One of the groups of fossil neoanthropes. Name comes from the grotto Cromagnon (Cromagnon) in the dep. Dordogne (France), where in 1868 it was discovered several. skeletons of people of this type. The bone remains of K. are known (since 1823) from the late Pleistocene of Europe. ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Modern Encyclopedia
- (from the name of the grotto Cro Magnon Cro Magnon, in France), the generalized name of fossil people modern look(neoanthropic) era Late Paleolithic. Known from bone remains discovered in all parts of the world. Appeared ok. 40 thousand years ago… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cro-Magnons- (Cro Magnons), prehistoric. people of modern kind ( Homo sapiens), who inhabited Europe ca. 35 10 thousand years ago. K. had a more massive physique than modern. man, but otherwise the same anatomical. x ki. Appeared in Europe approx. 35 thousand years ago, and ... ... The World History
Cro-Magnons- (from the name of the grotto Cro Magnon, Cro Magnon, in France), the most common of the fossil people of the modern species (neoanthropes) of the late Paleolithic. Known from skeletal remains mainly from Europe. Appeared about 40 thousand years ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Tsev; pl. (sing. Cro-Magnon, nza; m.). The general name of the people of the Late Paleolithic ● The name comes from the grotto of Cro-Magnon in France, where in 1868 the bones of the Cro-Magnon skeleton were found. ◁ Cro-Magnon, oh, oh. K th era, cave. * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary
A generalized name for people of the late Paleolithic era. The name comes from the Cro Magnon grotto in the Dordogne department (France), where in 1868 the French archaeologist and paleontologist L. Larte discovered K. S ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Cro-Magnons- the term is ambiguous: 1) in the narrow sense, Cro-Magnons are people found in the Cro-Magnon grotto (France) and lived about 30 thousand years ago; 2) in a broader sense, this is the entire population of Europe at the time Upper Paleolithic from 40 to 10 thousand years ago; 3)… … Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
- (by the name of the Cro Magnon cave in France, where the first fossil finds were made) people modern type, which existed in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene and differed sharply from the Neanderthals. New dictionary foreign words … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
A generalized name for people of the Late Paleolithic era. Name comes from the grotto Cro Magnon (Cro Magnon) in dep. Dordogne (France), where in 1868 the first finds of K. S. Anthropological were made. point of view K. belong to the modern. kind of person (Homo… … Soviet historical encyclopedia
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>>History: Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Appearance human races
Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. The emergence of human races.
4. The emergence of "reasonable man"
1. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons.
Appeared about 200-150 thousand years ago new type ancient human. Scientists called him "reasonable man" (on Latin"homo sapiens"). This type includes Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon.
The Neanderthal man was named after the place where his remains were first found in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany. He had strongly developed brow ridges, powerful protruding jaws with large teeth.
The Neanderthal could not speak clearly, because his vocal apparatus was underdeveloped. Neanderthals made stone tools and built primitive houses. They hunted large animals. Their clothes were animal skins. Neanderthals buried their dead in specially dug graves. For the first time, they had ideas about death as a transition to the afterlife.
For a long time it was believed that Neanderthals preceded the appearance of modern humans. IN last years scientists have found that Neanderthals lived for some time simultaneously with another type " reasonable man"- Cro-Magnon, whose remains were first found in the Cro-Magnon cave in France. Appearance and the Cro-Magnon brain was like modern people. The Cro-Magnons are our direct ancestors. Scientists they call Cro-Magnons, like modern people, "homo sapiens, sapiens", that is, "reasonable man, reasonable." This emphasizes that man is the owner of the most developed mind on our planet. Cro-Magnons appeared about 40 thousand years ago.
2. Mammoth hunters.
Approximately 100 thousand years ago, the Earth became colder and the last glacial period. Very cold periods of time alternated with periods of warming. The northern part of Europe, Asia, America was covered with a powerful glacier.
During the glaciation in Europe, only for a short summer period the earth thawed, and vegetation appeared on it. However, it was enough to feed large herbivores - mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison, reindeer. The hunting of these animals provided enough meat, fat and bones to feed people and even to heat and light their dwellings.
Hunting at that time became the most important occupation of the Cro-Magnons. They began to make tools not only from stone, but also from mammoth tusks and deer antlers. Tips made of deer antler with teeth bent at the base were attached to the spears. Such a spear was deeply stuck in the body of a wounded beast. Darts (short spears) pierced small animals. Fish were caught using wicker traps and harpoons with sharp tips.
People learned to sew clothes from fur. They invented bone needles, with which they sewed the skins of foxes, arctic foxes, wolves and smaller animals.
The inhabitants of the East European plains built houses from mammoth bones. The foundation of such a house was made of the skulls of huge animals.
3. Tribal communities.
It was impossible to hunt mammoth and other large animals, build houses from their bones alone. Dozens of people were required, organized and observing a certain discipline. People began to live in tribal communities. This community included several large families, forming a genus. Close and distant relatives formed a single team. The tribal community had common dwellings, tools, and food supplies. The men hunted together. Together they were engaged in the manufacture of tools and construction. special respect big family used by the mother. Initially, kinship was conducted through the maternal line. Skillfully made female figurines are often found in the habitats of ancient people. Women were engaged in gathering, preparing food and storing food stocks, maintaining a fire in the hearth, sewing clothes and, most importantly, raising children.
The tribal community, the clan considered themselves descended from one ancestor - a person, an animal or even a plant. The first ancestor of the clan was called a totem. The genus bore the name of its totem. There could be a kind of wolf, a kind of eagle, a kind of bear.
The communities were ruled by the wisest members of the clan - the elders. They had great life experience, kept ancient traditions and customs. The elders ensured that all members of the clan followed the established rules of conduct, so that no one claimed the share of another in the distribution of food, clothing and space in the dwelling.
children in tribal community brought up together. Children knew the customs of the family and followed them. When the boys grew up, they had to pass tests in order to be accepted as adult male hunters. The boy had to remain silent under the hail of blows. They made incisions on his body, rubbed the ashes into them, colored earth and plant juices. The boy had to spend several days and nights alone in the thicket of the forest. Much had to be endured in order to become a real man of the family.
4. The emergence of human races.
With the advent of the Cro-Magnon man, human race: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid. Representatives of different races differ in skin color, eye shape, hair color and type, skull length and shape, body proportions.
The Caucasoid (Eurasian) race is characterized by bright skin, wide slit eyes, soft hair on the head, narrow and sharply protruding nose. Men grow beards and mustaches. In the Mongoloid (Asian-American) race, yellowish or reddish skin, straight black hair, the absence of facial hair in men, a narrow slit of the eyes, and high cheekbones are special features. Negroid race distinguished by dark skin, curly coarse hair, a wide nose, thick lips.
External differences are of secondary importance. All races have equal opportunities for development.
Even before the first civilizations, the peoples of the Caucasian race were divided into large groups: Semites and Indo-Europeans. The Semites got their name from the name of the biblical Shem (Sema), the son of Patriarch Noah. They populated the Middle East North Africa. Modern Semitic peoples include Arabs and Jews. The Indo-Europeans (they are also called Aryans) settled over a vast territory, occupying Europe, Northern and part of Central India, Iran, Central Asia, peninsula Asia Minor. TO Indo-European peoples Indians, Iranians, Hittites, Celts, Greeks, Romans, as well as Slavs and Germans belonged. The languages they spoke are called Indo-European.
IN AND. Ukolova, L.P. Marinovich, History, Grade 5
Submitted by readers from Internet sites
They differed not only in physical features. The Cro-Magnons had a much more perfect culture. The technique of making tools has grown immeasurably. They began to be made from plates - specially prepared narrow and long blanks, which made it possible to manufacture much more elegant and diverse tools than the Mousterian pointed ones.
Neoanthrope's home.
State Darwin Museum, Moscow.
Photo courtesy of the Darwin Museum.
The Cro-Magnons also widely used animal bones for making tools. As a result, the diversity of cultures of the Upper Paleolithic exceeds the Mousterian variations unreasonably: if the Mousterian tools in France and Altai are almost indistinguishable, then in the Upper Paleolithic era, even neighboring groups of people could have sharply different tools. The technical equipment of people has grown - already at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era, a spear thrower appeared, and at the end - a bow and arrows. Much less is known about the population of Africa and Asia during the Upper Paleolithic than about the population of Europe. However, they were fundamentally similar both biologically and culturally.
The most significant phenomenon is the flowering of Upper Paleolithic art. In the caves of France, Spain, Italy and the Urals, excellent examples of rock art have been preserved, in the layers of sites from Brittany to Baikal, statuettes of people and animals made of bones, mammoth tusks and limestone were found. The handles of knives and spear-throwers were decorated with intricate carvings. Clothes were decorated with beads and painted with ocher.
Art, apparently, had a magical significance at that time. Images of animals are accompanied by signs of arrows and spears, designed to facilitate the upcoming hunt. Judging by the traces of teenagers in the clay in front of the cave paintings, initiation into hunters was also carried out here. Of course, we can only speculate true value these traces of the spiritual life of our ancestors, but its richness and fundamental similarity of the psyche of the people of those times with ours is undeniable.
The settlements of the Upper Paleolithic people were usually regularly visited hunting camps. Dwellings were built here, the life of society went on, rituals were performed, the dead were buried. Ritual practice has reached its peak. In the grave with the deceased, the Cro-Magnons put tools, spears, stone knives, and numerous decorations. At the same time, the burial was often covered with red ocher, sometimes covered with mammoth bones from above. Obviously, at this time, ideas about the afterlife arise.
In the Upper Paleolithic era, man tamed the wolf, turning it into a dog. So man himself began to actively influence the process of speciation in animals, through artificial selection.
17. Evolution of the primate brain
However, in a herd of primates, with a certain level of intelligence, exceptions become possible. Either at the stage of a prosperous life of the herd, when there are some collective restrictions on the aggressiveness of mutual behavior, or under the protection of parents, the next brain defect turns out to be viable. Namely: reduced to about two times the share of personality! Once again: we do not pay attention to the division of the brain and the lobes of the personality into two parts, into two hemispheres. Let's call such individuals as "Forzee".
The mechanism of their formation is as follows. The Forzei phenomenon in its genetics is not limited to any one option. The shares of personality can be reduced from birth according to the most different reasons. The main ones are: 1) both half-lobes (on the right and left) to be reduced, or 2) the share on one side is completely absent, or 3) some other more complex option. The first option is the most important. In this case, the decrease in the shares of the personality may occur due to the fact that one of the two mutually growing "branches" of the brain lobe did not grow (see above, again, not to be confused with the hemispheres!). As a result, the entire fraction of "personality" consists of one branch, of cells built by only one set of chromosomes. But both "hemispheres" of the personality, both hemispheres are preserved, although they are reduced. This option is more viable, because it is a whole organism and is turned on at full capacity immediately from birth. In the second case, also due to a regressive mutation, the right or left lobe of the "personality" turns out to be non-functioning, or one lobe is absent altogether. This case, in principle, is more difficult, because the connection between the "half of the personality" and the unused half of the resources is established hard and not immediately, already in the years mature life. But an even more powerful end result is possible here.
From the foregoing, one can draw absolutely natural conclusions. The first stone to throw at an opponent (because of the female) or to throw him at the game was taken by Forzee. They also took the first stick in their hands. They sharpened the stick. And they tied a stone to a stick. And they learned to keep the fire going. And they learned how to make clothes from skins. And in general, they, Forzi, opened all stages of development of human technologies. They have always been at the forefront of evolution. They set the bar for all technologies, and then to this bar, already Evolutionarily, with natural selection, after many millennia and hundreds of generations, the whole flock or herd was pulled up. Under their leadership, some herds of primates defeated others, in which there were more cruel morals and in which the Forzeys couldn't survive, in which the Forzeys were killed. And it was precisely those herds in which Forzee could survive that won, this is the greatest truth. That is, less aggressive within themselves. Think of the American Indians who practiced cruelty.
In their psychology, Forzee differ from normal individuals. They have a different architecture of the brain, a different system of values. Therefore, when choosing a sexual partner (partner), they are also closer to individuals - Forzi. However, then the banal laws of genetics come into play. The offspring of two spouses - forzee breaks up into three branches. 1) Also Forzi is 50% of the number of children. 2) Normal full-fledged individuals, not Forzi - this is 25% of the number of children. 3) And, finally, individuals carrying a repetition of a personality genetic defect in both sets of chromosomes. That is, individuals with virtually no brain lobes of personality. We'll call them Mankers. These are deeply defective creatures, unable to carry at least some role in the herd and quickly dying in nature.
Yes, Forzei have always been instinctively hated in the herd, because they are very different from the usual individuals. They were often exterminated "under the root" along with their families. But Forzy is a negative mutation, it happens here and there all the time and gives life to new Forzes. And consequently, it gives a new impetus to human evolution.
BC e) they settled in Europe, and lived simultaneously with the last representatives of the Neanderthals.
The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era includes the so-called Paleolithic revolution- the transition to a more advanced technology for the production and use of tools, which occurred about 40 thousand years BC. During this period there was an explosive flowering of intellectual and cultural activities associated with the wide spread of people of the modern physical type, who replaced the ancient types of people. Bones were first found in the Cro-Magnon Grotto in France.
It is surprising that for tens of thousands of years, pre-Cro-Magnon humanity has not undergone any changes. At the same time by modern ideas to form the features of the Cro-Magnon skeleton, isolation and a huge number of years are needed.
Evolutionary anthropologists believe that the Cro-Magnon population was between 1 and 10 million people, and in 100 thousand years they should have buried about 4 billion bodies with related artifacts. A significant part of the burials of these 4 billion should have been preserved. However, only a few thousand have been found.
Another ambiguity is the extinction of the Neanderthal. One of the dominant hypotheses about the causes of its extinction is the displacement (i.e. destruction) of its Cro-Magnon competitor on ecological niche, which occurred about 30 thousand years ago.
Cro-Magnon food
It has been established that the diet of a person of the late Paleolithic era (40-12 thousand years ago), who lived in Europe, consisted of wild fruits, vegetables, deciduous plants, roots, nuts, and lean meat. The results of anthropological studies clearly show that in the course of human evolution big role belonged to a diet containing little fat, very little sugar, but including a large number of fiber and polysaccharides. The cholesterol content of bushmeat approximates that of livestock meat, but bushmeat contains an almost ideal ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Late Paleolithic people consumed a lot of animal protein at the expense of meat, which contributed to physical development and rapid puberty, but not longevity. An analysis of the remains of ancient people revealed characteristic diseases caused by malnutrition, in particular, beriberi, and their life expectancy averaged 30 years.
One way or another, due to the fact that meat food prevailed in the Cro-Magnon diet, they were more stately than their descendants (and ancestors), who preferred plant foods.
Cro-Magnon culture
Religion
From the end of 40 thousand BC. the heyday of the Matriarchy also began - associated with the Cro-Magnons and known mainly from excavations in Europe. The worship of the mother goddess was not just a local cult, but a global phenomenon. material from the site
Cave painting (rock)
During the life of the Cro-Magnons, there is a flourishing of cave (rock) painting, the peak of which was reached in 15-17 thousand BC. (gallery of cave drawings of Lascaux and Altamira).
A fresco in Altamira depicts a herd of bison and other
Niramin - Aug 24th, 2016
The Cro-Magnons inhabited the Earth in the Upper Paleolithic (40-10 thousand years ago) and were the direct ancestors of modern people. The structure of their skull and hands, brain volume, body proportions were similar to ours. For the first time, the remains of these ancient people were discovered in the second half of the 19th century in France, in the grotto of Cro-Magnon, from which the name "Cro-Magnon" arose.
The ancestors of modern people made a dramatic breakthrough in evolution and far surpassed their predecessors in development. They knew how to make complex tools: needles, scrapers, drills, spearheads, bows and arrows, using not only wood and stone, but also horns, bones and tusks of animals. The Cro-Magnons knew how to sew clothes, make dishes from baked clay, and even created skillful jewelry and figurines. They highly valued art, engaged in bone carving and decorated the walls and ceilings of their dwellings. rock art. Scientists never cease to be amazed at the technique, materials and craftsmanship of cave paintings.
The lifestyle of the Cro-Magnon was significantly different from other ancient people. Cro-Magnons also lived mainly in caves, but already knew how to build huts from animal bones and skins. The first domestic animal - a dog - appeared in this era. The Cro-Magnons were fluent in speech, which allowed them to build new social relationships.
Cro-Magnons in the parking lot. 
Photo: Cro-Magnon (Cro-Magnon). Reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov. 
Cro-Magnon skull.
Video: Evolution: Cro-Magnons
