What is criticism - definition and tasks. Literary criticism

Dictionary Ushakov

Criticism

Criticism, critics, female(from Greek kritike).

1. only units Discussing, considering, researching something, testing something for some purpose. Criticize something. Treat something without any criticism. Critique of Pure Reason (composition German idealistic philosopher Kant, creator so-called critical philosophy).

2. only units Scientific verification of the authenticity, correctness of something ( philol.). Historical criticism(checking the correctness of the facts reported historical documents). Criticism of the text (verification of the authenticity of the text of a writer).

3. Determination of advantages and disadvantages, evaluation, analysis. Make a critique of something. Strict criticism. Below all criticism (does not meet the lowest requirements). Doesn't stand up to scrutiny cm. ).

4. only units Unfavorable assessment, indication of shortcomings, censure, attacks. Criticism of the actions of the administration.

5. only units Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of works of art. Belinsky was engaged in criticism.

| Special literary genre, mainly magazine, dedicated to the analysis of the current fiction. Criticism of the sixties. History of Russian criticism.

6. An article containing criticism of a work of art ( obsolete). Write criticism.

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference

Criticism

(from Greek kritike is the art of dismantling, judging)

1) analysis (analysis), discussion of something in order to evaluate (for example, literary criticism);

2) a negative judgment about something (in science, art, public life etc.), indication of shortcomings;

3) research, scientific verification of the reliability, authenticity of something (for example, text criticism, criticism of historical sources).

Rhetoric: Dictionary Reference

Criticism

(other Greek

1) Evaluation, analysis, analysis; in literary criticism

2)

3) to ling.: criticism of language.

4) in rhetoric

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

Criticism

Can't stand (no) criticism below all criticism- about something that does not meet the most lenient requirements

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Criticism

(other Greek kριτική the art of dismantling, judging)

1) Evaluation, analysis, analysis; in literary criticism: analysis of a work of art;

2) research, scientific authentication h.-l.

3) to ling.: criticism of language.

4) in rhetoric: one of the types of refutation aimed at showing the inconsistency or unacceptability of the opponent's proposals; the goal of K. is to encourage the audience to make a different decision.

Gasparov. Entries and extracts

Criticism

♦ answers the questions asked by the work, literary criticism restores the questions that the work answered. Criticism as an organization of taste (unity of responses): "Which other reader of the Sincere Word likes to play with soldiers?" Simonides discovered the science of remembering, criticism - the science of forgetting: it is she who knows how to admire every metaphor as the first metaphor in the world. Belinsky began each new review with Homer and Shakespeare, because every time he had to rebuild the history of world literature in the light of the new novel by Georges Sand. Chekhov remembered Stasov, to whom nature gave the precious ability to get drunk even from slops - after listening to NN, I thought that this ability was not personal, but professional.

♦ The meaning of any criticism: "If I were the Lord God, I would have created this author differently."

Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)

Criticism

Criticism

♦ Criticism

Making a decision or evaluation. In particular, in philosophy it is customary to call criticism a judgment about a judgment. To criticize means to bring to the judgment of reason our knowledge, our values, and our beliefs. Therefore, reason here judges itself, which makes criticism necessary (reason that does not study itself sins against reason) and a continuous process (moving in a circle). It is impossible to avoid falling into this circle, just as it is impossible to get out of it.

Rhetoric: Dictionary Reference

Criticism

(other Greek kριτική the art of dismantling, judging)

1) Evaluation, analysis, analysis; in literary criticism: analysis of a work of art;

2) research, scientific authentication h.-l.

3) to ling.: criticism of language.

4) in rhetoric: one of the types of refutation aimed at showing the inconsistency or unacceptability of the opponent's proposals; the goal of K. is to encourage the audience to make a different decision.

Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms

Criticism

/ Philosophical criticism

♦ (ENG critique/critical philosophy)

(Greek kritikes - the art of criticism)

a critical study of a philosophical or theological subject. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) wrote famous critics: "pure reason" (1781), "practical reason" (1788), "judgment" (1790).

encyclopedic Dictionary

Criticism

(from the Greek kritike - the art of disassembling, judging),

1. analysis (analysis), discussion of something in order to evaluate (for example, literary criticism).
2. A negative judgment about something (in science, art, public life, etc.), an indication of shortcomings.
3. Research, scientific verification of the authenticity, authenticity of something (for example, text criticism, criticism of historical sources).

• statements, emphasizing the shortcomings, defects of something.
  • There is criticism of government policy.
• philol. literature or journalism, associated with the discussion, analysis of the phenomena of literature and art.
  • Theatrical criticism.
• "stone in your garden"
• "self-expression of losers", according to Hitler
• analysis of the author's work
• and. search and judgment about the merits and demerits of any labor, esp. essays; parsing, evaluation. Historical criticism, analysis of everyday life, search for events, cleaning them from embellishments and distortions. Human criticism can not be avoided, gossip, condemnation, degrading. Criticize what, do analysis, search and conclusion on it about the dignity of something; to denigrate, to condemn, to rebuke or to blame, to slander. -sya, to be criticized, condemned; defame each other mutually. Critic who criticizes; disassembler, disassembler; detractor, detractor. Critically, on criticism, analysis based; capable of sound, correct judgment, evaluation; prone to censure, to finding faults; difficult, dangerous (see crisis), leading to a turning point, to a revolution. Critical Studies; faithful, critical mind; critical direction, look at what; emergency: critical sweat in illness. To disassemble what is critical, on the basis of sound criticism. Criterion, criterion m. touchstone, a sure sign for recognizing the truth. A logical criterion based on the very way of thinking
• comments to the author
• who loves her
• literary genre
• impartial judgment about the author's book
• product review
• negative judgment
• assessment of the quality of a literary opus
• censure against someone
• analysis and evaluation of the work
• analysis of the piece by bones
• analysis of the work of the writer
• analysis of the work of the poet
• analysis of the work of a novelist
• analysis, discussion
• spacing of a work
• advice from opponents
• judgments
• indication of shortcomings
• "the art of judging"
• "self-expression of losers", according to Hitler
• analysis, discussion to evaluate
• according to Faddey Bulgarin, ... in literature the same as the police and the judiciary in the state
• analysis and evaluation of literary, musical, theatrical and other works of art
• analysis and evaluation of a literary work
• captious search for specks in someone else's eye
• constructive comments
• talent dissection talent
• essay by Karl Marx "... Gotha program"
• Molière's comedy "... schools of wives"
• grinding bones to a work of art
• feedback on creativity
• analysis of the work
• review of the poet's work
• "stone in your garden"
• analysis of shortcomings
• who loves her?
• (Greek krittke, from krino - I judge). Analysis and judgments about the merits and demerits of any subject, work, especially an essay; discussion, evaluation.
• Greek kritike, from krino, I judge, reason, argue. Condemnation and analysis of the subject, detailed and thorough.
• discussion and research of the subject. Philosophical criticism considers only the idea of ​​an object and its relation to representation. Historical criticism consists in the study of the authenticity of written monuments. Artistic criticism explores the intrinsic aesthetic value of a work of art.
• analysis and discussion; made on the basis of the research evaluation Ph.D. scientific position or a whole system, a work of art, individual actions of a person and his whole character, etc. and so on.
• Captious search for specks in someone else's eye.
• Unfavorable judgment of the author's book.
• Pointing out shortcomings.
• Constructive remarks.
• Grinding bones is a work of art.
• Analysis and evaluation of a literary work.
• Molière's comedy "... schools of wives".
• Talent dissecting talents.
• Composition of Karl Marx "... Gotha Program".
• Tips from opponents.
• According to Faddey Bulgarin, CRITICISM in literature the same as the police and the judiciary in the state
• essay by Karl Marx CRITICISM Goth Program"
• Molière's comedy CRITICISM schools for women

Synonyms for criticism

• • condemnation

Hyponyms for criticism

• • spacing

Hypernyms for criticism

• • statement
  • discussion
  • judgment

Antonyms for the word criticism

• • chanting
  • OK
  • praise

Rhyming Words for Criticism

• Verbs

  • criticize
  • criticize

  adverbs

  • critical
  • critically

  adjectives

  • critical
  • critical

  nouns

  • critic
  • kicker
  • criticism
  • criticality
  • self-criticism

Phraseologisms for the word criticism

• • harsh criticism
  • ruthless criticism
  • mild criticism
  • below any criticism

Gently flowed into the area of ​​criticism and the degree of its necessity in the life of every person.

People exchange information, as do all living beings on earth. Even bacteria communicate with each other using certain chemical substances. They tell their neighbors in the microbial colony what is going on outside their population. How is it with food, with oxygen, with enemy bacteria and viruses, and in general ... is there life behind a Petri dish.

In psychology, there is a lot of talk about messages - "mutual strokes." These are situations when we tell each other that we are pleasant and accepted by each other. It's like mutual compliments, but in Everyday life such positive support is less noticeable and occurs almost automatically. We like a person, we send him signals that he is OK, and he returns the same to us.

But people not only praise each other. Many things in relationships and interactions are OK and many are not. So, an equally integral part of psychological interactions is telling others that you do not feel good in a relationship. By the way, this is also important.

Everyone has mirror neurons, which determine the ability to empathize, but empathy is still largely a matter of imagination. People take into account what tells them own experience. As a result, they can do with others as the content of their psyche dictates to them. It is far from a fact that others want exactly what we think we would like in their place. Thus, it is very useful to communicate in words that I am not well, I don’t want it this way, but I want it differently. In fact, to inform the opponent that his behavior is undesirable.

Another point that is necessary in a relationship is the opportunity to communicate your point of view, to tell how you see this or that situation. So to speak, check the maps of the world. Do you see what I see? Are we talking about the same thing or different things? The vision of situations may differ. The existence of one point of view may negate another, making it automatically wrong.

Actually, these two types of communication form the basis of criticism. Naturally, everyone can say this in different ways and with different purpose. In this regard, there are such types of criticism:

1. Constructive when messages are intended to improve the existing state of affairs, improve relationships, understand each other better. At the same time, the person who criticizes:

• benevolent,

• does not cross social boundaries

• does not get into the personal space of the criticized,

• interested in developing some new solution,

• ready to give up their positions for the sake of consensus,

• does it in a timely manner, i.e. when it is possible to correct the situation,

• can clearly explain what he wants.

2. Unconstructive criticism associated with situations where it is useless. It can be given:

• too late (you should have done...)

• an incompetent person (if I were a pilot ...)

• not applicable to specific situation(what to do with a noisy child, without knowing why the child is making noise)

• the meaning of criticism contradicts the desire of the criticized (I need to buy not apples, but pears. What if I want pears?)

• based on someone else's experience, the value of which is doubtful (here is my great-grandfather in 1812 ...)

3. Destructive criticism, in fact, not criticism, but a form of aggression. No one seeks any consensus, but satisfies their emotional needs by unleashing all sorts of negativity on the criticized. Or in this case, criticism is used as a tool of manipulation.

The main message of such criticism is to lower the opponent at least one step lower and win due to this. Get the other to do what the critic wants. And if you don’t force them to do it, then at least make the criticized feel guilty and ashamed.

At the same time, the critic usually cannot properly explain what he does not like specifically, what needs to be done to like it (“kill yourself against the wall” and absurd remarks do not count). His criticism sounds like an order and an insult. Such criticism is often based on personality assessments attributed to the criticized.

Not necessarily destructive criticism - it's op and swearing. More often than not, everything goes quite calmly and even disguised as good intentions. Such destructive criticisms are masked in order to reduce the victim's ability to defend himself or to somehow improve and be better. Consensus and precise instructions are not included in the plans, because they make it pointless to pour negative emotions onto the victim.

For example, unsolicited advice is very often actually destructive criticism. The mother-in-law, eating the daughter-in-law's cake, may give out the phrase "if you want to bake really nice cake then you need to buy groceries best quality". This often implies that "the cake that you pretend to call good sucks because you put all kinds of rubbish in it", which means "you are a trashy hostess." Such criticism is very often disguised as a wish for good, but in fact such critics care very little about what kind of cake comes out next.

The second variant of disguised destructive criticism is "critical IMHO". People express their negative assessment of anything as an axiom. Because that's how they see it. They refuse to discuss or somehow enter into a discussion about what they do not like. The main idea is that they can just talk in any form, any nasty thing, and others should listen to it. Moreover, gratitude and appreciation are expected for every tub of dirt they pour on the criticized.

Again, a lot comes from childhood. Often criticism from parents is just unconstructive, but rather manipulative. They try to induce feelings of guilt and shame in the child. After the child, this is presented as a manifestation of love. After all, if you do not criticize, then a person will not grow out of a child. If they criticize, then they love, then they don’t give a damn about you. If no one criticizes you, then no one needs you. The harsher the criticism, the more useful it is. Everyone should endure criticism, because it is "for good."

A few myths about criticism and its importance in life:

1. Only insecure weaklings do not like criticism.

In fact, among the streams of criticism towards any person most criticism is non-constructive and destructive. For what purpose should these types of criticism be loved and endured. They are of little use in life.

In addition to unpleasant emotions from the invasion of borders, a person receives nothing. In this case, a weakling can be called a person who does not protect himself from the flow of useless critical information, does not say “no” to “evil critics”.

2. Critical people always give a person the opportunity to see themselves from the other side.

In fact, critics have a very specific and far from unbiased view. Often they simply project their problems onto others. Information about inner world and internal conflicts Criticism is completely useless to most people.

3. People around you know more about you, so you need to listen to what they tell you.

This statement resonates with number 2. And even if they do know more, it is not at all necessary that their opinion about what they know will turn out to be correct and necessary.

4. If you said "A", be prepared to be stoned for it.

Many believe that your every act unties the hands of others for any kind of aggression. It's like "I went out in a short skirt, don't complain about being raped, I wanted to." If you posted photos, get a tub of brown IMHO in the face. Wrote about something personal in the diary, be prepared to mix your personality with dirt.

5. If I want good for a person (even theoretically), then I can not restrain myself.

"Good" is a very loose concept. Not all good things are needed.

6. If you are criticized, they want you well.

7. Without criticism, you cannot become better than you are now.

And if you refuse to listen to critical remarks in your address, then people will stop loving you.

Why do critics do this?

One of the most serious factors pushing destructive criticism and part of non-constructive criticism is the presence of an inflated self. "I" is very important, "my opinion is very important" for everyone, it cannot be disputed. If you say that my opinion is not important to you, then I can stop loving you (I will defrown you!). You can't think of anything worse than this. And I will never tell you my opinion again. It's like an anathema.

Another reason, no less significant, is the very childhood habits associated with criticism. People sometimes just do not think of other relationships, friendship and love. That is, how is this all, and without criticism? What to talk about? How to take care of friends, loved ones, relatives?

Another important reason is that people do not know how to cope with their negative emotions, let them go in the right direction, without dumping them on others, raise their self-esteem by working on themselves, and not by humiliating others.

And of course, not only critics play a role in this phenomenon. Not only the content is important, but also its perception. But that's next time.

All writing people are divided into two categories. The first are the creators literary works. To the second - those who dedicate these works critical articles. There is also a third category, which includes people who cannot write, but highly respect this creative process. But in today's article we will not talk about them. We have to understand what criticism is. What is it for? What is the job of a literary critic?

Definition

What is literary criticism? It is impossible to answer this question in two words. It is a rich, varied concept. Writers and scholars have repeatedly tried to define literary criticism, but each of them got their own, author's. Consider the origin of the word.

What is "criticism"? This is a word of Latin origin, which translates as "judgment". The Romans borrowed it from the Hellenes. In ancient Greek there is a word κρίνω, meaning "to judge", "to pass judgment". Giving general definition criticism, it is worth saying that it can be not only literary, but also musical. In every field of art there are people who create works, and those who analyze and evaluate them.

There are professions such as restaurant critic, theater critic, film critic, art critic, photo critic and so on. Representatives of these specialties are by no means idle observers and idle talkers. Not everyone can analyze and analyze a work, whether it be literature, painting or cinema. This requires certain knowledge and skills.

Musical critic

This profession arose not so long ago - only in the 19th century. Of course, even before that there were people who talked about music and devoted their notes to this topic. But only with the advent of the periodical press appeared specialists who could already be called music critics. They wrote treatises no longer on general humanitarian philosophical themes, mentioning from time to time the work of a particular composer. They occupied a hitherto free niche.

What is criticism piece of music? It is an analysis and assessment based on deep knowledge and experience. This is a specialty that is acquired in higher educational institution. In order to become a critic in this field, one must first graduate music school, then a specialized school, then enter a university, for example, at the Tchaikovsky Conservatory at the Faculty of History and Theory. As you can see, acquiring this profession is not easy.

The emergence of criticism

The foundations of this science originated in Ancient Greece. In antiquity, of course, there were no theorists who zealously controlled literary process. Athenian citizens did not gather in the square to listen to a literary critic's treatise, smashing Aeschylus' Oresteia or Euripides' Medea to smithereens. But the long, lengthy reasoning of Aristotle and Plato is nothing more than an attempt to understand why a person needs art, according to what laws it exists and what it should be.

Goals of criticism

The ground for the emergence and development of this science is the emergence of literary texts. What is criticism? This is something that cannot exist without fiction. The critic in his work pursues the following goals:

• Identification of contradictions.
• Analysis, discussion.
• Error detection.
• Scientific verification of historical accuracy.

Every year a great number of literary works are created. The most talented of them find their readers. However, it often happens that a work devoid of any literary value, is of considerable interest. Literary critics do not impose their opinions on readers, but they have a huge influence on their perception.

Once upon a time in the literary field appeared to no one famous writer from Little Russia. His small romantic stories were worthy of attention, but it cannot be said that they were read. The work of the young writer received a resonance in society with the light hand of an eminent critic. His name was Vissarion Belinsky. Novice writer - Nikolai Gogol.

Criticism in Russia

The name of Vissarion Belinsky is known to each of school curriculum. This man had a huge influence on the work of many writers who later became classics.

In Russia, literary criticism was formed in the 18th century. AT XIX century it has taken on a magazine character. Critics increasingly began to touch upon philosophical topics in their articles. The analysis of a work of art has become a pretext for reflection on the problems of real life. AT Soviet era, especially in the twenties of the last century, there was a process of destruction of the traditions of aesthetic criticism.

Critic and writer

It is easy to guess that the relationship between them is not going too smoothly. There is an inevitable antagonism between the critic and the writer. This antagonism is aggravated when the creation literary texts and their consideration is influenced by ambition, the desire for superiority and other factors. A critic is a person literary education, analyzing piece of art regardless of political and personal predilections.

Domestic history knows many cases when criticism was in the service of power. This is what is said in the world famous novel Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" The writer has repeatedly faced unscrupulous critics. AT real life could not take revenge on them. The only thing left for him was to create unsightly images of Latunsky and Lavrovich, typical critics of the 1920s. On the pages of his novel, Bulgakov took revenge on his offenders. But this did not change the situation. Many prose writers and poets still continued to "write" on the table. Not because their works were untalented, but because they did not correspond to the official ideology.

Literature without criticism

It should not be assumed that critics are only engaged in exalting or destroying the work of this or that author. They in some way control the literary process, and without their intervention it would not have developed. True artist must respond appropriately to criticism. Moreover, he needs it. writing man, convinced of the high artistic value of his creations and not listening to the opinion of his colleagues - rather than a writer, but a graphomaniac.

One of the destroyers of relationships is criticism. Bypassing it means losing another powerful resource for the development of not only relationships, but also yourself.

What is criticism? Criticism is an opportunity to express our dissatisfaction, to say that we do not like in another person. Or criticism - the accusation of someone that the one who criticizes does not like.

Criticizing, we declare our desire to improve the situation. Why then deteriorate the relationship?

This is due to the fact that our conscious goals (to improve the situation) do not coincide with subconscious goals.

And now in more detail. Conscious goals are what you think (for example: by saying this, I will make our relationship better!). Subconscious goals are what we really want (our subconscious mind influences this).

subconscious purpose

There are several subconscious goals for which criticism manifests itself:

Subconscious goal - An example from life (you can add it yourself, we hear them every day)

1. To hurt (to take revenge) - “you are a drunken bastard ...”, “you are an asshole, you did not wash after yourself ...”, “you are stupid ...”, etc.
2. Protect yourself from someone’s excessive demands - “I washed everything, but Sasha didn’t wash it after me”, “and you yourself don’t do anything”, etc.
3. “I am the most unhappy” (when nothing suits me in life) - “Everything infuriates!”, “Everything irritates”, “My husband is not the same”, “The children are not the same”, “The salary is not the same!”, “Husband is indifferent, doesn’t help!”, “Mom got it!” and etc.
4. Prove to Yourself that I am the Most-most (th) ... (the best, smartest, beloved, beautiful) - “How many times can I tell you ?!”, “Who puts a toothbrush there ?!”, “Here I always put my things! ”

These subconscious goals do not lead to an improvement in the situation, because they worsen any relationship, and the results do not please us.

So when you criticize and don't get a result, then ask yourself the question: “maybe I am pursuing these goals?” If you really want to improve the situation, then your words, subconscious goals and feelings will be different.

No wonder there is a concept of "constructive criticism". And you can learn how to use it by practicing every day, like on a simulator.

This requires awareness: What do I want more?
Do you want to offend, humiliate someone, defend yourself or prove something to yourself?
Or improve the situation?

Whatever you choose is neither good nor bad.

It just affects your life and gives absolutely opposite results. Do you want to take revenge? So revenge. With this you will fill your life, and live in it. And not everyone who is next to you will remain. It suits someone, but someone will choose something else and will build a different life (we wrote about revenge in the article: what is revenge. We also talked about it in the third video podcast).

The ability to improve any situation implies a respectful attitude towards oneself and another. And this is worth practicing. This will definitely give results. For example, a person does not want to communicate with you; respecting yourself and him, you will not communicate with him. You can give him that right.

Criticism narrows space, outlook on life, reduces internal energy(We also wrote about this in the article: what is stress). And to improve the situation, you need to assume that the other person sees the situation correctly, or that everything is happening the way it is best.

For example, “Unwashed dishes, but my daughter had a good rest”, “Husband came drunk, but alive” (after all, tomorrow you can discuss this, or maybe they gave him a bonus, or they awarded him a ticket for two, or he will be poisoned and will not drink anymore).

Constructive criticism

If you want to improve the situation, then use constructive criticism.
Constructive criticism has 3 components:

1. The ability to be sincere and honestly tell the other person what we don't like.
2. Improve the relationship with this person, as we assume that he hears us, respects us, is ready to cooperate (he just may have a different view or he does not understand something).
3. Receipt desired result. For example: “next time the daughter washes the dishes on time”, “the husband comes sober”, “they raise the salary”

If you decide to criticize, notice that you are already criticizing or starting, it is important to stop, find the inner point of respect for yourself and the other, and use the 3 components of constructive criticism (see above).

For example, what to do when you want to criticize your daughter for unwashed dishes:

1. Tell me about your feelings (be sincere) - when I come home from work and see unwashed dishes, I get upset.
2. Talk about relationships - I love you, you are my beloved daughter.
3. Make an offer - and I would like our agreement to be respected. Maybe something does not suit you, let's talk.

Constructive criticism implies internal openness, the ability to agree differently.

At first, it won't work right away. Let me remind you that the process of personal change, the emergence of new habits occurs gradually (we wrote about this in the article: How new habits are formed).

The skill of constructively criticizing comes with practice. Thanks to this skill, tension in relationships is relieved, and they become more open and sincere.