From the texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, we have identified the most relevant and frequently encountered problems related to the meaning of life. For each of them, we have selected interesting arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the article.

In helping people

1. The problem of the meaning of life is fully revealed in story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor". It is in this work main character, not sparing himself, helps people. Throughout her life, Matryona always gave everything she had and demanded nothing in return. Despite the fact that many simply used the kindness of the heroine, she rejoiced every day and was grateful for her life. According to the author himself, it is Matryona who is the most real righteous on which absolutely everything rests.
2. Natasha Rostova, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", sees his meaning of life in the family and love for people. Since childhood, she doted on her parents, brothers and sisters. Being a married woman, Natasha gave all her love to her husband, Pierre Bezukhov, and children. Rostova also did not forget about help. strangers. Let us recall the episode after the Battle of Borodino, when the heroine unselfishly helps wounded soldiers and places them at home. Natasha Rostova lives in order to sow kindness, love and affection around her.

in material values

1. The Famus Society, known for Omedia A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", considered its meaning of life only material values. Fame, rank, money, position in society - all this plays for them leading role. And to achieve this, they are not afraid to be hypocritical, to commit meanness, to play dirty tricks and gossip. For example, Molchalin deceives the daughter of his boss, pretending to love, just to achieve promotion and patronage. Only one Chatsky understands that these are false values, but secular society refuses to believe in this and simply does not accept his point of view.
   2. Perhaps story by I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" is a real example in which the meaning of the hero's life is wealth. The Nameless Master worked all the time to ensure a happy existence for himself and his family. Precisely existence, since every day was similar to the previous one. The hero did not see the meaning of life in love or family, so their only joint vacation turns into a routine vegetating on deck, when there is nothing to even talk about. No wonder, because for the hero the most important thing is money, but the wife and daughter cannot talk about them. It is on the example of his hero that the author wants to show how insignificant such a set of life values ​​is. No wonder all the passengers who are obsessed with wealth are sailing on a ship called the Atlantis - they are doomed to death.

In service to the Motherland

1. For many heroes of Russian literature, the meaning of life lies in serving the Motherland. For example, for Andrey Sokolov from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". Upon learning of the beginning of the war, he unconditionally went to the front. Yes, it was difficult for him - several wounds, captivity, but Andrei never thought about betraying his homeland. Even the thought of it disgusted him. Sokolov behaved bravely in the camp as well. Recall the episode when the hero refused to drink with the German commandant Müller. As we can see, the meaning of life for Andrei is his homeland and love for it.
2. For Vasily Terkin, the hero poems by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" Motherland is the meaning of life. He is an ordinary soldier who is not afraid to give own life to defeat the enemy. Terkin is brave, agile, courageous and strong. He is not afraid of difficulties, because with the help of his ingenuity he is able to find a way out of any situation. The hero deserves real respect. Vasily Terkin is an example of a true patriot of his country, who is ready for anything for her.

In love

1. main character dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina considered love to be the meaning of her life. It was this feeling that was inextricably linked with her freedom, which she lacked. All her life, the heroine wanted to love and be loved. However, her husband, Tikhon, did not pay attention to Katerina. Every day the heroine felt more and more unhappy. Only after the appearance of Boris did the heroine realize that she was capable of love. This forbidden connection weighed on Katerina, but she could not do anything, because she so wanted to be loved and in this feeling to find the long-awaited freedom. However, the conflict of feelings and duty led her to the fact that she could not live, abandoning one of the conflicting parties. The woman chose death because she had lost the meaning of life.
2. The meaning of life in love was seen by the hero stories by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet". Despite the fact that these feelings were doomed from the very beginning, Zheltkov continued to love Vera with all his heart. He didn't ask for anything in return. For him, the most important thing is her happiness. Zheltkov never allowed himself to cross the line, knowing that Vera was a married woman. By his example, the hero proved that love stronger than death. When he was forced to give up his feelings, he left this world, because he lived only for the sake of love.

Searching for the meaning of life

1. In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" The hero spent his whole life looking for his destiny. However, any business brought only boredom and disappointment. He was tired of empty chatter in the world, he set about organizing the economy in the inherited village. But this activity soon ceased to interest him. Friendship and love also did not inspire Eugene. In the end, he realized too late that it was in them that he could find himself. Pushkin leaves the finale open in order to emphasize that the hero has only monotonous lonely wanderings ahead, which it makes no sense to describe. He lost his meaning of life due to satiety and laziness of the soul.
2. In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Hero of Our Time" Pechorin is looking for the meaning of life, but does not find it because of his vices: selfishness, fear of feelings and indifference. Many people go to him with kindness, affection and love, but in return they receive only coldness. Because of this, Grigory Alexandrovich is lonely and powerless to find his destiny. He got lost in the labyrinths of fate and lost hope for a successful outcome. Neither in the service, nor in the family, nor in the work of the hero could not get the satisfaction of his ambitions. Therefore, critics called it " an extra person", which fruitlessly disappeared into oblivion, without applying his skills and knowledge.
3. In the epic novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy one of the characters throughout the story was looking for himself. Pierre Bezukhov tried to find his place in high society, but was convinced of his falsity and hypocrisy. Then he found love, but he was also disappointed in it, having received deception instead of devotion and affection. He even entered secret society in order to benefit society. However, none of these roles suited him, each of them did not bring complete satisfaction. Only in the bosom of the family, after all his wanderings, he found himself and the meaning of being. Children, marriage, honest work for the good of the people - that's what became Pierre's real destiny.

False meaning of life and the consequences of a mistake

1. In the work of N. V. Gogol "The Overcoat" the hero lived without realizing why. His existence was but an insignificant stagnation little man in big city. Therefore, he found its likeness in the recognition of the environment. He wanted to earn it not by merit, but by appearance. New overcoat, as it seemed to him, became an occasion to respect his person. Because of this, he became unnaturally attached to this thing, and even died of grief after losing it. If a person makes a mistake in choosing life guidelines, they are waiting for tragic consequences errors.
2. In the play by A.P. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" the hero has worked all his life in the name of false ideals. He and his niece worked for minimal remuneration, and all the remaining money was sent to the girl's father, the husband of Uncle Vanya's late sister. He is a professor, and in his face humble people saw the science itself, which they willingly served. However, a personal meeting with an idol showed them that they had sacrificed everything for the sake of a self-satisfied nonentity. The psychological crisis of Ivan Voinitsky after realizing the falsity of ideals led to the fact that a quiet and timid man tried to kill a relative. However, in the finale, he resigned himself to fate and his deep unhappiness.
3. In the work of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the main character rejects Startsev's offer in order to go to the capital and enter the conservatory. The girl sees the meaning of her life in music. Everyone praised her piano playing, no one doubted her success. But Mademoiselle Turkina actually turned out to be a mediocre pianist. She returned to native city with nothing, but just as diligently studied music, although it no longer mattered. Catherine was disappointed in herself and did not find the strength to find a new incentive to develop.

L.N. Tolstoy was a writer of enormous global scale, since the subject of his research was man, his soul. For Tolstoy, man is part of the universe. He is interested in what path the human soul goes in striving for the high, ideal, in striving to know oneself. It is no coincidence that, recalling the works of Tolstoy, we also recall the term, first introduced into literary criticism by N.G. Chernyshevsky "dialectics of the soul". N.G. Chernyshevsky wrote: Psychological analysis can take different directions: one poet is occupied by the outlines of characters; another - influence public relations and clashes on characters, the third - the connection of feelings with actions ... Count Tolstoy is most of all - the mental process itself, its forms, its laws, the dialectics of the soul ... "Let's dwell on how this process is shown in the immortal epic novel Count LN Tolstoy "War and Peace". the main problem which the writer puts in his novel is the problem of human happiness, the problem of searching for the meaning of life. His favorite heroes are Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha and Nikolai Rostov, heroes who seek, suffer, suffer. They are characterized by restlessness of the soul, the desire to be useful, necessary, loved. I would like to dwell in more detail on the personality of the hero most beloved and closest to the writer - on the personality of Pierre Bezukhov. Like Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre is honest and highly educated. But if Andrei is a rationalist (his mind prevails over feelings), then Bezukhov "is a spontaneous nature, capable of keenly feeling, easily excited." Pierre is characterized by deep reflections and doubts in search of the meaning of life. His life path is complex and tortuous. At first, under the influence of youth and environment he makes many mistakes: he leads the reckless life of a secular reveler and loafer, allows Prince Kuragin to rob himself and marry the frivolous beauty Helen. Pierre shoots himself in a duel with Dolokhov, breaks with his wife, is disappointed in life. He hates all recognized lies secular society and he understands the need to fight. In that critical moment Bezukhov falls into the hands of the freemason Bazdeev. This "preacher" deftly sets up before the gullible count the nets of a religious-mystical society, which called for the moral improvement of people and their unification on the basis of brotherly love. Pierre understood Freemasonry as a doctrine of equality, brotherhood and love, and this helps him to direct his efforts towards the improvement of the serfs. He was going to free the peasants, establish hospitals, shelters, schools. The war of 1812 makes Pierre ardently get down to business again, but his passionate call to help the Motherland causes general dissatisfaction among the Moscow nobility. He fails again. However, seized with a patriotic feeling, Pierre equips a thousand militia with his own money and remains in Moscow to kill Napoleon: "Either die, or end the misfortunes of all of Europe, which, according to Pierre, came from Napoleon alone." An important milestone on the path of Pierre's searches is his visit to the Borodino field at the moment famous battle. He understood here that history is created by the most powerful force in the world - the people. Bezukhov approvingly perceives the wise words of the soldier: "They want to pile on all the people, one word - Moscow. They want to make one end." The sight of lively and sweaty militia men, working on the field with a loud voice and laughter, "acted on Pierre more than anything that he had seen and heard so far about the solemnity and significance of the present moment." An even closer rapprochement between Pierre and ordinary people takes place after meeting with a soldier, former peasant, Platon Karataev, who, according to Tolstoy, is a particle of the masses. From Karataev, Pierre gains peasant wisdom, in communication with him "finds that calmness and contentment with himself, to which he vainly aspired before." The life path of Pierre Bezukhov is typical for the best part of the noble youth of that time. It was from such people that the iron cohort of the Decembrists was made up. They have much in common with the author of the epic, who was faithful to the oath given to him in his youth: “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit again, and start again and quit again, and always fight and lose, And peace of mind - spiritual meanness. Other heroes of Tolstoy's novel are also mentally restless: Andrei Bolkonsky, who achieves harmony with himself only on the Borodino field, Natasha, when he becomes a wife and mother, Nikolai, having made a military career. Showing the fate of his heroes, Tolstoy confirmed his idea: "Man is everything, all possibilities, there is a fluid substance." Tolstoy was able to main task- to show and capture the moment of fluidity of life.

Many writers and poets in their works touched upon the theme of truth and the meaning of life. But, just as in life, it is very difficult for the heroes of their works to find this meaning, to open at least a part of this divine mystery. Reading such works you involuntarily gather together all the views and worldviews, both positive and bad guys. And there is a general picture of your own worldview, your vision of the world, your attitude to this or that event. The hero of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" finds the truth especially unusual, scary and contradictory. From the very beginning, Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of the time, a former student, rushes through the streets of St. Petersburg in some kind of inexpressible anguish and frenzy. He is driven by the thought of some business that originated in him a month ago and does not give him rest. He is now so close to the realization of this idea. This idea is to kill the old pawnbroker, in whom he was forced to pawn a ring - a gift from his sister. But what was the cause of such a terrible thought? If you analyze the situation, it turns out that he is rushing about in search of the meaning of life, in search of justice and truth. Raskolnikov at this time is no longer a student, but an "idly staggering personality." From idleness, he strikes in search, creates his own theory, and so far it remains only a theory. What happens next when Raskolnikov is already plotting the murder? An accidentally overheard conversation between an officer and a student in a tavern that the old woman is cashing in on someone else's grief and tears strengthens Raskolnikov's confidence that "the old woman is harmful." But he does not understand that by killing the old woman, he will not save himself and others from suffering, because, indeed, her life means "on a common scale ... Nothing more than the life of a louse." He believes that by committing this murder, he will do a good deed for many people, which will bring the world closer to truth and justice by his act. But he forgets a lot, loses sight of the fact that there were, are and will be such old women, and you can’t kill everyone bad people in the name of the good - destroying the bad, you will lose the good. Six months ago, when Raskolnikov was forced to leave the university, he, a former law student, wrote an article "On Crime", where he considers " psychological condition offender throughout the entire course of the crime. He says in the article that people, according to the law of nature, are divided “into two categories”: the lowest and the highest, that in the name of an idea and justice, a crime can be committed by the highest category of people. Here it is, his terrifying theory of justice, followed by a test of it in practice ... but it will refute the theory. Raskolnikov himself is a very controversial person. No wonder Dostoevsky endowed him with such a surname. Indeed, Raskolnikov's soul is, as it were, "split" into two parts. One of them is cold-blooded, indifferent, she makes herself felt constantly. It is she who creates the theory. But there is another, full of compassion and kindness. This other half does good deeds: he gives the last money to the Marmeladov family, helps the old father of the deceased comrade, pulls the children out of the burning house. These two very different properties of his soul constantly contradict each other. Because of this, Raskolnikov suffers, until last moment without knowing exactly how best to proceed. But poverty, hunger, debts, a letter from his mother, general need and grief are pushing Raskolnikov to commit a crime, but this is not just the murder of an old woman and Elizabeth. “It was I who killed myself,” he will say to Sonya Marmeladova. What kind of Raskolnikov did he kill? Is it the one who created the theory and committed the murder, or the one who helped the Marmeladovs? Raskolnikov spends a month from murder to confession in a tense struggle with himself. And yet he confesses. Sonya tells him that only frank confession atone for his guilt, she awakens him to life, melts the ice in his soul. What happens after the confession? Did Raskolnikov find answers to his questions? Was a particle of truth revealed to him? At first glance, Raskolnikov changed, began to read the Gospel, calmly contemplate the world with Sonya. Of course, one cannot forget what happened to him, but ... the question immediately arises: did Raskolnikov resign himself to his fate? Perhaps he abandoned the search for truth, got tired of life, realized that you would not find the truth ... And he came to the conclusion that it is precisely such a “humble” life that gives answers to all questions?

The meaning of life in religion.

The Christian understanding of the meaning of life, death and immortality comes from the Old Testament provision: “The day of death better than the day birth” (Ecclesiastes) and the New Testament commandment of Christ: “...I have the keys to hell and death.” The divine-human essence of Christianity is manifested in the fact that the immortality of the individual as an integral being is conceivable only through the resurrection. The path to it is opened by the atoning sacrifice of Christ through the cross and resurrection. This is the sphere of mystery and miracle, for man is taken out of the sphere of action of the natural-cosmic forces and elements and is placed as a person face to face with God, who is also a person. Thus, the goal of human life is deification, the movement towards eternal life. Without realizing it, earthly life turns into a dream, an empty and idle dream, a soap bubble. In essence, it is only a preparation for eternal life, which is not far off for everyone. That is why it is said in the Gospel: "Be ready: for at what hour you do not think, the Son of Man will come." So that life does not turn, according to M. Yu. Lermontov, “into an empty and stupid joke,” you must always remember the hour of death. This is not a tragedy, but a transition to another world, where myriads of souls, good and evil, already live, and where each new one enters for joy or torment. According to the figurative expression of one of the Orthodox hierarchs: "A dying person is a setting luminary, the dawn of which is already shining over another world." Death does not destroy the body, but its perishability, and therefore it is not the end, but the beginning of eternal life. Christianity connected a different understanding of immortality with the image of the “Eternal Jew” Ahasuerus. When Jesus, exhausted under the weight of the cross, went to Golgotha ​​and wanted to rest, Ahasuerus standing among the others said: “Go, go”, for which he was punished - he was forever denied rest graves. From century to century he is doomed to wander the world, waiting for the second coming of Christ, who alone can deprive him of his loathsome immortality. The image of “mountainous” Jerusalem is associated with the absence of disease, death, hunger, cold, poverty, enmity, hatred, malice and other evils there. There is life without labor and joy without sorrow, health without weakness, and honor without danger. All in blooming youth and the age of Christ are comforted by bliss, they partake of the fruits of peace, love, joy and fun, and “love each other as themselves.” Evangelist Luke defined the essence of the Christian approach to life and death in this way: “God is not god of the dead but the God of the living. For he is all alive.” Christianity categorically condemns suicide, since a person does not belong to himself, his life and death are "in the will of God." Other world religion- Islam proceeds from the fact that man was created by the will of the almighty Allah, who is first of all merciful. To the question of a person: “Will I be taken alive when I die?”, Allah gives the answer: “Does not a person remember that we created him earlier, but he was nothing?” Unlike Christianity, earthly life in Islam is regarded highly. However, on the Last Day, everything will be destroyed and the dead will be resurrected and brought before Allah for the final judgment. belief afterlife is necessary, because in this case a person will evaluate his actions and deeds not in terms of personal interest, but in the sense of an eternal perspective. Destruction of the entire universe in a day fair trial involves the creation of a new perfect world. A “record” of deeds and thoughts, even the most secret ones, will be presented about each person, and an appropriate sentence will be passed. Thus, the principle of the supremacy of the laws of morality and reason over physical laws will triumph. Morally pure man cannot be in a humiliated position, as is the case in real world. Islam categorically forbids suicide. The descriptions of heaven and hell in the Quran are full of vivid details, so that the righteous can be fully satisfied and the sinners get what they deserve. Paradise is the beautiful “gardens of eternity, below which rivers flow from water, milk and wine”; there are also “pure spouses”, “big-breasted peers”, as well as “black-eyed and big-eyed, adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls”. Those sitting on carpets and leaning on green pillows are bypassed by “forever young boys”, offering “bird meat” on dishes of gold. Hell for sinners is fire and boiling water, pus and slop, the fruits of the “zakkum” tree, similar to the head of the devil, and their lot is “shouts and roars”. It is impossible to ask Allah about the hour of death, since only he has knowledge of this, but “what is it given to you to know, Maybe the hour is already close.” The attitude towards death and immortality in Buddhism is significantly different from Christian and Muslim. The Buddha himself refused to answer the questions: is he who knows the truth immortal or is he mortal?, and also: can the knower be mortal and immortal at the same time? In essence, only one kind of “wonderful immortality” is recognized - nirvana, as the embodiment of the transcendent Superexistence, the Absolute Beginning, which has no attributes. Since the personality is understood as the sum of dharmas that are in a constant stream of reincarnation, the absurdity, the meaninglessness of the Chain follows from this. natural births. The Dhammapada states that "being born again and again is woeful." The way out is the path of gaining nirvana, breaking through the chain of endless rebirths and achieving enlightenment, a blissful “island” located in the depths of a person’s heart, where they “own nothing” and “thrive for nothing” famous symbol nirvana - the extinction of the ever-trembling fire of life expresses well the essence of the Buddhist understanding of death and immortality. As the Buddha said: “One day of the life of a man who has seen the immortal path is better than a hundred years of a man who has not seen higher life". A calm and peaceful attitude towards life, death and immortality, the desire for enlightenment and liberation from evil is also characteristic of other Eastern religions and cults. In this regard, attitudes towards suicide are changing; it is considered not so sinful as meaningless, because it does not free a person from the circle of births and deaths (samsara), but only leads to birth in a lower incarnation. Such attachment to one's personality must be overcome, for, in the words of the Buddha, "the nature of personality is continuous death." One of the wisest poets of the 20th century. W. Whitman expressed this idea in such a way - one must live “calmly smiling at Death”. Getting rid of the sources of suffering, "dark actions and filth" (selfishness, anger, pride, false views, etc.) and the power of one's "I" during life is the best way to gain immortality. In the history of the spiritual life of mankind there were many concepts of life, death and immortality based on a non-religious and atheistic approach to the world and man. Irreligious people and atheists are often reproached for the fact that for them earthly life is everything, and death is an insurmountable tragedy, which, in essence, makes life meaningless. L. N. Tolstoy, in his famous confession, painfully tried to find in life that meaning that would not be destroyed by death, which is inevitably coming to every person. For a believer, everything is clear here, but for an unbeliever, an alternative of three possible ways solutions to this problem. The first way is to accept the idea, which is confirmed by science and just common sense, that in the world it is not possible to completely destroy even elementary particle, and the conservation laws apply. Matter, energy, and, it is believed, information and organization of complex systems are conserved. Consequently, the particles of our “I” after death will enter the eternal cycle of being and in this sense will be immortal. True, they will not have a consciousness, a soul, with which our “I” is associated. Moreover, this kind of immortality is acquired by a person throughout his life. You can even say in the form of a paradox: we are alive only because we die every second. Every day, erythrocytes in the blood die, epithelial cells on our mucous membranes, hair falls out, etc. Therefore, it is impossible in principle to fix life and death as absolute opposites, either in reality or in thought. These are two sides of the same coin. In the face of death, people in the full sense of the word are equal to each other, as well as to any living being, which erases the inequality on which earthly life is based. Therefore, the calm perception of the thought of the absence eternal life my “I” and understanding the inevitability of merging with “indifferent” nature is one of the ways of a non-religious approach to the problem of immortality. True, in this case the problem arises of the Absolute, on which one can base one's moral decisions. A.P. Chekhov wrote: “You need to believe in God, and if there is no faith, then do not take its place with hype, but search, search, search alone, one on one with your conscience.”

What is the meaning of life? Can a person accomplish anything important in his life? How to find a goal, get satisfaction from life and achieve everything you want? These and many other questions arise before each individual when, growing up, he passes from the reflex stage of development to the human, where in the definition general behavior and lifestyle begins to dominate his intellect.

The theme of the meaning of life, being, was of interest to many Russian writers. They sought to answer the most difficult questions life: about the Motherland, about love, about happiness, about the laws of the eternal Universe and God.

For example, A. Blok believed that one who understands what the meaning of life is, will comprehend a lot. If a person reveals that the meaning of life is in anxiety, also in anxiety, then he will no longer be a simple layman.

A. S. Griboyedov also reflects eternal problem search for the meaning of life, the problem of children and fathers in numerous of his works, the most striking of which is "Woe from Wit". His main character A. Chatsky protests against all the old orders, which have long been rooted in society. He fights actively for freedom, new life, patriotism and culture.

Another no less famous writer of the last century, I.S. Turgenev, also touches eternal question search for the meaning of life. His famous novel"Fathers and Sons" solves the age-old problem of relationships in a slightly different way different generations. Using the example of his main character, Turgenev shows that if, without the desire to build something new, to do it under oppression, nothing will work. We must strive for the continuity of generations, the value of the culture of our ancestors. Turgenev once again proves in his works that one must live in complete harmony, responsibility and gradualness.

And what about A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin?" It also touches on eternal themes. These are themes of love, the meaning of life, relationships, freedom of choice, the role of morality in our lives.

The desire for complete harmony with the world and with oneself distinguishes another famous hero Literature of the 19th century - Raskolnikov. This person, in search of such harmony, conducts an experiment on himself. He breaks the law and kills the old woman. What was Raskolnikov looking for? Harmony, freedom, happiness and independence? Aren't these values ​​the meaning of life for many of us? However, it should be remembered that if you go the wrong way to achieve your goals, then the retribution will be too severe.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in constant search for themselves, harmony, their way. For example, Pierre Bezukhov, after overcoming numerous painful mistakes and disappointments, finally finds the meaning of his life. He strives for truth, dignity and light. Isn't that the meaning of our existence?

In conclusion, I would like to say that all the literature of the 19th century and not only can be called the literature of an active search for the meaning of life, the search for a Hero. Many writers aspired to see in the heroes people who are able to serve the Motherland, respect others, benefit the Fatherland with their actions and thoughts, and simply be happy, develop, be in harmony with themselves and move forward.

Each of the Russian writers solves the problem of the meaning of life in his own way, but the constant desire to move forward remains unchanged for Russian classics.

Target: to develop the oral speech of students, to teach orally describe a portrait of a person.

Equipment:

During the classes.

1. 
   Teacher's word.

2. View presentation.

Read the poem by N. Zabolotsky "Portrait". What detail in the portrait of Struyskaya does the poet highlight? What expressive language means does he use to characterize it? Find offers with appeals and isolated members. Explain the punctuation marks in them.

Love painting, poets!

Only she, the only one, is given

Souls of changeable signs

Transfer to canvas.

Do you remember how from the darkness of the past,

Barely wrapped in satin

From the portrait of Rokotov again

Did Struyskaya look at us?

Her eyes are like two clouds

Half smile, half cry

Her eyes are like two lies

Covered in mist of failures.

Combination of two mysteries

Half delight, half fright

A fit of insane tenderness,

The anticipation of death torments.

When darkness comes

And the storm is coming

From the bottom of my soul flicker

Her beautiful eyes.

3. Describe (orally) your impression of the portrait of F. Rokotov, using phrases: eminent portrait painter, portrait gallery, reflect inner world, expressive details, coloring of the picture.
Homework:complex analysis text.

Theme: Ways summary text (thesis, synopsis).

Target: to teach to listen to the content of the text, to be able to highlight micro-topics in it, to determine the main, essential in them, to cut off the secondary. Prepare for a summary.

Equipment: presentation, projector, screen, computer.

During the classes.

1. Working with new material.

known three ways to compress text:

Exclusion of details, details (removal):

Whatever the modern student does in the future- medicine, economics, technology, he can and should imagine himself at the computer.- Whatever the modern student does in the future, he can and should imagine himself at the computer;

Generalization of specific, single phenomena (association): Once Anna Pavlova was invited to his palace by Oscar himselfII, Swedish king. What was the amazement of the troupe when a luxurious palace carriage arrived for the daughter of a poor washerwoman.- Oscar, the Swedish king, sent a luxurious carriage for the ballerina Anna Pavlova;

Combination of exclusion and generalization (replacement):

AT Helsingfors, Copenhagen, Stockholm, newspapers also wrote about Russian tours, calling their performances a revelation of new art.- Foreign newspapers called...

The choice of compression method in each case depends on the communicative task, the characteristics of the text and the preparedness of the students.

The following are known compression techniques material:

Reduction of individual members of the proposal, some homogeneous members of the proposal;

Education complex sentence by merging two adjacent sentences that tell about the same subject of speech;

Reduction of a complex sentence due to a less essential part;

Breakdown of a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones;

Translation of direct speech into indirect;

Skipping sentences containing minor facts;

Skip sentences with descriptions and reasoning.

There are the following summary requirements:

The presence of sentences expressing a thought common to each semantic part;

Use, if possible, grammatical forms that are different from those presented for perception;

Establishing a semantic connection between sentences;

Using relevant, precise and concise language tools generalized transmission of content.

results diagnostic work show that students cannot succinctly retell the text in writing, replacing it with notes or fragmentary presentation. To avoid this, it is necessary to learn to understand the text, to distinguish main information from the secondary.

Here are some questions and tasks that help isolate the main information:

Read the sentences (text) and underline the main information in them.

What sentences can be combined after rearrangement?

Explain the division of text into paragraphs. Formulate a micro-theme for each of them.

Replace Row homogeneous members generic name.

Simplify the expression by replacing it with a synonym.

Write the sentence(s) using neutral synonyms, omitting the details.

Identify and write down the main problem of the text.

Compare two texts (one is detailed, the other is a condensed version). Compare the basic information of the texts. Does it differ?

2. Fixing the material.

Exercise 1

1. Read an excerpt from an interview with the original writer Boris Petrovich Ekimov, who recently celebrated his 75th birthday. Underline (highlight) the main information of the text.

All real literature about human life. There are no other topics in the literature. My heroes live around me and in me. And the tree is my hero, and the sky. The writer must see everything that surrounds him more sharply than others, and try to be a wise person who understands that all the beauty that surrounds him is transient. He must appreciate everything: the smile of nature, a tree, a woman. We were given a beautiful, wonderful, but very short life. It has a lot happy days, minutes, moments. But how often do we notice them? Cherry blossom, apple tree, dandelion; flight of a butterfly, dragonfly; taste of well, spring water; the babbling of a child, the radiance of his eyes; the smile of a loved one (not necessarily a young one); rain and thunder; the quiet lake Nekrasikha and the mighty Don; night sky and morning sunrise... The world of God and man in all its fullness and beauty. Is this not enough? But, unfortunately, it is said about us: “I was in the world, but I didn’t know the world” ...

The entry should look like this: All real literature about human life. There are no other topics in the literature. My heroes live around me and in me. And the tree is my hero, and the sky. The writer must see everything that surrounds him more sharply than others, and try to be a wise person who understands that all the beauty that surrounds him is transient. He must appreciate everything: the smile of nature, a tree, a woman. We have been given a beautiful, wonderful, but very short life. It has many happy days, minutes, moments. But how often do we notice them? Cherry blossom, apple tree, dandelion; flight of a butterfly, dragonfly; taste of well, spring water; the babbling of a child, the radiance of his eyes; the smile of a loved one (not necessarily a young one); rain and thunder; the quiet lake Nekrasikha and the mighty Don; the night sky and the morning dawn... The world of God and the human world in all its fullness and beauty. Is this not enough? But, Unfortunately, it’s said about us: “I was in the world, but I didn’t know the world” ...

2. Turn the highlighted information into a whole text, then you will get a concise presentation.

All real literature is about human life, so the writer must see everything that surrounds him more sharply than others, and try to be a wise person who understands that all the beauty that is around him is transient.

We have been given a wonderful, wonderful, but very short life, in which there are many happy days, minutes, moments. But how often do we notice them? Unfortunately, it’s said about us: “I was in the world, but I didn’t know the world” ...

Exercise 2

1. Read the text of the famous researcher of the life and work of N. Gogol Igor Zolotussky.

Gogol often called himself a traveler, a wanderer, and considered the road his home. He really traveled a lot, but still there are several places on earth that were for him not only a temporary rest on the road. Gogol cannot be imagined without Vasilievka, without Dikanka, Sorochinets, without St. Petersburg, where he became a writer, Rome, Moscow. He was born in Sorochintsy, died in Moscow and was buried. In Rome, Gogol lived intermittently for ten years, Dead Souls were written there.

Gogol once said that the landscape that a child sees, who has barely learned to distinguish objects, affects his view of the world. This is true. Gogol's world is not only the inner world, but also the world around him, the living features of those places that remember him.

2. Explain the division of the text into paragraphs.

(There are 2 micro-themes in this text, which are covered in different paragraphs.)

3. Name the micro-themes of the text.

(1. Cities and towns, without which it is impossible to imagine N.V. Gogol. 2. The peculiarity of the world of Gogol: not only the inner world, but also the living features of those places that remember the writer.)

4. Emphasize key information. The entry might look like this:

Gogol often called himself a traveller, a wanderer and He considered the road his home. He really traveled a lot, but still there is several places on earth which were for him not only a temporary rest on the road. Gogol cannot be imagined without Vasilievka, without Dikanka. Sorochinets, without Petersburg, where he became a writer, Rome. Moscow. He was born in Sorochintsy, died in Moscow and was buried. In Rome, Gogol lived intermittently for ten years, Dead Souls were written there.

Gogol once said that the landscape that a child sees, who has barely learned to distinguish objects, affects his view of the world. This is true. Gogol's world is not only the inner world, but also the world around him, the living features of those places that remember him.

5. Will there be words traveler and wanderer synonyms? Justify the answer.

Wayfarer - one who makes a long journey on foot.

Wanderer (obsolete) - 1. A wandering person (usually homeless or persecuted). 2. A person walking on a pilgrimage, a pilgrim // Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova.

6. Is it possible to omit some facts in order to write a concise summary of this text?

(The text by I. Zolotussky is a concise narrative. Almost all the facts are significant for revealing the problem of the text, so it is advisable to retell it in detail.)

Homework: theory, complex text analysis.

Subject: Summary (2 hours).

Target: to consolidate the ability to highlight micro-topics in the text, determine the main, essential in them, cut off the secondary, develop students' written speech.

Course of lesson 1.

1. Listen to the text.
Among dozens and hundreds of decisions made by a person, not one can be compared in significance, in role, in influence on fate with the decision on which road to take, which field to choose. Search life path, thoughts about it usually arise in a person at the age when he begins to realize himself as a part of society, when he seeks to understand his relations with others, and also feels the need to realize his capabilities, his strengths, his personality.

Scientists believe that it is for the sake of such self-realization that a person lives. He is not satisfied and cannot arrange existence for the sake of existence itself. He needs to find an occupation that will fill this existence with true, genuine meaning. Every person, no matter how absorbed daily affairs and worries, wants not only to live, but also to feel the value of his life, to know that his activities, overcoming obstacles, striving for the future matter and carry some meaning not for him alone. Only then does a person feel not superfluous, but his abilities - in demand by other people, by society.

However, each person has his own, only his inherent inclinations, inclinations, abilities, talents. After all, no two people are exactly the same. And therefore, the search for the meaning of life is an independent path of trial and error for each person. This is a person's search for himself, his life values, his guidelines.

At the same time, regardless of how a person determined his path, what meaning of life he found, the very search for this meaning makes a person a Human with capital letter, personality, since none of the living beings, except for a person, can consciously relate to life, does not seek to understand and explain their behavior, their attitude towards others.

(According to GA. Maslov)
2. Select micro-themes from each paragraph.

3. Reading the text a second time.

4. Write concise presentation.

When completing this assignment, please note that you must submit the main content of both each microtopic and the entire text as a whole.

Remember that when writing a concise statement, you should replace the specific and separate with a generalizing one, and also exclude the inessential.

The volume of presentation is not less than 90 words.

Write a presentation in accordance with the logic and intent of the author.

Lesson 2 progress.

1. 
   Reading and editing statements.
2. 
   Clean writing.

Topic: Multidimensional text analysis.

Target: identify gaps in students' knowledge.

During the classes.

1. Read the text and complete tasks A1-A7, B1 -B14.

(1) When Seryozhka thinks about who he should be, his thoughts begin to jump in disarray, and he is even surprised at his inconstancy.

“(2) Why, out of the blue, do I think about Antarctica or Madagascar stamps? he philosophizes at such moments. - (3) After all, it seems that I can think or not think, but somehow I think on my own. (4) I want to - and I will not be either a mathematician or an engineer, but I will be a driver, or a geologist, or, like father and mother, a designer. (5) In geography lessons, I am drawn to go to the North, but in history I want to dig up Scythian burial mounds, unravel ancient parchments ... ^ Why am I such that I cannot understand myself? (7) And Seryozha asks his father:

- (8) Dad, how did you know that you want to be a designer?

(9) He asks this for probably the hundredth time and knows everything in advance: how his father graduated from school, then he worked at a Siberian construction site - he drove hefty dump trucks, then he entered the car building and met his mother there. (10) And while the father recalls his youth with pleasure, Seryozhka thinks about his own: “(P) For some reason, everything was simple before. (12) People knew who they wanted to be, who they needed to study for. (13) And here you stand, like Ilya Muromets, and you don’t know: will you go to the left, will you go to the right, or will you go straight?

(14) And for some reason he remembered the dog that was running after him. (15) She ran for so long, but only he wanted to pick her up, bring her home, as she fled. (16) What was she, stupid, afraid of? ..

- (17)0 what do you think? - asks the father, interrupting his story.

- (18) Dad, is the dog a smart creature? (19) Does she understand what you are saying to her?

- (20) In my opinion, he understands.

- (21) And how can a person understand what she feels?

- (22) Probably, we need to teach her to speak, - the father jokes.

- (23) Dad, I seem to have decided: I will be a veterinarian.

- (24) Well, as you know, - the father shrugs his shoulders and leaves the room. (25) Offended, or what?

- (26) A veterinarian is a good specialty! - shouts behind the wall father.

(27) No, not offended. (28) But, unfortunately, adults do not understand anything. (29) You say something by accident, and they decide ... (30) And here it is important not to make a mistake.

(According to E. Veltistov)

For each task A1-A7, 4 answers are given, of which only one is correct. Circle the number of this answer.

A1. Which of the statements below contains the answer to the question: “Why, when Seryozha thinks about choosing future profession He can't stop at anything."

1) Seryozhka is a capricious person, so he doesn’t like anything.

2) Seryozhka is interested in many things, and it is difficult for him to make the final choice.

3) Seryozhka does not know anything about the professions from which he must choose one.

4) Seryozha is counting on his parents to make this choice for him.
A2. Why does Seryozhka think that "before allit was easy!”

1) He imagines the past according to the stories of adults who have long determined their life path.

2) The earring belongs to- the past is dismissive and considers both the near and the distant past to be primitive.

3) The past does not arouse any interest in Seryozhka at all, and he inattentively listens to his father's stories about his young years.

4) Seryozhka has a superficial attitude to everything that does not directly concern him, including the past.
A3. How does the information contained in sentences 14-16 characterize the hero?

1) Seryozhka - an irresponsible person who was going to take a dog home without the consent of his parents.

2) Seryozhka is prone to sentimentality, he likes to remember touching moments own life.

3) Seryozhka is an indecisive and weak-willed person, and therefore it is easy to push him to an act that is contrary to his rules.

4) Earring is kind and sympathetic, he is able to lend a helping hand to a creature in a difficult situation.
A4. Indicate the meaning in which the word is used in the text "unravel"(proposition 5).

1) look for a solution

2) decrypt

3) find out

4) predict the future

A5. Which sentence of the text is contrasted in content with sentence 12: “People knew what they want to be, who they need to study for”?

1) 23 2) 3 3) 6 4) 26
A6. Choose the correct continuation of the answer to the question: “Why does the author call the hero not Sergei, not Seryoga, but Earring? This form of the name indicates that ...

3) the hero of the work is a schoolboy, a teenager.

4) others do not take the hero seriously.
A7. Read sentences 11-13. What means of speech expressiveness is used by the author in one of these sentences?

2) single-root words

3) impersonation

4) comparison
Write down the answers to tasks B1-B14 in words or numbers, separating them, if necessary, with commas.

IN 1 . Replace word HEALTHY from sentence 9 with a synonymous phrase that does not have a stylistic coloring (stylistically neutral). Write this phrase.

IN 2. From sentence 26 write out the word with unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root.

B3. From sentences 5-8 write down all the words in which the spelling prefixes depends on the deafness / sonority of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 4. From sentences 24-25 write out the verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix due to the final vowel of the base of the indefinite form.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 5. In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered.

Write down the numbers for the commas introductory word.No(1) not offended. But (2) unfortunately (3) adults do not understand anything. Say something by accident (4) and they will decide ...

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 6. Replace phrase SCYTHIAN MOUNDS (Proposition 5) based on agreement, synonymous with connection control. Write the resulting phrase.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 7. You write grammatical basis suggestions 11.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

B8. Among sentences 21-25, find the sentence with homogeneous members. Write the number of this offer.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 9. Among sentences 14-17, find a sentence with a separate agreed definition. Write the number of this offer.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

AT 10 O'CLOCK. Specify Quantity grammar basics in sentence 3.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Answers:

Homework: At the choice of students. 1) Write an essay-reasoning: Why are commas necessary?

pondering answer to the question read again text by E. Veltistov.

Find and give 2 examples from the read text illustrating various comma functions.

2). Write essay-discussion. explain how do you understand the meaning last words text: “And here it is important not to make a mistake.”

Lead in essay two arguments from the read text that support your reasoning.

Give examples with numbers the right suggestions or use quoting.

The essay must be at least 50 words.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

The problem of life values

arguments for writing

What is the meaning of life? Why is a person born, lives and dies? Is it just to eat, sleep, just go to work, have children. Almost all world literature seeks to answer two interrelated philosophical questions "What is the meaning of life?" and “What values ​​should a person be guided by in order to live a worthy life?”
life values name those ideas and ideas that become the main, determining in the life of a person. It is customary to single out material and spiritual values. Based on them, a person builds his life, his relationships with people.

So,

life values ​​of the representatives Famus Society”became money, connections with superiors in rank, power and everything connected with these concepts. In pursuit of them, these people stop at nothing: meanness, hypocrisy, deceit, subservience to the authorities - all these are the favorite tricks of Famusov and others like him to achieve their goal. Therefore, they hate the freedom-loving and independent ideals of Chatsky so much. His desire to be useful to society, his desire to bring enlightenment to the masses, his desire to achieve success in life only thanks to his knowledge and skills cause them misunderstanding and irritation. Misunderstanding to such an extent that it is easier for them to declare him crazy than to even try to delve into his thoughts.
Natasha Rostova

the meaning of life is seen in the family, love for relatives and friends. After the wedding with Pierre, she almost never happens in the world, giving herself all to her husband and children. But Natasha's love and mercy extend not only to her family. Yes, she definitely chooses. helping wounded soldiers temporarily in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. She understands that they do not have enough strength to get out of the city, where the Napoleonic troops are about to enter. Therefore, the girl, without regret, makes her parents give the wagons designed to transport numerous things from their home to the wounded. The son-in-law of the Rostov family, Berg, makes a completely different choice. For him, the main thing now is to cash in, to profitably buy things that the owners are happy to sell for next to nothing. He comes to the Rostovs with a single request - to give him men and a cart to load the locker and chiffonier that he liked.

before us is a certain rich man, whose purpose of life is similar to the purposes of a great many people: to earn capital, marry, have children and die at a respectable age. His existence is monotonous, without emotional outbursts, without doubts and mental anguish. Death overtakes him unexpectedly, but it, like a litmus test, shows the whole value of the Lord's life. It is symbolic that if at the beginning of its sea ​​travel the hero travels first class in luxurious cabins, then back, forgotten by everyone, he floats in a dirty hold, next to shellfish and shrimp. Bunin thus, as it were, equates the value of this person with creatures who have been only engaged in eating plankton all their lives. Thus, according to Bunin, the fate of the Lord from San Francisco and others like him symbolizes the meaninglessness human life, its emptiness. A life lived without spiritual upheavals, doubts, ups and downs, lived with the sole purpose of satisfying personal interests and material needs, is insignificant. Quick oblivion is the logical conclusion of such a life.