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The end of the 19th century is a complex and contradictory time. There is nothing surprising in the fact that it was in 1891 that one of the most mysterious Russian writers was born. We are talking about Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, scriptwriter and libretto of operas. Bulgakov's story is no less fascinating than his work, and the Literaguru team takes the liberty of proving it.

Birthday of M.A. Bulgakov - 3 (15) May. The father of the future writer, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Theological Academy in Kyiv. Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovskaya), raised seven children: Mikhail, Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Nikolai, Ivan, Elena. The family often staged performances for which Mikhail composed plays. Since childhood, he loved performances, vaudeville, space scenes.

Bulgakov's house was a favorite meeting place creative intelligentsia. His parents often invited eminent friends who had a certain influence on the gifted boy Misha. He was very fond of listening to adult conversations and willingly participated in them.

Youth: education and early career

Bulgakov studied at the gymnasium No. 1 in the city of Kyiv. After graduating from it in 1901, he became a student at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. The choice of profession was influenced by the financial condition of the future writer: after the death of his father, Bulgakov took responsibility for a large family. His mother remarried. All children, except Mikhail, remained on good terms with their stepfather. The eldest son wanted to be financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916 and received a medical degree with honors.

During the First World War, Mikhail Bulgakov served as a field doctor for several months, then got a job in the village of Nikolsky (Smolensk province). Then some stories were written, later included in the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor". Because of the boring routine provincial life Bulgakov began to use narcotic drugs available to many representatives of his profession by occupation. He asked to be transferred to a new place so that drug addiction would be implicit for others: in any other case, the doctor could be deprived of his diploma. A devoted wife helped to get rid of the misfortune, who secretly diluted the narcotic substance. She in every possible way forced her husband to leave a bad habit.

In 1917, Mikhail Bulgakov received the position of head of the departments of the Vyazemsky city zemstvo hospital. A year later, Bulgakov and his wife returned to Kyiv, where the writer was engaged in private medical practice. Morphine addiction was defeated, but instead of drugs, Mikhail Bulgakov often drank alcohol.

Creation

At the end of 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov joined the officer detachment. It is not established whether he was called up as a military doctor, or whether he himself expressed a desire to become a member of the detachment. F. Keller, the second-in-command, disbanded the detachments, so that he did not participate in the fighting at that time. But already in 1919 he was mobilized into the army of the UNR. Bulgakov escaped. Versions regarding further fate writer disagree: some witnesses claimed that he served in the Red Army, some - that he did not leave Kyiv before the arrival of the Whites. It is authentically known that the writer was mobilized into the Volunteer Army (1919). At the same time he published the feuilleton "Future Prospects". The Kyiv events were reflected in the works The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor (1922), The White Guard (1924). It is worth noting that the writer chose literature as his main occupation in 1920: after completing his service in the hospital of Vladikavkaz, he began to write for the newspaper Kavkaz. Bulgakov's creative path was thorny: during the period of the struggle for power, an unfriendly statement addressed to one of the parties could end in death.

Genres, themes and issues

In the early twenties, Bulgakov wrote mainly works about the revolution, mostly plays, which were subsequently staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer lived in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. In addition to feuilletons, he published individual chapters of stories. For example, "Notes on Cuffs" saw the light on the pages of the Berlin newspaper "On the Eve". Especially many essays and reports - 120 - were published in the newspaper Gudok (1922-1926). Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, but at the same time his art world was not dependent on the ideology of the union: he wrote with great sympathy about the white movement, about the tragic fate of the intelligentsia. His problematic was much broader and richer than allowed. For example, the social responsibility of scientists for their inventions, a satire on the new way of life in the country, etc.

In 1925, the play "Days of the Turbins" was written. She was a resounding success on the stage of the Moscow Art academic theater. Even Joseph Stalin appreciated the work, but nevertheless, in each thematic speech, he focused on the anti-Soviet nature of Bulgakov's plays. Soon the writer's work was criticized. Over the next ten years, hundreds of scathing reviews were published. The play "Running" about civil war was forbidden to put: Bulgakov refused to make the text "ideologically correct". In 1928-29 the performances of Zoya's Apartment, Days of the Turbins, and Crimson Island were excluded from the theater repertoire.

But the emigrants studied Bulgakov's key works with interest. He wrote about the role of science in human life, about the importance of the right attitude towards each other. In 1929, the writer was thinking about the future novel The Master and Margarita. A year later, the first edition of the manuscript appeared. Religious themes, criticism of Soviet realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov's works on the pages of newspapers impossible. It is not surprising that the writer seriously considered moving abroad. He even wrote a letter to the Government, in which he asked either to be allowed to leave, or to be given the opportunity to work in peace. For the next six years, Mikhail Bulgakov was an assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater.

Philosophy

An idea of ​​the philosophy of the master of the printed word is given by the most famous works. For example, in the story "Diaboliad" (1922), the problem of "little people" is described, which is so often addressed by the classics. According to Bulgakov, bureaucracy and indifference is a real diabolical force, and it is difficult to resist it. The already mentioned novel "The White Guard" is largely autobiographical in nature. This is the biography of a family who found themselves in difficult situation: Civil war, enemies, the need to choose. Someone believed that Bulgakov was too loyal to the White Guards, someone reproached the author for his loyalty to the Soviet regime.

The story "Fatal Eggs" (1924) tells truly fantasy story a scientist who accidentally brought out a new species of reptiles. These creatures multiply incessantly and soon fill the entire city. Some philologists argue that the figures of the biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. were reflected in the image of Professor Persikov. Lenin. Another famous story is Heart of a Dog (1925). Interestingly, in the USSR it was officially published only in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical in nature: the professor transplants the human pituitary gland into the dog, and the dog Sharik becomes a man. But is it a man?.. Someone sees in this plot a prediction of future repressions.

Originality of style

The main trump card of the author was mysticism, which he wove into realistic works. Thanks to this, critics could not directly accuse him of insulting the feelings of the proletariat. The writer skillfully combined frank fiction and real social and political problems. However, his fantasy elements- it is always an allegory for similar phenomena that actually occur.

For example, the novel "The Master and Margarita" combines a variety of genres: from parable to farce. Satan, who chose the name Woland for himself, one day arrives in Moscow. He meets people who are being punished for their sins. Alas, the only power of justice in Soviet Moscow is the devil, because officials and their henchmen are stupid, greedy and cruel to their fellow citizens. They are the real evil. Against this background, the love story of the talented Master (and after all, Maxim Gorky was called the master in the 1930s) and the brave Margarita unfolds. Only mystical intervention saved the creators from certain death in crazy house. The novel, for obvious reasons, was published after Bulgakov's death. The same fate awaited the unfinished "Theatrical Novel" about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, the play "Ivan Vasilyevich" (1936), a film based on which is watched to this day.

The nature of the writer

Friends and acquaintances considered Bulgakov both charming and very modest. The writer was always polite and knew how to step into the shadows in time. He had the talent of a storyteller: when he managed to overcome his shyness, everyone present listened only to him. The character of the author was based on the best qualities Russian intelligentsia: education, humanity, compassion and delicacy.

Bulgakov liked to joke, never envied anyone and did not look for a better life. He was distinguished by sociability and secrecy, fearlessness and incorruptibility, strength of character and gullibility. Before his death, the writer said only one thing about the novel "The Master and Margarita": "To know." Such is his mean characteristic of his brilliant creation.

Personal life

1. While still a student, Mikhail Bulgakov married Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa. The family had to face a shortage Money. The first wife of the writer is the prototype of Anna Kirillovna (the story "Morphine"): disinterested, wise, ready to support. It was she who pulled him out of the narcotic nightmare, together with her he went through the years of devastation and bloody strife of the Russian people. But a full-fledged family did not work out with her, because in those hungry years it was difficult to think about children. The wife suffered greatly from the need to have abortions, because of this, Bulgakov's relationship cracked.
2. So time would have passed if not for one evening: in 1924, Bulgakov was introduced Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. She had connections in the world of literature, and it was not without her help that The White Guard was published. Love has become not just a friend and comrade, like Tatyana, but also the muse of the writer. This is the second wife of the writer, the affair with which was bright and passionate.
3. In 1929 he met Elena Shilovskaya. Subsequently, he admitted that he only loved this woman. By the time of the meeting, both were married, but the feelings were very strong. Elena Sergeevna was next to Bulgakov until his death. Bulgakov had no children. The first wife had two abortions from him. Perhaps that is why he always felt guilty before Tatyana Lappa. The adopted son of the writer was Yevgeny Shilovsky.

1. Bulgakov's first work is The Adventures of Svetlana. The story was written when the future writer was seven years old.
2. The play "Days of the Turbins" was loved by Joseph Stalin. When the author asked to be released abroad, Stalin himself called Bulgakov with the question: “What, are you very tired of us?” Stalin watched Zoya's apartment at least eight times. It is believed that he patronized the writer. In 1934, Bulgakov asked to be given trip abroad so that he can improve his health. He was refused: Stalin understood that if the writer remained in another country, then The Days of the Turbins would have to be removed from the repertoire. These are the features of the relationship between the author and the authorities
3. In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a play about Stalin at the request of representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader read the script of "Batum" and was not too pleased: he did not want the general public to find out about his past.
4. "Morphine", which tells about the drug addiction of a doctor, is an autobiographical work that helped Bulgakov overcome his addiction. Confessing to paper, he received strength to fight the disease.
5. The author was very self-critical, so he liked to collect criticism strangers. He cut out all the reviews of his creations from newspapers. Of the 298, they were negative, and only three people praised Bulgakov's work in his entire life. Thus, the writer knew firsthand the fate of his hunted hero - the Master.
6. The relationship between the writer and his colleagues was very difficult. Someone supported him, for example, director Stanislavsky threatened to close his legendary theater if it banned the showing of The White Guard. And someone, for example, Vladimir Mayakovsky, offered to boo the screening of the play. He publicly criticized his colleague, very impartially assessing his achievements.
7. The Behemoth cat was, it turns out, not at all an invention of the author. Its prototype was Bulgakov's phenomenally smart black dog with the same nickname.

Death

Why did Bulgakov die? In the late thirties, he often spoke of imminent death. Friends considered it a joke: the writer loved practical jokes. In fact, Bulgakov, a former doctor, noticed the first signs of nephrosclerosis, a severe hereditary disease. In 1939, the diagnosis was made.

Bulgakov was 48 years old - the same age as his father, who died of nephrosclerosis. At the end of his life, he again began to use morphine to dull the pain. When he went blind, his wife wrote the chapters of The Master and Margarita for him from dictation. Editing stopped at the words of Margarita: “So, this, therefore, is the writers following the coffin?” On March 10, 1940, Bulgakov died. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Bulgakov's house

In 2004, the opening of the Bulgakov House, a museum-theater and a cultural and educational center, took place in Moscow. Visitors can ride a tram, see an electronic exhibition dedicated to the life and work of the writer, sign up for a night tour of the "bad apartment" and meet a real Behemoth cat. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov's heritage. The concept is connected with the mystical theme that the great writer loved so much.

There is also an outstanding Bulgakov Museum in Kyiv. The apartment is riddled with secret passages and manholes. For example, from the closet you can get into the secret room, where there is something like an office. There you can also see many exhibits talking about the writer's childhood.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is a famous Russian writer whose life is shrouded in mysterious mysticism and a halo of secrets. Coming from the family of a Kyiv professor, he was born on May 15, 1891, and received his name in honor of the Archangel Michael, the guardian of the city of Kyiv.

The young man began to write early years, although many biographers claim the opposite, calling the starting point 30 years of age. As a brief biography tells, Bulgakov at a young age was very fond of reading, absorbed the information received like a sponge and remembered a lot from what he read. Vera, the elder sister, claimed that Misha wrote his first work, The Adventures of Svetlana, at the age of seven, and at the age of 9 he mastered Notre Dame Cathedral (V. Hugo). In the Alexander Gymnasium (one of the best in Kyiv), Bulgakov fully showed his talents during his studies: he drew caricatures, wrote poetry, played the piano, sang and wrote.

So who is Bulgakov?

Biography (a photo of the writer can be seen below) of Mikhail Afanasyevich further continues with his studies at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. Upon graduation in 1914, Bulgakov worked as a doctor in Saratov, and with the outbreak of the First World War, in front-line hospitals under the supervision of experienced military surgeons. The writer Bulgakov, whose biography is full of wartime impressions and medical practice, wrote a series of stories “Notes of a Young Doctor”, and the fatal incident that brought him together with a boy with diphtheria completely turned the life of a genius.

Saving a child by sucking diphtheria films from his throat through a tube through his mouth, Bulgakov became infected. The injected antidiphtheria serum caused a severe allergic reaction, manifested by intolerable itching and a terrible rash on the body. An injection of morphine helped relieve the pain, and repeated injections made it possible to cope with the allergy, while at the same time causing addiction to the “saving” drug. The resulting drug addiction destroyed life path Bulgakov everything, ruthlessly taking away the spiritual and physical health, rewarding the writer with panic fear and severe depression, bringing him to a violent madness. Wife Tatyana Nikolaevna, trying to save her husband, instead of morphine injected him with distilled water, which caused the latter severe withdrawal symptoms.

Gogol: did he come or not?

It was during this period that Bulgakov had a meeting with Gogol, the first of three. During one of the pain attacks in Bulgakov's rented accommodation, Nikolai Vasilyevich appeared, who quickly entered Mikhail Afanasyevich's apartment, looked at him with a crazy look and threatened with his finger. From that day on, there was a truly miraculous salvation from the terrible drug addiction of Bulgakov, who did not understand whether Gogol's arrival was a dream or reality. The writer later told this story in the work "Morphine".

Mikhail Bulgakov, whose biography and work were closely intertwined, was successful in his personal life and was married three times. According to the prophecy of a Kyiv gypsy, which the writer once laughed at, in his life he will get three wives: one from God, the second from people, the third from the devil. After a miraculous recovery, Mikhail Afanasyevich opened a private practice and in the same period began to engage in writing.

Tatyana Lappa traveled with her husband everywhere, helping him in his medical work and in an incredible healing from a fatal addiction to a drug. The First World War and the Civil War shook Bulgakov around the country mercilessly: mobilization by the Petliurists, escape, mobilization by the Denikinists, typhus, termination of medical activity, poverty, hunger ... And she was always there - faithful Tasya.

Bulgakov: a brief biography and creativity

From 1919 to 1921 the writer lived in Vladikavkaz; it was there that he stopped practicing medicine and began to practice professionally literary activity while working as a journalist for local newspapers. There were written for the theater comedy "Self-defense" (the production of which was a success), as well as the plays "Clay Bridegrooms" and "Paris Communards", the latter being recommended by the Glavpolitprosvet for staging in Moscow theaters.

Bulgakov managed to get to Moscow only in 1921. At first, he grabbed any job, trying to feed himself and his wife; He also wrote at night. And he succeeded: Bulgakov began to print! His stories and feuilletons were on many pages of newspapers and magazines. It is with Moscow that the actions of such works as "Heart of a Dog", "Fatal Eggs" are connected.

Creativity of Mikhail Bulgakov

The novel "The White Guard" described the tragedy of the civil war that played out in Kiev - the writer's hometown, and the work shows the tragedy of the people as a whole and in the context of a single Turbin family - people with a high sense of honor and dignity. Bulgakov, creative biography which is rich in vivid life moments that formed the basis of his works, in the novel "The White Guard" quite similarly described the Kiev home of his youth. People who lived there some time later broke all the walls, trying in vain to find the treasure described in the work. Based on the novel "The White Guard", the play "Days of the Turbins" was written, and the play based on it was a huge success with the audience.

Inspired by success, Mikhail immersed himself more and more in a bohemian life, losing his love for a woman who completely dissolved in him. One day he announced to his Tasha that he was leaving. When parting, feeling great guilt, Bulgakov only said: "God will punish me for you ...". This is how the 11 years spent with Bulgakov ended in an everyday way for Tasia.

Lyubov Belozerskaya, a bright spot against the gray background of everyday Moscow life, became the second wife of the writer. A native Muscovite, she helped her husband in everything: she delivered manuscripts to the editorial offices, helped to overcome provincial shyness, and selected materials for his creations. It was with her help that the plays "The Cabal of the Saints" and "Running" were created.

Difficult period, rejection

In the late 1920s, Bulgakov was attacked literary critics. His works were evaluated negatively, they were no longer published, the plays were removed from the repertoire. In March 1930, the exhausted and torn Bulgakov, who found himself on the verge of poverty, turned to Stalin with a letter about providing an opportunity to earn money in the theater or leave the USSR. A month later, Stalin personally called the writer, allowing him to work. An assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater, who worked as a translator and wrote a libretto and occasionally played in performances - that's what Bulgakov had to be content with in such a difficult period for himself.

An outlet for him was the opera Faust, to which he often went to the Bolshoi Theater; this sight had a special effect on him, raising his spirits. Another trip to my favorite production ended in a severe depression. This was connected with the play "Batum" written by him, in which central figure young Stalin appeared, and the writer recognized himself in the image of Faust, who had sold his soul to the devil.

Is she Margaret?

Elena Shilovskaya is the third love of the writer. A brief biography (Bulgakov again in a halo of mysticism) tells that one day, in the icy autumn of 1927, the writer was walking through the streets of Moscow, and suddenly a sharp-nosed short man ran into him, painfully similar to the apartment guest during the period Bulgakov was addicted to morphine. Gogol (and this, apparently, was he) looked into the eyes of Mikhail Afanasyevich and with his eyes pointed to one of the nearby houses. It was there that Elena Sergeevna lived.

At one of the parties where they met, she asked Mikhail to tie a ribbon on her sleeve, and thus "tied" him to her. The wife of General Shilovsky, Elena rushed between the two men for a long time, until her husband nevertheless agreed to a divorce. It was with the advent of Elena Bulgakov that he zealously began to continue writing his famous novel"Master and Margarita", begun in 1929. Elena helped him in everything: she ran the house, printed manuscripts, wrote from dictation, realizing that only future generations would be able to read Bulgakov. Bulgakov created his offspring, a novel about the Master and his secret beloved, about Christ and the devil, in conditions of complete lack of money and hopelessness. Elena fell in love with this creation, recognizing herself in Margarita, realizing that this is the most main book in the writer's life.

The real prototype of the Behemoth cat

By the way, Woland's famous assistant had real prototype, which was the black dog of Mikhail Afanasyevich named Behemoth, very smart for an ordinary animal. There was such a case: during the celebration of the New Year, to the sound of chimes, the dog barked twelve times, although no one taught it this. A brief biography has preserved such an interesting story.

Bulgakov during this period was already stricken with a fatal illness, so he dictated some of the chapters from the novel to his wife Elena. A month before his death, he completed work on his most famous work which many read. It was after the release of this novel that it was said that Bulgakov's abilities were of an otherworldly nature, otherwise how could he describe the devil himself and his retinue so accurately?

The heroes of Bulgakov's works are characterized by a charm that makes one fall in love with oneself and feel the special charm of an undisclosed thought. His brief biography, in which Bulgakov is a key figure, arouses great interest in the personality of the writer. His work is constantly filmed, and literary works hotly debated. The work "The Master and Margarita" does not leave anyone indifferent, forcing them to treat themselves either badly or well.

1940 - the end of the writer's journey

Nervous exhaustion gave rise to hypertensive nephrosclerosis, which chained Bulgakov to bed. Elena could not pull him out of the clutches of the disease, in March 1940 the writer died, and he predicted his departure long before the illness. In the history of his life, there is such a fact: on the grave of Gogol in the Monastery cemetery there was a stone, nicknamed because of its resemblance to the Jerusalem Mount Golgotha. When Gogol was reburied in another place, a bust was erected on his grave, and his wife subsequently installed a stone on Bulgakov's grave. And here I recall the writer's phrase, which he addressed to Gogol in a dream, when he came to him for the third time: "Teacher, cover me with your overcoat."

Bulgakov's biography, the life and work of the great writer constantly arouse the reader's interest, which only intensifies with time, fueled by a craving for mysticism and the unknown.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, a famous prose writer, playwright, was born in Kyiv on May 3, 1891. His parents were intelligent and educated people. Mother served as a teacher in the Karachaev gymnasium; father, who graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy, taught in Novocherkassk religious school, at the Kyiv Theological Academy, at the Institute of Noble Maidens, and at the end of 1893 he received the position of Kyiv regional censor, whose duties included censoring literature in foreign languages. In addition to Michael, the family had five children.

Bulgakov graduated from the First Alexander Gymnasium, distinguished high level education, and in 1909 he entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. In 1914, the First World War. After graduating from the university, in 1916, Bulgakov worked in a field hospital: first in Kamenetz-Podolsk, then in Cherepovets. In September 1916, Bulgakov was recalled from the front and sent to head the zemstvo Nikolskaya rural hospital in the Smolensk province, and in 1917 he was transferred to Vyazma. This period of the writer's life was reflected in Notes of a Young Doctor (1926). The protagonist of this work - an honest worker, a talented doctor - often saves patients in seemingly hopeless situations, acutely experiences the plight of poorly educated peasants from deep Smolensk villages and realizes his powerlessness to change anything for the better.

The February revolution disrupted the usual life. Bulgakov expressed his opinion about it in the essay "Kyiv-city" (1923). The aspiring writer noted that with the revolution "suddenly and menacingly history came." After October revolution he was released from military service and returned to Kyiv, which was soon occupied by German troops. Here Bulgakov plunged into the whirlpool of the Civil War. He was a good doctor, and both warring parties needed his services. In any situation, the young doctor remained true to humanistic ideals, and indignation gradually grew in his soul against the cruelty of the Petliurists and the Whites, subsequently reflected in the novel "The White Guard", in the stories "The Raid" and "On the Night of the 3rd", in plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Running". Honestly fulfilling his medical duty, Bulgakov became an unwitting witness to the brutal crimes in Vladikavkaz at the end of 1919. Not wanting to continue to take part in the war, in early 1920 he left the ranks of Denikin's army. Mikhail Afanasyevich decided to leave medicine forever and began to write articles for local newspapers. In the autumn of 1919, Bulgakov finished his first story. In the winter of 1919-1920, he wrote several stories and feuilletons. In one of them, known as "Tribute of Admiration", the author tells about street clashes in Kyiv during the revolution and the Civil War.

Shortly before the retreat of the Whites from Vladikavkaz, Bulgakov fell ill with relapsing fever. He recovered in the spring of 1920, when the city was already occupied by the Red Army. Since that time, Bulgakov began to collaborate in the arts department of the revolutionary committee, wrote plays for the Ossetian and Ingush theater troupes, reflecting the author's views on the revolution. The plays of this period of the writer's work were a one-day agitation and were created mainly in order to survive in difficult conditions. Vladikavkaz impressions of the writer were reflected in the story "Notes on the Cuffs".

In Tiflis, and later in Batumi, Bulgakov had the opportunity to emigrate. But he understood that at a difficult moment for the country, the place of the writer is next to the people. In 1921 Bulgakov moved to Moscow. Since the spring of 1922, his articles regularly appeared on the pages of Moscow newspapers and magazines. His satirical pamphlets and essays reflected the main signs of the post-revolutionary period. The main object of the writer's satire was the nouveau riche-nepmen - "the scum of the NEP" (the novels "Trillione?" and "The Cup of Life"), as well as representatives of the population, whose low cultural level the writer observed: residents of Moscow communal apartments, bazaar traders, bureaucratic employees and others . But Bulgakov also notices signs of a new time. So, in one of his essays, a schoolboy (a symbol of new trends) appears walking down the street with a brand new satchel.

In 1924, Bulgakov's story "Fatal Eggs" was published, the action of which the author transferred to an imaginary future - in 1928, when the results of the NEP became obvious, in particular, a sharp rise in the standard of living of the people. Professor Persikov made a truly great discovery that can bring great benefits to mankind. But, falling into the hands of semi-literate, self-confident people, that new bureaucracy that flourished magnificently in the era of war communism and strengthened its position during the NEP years, it turns into a tragedy. Almost all the heroes of Bulgakov's stories of the 1920s suffer failures. In his works, the author sought to convey to the reader the idea that society is not ready to accept new principles of relationships based on respect for hard work, culture and knowledge.

In the plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Running" (1925-1928), the writer showed that all the authorities that succeed each other in the Civil War are hostile to the intelligentsia. Heroes of plays typical representatives"new intelligentsia", who at first were wary of the revolution or fought against it. Bulgakov also referred to himself as a new layer and wrote about it with humor in the feuilleton “The Capital in a Notebook”: “After the revolution, a new, iron intelligentsia was born. She can load furniture, chop wood, and do x-rays. I believe it won't disappear! Will survive!

The writer sensitively reacted to all the changes in society, was very upset by injustice, doubted the conditionality of the measures taken, but did not stop believing in man. Together with the author, his characters doubted and experienced, which was unfavorably received by critics. In 1929, attacks on the writer intensified. All of his plays - "Days of the Turbins", the play-pamphlet "Crimson Island" and the everyday comedy "Zoyka's Apartment" - were removed from the stage. Finding himself in a difficult situation, Bulgakov decided to write a letter to the government asking for permission to travel abroad. Soon the writer had a conversation with Stalin, which resulted in the appointment of Bulgakov as an assistant director of the Moscow Art Theater. Performances of Bulgakov's plays reappeared on theater stages, and some time later a staging of "Dead Souls" was staged.

However, after 1927, not a single line of the writer appeared in the domestic press (with the exception of the translation of "The Miserly" by Moliere in 1938, and "The Seventh Dream" from the play "Running" in 1932), he was among the banned authors. But, despite this, Bulgakov did not allow the thought of leaving his homeland. Thoughts about emigration did not visit him even during the most difficult period of 1929-1930. In one of the letters, Mikhail Afanasyevich admitted: "... I am impossible on any other land except my own - the USSR, because I have been drawing from it for 11 years."

In 1933, Bulgakov made an attempt to publish his novel The Life of Monsieur de Molière in the ZhZL series, but another failure awaited him. After that, until his death, Bulgakov did not try to publish his works. He devoted himself to work on the novel The Master and Margarita, which was one of the greatest achievements of Russian and world prose of the 20th century. It took twelve years of the writer's life to work on this novel. The idea of ​​the work arose in the late 1920s as an attempt at artistic and philosophical understanding of new realities. socialist reality. The early versions of the novel seemed to the author not successful enough, for several years he returned to his characters again and again, inventing new scenes and conflicts. The plot completeness of the novel acquired only in 1932.

Having shown the doom of the white movement, the regularity of the transition of the intelligentsia to the side of Soviet power (the plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Running", the novel "The White Guard"), the danger that threatens society if a morally and culturally backward person acquires the right to impose his will on others (the story " Heart of a Dog”), Bulgakov made a discovery that became part of the system of Russian national values.

He, as a continuer of the best traditions of Russian and world literature, was characterized by pain for a person. The writer accepted only that literature that reflected the suffering of real heroes. The ideological core of literature for Bulgakov was humanism. And the true humanism of the works of a true master is dear and close to the reader at all times.

The writer lived his last years with a sense of ruined creative destiny. And although he continued to work actively, his works did not reach readers. This finally broke Bulgakov and led to an aggravation of the disease and an early death. He died on March 10, 1940 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.