is the most reliable thing in the world. This hardworking, savvy and strong-willed man devotes his whole life to the pursuit of wealth. Kuzma Krasov, a truth-lover and folk poet, reflects on the fate of Russia, experiencing the poverty of the people and the backwardness of the peasantry.
Images of Kuzma and Tikhon
Using the example of Kuzma, Bunin shows the emerging features of a new folk psychology, Kuzma reflects on the savagery and laziness of the people, that the reasons for this are not only the difficult circumstances that the peasants fell into, but also in themselves. In contrast to the character of this hero, Ivan Bunin ("The Village") portrays Tikhon as prudent and selfish. He gradually increases the capital, and on the way to power and prosperity does not stop at any means. However, despite the chosen direction, he feels despair and emptiness, which are directly related to looking into the future of the country, which opens up pictures of an even more cruel and destructive revolution.
Through disputes, thoughts, conclusions of the brothers about himself and about his homeland, the writer shows bright and dark sides life of the peasants, revealing the depth of the decline of the peasant world, conducting its analysis. "Village" (Bunin) is a deep reflection of the author about the deplorable situation created in the peasant environment.
The third part of the work is devoted to the image of the brothers at the time of the crisis - summing up life path the main characters of the work "The Village" (Bunin). These heroes are dissatisfied with life: Kuzma is consumed by melancholy and hopeless loneliness, Tikhon is preoccupied with a personal tragedy (lack of children), as well as the destruction of the foundations of the everyday life of the village. The brothers are aware of the hopelessness of the situation in which they find themselves. Despite the difference in their characters and aspirations, the fate of these two heroes is in many ways similar: despite enlightenment and prosperity, social status makes both one and the other superfluous, unnecessary.
The author's assessment of the revolution
The story "The Village" (Bunin) is a clear, sincere and truthful assessment of Russia during the life of the writer. He shows that those who are "rebels" are empty and foolish people who grew up in rudeness and lack of culture, and their protest is only an attempt to change something doomed to failure. However, they are unable to make a revolution in their own consciousness, which remains hopeless and bony, as the author's analysis shows. The village of Bunin is a sad sight.
Depiction of the peasantry
The men appear before the reader in all their ugliness: beating children and wives, wild drunkenness, torturing animals. Many Durnovites simply do not understand what is happening around them. So, the worker Koshel once visited the Caucasus, but he cannot tell anything about him, except that there is a "mountain on a mountain." His mind is "poor", he repels everything incomprehensible, new, but he believes that he has recently seen a real witch.
A soldier works as a teacher in Durnovka, the most ordinary-looking peasant, who, however, was talking such nonsense that one could only "distort with his hands." Training was presented to him as accustoming to strict army discipline.
The work "Village" (Bunin) gives us one more vivid image- Gray man. He was the poorest in the village, while having a lot of land. Once Gray built a new hut, but it had to be heated in winter, so he first burned the roof, and then sold the hut as well. This hero refuses to work, sits idle in an unheated dwelling, and the children are afraid of the torch, because they are used to living in the dark.
The village is the whole of Russia, so fate is reflected in the work whole country. Bunin believed that the peasants were only capable of spontaneous and senseless rebellion. The story gives a description of how one day they rebelled throughout the county. It ended with the peasants burning down several estates, shouting "and they were silent."
Conclusion
Ivan Alekseevich was accused of hating the people, not knowing the village. But the author would never have created such a poignant story if he had not rooted for his homeland and peasants with all his heart, as can be seen in the work "The Village". Bunin wanted to show with the content of his story everything wild, dark, which prevents people and the country from developing.
January 22, 2015The most stable, organic, new in the work of Bunin in the first years after the revolution of 1905-1907. was the desire to study social reality. The works of these years involve us in deep reflections on the history of Russia, its people, the fate of the Russian revolution. Interpenetration of national, historical, contemplative-philosophical thought is observed.
General characteristics of the "Village"
The story "The Village", created in 1910, has such a complex content in an outwardly traditional everyday appearance. This is one of the first major works of Ivan Alekseevich, written in prose. The writer worked on its creation for 10 years, starting work back in 1900.
V. V. Voronovsky described this work, which opens the village cycle in Bunin's work, as a study of the causes of "memorable failures" (that is, the reasons for the defeat of the revolution). However, the semantic content of the story is not limited to this. The story about the doom of the Russian outback, given in the "Village", is one of the most talented descriptions of the fate of the patriarchal system in the history of modern times. There is a generalized image: the village is the realm of death and hunger.
The task that the author has set for himself is to depict the Russian people without idealization. Therefore, Ivan Alekseevich conducts a merciless psychological analysis ("Village"). Bunin had rich material for him, which was given to the writer by the way of life, everyday life and psychology of the Russian backwoods, which were well known to him. A miserable, impoverished life, to match which the appearance of people - inertness, passivity, cruel customs - all this was observed by the writer, drawing conclusions, as well as conducting a thorough analysis.
"Village" (Bunin): the ideological basis of the work
The ideological basis of the story is a reflection on the complexity and problematic nature of the question "Who is to blame?". Kuzma Krasov, one of the main characters, struggles painfully to resolve this issue. He believes that there is nothing to exact from the unfortunate people, and his brother, Tikhon Krasov, that the peasants themselves are to blame for this situation.
The two characters mentioned above are the main characters of this work. Tikhon Krasov personifies the appearance of the new village master, and Kuzma - the people's intellectual. Bunin believes that the people themselves are to blame for the misfortunes, but does not give a clear answer to the question of what should be done.
Related videos
The story "Village" (Bunin): composition of the work
The action of the story takes place in the village of Durnovka, which is a collective image of the long-suffering village. In this title there is an indication of the idiocy of his life.
The composition is divided into three parts. In the first part, Tikhon is in the center, in the second part - Kuzma, in the third part the life of both brothers is summed up. Based on their fates, the problems of the Russian village are shown. The images of Kuzma and Tikhon are in many ways opposite.
Tikhon, being a descendant of serfs who managed to get rich and become the owner of an estate, is sure that money is the most reliable thing in the world. This hardworking, savvy and strong-willed man devotes his whole life to the pursuit of wealth. Kuzma Krasov, a truth-lover and folk poet, reflects on the fate of Russia, experiencing the poverty of the people and the backwardness of the peasantry.
Images of Kuzma and Tikhon
Using the example of Kuzma, Bunin shows the emerging features of a new folk psychology, Kuzma reflects on the savagery and laziness of the people, that the reasons for this are not only the difficult circumstances that the peasants fell into, but also in themselves. In contrast to the character of this hero, Ivan Bunin ("The Village") portrays Tikhon as prudent and selfish. He gradually increases the capital, and on the way to power and prosperity does not stop at any means. However, despite the chosen direction, he feels despair and emptiness, which are directly related to looking into the future of the country, which opens up pictures of an even more cruel and destructive revolution.
Through disputes, thoughts, conclusions of the brothers about himself and about his homeland, the writer shows the bright and dark sides of the life of the peasants, revealing the depth of the decline of the peasant world, conducting its analysis. "Village" (Bunin) is a deep reflection of the author about the deplorable situation created in the peasant environment.
The third part of the work is devoted to the image of the brothers at the time of the crisis - summing up the life path of the main characters of the work "The Village" (Bunin). These heroes are dissatisfied with life: Kuzma is consumed by melancholy and hopeless loneliness, Tikhon is preoccupied with a personal tragedy (lack of children), as well as the destruction of the foundations of the everyday life of the village. The brothers are aware of the hopelessness of the situation in which they find themselves. For all the difference in their characters and aspirations, the fate of these two heroes is largely similar: despite enlightenment and prosperity, the social position makes both of them superfluous, unnecessary.
The author's assessment of the revolution
The story "The Village" (Bunin) is a clear, sincere and truthful assessment of Russia during the life of the writer. He shows that those who are "rebels" are empty and stupid people who grew up in rudeness and lack of culture, and their protest is only an attempt to change something that is doomed to failure. However, they are unable to make a revolution in their own consciousness, which remains hopeless and bony, as the author's analysis shows. The village of Bunin is a sad sight.
Depiction of the peasantry
The men appear before the reader in all their ugliness: beating children and wives, wild drunkenness, torturing animals. Many Durnovites simply do not understand what is happening around them. So, the worker Koshel once visited the Caucasus, but he cannot tell anything about him, except that there is a "mountain on a mountain." His mind is "poor", he repels everything incomprehensible, new, but he believes that he has recently seen a real witch.
A soldier works as a teacher in Durnovka, the most ordinary-looking peasant, who, however, was talking such nonsense that one could only "distort with his hands." Training was presented to him as accustoming to strict army discipline.
The work "Village" (Bunin) gives us another vivid image - the peasant Gray. He was the poorest in the village, while having a lot of land. Once Gray built a new hut, but it had to be heated in winter, so he first burned the roof, and then sold the hut as well. This hero refuses to work, sits idle in an unheated dwelling, and the children are afraid of the torch, because they are used to living in the dark.
The village is the whole of Russia, therefore the fate of the whole country is reflected in the work. Bunin believed that the peasants were only capable of spontaneous and senseless rebellion. The story gives a description of how one day they rebelled throughout the county. It ended with the peasants burning down several estates, shouting "and they were silent."
Conclusion
Ivan Alekseevich was accused of hating the people, not knowing the village. But the author would never have created such a poignant story if he had not rooted for his homeland and peasants with all his heart, as can be seen in the work "The Village". Bunin wanted to show with the content of his story everything wild, dark, which prevents people and the country from developing.
Russia. Late XIX- early 20th century The Krasov brothers, Tikhon and Kuzma, were born in the small village of Durnovka. In their youth, they were engaged in petty trade together, then they quarreled, and their paths diverged. Kuzma went to work for hire. Tikhon rented an inn, opened a tavern and a shop, began buying up grain from the landowners, acquiring land for a pittance, and, becoming a rather wealthy owner, even bought a manor estate from an impoverished descendant of the previous owners. But all this did not bring him joy: his wife gave birth only dead girls, and there was no one to leave everything that had amassed. Tikhon did not find any consolation in the dark, dirty village life, except for the tavern. Began to drink. By the age of fifty, he realized that of the years that had passed, there was nothing to remember, that there was not a single loved one and he himself is a stranger. Then Tikhon decided to make peace with his brother.
Kuzma by nature was a completely different person. Since childhood, he dreamed of studying. A neighbor taught him to read and write, a bazaar "freethinker", an old harmonica player, provided him with books and introduced him to disputes about literature. Kuzma wanted to describe his life in all its poverty and terrible routine. He tried to compose a story, then he began to write poetry and even published a book of simple verses, but he himself understood all the imperfection of his creations. Yes, and this business did not bring income, and a piece of bread was not given for nothing. Many years passed in search of work, often fruitless. Having seen enough of human cruelty and indifference in his wanderings, he began to drink, began to sink lower and lower and came to the conclusion that he must either go to a monastery or commit suicide.
Here Tikhon found him, offering his brother to take over the management of the estate. It seems that a quiet place was found. Having settled in Durnovka, Kuzma became cheerful. At night, he walked with a mallet - he guarded the estate, during the day he read newspapers and made notes in an old office book about what he saw and heard around. But gradually he began to overcome his longing: there was no one to talk to. Tikhon rarely appeared, talking only about the economy, about the meanness and malice of the peasants, and about the need to sell the estate. The cook, Avdotya, the only living creature in the house, was always silent, and when Kuzma fell seriously ill, leaving him to himself, without any sympathy, she went to spend the night in the servants' room.
The wedding was played in a routine manner. The bride sobbed bitterly, Kuzma blessed her with tears, the guests drank vodka and sang songs. The irrepressible February blizzard accompanied the wedding train to the dull chime of bells.
You have read the summary of the story "The Village". We also suggest that you visit the Summary section to read the presentations of other popular writers.
The main goal that the author set himself was to reproduce exactly those incidents and events that affected Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Ivan Alekseevich showed the people in all their glory, not a bit softening the nature of what was happening. The work is a kind of psychological analysis, the basis of which was taken precisely country life well known to the author himself.
The action described in the story takes place on the territory Russian Empire late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The main characters of the story are brothers who were born in a village with a discreet name "Durnovka". Their names are Tikhon and Kuzma, and the surname of the main characters is the Krasovs.
At a young age, they are actively involved in trade and have great attitude. But, at a certain point, a quarrel arises between them, and they break off relations, practically ceasing to communicate with each other. Their paths diverge in different directions.
Tikhon, after parting, decides to open a tavern and a shop. At the same time, he buys up land for a penny, and also acquires and sells landowner's bread. Of course, such activities bring him wealth and prosperity over time. He has a lot of money and decides to purchase manor estate. The author notes that success in the financial direction does not bring happiness and joy to Tikhon. He married, but could not have children in any way, since his wife constantly gave birth to dead babies. That is why, having reached the fiftieth birthday, he realizes that he has no heirs at all and there is simply no one to continue his activities. He understands that he wasted his years of life in vain and, with the approach of old age, begins to drink very heavily.
Kuzma, after a quarrel with his brother, led a completely different life. Even earlier, from his very childhood, he dreamed of getting a decent education. Knowing how to read and write, he begins to try himself in a variety of literature. This leads to the fact that Kuzma not only gets acquainted with the creations various writers, but also see reads to write stories and poems. He even managed to publish his own book. After rereading his edition, he realizes that his work is imperfect. In addition, books practically did not bring income. That is why he is also disappointed in his life, and like a brother, he begins to drink heavily. Strange thoughts constantly crept into Kuzma's head - either he wanted to commit suicide, or he decided to devote the rest of his life to the monastery.
With the approach of old age, both brothers realize that they absolutely cannot live without each other. It is such deplorable and unsuccessful life moments that lead them to reconciliation.
Tikhon decides to take Kuzma to him and appoints him as a manager in his rich house, his brother willingly agrees to work as a manager of the estate.
Upon returning to your native village Durnovka, where the brothers lived from birth, Kuzma is truly relieved and with pleasure begins to fulfill his direct duties as a manager. But after some time, Kuzma again becomes bored and sad. Conversations with his brother were rare, it was not enough for him. During the communication between Tikhon and Kuzma, only those issues that had a business orientation were discussed.
The author especially singles out the cook Avdotya, who lived on the estate. She paid no attention to Kuzma, and this depressed him greatly. The silent woman unwittingly made the life of the manager even worse and only increased the feeling of complete loneliness.
At a certain moment, Kuzma accidentally learns a secret that for a long time the cook Avdotya hid. This woman used to have an affair with his brother due to the fact that from native wife Tikhon could not have children. But this attempt by Tikhon to acquire offspring was not crowned with success. Avdotya also could not get pregnant from the owner.
This connection became known to every person in the village. That is why no one wanted to marry her. Avdotya was disgraced by the whole village.
In order to at least a little atone for his guilt before the cook, Tikhon promises her to find a husband. But it seems that the owner does not really care how a woman will feel in marriage. He seduces with a good dowry of a real monster. When Kuzma finds out who exactly is planned to be Avdotya's husband, he refuses to participate in organizing the wedding event.
This man has a very mournful character, he regularly beats his father, the old man is constantly beaten up. But Avdotya has no other choice, and she agrees with the proposed solution. Kuzma, after a long pause, also agrees with Tikhon's choice.
Organized wedding celebration was in February. The bride was constantly in tears. Kuzma also could not hold back his tears during the blessing of Avdotya's bride. The guests invited to the holiday did not pay any attention to the fact that the bride was crying and behaved in the same way as the people usually behave at celebrations in the village - they drank strong drinks and had free fun.
Characteristics of the Krasov brothers
The images of the brothers created by the writer have completely different life values. Tikhon is almost completely sure that the main joy of a person is the presence large sum Money which allows you to do whatever your heart desires. Kuzma believes that happiness is quality education and knowledge of the foundations of the universe. The rich brother managed to achieve a lot during his activity - he earned a lot of money, became a very solid and respected person by many people. The only thing he could not achieve was the immortality that every person receives after the appearance of heirs. After the death of Tikhon, there will be nothing left. The memory of this person will be simply erased from the face.
The second brother, Kuzma, also failed to achieve what he wanted during his life. Yes, he received an education, but this scholarship could not bring him prosperity, fame, and also deprived him of respect from those around him.
Both brothers, looking back at the past years, can only observe sad consequences. Both main characters of the plot reached a dead end and turned out to be completely unnecessary - both for themselves personally and for those around them.
Characteristics of the cook Avdotya
In the work "Village" the author special attention gives life situation, into which the cook Avdotya got. She lives in the village and is completely subordinate to the foundations that have formed in the area. Avdotya used for his own purposes main character- Tikhon. This made her even more unhappy and ruined the woman's life. Krasov knew perfectly well what he was doing, because in any case, this woman would have been disgraced. Even if she gave birth, her reputation would be irreparably damaged. But such arguments could not stop a prudent and rich man. When he tried to atone for his mistakes, in the end he did even worse - he added grief to the girl after the shame that she had previously suffered.
The character traits of the heroine and obedience to her master turned Avdotya into a slave, as well as a victim of circumstances. In this case, it was already useless to resist. Adhering to established traditions, the unfortunate, downtrodden cook agrees with all decisions made by outsiders. She is ready to perceive trouble in all its manifestations and accepts them as the inevitable blows of the fateful horn.
The image of Avdotya is closed from the outside world, she stops communicating, becomes silent and indifferent to everyone around her. She does not know what love and affection are, as she is used to being mistreated by others.
Even in Kuzma, the guest of the estate, she sees another gentleman, whose will she must unconditionally fulfill. The cook does not notice at all that chief guest their home self needs help. And no less than herself.
All the main characters of the story "The Village" are unhappy. This is not a coincidence. Bunin shows that despite the different values of life, in general, the Russian people are deeply unhappy.
