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Immovable cultural heritage as a phenomenon of material culture. The concept and meaning of cultural heritage

Immovable cultural heritage as a phenomenon of material culture. The concept and meaning of cultural heritage

25.02.2019

Legislation on the protection of historical and cultural heritage regulates public relations on the establishment of organizational, legal and economic guarantees for the creation, preservation, distribution and popularization of works of material and spiritual culture, the preservation and transfer of cultural traditions, the protection of historical and cultural values in order to revive and develop the Belarusian national culture and cultures of the national communities of Belarus as an integral part of the universal culture.

In the Republic of Belarus, scientific research is also being carried out on the problems of protecting cultural heritage, primarily historical and architectural, related to the problems of conservation and restoration. certain types monuments. However, there is no specialized research institution dealing with the problems of protection of cultural monuments in our country. Most of the research is carried out on the basis of universities and academic institutions.

However, the results of the research did not lead to the final formation of a stable conceptual apparatus: legislative definitions allow many discrepancies, contain internal contradictions, and do not accurately reflect the content of concepts.

In science, the basic legal concepts of this sphere have long been discussed. The greatest problems arise with the definition and differentiation of the concepts of "cultural values", "historical and cultural values", "monuments of history and culture", "historical and cultural heritage". With the adoption of each new normative act, there is a confusion of concepts, which ultimately causes problems with the practical implementation of legal norms. Moreover, a similar situation is noted in international legal acts, as well as in foreign legislation.

It seems that one should proceed from the fact that the concepts of "cultural value" and "monuments of culture" (historical and cultural value) do not coincide.

Cultural values act as the objectified results of human creativity, which, being the result of universal labor, serve as a link between different generations of people and always have a specific historical character, being a factor in the formation of the type of personality necessary for society.3

The definition of cultural property can also be found in customs legislation. In accordance with paragraph 7 of Art. eighteen Customs Code In the Republic of Belarus, cultural values are objects and values of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value (i.e., values are determined through their value). Such a special list is formed only for the purposes of regulating the movement of cultural property across the customs border of the Republic of Belarus.

In all other cases, it is necessary to proceed from the ratio of cultural values and cultural monuments (historical and cultural values) as a whole and a part.

Thus, cultural values are material objects produced by a person or closely related to his activity and intangible manifestations of human creativity that have an artistic, historical, scientific or other cultural significance. Monuments are cultural values that are taken under the protection of the state by including them in the State lists and establishing a special regime of protection and use. As for the historical and cultural heritage, it is a collective concept that includes the most distinctive results and evidence of the historical and spiritual development of the people of Belarus, embodied in cultural values.

Obviously, not every cultural value can be considered a monument. The assignment of an object to the number of monuments entails legal consequences: it is taken under the protection of the state. And it is from this that it is necessary to proceed when determining the legal regime of an object of historical and cultural heritage.

Thus, objects that have a combination of two features are recognized as monuments: cultural significance and legal recognition as such.

With the adoption of the 1992 Law "On the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Belarus", the concept of "historical and cultural value" was introduced into scientific and practical circulation, which began to be called all monuments registered with the state.

The said law provides the following definitions of historical and cultural heritage and historical and cultural values.

Historical and cultural heritage - a set of the most distinctive results and evidence of the historical, cultural and spiritual development of the people of Belarus, embodied in historical and cultural values.

Historical and cultural values - material objects (material historical and cultural values) and intangible manifestations of human creativity (intangible historical and cultural values), which have outstanding spiritual, artistic and (or) documentary merits and which have been assigned the status of historical and cultural values.

Now, by applying various criteria for classifying objects of cultural heritage, we will try to reveal the content of the basic concepts.

Cultural values are divided into:

1) Material values, the material embodiment of which is their essence;

In turn, the material is divided into:

Movable (material values, the movement of which in space is not associated with changes in their essence and technical condition);

Immovable (material values, the movement of which is associated with the implementation of a number of engineering measures and leads to a partial or complete loss of their features).

2) Intangible values (spiritual values), the possible material embodiment of which does not have a significant impact on their essence;

In turn, intangible are divided into:

Fixed spiritual values, the essence of which can be completely fixed and does not depend on further fate their creators;

Embodied spiritual values, the essence or distinctive advantages of which are completely or partially lost with the disappearance of their creators, bearers or a change in the social conditions of their existence.

According to the law "On the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Belarus" (Article 13), the following monuments belong to material historical and cultural values:

1. documentary monuments - acts of state bodies, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, ancient and other manuscripts and archives, rare printed publications.

2. protected areas - topographically designated areas or landscapes created by man or nature.

3. monuments of archeology - these are fortified settlements (ancient cities, settlements, castles), unfortified settlements (parking lots, settlements, separate dwellings), burial mounds and soil burial grounds, individual burials, necropolises, mausoleums, fortifications, places of worship (temples, monasteries, shrines, places of worship, stone crosses, cult stones, stone statues, obelisks), ancient production and economic facilities and structures, infrastructure of land and waterways, coin and clothing treasures, cultural layer, including all movable and immovable objects contained in it , as well as at the bottom of natural and artificial reservoirs.

4. monuments of urban planning - building, planning structure or fragments settlements(together with environment, incl. cultural layer). Monuments of urban planning, as a rule, are complex historical and cultural values.

5. monuments of architecture - buildings, structures and other objects of economic, industrial, military or religious purposes, separate or combined into complexes and ensembles (together with the environment), objects of folk architecture, as well as works of monumental, pictorial, related to these objects, arts and crafts and gardening art, an example of an architectural monument is the Kamenetskaya tower (“Belaya Vezha”) in the Brest region.

6. monuments of art - works of fine, decorative, applied and other types of art.

7. Monuments of art can be either movable (an iconostasis in a church or a painting) or immovable (for example, a monument to soldiers-internationalists in the Trinity suburb in Minsk or a bust of Eliza Orzeshko in Grodno).

In addition, cultural monuments (churches, churches) or ancient buildings, mansions as part of palace and park ensembles are decorated with art monuments. This category of monuments includes decorative trim Nicholas Church in Mogilev. As a rule, busts and tombstones erected in honor of prominent figures of the state, as well as the interior of places of worship are recognized as monuments of art.

8. historical monuments - buildings, structures, as well as memorial apartments and other objects associated with the most important historical events, the development of society and the state, international relations, with the development of science and technology, culture and life, with the life of prominent political, state, military figures, figures of science, literature and art.

The number of historical monuments also includes those available in virtually every settlement mass graves, mounds of Glory, busts of prominent figures and graves, burial places of those who died for the freedom and independence of the Motherland.

The historical necropolis consists of individual cemeteries, graves and burials, complexes of graves and burials of prominent statesmen and military figures, folk heroes, figures of science, literature and art, mass graves and burials of soldiers and citizens who died for the freedom and independence of the Motherland.

A historical city is an urban settlement within the territory of which immovable objects of historical and cultural heritage are located. These are monuments, ensembles, places of interest, sites of the archaeological cultural layer, elements of historical development and planning, as well as other cultural values created in the past and representing aesthetic, socio-cultural, historical, archaeological, architectural, urban planning or other value acquired in the process. historical development of the city. The historical city represents an integral territory.

Currently, the historical buildings of 9 cities of Belarus are included in the State List as a historical and cultural value, that is, they represent an integral urban planning ensemble protected by law. Cities with high historical and cultural potential include regional centers, as well as Novogrudok, Polotsk, Slutsk, Bobruisk, Lida. In medium and small cities of Belarus, and there are about 130 of them (for example, Zaslavl, Turov, etc.), historical zones occupy from a third to a half total area urban area.

In October 2003, the UNESCO Convention “On the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage” was adopted, to which Belarus acceded on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 627 of December 29, 2004. and the definition of spiritual values described above does not have an exact correspondence with international legal acts. In order to be convinced of this, let us turn to international legal acts.

Intangible cultural heritage (“non-material”, “intangible” heritage) is the customs, representations and expressions, knowledge and skills, as well as associated tools, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, by individuals as part of their cultural heritage. Such intangible cultural heritage, passed down from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups based on their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and instills in them a sense of identity and continuity, thereby promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.

At the national level, 71 objects of spiritual historical and cultural values (coats of arms, folk traditions and etc.).

Classification of cultural monuments according to the degree of significance:

1. monuments of world significance;

2. monuments of local importance;

3. monuments of republican significance.

Such a gradation of monuments was directly enshrined in the Belarusian legislation (State List of Historical and Cultural Values of the Republic of Belarus) by assigning a certain category of value to each object.

Depending on the properties, the objects (values) accepted for state registration are divided into categories:

The State List of Historical and Cultural Values of the Republic of Belarus in 2010 included 5257 immovable heritage sites, of which 1649 are architectural monuments; historical monuments 1187; monuments of art 60; archaeological monuments 2346. In 2011 - 5278 immovable heritage sites, of which 1661 architectural monuments; monuments of history 1192; monuments of art 61; monuments of archeology 2349. Among the regions of the republic, most of all immovable heritage sites included in the State List of Historical and Cultural Property are located in the Mogilev region.

The highest category "0" is assigned unique monument, which is a universal value in terms of history, art, science, aesthetics, ethnology and anthropology. The highest category "0" was assigned to the Mir Castle, which in 2000 was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The highest category of value also has: Kolozhskaya (Borisoglebskaya) church of the 12th century. in Grodno; the complex of the Jesuit church in the city of Nesvizh; palace and park ensemble in Nesvizh; Kamenets tower of the 13th century in the Brest region; Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Church of the 12th century in Polotsk; defense-type church in the village of Synkovichi; arc of the Struve meridian in the Brest region.

4 names were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in the Republic of Belarus - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (in 1992), Mir Castle (in 2000), the Struve Geodetic Arc (in 2005), the Palace and Park Complex of the Radziwills in Nesvezh (in 2005).

It should be said that the Law “On the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage” does not prescribe the procedure for entering the historical and cultural values of Belarus into the World Heritage List. The inclusion of a national object in it is a matter of pride and prestige of the state.

Belarus is a multinational state. Since ancient times, people have lived in our country different nationalities and religions. In accordance with Art. 10 of the Law "On National Minorities in the Republic of Belarus", monuments of history and culture of national minorities on the territory of the Republic of Belarus are part of Belarusian culture and are protected by the state in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. Cultural minorities (national, ethnic, religious and other communities, organizations and groups) as collective carriers of culture, equal subjects of cultural activities themselves are also cultural values and are subject to international and national legal protection. The law defines the same protection regime for monuments of unconditional Belarusian origin and cultural values of other peoples located in our country.

The study of the genesis of cultural heritage makes it possible to subdivide monuments into four groups. The first includes objects specially created for the purpose of perpetuating an event or person (for example, the Khatyn memorial complex). The second group includes monuments recognized as having cultural or historical significance in the context of the events associated with them (for example, the building of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP in Minsk). The third group consists of objects endowed with outstanding distinctive qualities (for example, monuments of art, urban planning ensembles, architectural creations). And, finally, the fourth group includes values due to temporary historical factor(archaeological objects, antiques, archival documents).

Realizing the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of other peoples, the states have concluded a number of international treaties. One of the main tasks to be solved within the framework of such interstate agreements is to ensure the equal rights of national minorities to enjoy the achievements of culture - the world culture, the country of residence and their own nationality. The potential of monuments of other peoples and national minorities should be involved in the cultural circulation of Belarus.

The authentic cultural symbols of Russia do not need too much introduction. The world cultural heritage sites presented on this page are among the most significant sites ever created by man. Their exceptional man-made beauty and unsurpassed aesthetic importance will amaze even the most sophisticated connoisseur of beauty.

In 1990, the Moscow Kremlin, along with the Red Square adjacent to it, the historical center of St. All these objects, which Russia is especially proud of, were recognized as "a masterpiece of human creative genius." By the way, several other Russian architectural creations deserve such a high criterion: the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, the white stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, the Ferapontov Monastery in the Vologda Region.

The true symbol of Russia - the Moscow Kremlin - needs no introduction. Everyone who has ever been to Moscow must have visited Red Square and the Kremlin itself. It is worth recalling that this is the oldest part of the city. It was here, on Borovitsky Hill, that Prince Yuri Dolgoruky founded his manor-fortress.

All guests of the northern capital, and first of all, foreign ones, note that St. Petersburg is the most beautiful and artistically integral city in the world. A logical layout, including strict straight streets and numerous canals (over 400 of them), bridges, embankments, parks. And, of course, outstanding monuments of palace and church architecture, monumental sculpture. In world heritage included not only the historical center, but also the palace and park ensembles of its suburbs - the most luxurious Peterhof, Pushkin (Tsarskoe Selo), Strelna, Gatchina, founded by Peter I, as well as the historical part of Kronstadt with its fortress and forts and the Shlisselburg fortress.

Kizhi churchyard, or Spaso-Preobrazhensky churchyard, located in Karelia, is a unique masterpiece of northern wooden architecture. The "nail" of the ensemble - the Church of the Transfiguration - was built in 1714 ... without a single nail. According to the legend, it was built with one ax, which the master then threw into the lake, and initially without nails. Today, the Kizhi Pogost is a small space enclosed by a wooden wall, inside which there are unique buildings, different in height and shape. They make up a single and extremely picturesque ensemble, which fits perfectly into the harsh northern landscape.

But not only the center of Russia is rich in World Heritage. The "third capital of Russia", Kazan, also gave civilization a unique Kremlin. In its historical development, it has gone through several stages lasting a millennium. The wooden fortress arose at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, in the 12th century it was rebuilt into a stone one. From the second half of the 13th century until the middle of the 16th century, the Kremlin served as the center of the Kazan Principality as part of the Golden Horde, and then the Kazan Khanate. And then Kazan, after a long siege, was captured by the troops of Ivan the Terrible and the Kremlin was reconstructed again. Today, the Kazan Kremlin is an outstanding example of the synthesis of different artistic styles and demonstrates the interpenetration of different cultures (Bulgarian, Golden Horde, Tatar, Russian, possibly Italian), and reflects the originality of different - replacing one another - historical eras.

Editorial Russia-Open presents you the Russian "masterpieces of human creative genius".

Culture Preservation

They form the living environment of a person, they are the main and indispensable conditions for his existence. Nature is the foundation, and culture is the very building of human existence. Nature ensures the existence of man as a physical being., being a "second nature", makes this existence properly human. It allows a person to become intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative personality. Therefore, the preservation of culture is as natural and necessary as the preservation of nature.

The ecology of nature is inseparable from the ecology of culture. If nature accumulates, preserves and transmits the genetic memory of a person, then culture does the same with his social memory. Violation of the ecology of nature threatens the human genetic code, leads to its degeneration. Violation of the ecology of culture has a destructive effect on the existence of a person, leading to his degradation.

Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage represents in fact main way existence of culture. What is not included in the cultural heritage ceases to be culture and eventually ceases to exist. During his life, a person manages to master, transfer into his inner world only a small fraction of the cultural heritage. The latter remains after him for other generations, acting as the common property of all people, of all mankind. However, it can only be so if it is preserved. Therefore, the preservation of cultural heritage to a certain extent coincides with the preservation of culture in general.

As a problem, the protection of cultural heritage exists for all societies. However, it is more acute for Western society. The East in this sense differs essentially from the West.

History of the Eastern World was evolutionary, without radical, revolutionary breaks in gradualism. It rested on continuity, centuries-honored traditions and customs. Eastern society quite calmly moved from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, from paganism to monotheism, having done this back in Antiquity.

All of its subsequent history can be defined as "the eternal Middle Ages." The position of religion as the foundation of culture remained unshakable. The East moved forward, turning its gaze back to the past. The value of cultural heritage was not questioned. Its preservation acted as something natural, self-evident. The problems that arose were mainly of a technical or economic nature.

History of Western society, on the contrary, was marked by deep, radical breaks. She often forgot about succession. The transition of the West from Antiquity to the Middle Ages was tumultuous. It was accompanied by significant large-scale destruction, the loss of many achievements of Antiquity. Western " christianity"asserted itself on the ruins of the ancient, pagan, often literally: many architectural monuments Christian cultures were built from the ruins of destroyed ancient temples. The Middle Ages, in turn, was rejected by the Renaissance. The new era was becoming more and more futuristic. highest value the future stood out for him, while the past was resolutely rejected. Hegel declared that modernity pays all its debts to the past and becomes indebted to nothing.

The French philosopher M. Foucault proposes to consider the Western culture of the New Age from the point of view of radical shifts, outside the principles of historicism and continuity. He singles out several eras in it, believing that they do not have any common history. Each era has its own history, which immediately and unexpectedly "opens" at its beginning and just as suddenly, unexpectedly "closes" at its end. New cultural era does not owe anything to the previous one and does not transfer anything to the next one. History is characterized by "radical discontinuity".

Since the Renaissance, religion in Western culture has been losing its role and significance, it has been increasingly pushed to the sidelines of life. Its place is taken by science, the power of which is becoming more complete and absolute. Science is primarily interested in the new, the unknown, it is turned to the future. She is often indifferent to the past.

History of Russian culture more western than eastern. Perhaps to a lesser extent, but it was also accompanied sharp turns and discontinuities. Its evolution was complicated by the geopolitical position of Russia: being between the West and the East, it tossed and torn between the western and eastern paths of development, not without difficulty finding and asserting its originality. Therefore, the problem of attitude and preservation of cultural heritage has always existed, sometimes becoming quite acute.

One of those moments was time of Peter 1. With his reforms, he sharply turned Russia to the West, sharply exacerbating the problem of attitudes towards its past. However, for all the radicalism of his transformations, Peter did not at all strive for a complete rejection of Russia's past, of its cultural heritage. On the contrary, it is under him that the problem of protecting cultural heritage for the first time appears as quite conscious and extremely important. It also takes concrete practical measures to preserve cultural heritage.

Yes, in late XVII in. by decree of Peter, measurements are made and drawings of ancient Buddhist temples in Siberia are taken. Quite remarkable is the fact that in the years when stone construction was prohibited in Russia - in addition to St. Petersburg - Peter issued a special permit for such construction in Tobolsk. In his decree, he notes on this occasion that the construction of the Tobolsk Kremlin is not aimed at defense and military operations, but at showing the greatness and beauty of Russian construction, that the creation of a road leading through Tobolsk to China means the road to the people who are and should be forever friend of Russia.

Started by Peter I finds continuation and under Catherine II. It issues decrees on measurements, research and accounting of buildings of historical and artistic value, as well as on drawing up plans and descriptions of ancient cities and on the preservation of archeological monuments.

Active attempts to take into account and protect monuments of antiquity and nature were made by the leading figures of Russia already in the 18th century. Some of them are successful.

In particular, archival data testify that in 1754, residents of Moscow and nearby villages and villages appealed to St. Petersburg to the Berg Collegium with a complaint and demands to take measures to protect them from disasters brought by ironworks built and being built in Moscow and around her. According to numerous authors of the appeal, these plants lead to the destruction of forests. scare away animals, pollute rivers and harass fish. In response to this request, an order was issued to withdraw and stop the new construction of ironworks for 100 miles in a circle from Moscow. The term for the withdrawal was set at one year, and in case of failure to comply with the order, the factory property was subject to confiscation in favor of the state.

Attention to the protection of natural and cultural heritage increased significantly in the 19th century. Along with private decisions, which were in the majority, general state resolutions regulating construction and other activities were also adopted. As an example, we can point to the binding Construction Regulations adopted in the 19th century, which prohibited the demolition or repair, leading to the distortion of buildings erected in the 18th century, as well as the decree on awarding the Order of Vladimir I degree to persons who planted and raised at least 100 acres of forest.

An important role in the protection of natural and cultural heritage was played by public, scientific organizations: Moscow Archaeological Society (1864), Russian historical society(1866), the Society for the Protection and Preservation of Monuments of Art and Antiquity in Russia (1909), etc. At their congresses, these organizations discussed the problems of protecting historical and cultural heritage. They were engaged in the development of legislation on the protection of monuments, raised the issue of creating state bodies for the protection cultural and historical values. Among these organizations, the activities of the Moscow Archaeological Society deserve special mention.

This Society included not only archaeologists, but also architects, artists, writers, historians, and art historians. The main tasks of the Society were the study of ancient monuments of Russian antiquity and "protecting them not only from destruction and destruction, but also from distortion by repairs, extensions and restructuring."

Solving assigned tasks. The society created 200 volumes of scientific works, which contributed to a deep understanding of the exceptional value of the national historical and cultural heritage and the need to preserve it.

No less impressive were the practical results of the Society's activities. Thanks to his efforts, it was possible to preserve the ensemble of the Manor on Bersenevskaya Embankment and the buildings of Kitay-Gorod in Moscow, fortifications in Kolomna, the Assumption Cathedral in Zvenigorod, the Church of the Intercession on Perli, the Church of Lazar of Murom in Kizhi and many others.

Along with the study and preservation of monuments, the Society made a significant contribution to promoting the achievements of Russian culture. In particular, on his initiative, a monument was erected to the outstanding Russian educator, pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov (the author is the sculptor S. Volnukhin), which still adorns the center of Moscow. The authority of the Moscow Archaeological Society was so high that almost nothing was done without its knowledge and consent. If something was started and threatened any monument, then the Society intervened resolutely and put things in order.

At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia Basic laws have already been developed on the protection of monuments of art and antiquity, on the protection of nature and on the organization of natural and historical reserves. The draft law on the protection of ancient monuments in Russia (1911) and N. Roerich's pact on the need for an international solution to the issue of protecting cultural property were published. It should be emphasized that Roerich's pact was the first document in world practice that raised this issue to a global problem. This pact was adopted by the League of Nations only in 1934, having received the not entirely fair name - the "Washington Pact".

The adoption of the law "On the Protection of Monuments in Russia" was prevented by the First World War. True, its adoption could be problematic, since in its original version it affected the rights private property, including an article on "compulsory alienation of immovable monuments of antiquity, which are in private possession."

After October revolution the situation with the preservation of cultural heritage has deteriorated sharply. The Civil War that followed the revolution resulted in the destruction and looting of a huge number of monuments within the country, as well as the uncontrolled export of cultural property abroad. The workers and peasants did this out of revenge and hatred for their former oppressors. Other social strata participated in this for purely selfish purposes. Saving the national cultural heritage required energetic and decisive measures from the authorities.

Already in 1918, decrees with legislative force were issued Soviet power on the prohibition of the export and sale abroad of objects of special artistic and historical significance, as well as on the registration, registration and preservation of monuments of art and antiquity. Particular attention is paid to the protection of monuments of landscape art and historical and artistic landscape. It should be noted that such legislative provisions on monuments of landscape gardening and landscape art were the first in the world practice. At the same time, a special state body for museums and the protection of monuments is being created.

The measures taken have yielded positive results. For four years, 431 private collections have been registered in Moscow and the Moscow region alone, 64 antique shop, 501 churches and monasteries, 82 estates.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 inflicted Soviet Union huge damage. The Nazi invaders deliberately and purposefully destroyed the most valuable architectural monuments and plundered works of art. The ancient Russian cities of Pskov, Novgorod, Chernigov, Kyiv, as well as the palace and park ensembles of the suburbs of Leningrad, were especially hard hit.

Their restoration began even before the end of the war. Despite severe hardships and enormous difficulties, society found the strength to revive the historical and cultural heritage. This was facilitated by a government decree adopted in 1948, according to which measures aimed at improving the protection of cultural monuments were significantly expanded and deepened. In particular, now cultural monuments included not only free-standing buildings and structures, but also cities, settlements or parts of them that have historical and urban planning value.

From 60-X gg. protection of cultural monuments is carried out in close interaction and cooperation with international organizations and the world community. Let us note that our experience is widely reflected in such an international document as the “Charter of Venice” adopted in 1964, dedicated to preservation of monuments of culture and art.

Back to top 70s The protection of cultural and natural heritage is already fully recognized by the world community as one of the global problems of our time. On the initiative UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Committee The Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of Humanity (1972) and the Recommendation for the Preservation of Historic Ensembles (1976) were adopted. The result was the creation of a system of international cultural cooperation, which was headed by the said Committee. Its responsibilities include compiling a list of outstanding monuments of world culture and assisting participating States in ensuring the preservation of relevant sites.

To this list made: Moscow and Novgorod Kremlins; Trinity-Sergius Lavra: Golden Gate, Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir; the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl and the Stair Tower of the Chambers of Andrei Bogolyubsky in the village of Bogomolov; Spaso-Efimiev and Pokrovsky monasteries; Cathedral of the Nativity; Bishops' chambers in Suzdal; Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha; as well as the historical and architectural ensemble on the island of Kizhi, the center of St. Petersburg, etc.

In addition to assistance in the conservation and protection of monuments, the Committee also provides assistance in their study, providing sophisticated equipment and experts.

In addition to those mentioned, the International Council for the Conservation also works in close cooperation with UNESCO. historical sites and historical monuments - ICOMOS. founded in 1965 and bringing together specialists from 88 countries. Its tasks include protection, restoration and conservation of monuments. On his initiative, recent times adopted a number of important documents aimed at improving the security business around the world. These include the Florence International Charter for the Protection of Historic Gardens (1981); International Charter for the Protection of Historic Sites (1987): International Charter for the Protection and Use of the Archaeological Heritage (1990).

Among non-governmental organizations, it is worth highlighting the International Center for Research in the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, known as the Rome Center - ICCROM, whose members are 80 countries, including Russia.

The main problems and tasks in the preservation of the cultural heritage of Russia

In our country, two organizations currently play a leading role in the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. The first is the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIK; founded in 1966, it is a voluntary and public organization that implements the programs "Russian Estate", "Temples and Monasteries", "Russian Necropolis". "Russian Abroad". Society publishes 1980 the magazine "Monuments of the Fatherland".

The second is the Russian Cultural Foundation, established in 1991, which finances a number of programs and projects, including the Small Towns of Russia program. For amplification scientific side security affairs in 1992, the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage was established. Its tasks include the identification, study, conservation, use and promotion of cultural and natural heritage.

In 1992, the Commission for the Restitution of Cultural Property was established to settle mutual claims between Russia and foreign states.

Among the most important tasks and the matter of preserving cultural heritage is the revival of religious roots, the religious beginning of Russian culture, restoration of the important role of the Orthodox Church.

At present, the view of religion as something completely obsolete and obsolete is being reviewed everywhere. Religion and the Church again occupy a worthy place in the life and culture of our society. Man is characterized by an irresistible desire for the sublime and absolute, for that which surpasses himself and the limits of existence. This need is best met by religion. Hence its amazing vitality and the rapid restoration of its place and role in human life. This is not about the fact that culture is once again becoming religious in the full sense. It's impossible. Modern culture as a whole remains secular and rests mainly on science and reason. However, religion is again becoming an important and integral part of culture, and culture is restoring its historical ties with religious origins.

In the West, the idea of reviving the religious roots of culture became relevant in the 70s. - along with the emergence of neoconservatism and postmodernism. Later, it becomes more and more powerful. Russia has much more reason hope for the revival of the religious principle in their culture.

Many Russian philosophers and thinkers, not without reason, speak of "Russian religiosity". According to N. Danilevsky, its innateness and depth were manifested in the very acceptance and rather rapid spread of Christianity in Russia. All this happened without any missionaries and without any imposition on the part of other states, by means of military threats or military victories, as was the case with other peoples.

The adoption of Christianity took place after a long internal struggle, from dissatisfaction with paganism, from a free search for truth and as a need of the spirit. The Russian character most fully corresponds to the ideals of Christianity: it is characterized by alienation from violence, gentleness, humility, respect, etc.

Religion was the most essential, dominant content of ancient Russian life, and later formed the predominant spiritual interest of ordinary Russian people. N. Danilevsky even speaks about the chosenness of the Russian people, bringing them closer in this respect to the peoples of Israel and Byzantium.

Similar thoughts are developed by Vl. Solovyov. To the already named features of the Russian character, he adds peacefulness, the rejection of cruel executions, and concern for the poor. The manifestation of Russian religiosity Vl. Solovyov sees in a special form of expression by a Russian person feelings for his homeland. A Frenchman in such a case speaks of "beautiful France", of "French glory". The Englishman lovingly pronounces: "Old England." The German talks about "German loyalty". A Russian person, wishing to express his best feelings for his homeland, speaks only of "Holy Russia."

The highest ideal for him is not political and not aesthetic, but moral and religious. However, this does not mean complete asceticism, complete renunciation of the world, on the contrary: "Holy Russia demands a holy cause." Therefore, the adoption of Christianity does not mean a simple memorization of new prayers, but the implementation of a practical task: the transformation of life on the basis of true religion.

L. Karsavin points to another property of a Russian person: "For the sake of the ideal, he is ready to give up everything, to sacrifice everything." According to L. Karsavin, the Russian person has a “feeling of the holiness and divinity of everything that exists”, like no one else he “needs the absolute”.

Historically, Russian religiosity has found a variety of manifestations and confirmations. Khan Batu, having placed Russia in vassalage, did not dare to raise his hand to the faith of the Russian people, to Orthodoxy. He, apparently, instinctively felt the limits of his power and limited himself to the collection of material tribute. spiritually

Russia did not submit to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, survived and, thanks to this, regained its full freedom.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian spirit played a decisive role in achieving victory. To an even greater extent, he showed himself in the Great patriotic war 1941-1945 Only unprecedented fortitude of spirit allowed the Russian people to endure truly deadly trials.

The Russian people accepted the ideals of communism largely due to the fact that they perceived them through the prism of the ideals of Christianity, Christian humanism. N. Berdyaev convincingly reflects on this.

Of course, Russia in its history has not always strictly followed the Christian path, it has also allowed serious deviations. Sometimes in it holiness and villainy turned out to be side by side. As Vl. Solovyov, there were both the pious monster Ivan IV and the true Saint Sergius in it. The Russian Orthodox Church was not always on top. She is often accused of that she allowed herself to be subjugated to secular power, starting with Peter I - the tsarist, and then the communist. Russian theology is reproached for being inferior to Catholic theology in theoretical terms.

Indeed, the Russian Orthodox Church was deprived of freedom for centuries, was under the strict control of the authorities. However, this is not her fault, but a misfortune. For the sake of the unification of Russia, she herself in every possible way contributed to the strengthening of her statehood. But it turned out that government, becoming absolute, subjugated the power of the absolute.

Russian theology was indeed not very successful in theory; it did not offer new proofs for the existence of God. However the main merit of the Russian Orthodox Church is that she was able to preserve Orthodox Christianity. This alone atones for all her other sins. The preservation of Orthodoxy as true Christianity gave Moscow grounds to claim the title of "Third Rome". And it is precisely the preservation of Christianity that makes it possible to hope for the revival of the religious principle in Russian culture, for the spiritual recovery of the Russian people.

This is facilitated by the extensive restoration and renovation of churches and monasteries in recent years. Already today in most settlements of Russia there is a temple or a church. Of particular importance is the restoration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Even more important is the adoption of the law on freedom of conscience. All this creates the necessary conditions for each person to find their way to the temple.

The situation is very favorable for monasteries. Despite the destruction and misadventures that took place in the past, more than 1200 monasteries have survived, of which about 200 are currently active.

The beginning of monastic life was laid by the monks of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra - venerable Anthony and Theodosius. From the 14th century the center of Orthodox monasticism becomes the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, founded by the great Sergius of Radonezh. Among all the monasteries and temples, it is the main Shrine of Orthodoxy. For more than five centuries, the Lavra has been a place of pilgrimage for Russian Christians. The St. Daiil Monastery also deserves special mention - the first monastery in Moscow, founded by Prince Daniel, son of Alexander Nevsky, which is today the official residence of the patriarch.

Russian monasteries have always been important centers of spiritual life. They had a special attraction. As an example, it is enough to point to the monastery of Optina Pustyn, which was visited by N. Gogol, F. Dostoevsky. J1. Tolstoy. They came there to drink from the purest spiritual source. The very existence of monasteries and monks helps people to endure the hardships of life more easily, because they know that there is a place where they will always find understanding and consolation.

An exceptionally important place in the cultural heritage is occupied by Russian estates. They took shape in the second half of the 11th century. - 19th century These were "generic", " noble nests". There were thousands of them, but dozens remained. Some of them were destroyed during the revolution and the Civil War. The other part has disappeared from time and desolation. Many of the surviving ones - Arkhangelsk, Kuskovo, Marfino, Ostafyevo, Ostankino, Shakhmatovo - have been turned into museums, reserves and sanatoriums. Others are less fortunate and need urgent help and care.

The role of Russian estates in the development of Russian culture was enormous. In the XVIII century. they formed the basis of the Russian Enlightenment. Thanks in large part to them in the 19th century. became the golden age of Russian culture.

The way of manor life was closely connected with nature, agriculture, centuries-old traditions and customs, the life of peasants and common people. The elements of high culture are rich libraries. beautiful collections of paintings, home theaters - organically intertwined with elements of folk culture. Thanks to this, the split, the gap between the Europeanized culture of the upper stratum and traditional culture Russian people, which arose as a result of Peter's reforms and is characteristic of capitals and large cities. Russian culture regained its integrity and unity.

Russian estates were living springs of high and deep spirituality. They carefully preserved Russian traditions and customs, the national atmosphere, Russian identity and the spirit of Russia. One can say about each of them in the words of the poet: “There is a Russian spirit. It smells of Russia there. Russian estates played important role in the fate of many great people of Russia. The Russian estate had a beneficial effect on the work of A.S. Pushkin. In the estate of Khmelite, Smolensk region, A.S. Griboedov, and later the idea of "Woe from Wit" was born. The Vvedenskoye estate in Zvenigorod had great importance for the life and work of P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.P. Chekhov.

Russian estates opened the way to the heights of art for many talented nuggets from the depths of the Russian people.

The remaining Russian estates represent the visible and tangible past of Russia. They are living islands of genuine Russian spirituality. Their restoration and preservation is the most important task in the preservation of cultural heritage. Its successful solution will be facilitated by the re-created "Society for the Study of the Russian Estate", which existed in the 1920s. (1923-1928).

The task of preserving Russian estates is closely related to another equally important task - revival and development of small towns in Russia.

Currently, there are more than 3 thousand of them with a population of about 40 million people. Like estates, they embodied a truly Russian way of life, expressed the soul and beauty of Russia. Each of them had a unique, unique look, their own lifestyle. For all their modesty and unpretentiousness, small towns were generous with talents. Many great writers, artists and composers of Russia came out of them.

At the same time, for a long time, small towns were in oblivion and desolation. The active, creative and creative life, they increasingly turned into a remote province and a backwater. Now the situation is gradually changing, and small towns are coming back to life.

Comprehensive programs have been developed for the revival of the historical and cultural environment of such ancient Russian cities as Zaraysk, Podolsk, Rybinsk and Staraya Russa. Of these, Staraya Russa has the most favorable prospects. F.M. lived in this city. Dostoevsky and his own house has been preserved. This city also has a mud resort and historical monuments. All this allows Staraya Russa to become an attractive tourist, cultural and health center. Proximity to Novgorod will enhance its cultural significance.

Approximately the same expects the rest of the mentioned cities. The experience accumulated in their revival will serve as the basis for the development of renovation projects for other small towns in Russia.

A special place in the protection of cultural heritage is occupied by folk arts and crafts. Together with folklore they constitute folk culture which, being the most important part of the entire national culture, expresses its originality and originality with the greatest force. Russia has long been famous for its magnificent products of artistic crafts and crafts.

Among the oldest of them is a Russian wooden toy, the center of which is Sergiev Posad. It was here that the world-famous matryoshka was born. The same ancient is the Kholmogory bone carving. Using the technique of low relief, Kholmogory bone carvers create unique works decorative arts- combs, goblets, caskets, vases. Khokhloma painting has a no less long history. She represents decorative painting floral pattern on wooden products (dishes, furniture) in red and black tones and gold.

The miniature has become widespread in Russia. One of its famous centers is located in the village. Fedoskino, Moscow region. Fedoskino miniature - oil painting on papier-mâché lacquerware. The drawing is done in a realistic manner on a black lacquer background. Similar to Fedoskino Palekh miniature, which is tempera painting on papier-mâché lacquerware (boxes, caskets, cigarette cases, jewelry). She is characterized bright colors, smooth pattern, abundance of gold.

Gzhel ceramics - products made of porcelain and faience, covered with blue painting, received well-deserved fame in Russia and abroad.

The arts and crafts mentioned, as well as other arts and crafts in general, continue their life and activity, although with varying degrees of success and confidence in the future.

However, they all need serious help. Many of them require significant reconstruction, the result of which should be the creation of modern working conditions for craftsmen and creators. Some of them need to be revived and restored. The fact is that over time these trades and crafts have undergone significant changes: they were too modernized. The themes and plots were changed, the technology was broken, the style was distorted.

In general, the protection of cultural heritage in modern world becomes more and more complex and acute. This issue requires constant attention. Without exaggeration, we can say that the level of development of the culture of a particular people should be judged by how it relates to its cultural heritage. By preserving the past, we prolong the future.

Introduction

In the modern world, one of the most important areas of scientific research is the appeal to the problems of cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is the sum of all the cultural achievements of a society, its historical experience stored in the arsenal of public memory. Such a heritage has a timeless value for society, since it includes achievements of various prescriptions that retain the ability to pass on to new generations in new eras.

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that modern civilization realized the highest potential of cultural heritage, the need to preserve it and effective use. The city in which we live is included in the list of historical cities of Russia. And this means that the monuments of nature, history and culture of the Astrakhan region make up a significant share in the cultural and natural heritage of the world, make a major contribution to the sustainable development of our country and human civilization as a whole, which predetermines the highest responsibility Russian people and states for preserving their heritage and passing it on to future generations.

Modern domestic research is developing new methodological approaches to the protection of cultural and natural heritage, which correspond to the international level. In the future, the Astrakhan practice of heritage protection is the preservation of unique territories with a comprehensive restoration of historical and cultural monuments. The Astrakhan cultural heritage will only become a full-fledged part of the world heritage when society realizes the need to preserve its national heritage, and effective protection legislation will be created in the country.

In addition, lately great attention This problem is given to the media, both print and electronic. It is not politics that lifts our country out of a protracted political and economic crisis, but culture, the spiritual mood of our people.

The object of study in this case are historical monuments, culture of the Astrakhan region.

The subject of the study is the analysis of the cultural heritage of Astrakhan and state of the art cultural monuments.

The purpose of this work is to study the cultural heritage and a set of measures for its conservation from the point of view of legislation.

The presented goal defined the following tasks:

To study cultural heritage and its significance;

Explore the history of the development of the Astrakhan region;

Studying the cultural traditions of the region;

Studying the state policy in the field of protection of the cultural heritage of Astrakhan;

The study of the cultural heritage of the Astrakhan region in modern conditions.

The concept and meaning of cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the sum of all the cultural achievements of a society, its historical experience, preserved in the arsenal of public memory.

Such a heritage has a timeless value for society, since it includes the results of the prescription of achievements that retain the ability to pass on to new generations in new eras. Cultural heritage is a broader concept than tradition. It preserves not what was created in the culture of society at one stage or another, including what was rejected for a while and did not take root, but later can again find its place in society. In every culture there is a certain dynamic ratio of traditionality; through which stability is maintained and innovation or borrowing through which society changes. Both coexist as different sides cultural organism with its own identity.

The dialectic of the cultural process consists in a constant transition from the past to the present and the future. The accumulated experience is opposed by everyday practice, which requires constant decoding of previous experience, its adaptation, selection, interpretation and enrichment. In this field between the past and the future, the present, there can be both attachment to habitual rituals that constantly revive the past, and immersion in everyday life with its practical concerns, or orientation towards future achievements.

In numerous discussions on the problems of cultural heritage that took place in developing countries, and during the period of "perestroika" were widely developed in our country, several ideological and theoretical directions emerged. So among the experts in humanities often affects the "classicist" attitude to the heritage, which is focused on the careful maintenance and development of "undying treasures of enduring significance." In the process of professional study of the culture of the past, the idea arises that it is in a competent and thorough research, in a detailed description of the past achievements of culture, that one can find the meaning of what has been achieved. And the recognition that such research receives in the scientific world and in the international arena, that is, the prizes and awards that cultural heritage researchers receive, serve as a visible confirmation of the acquisition of the past.

Protection and development of cultural heritage, organization and maintenance of museums, libraries, archives, etc. is an important part of the activities of public organizations and obligatory task states.

In this regard, great efforts are being made by UNESCO.

The values and meanings embodied in the monuments of the past are undoubtedly becoming an important factor new culture. At the same time, they should not only be preserved, but also reproduced again and again, revealing their meaning for new generations. Care has to be taken not only about the preservation, but also about the restoration of the revivals of those forms traditional creativity that are lost or half-forgotten.

Often, in the course of the revolutionary logic of the former social structures, ideological-theoretical and political currents arise that affirm the safety of the former cultural heritage for the new society. Cultural heritage is being overthrown. Well-known examples of this approach and cultural heritage can be found in early Bolshevik ideology during the period civil war in Russia. Later ideas of this kind became widespread in the nationalization of the radical left in a number of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

So, the appeal to the cultural heritage appears as a constant dilemma for the public consciousness due to the deep contradictory nature of the past itself. Another source of this inconsistency is the existence of alternatives in the development of society, the choice of which requires coordination in the established foundations. Each function of cultural heritage is the maintenance of stability and constancy of social regulation. Those elements of cultural and social heritage that are passed down from generation to generation and preserved for a long time stand out as part of the identity.

Thanks to the cultural heritage, the transfer of social experience is carried out both from one generation to another, entering into life, and within society between countries and peoples. In this sense, the cultural heritage appears as a memory of society, a pantry of experience accumulated by it, a keeper of time that streamlines this experience.

Thus, cultural heritage appears as the main mode of existence of culture. A person in his life manages to master, transfer into his inner world only a small fraction of the cultural heritage. The latter remains after him for other generations, acting as the common property of all people, of all mankind. However, it can only be so if it is preserved. Therefore, the preservation of cultural heritage is as natural and necessary as the preservation of nature.

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RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF TOURISM

in the discipline "World Cultural Values"

on the topic: "The main types and types of cultural and historical heritage"

Completed by a 2nd year student

part-time education, group No. 21/33 (abbreviated form)

Full name: Ekaterina Yurievna Burundukova

Checked

Imennova. L.S.

Introduction

1. The concept of cultural heritage

2. Signs of cultural heritage

3. Structure

Introduction

In this essay, we will consider and study cultural heritage, find out what it is, what types and types of heritage exist, and what belongs to cultural heritage objects.

1. The concept of cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is a part of the material and spiritual culture created by past generations, which has stood the test of time and is passed on to generations as something valuable and revered.

A cultural heritage object is a place, building (creation), complex (ensemble), their parts, territories or water bodies associated with them, other natural, naturally anthropogenic or man-made objects, regardless of the state of conservation, which have brought anthropological value to our time. , archaeological, aesthetic, ethnographic, historical, scientific or artistic point of view and have retained their authenticity;

Attraction - an object of cultural heritage of national or local significance, which is listed in the State Register of fixed sights of Russia;

A historical populated place is a populated place that has retained all or part of its historical area and is included in the List of Historical Populated Places in Russia. In 2010, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation published an order, which approved the list of settlements that received the status of "historical". Compared with the list of 2002, the number of settlements in it has been reduced by more than 10 times - now there are only 41 settlements in the list: Azov, Arzamas, Astrakhan, Belozersk, Veliky Ustyug, Verkhoturye, Vladimir, Volsk, Vyborg, Galich, Gorokhovets, Derbent , Elabuga, Yelets, Yeniseysk, Zaraisk, Irkutsk, Kasimov, Kargopol, Kineshma, Kolomna, Kostroma, Krapivna, Kyakhta, Ostashkov, Ples, Rostov, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Solvychegodsk, Starocherkasskaya, Suzdal, Taganrog, Tomsk, Torzhok, Toropets , Totma, Tutaev, Chistopol, Shuya, Yaroslavl.

2. Signs of cultural heritage

Cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) include objects that have certain features (characteristics), namely:

1. Real estate. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 1 of Law No. 73-FZ, an object of cultural heritage is special kind real estate (buildings, structures, constructions) together with their historical territories (land). Accordingly, in addition to special legislation in the field of conservation, promotion and use of historical and cultural monuments, cultural heritage objects are subject to the general norms of civil and land law regulating the turnover of real estate in Russia (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Land Code of the Russian Federation, Law No. 122-FZ of 076/21/1997 “On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions with It”, Law No. 221-FZ of 07/24/2007 “On the State Cadastre of Real Estate”, etc.) Thus, in accordance with paragraph 2 of the Instruction, immovable monuments of history and culture are subject to protection and use as a whole together with the territory of the monument. At the same time, the territory of the monument is the land plot directly occupied by the monument and connected with it historically and functionally;

2. Historical and cultural value of the object. Not any real estate object can be classified as a cultural heritage object, but only one that is of significant value to society and the state in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture. The value of an object is determined on the basis of the results of the state historical and cultural expertise, carried out by decision of specially authorized state bodies;

3. Age of the object. into a single State Register objects of cultural heritage may include objects of cultural heritage, from the moment of creation of which or from the moment of historical events associated with which, at least 40 years have passed (with the exception of memorial apartments and memorial houses that are associated with the life and work of prominent personalities);

4. Special status. The presence of a cultural heritage object of a special status acquired in the manner prescribed by law (inclusion in state list or the state register of cultural heritage objects on the basis of decisions of the relevant state executive authorities).

Only if there are all 4 in total listed signs we can say that a particular property is an object of cultural heritage (monument of history and culture).

3. Kinds and types of cultural heritage

According to Article 3 of Law No. 73-FZ, objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture), in accordance with their most significant typological and functional features, are divided into: monuments, ensembles and places of interest.

Monuments. Monuments include objects of immovable property with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, which are of value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, arts, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and being evidence of epochs and civilizations, true sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

The current legislation distinguishes the following varieties (types) of immovable monuments:

* individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically developed territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, churches, kirkhs, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, prayer houses and other objects specially designed for worship);

* memorial apartments;

* mausoleums, individual burials;

* works monumental art;

* objects of science and technology, including military ones;

* traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water, including all movable objects related to them, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (objects of archaeological heritage).

These immovable monuments, according to the norms of the Instructions and Regulations, are divided into:

* historical monuments - buildings, structures, memorable places associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state, the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent political, state and military figures, folk heroes, scientists , literature and art, their graves, burial places of those who died for the freedom and independence of the Motherland;

* monuments of urban planning and architecture - architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remnants of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements; buildings of civil, residential industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine, decorative, applied and landscape gardening art, natural landscapes;

* archeological monuments - settlements, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

In accordance with clause 3.3. Instructions, belonging of an immovable monument of history and culture to one of the specified types is determined during the preparation of documents for the state registration of monuments and is established upon approval of the corresponding list on the acceptance of the object for state protection.

Ensembles. An ensemble of immovable monuments of history and culture is a group of objects of one or more types that arose simultaneously or supplemented each other over time, united by a common territory and historical development, forming a unity of urban planning or architectural and artistic composition. So, in accordance with the current legislation, ensembles include:

* clearly localized groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures for various purposes (including: fortification, palace, residential, public, administrative, commercial, industrial, scientific, educational);

* groups of isolated or united religious monuments and structures (temple complexes, datsans, monasteries, courtyards) clearly localized in historically developed territories;

* fragments of historical layouts and buildings of settlements that can be attributed to urban planning ensembles;

* works of landscape architecture and gardening art (gardens, parks, squares, boulevards),

* necropolises;

Places of interest. In accordance with Article 3 of Law No. 73-FZ, places of interest are understood as:

* creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including places of existence of folk art crafts; cultural heritage mausoleum

* centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development;

* memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities in the territory Russian Federation, historical (including military) events, the lives of prominent historical figures;

* cultural layers, the remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, parking lots;

* places of religious rites;

* historical and cultural reserves.

Types of cultural heritage sites

*Constructions (creations) - works of architecture and engineering art together with natural or man-made elements, works of monumental sculpture and monumental painting, archaeological objects, caves, with evidence of human activity, buildings or premises, in them, which have preserved authentic evidence about remarkable historical events, lives and activities of famous people;

* Complexes (ensembles) - a topographically defined set of separate or interconnected structures for various purposes, which are marked by their architecture and organic connection with the landscape;

*Prominent places - topographically defined areas or landscapes, natural, naturally anthropogenic creations that have brought value to our time from an anthropological, archaeological, aesthetic, ethnographic, historical, artistic, scientific or artistic point of view.

In accordance with their historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value, cultural heritage objects are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

* objects of cultural heritage of federal significance - objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, having special meaning for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;

* objects of cultural heritage of regional significance - objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

* objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance - objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

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