As a result of the development of the novel over two volumes, up to the half that is devoted to the events of 1812, the main characters remain deceived by reality in all hopes. Only nonentities succeed: the Drubetskys, the Bergs, the Kuragins. Only the era of 1812 was able to bring the heroes out of their state of disbelief in life. Andrei Bolkonsky found his place in life in a heroic nationwide action. Prince Andrei - this knight without fear and reproach - as a result of painful spiritual quest, unites with the people, because he renounces his former dreams of a Napoleonic command role in relation to people. He realized that history is being made here, on the battlefield. Patriotic War destroyed the barriers between Bolkonsky and people. There is no more arrogant pride, aristocratic caste in him. The author writes that in the regiment he is called “our prince”, that is, the soldiers felt “their own” in him. So the soldiers will call Pierre “our master”. All his life, Andrei Bolkonsky was looking for opportunities to participate in a real, big action, important for life, for people, merging “mine” and “common”. And he came to understand that the possibility of such an action is only in unity with the people. The participation of the prince in a truly popular war broke his aristocratic isolation, opened his soul to the simple, natural, helped to understand Natasha, to understand his love for her and her for him. Pierre, who experiences the same thoughts and feelings as Prince Andrei, it is in the Borodino chapters that a particularly acute consciousness arises that they - soldiers, militia, people - are the only true spokesmen for action, Bezukhov admires their greatness and self-sacrifice. “To be a soldier, just a soldier!” - the conclusion to which the hero comes. In "War and Peace" we are talking about such an era when a person is in the foreground. The people who are directly responsible for the development of the action, who create it (the epoch), become “big” people from “small” people. This is exactly what Tolstoy shows in the pictures of the Battle of Borodino. The path of Pierre and Prince Andrei is a path of mistakes, delusions, but still a path of gain, which cannot be said about the fate of Nikolai Rostov, whose way - way losses. So, he could not defend his case in the episode with Telyanin, when the latter stole his wallet from him. When the veterans of the regiment accused Rostov of having dropped the honor of the regiment, since there were no thieves among the Pavlogradians, Nikolai pleaded guilty, based on a misunderstood sense of honor, although he felt in his heart that he was right. Then the Tilsit chapters, the triumph of negotiations between the emperors - all this is strangely perceived by Nikolai Rostov. A rebellion rises in the soul of the hero, “strange thoughts” arise. But this rebellion ends with Rostov's complete moral capitulation, when he shouts at the officers who condemn this alliance: "Our business is to do our duty, to fight and not to think." These words, in my opinion, complete the spiritual evolution of Nikolai Rostov. And this hero cut off his path to Borodin; Tolstoy tests his heroes with war, because it is in extreme circumstances that all the qualities of a person are most clearly and openly manifested.
The aspirations of the main characters of "War and Peace" are aimed at searching for the meaning of "real life". These are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov (Peter Labazov according to the original plan).
These heroes carry the main semantic and philosophical load in the novel, continuing the series of Tolstoy's intellectual heroes with analytical warehouse mind, somewhat reminiscent of
ideas) and the generation of the 60s of the 19th century, whose searches were marked by greater depth and drama of the life issues that confronted them.
Andrei Bolkonsky is the son of a rich, noble and respected nobleman of the Catherine era, brought up and educated in the best traditions of the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It's brilliant
young man doing a successful official and secular career. Behind the impeccable secular appearance lies an intelligent, courageous, meticulously honest, deeply decent and proud man with a strong will. The pride of Prince Andrei is the "generic" trait of the Bolkonskys, which manifests itself in him
also as "pride of thought". Pierre Bezukhov notes in his friend "the ability of dreamy philosophizing." The life of Prince Andrei is filled with intense intellectual
and spiritual quests that constitute the evolution of his rich inner world.
At the beginning of the novel, being a well-established family man, Bolkonsky is not satisfied with his position, he dreams of becoming famous, serving the common good. It seems to him that for this, like his idol Napoleon, he needs to find a convenient opportunity, “his own Toulon”, which would help him
show undiscovered abilities. The campaign that began in 1805 prompts Bolkonsky to join the army, where he participates in the Shengraben and Austerlitz battles.
Prince Andrey finds "his own Toulon" on the field of Austerlitz when he performs a feat, rushing forward with a banner in his hands and trying to stop the fleeing soldiers. Being seriously wounded and looking into the bottomless sky above his head, Prince Andrei understands the fallacy of his former desires and aspirations,
he is disappointed in Napoleon, who admires the battlefield and examines the dead. Andrei Bolkonsky, like Pierre Bezukhov, comes to the rejection of Napoleon, to the denial
the very idea of Napoleonism as an expression of extreme individualism. The new shock of the hero is connected with the birth of his son and the death of his wife, before whom he feels guilty for inattention and coldness, his life is closed in close family confines, however, this period becomes the time of the first serious spiritual growth of the hero. Proud Bolkonsky for the first time lives not for himself, but for other people, although this is just a small circle of his family. country life time
turns out to be extremely important for the internal development of the hero: he reads a lot, thinks. He is generally distinguished by a rationalistic-rational way of comprehending life, an analytical approach to evaluating people and phenomena. Impressed by the meeting with Natasha Rostova and the feelings that arose for her
Prince Andrei again returns to an active life, at one time he works for Speransky, but is disappointed in this activity.
Participating in the Patriotic War, Bolkonsky acquires a common goal with all the people of others, understands the essence of many that are committed before him. through the eyes of events, and in a conversation with Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, he speaks of his observations on the spirit of the army and its imperious, decisive force in the battle. A severe wound received in the Battle of Borodino, the influence of everything experienced, reconciliation with Natasha decisively change Prince Andrei. He begins to understand people, to forgive their weaknesses, he discovers that true ties between people are built on love for others. This discovery
turns out to be unbearable for the proud mind and proud soul of the hero: a moral breakdown takes place in him. After a prophetic dream for him about an unsuccessful struggle with death, Bolkonsky gradually
dies away, despite the past physical danger, since the truth revealed to him, driving "living human life", is higher and Furthermore, what can
accommodate his proud soul.
One of the most important in the work of Tolstoy and in "War and Peace" is the image of Pierre Bezukhov. This image embodies the laws of historical reality, the author's understanding
the main principles of life, the autobiographical features of the writer himself, which distinguish his inner evolution as a struggle between the spiritual and intellectual principles and the sensual and passionate. The image of Pierre reflects not only the main direction of the spiritual development of the writer himself, it is ideologically correlated
with characters of Russian literature of the 19th century. In the process of intellectual and spiritual searches, the hero is characterized by the fusion of rational, emotional and intuitive principles, which leads him to the most complete comprehension of life.
Pierre is a gentle and good-natured person, trusting and carried away, but at the same time passionate, prone to outbursts of anger, sometimes succumbing to someone else's influence. Pierre is the illegitimate son of a nobleman, Count Bezukhov. After the death of his father, the inheritance of his title and huge fortune turns into the first serious test in the life of the hero. An unhappy personal life, a penchant for philosophizing lead Bezukhov to the ranks of Freemasons, goals
which seem to be true to him, but he soon becomes disillusioned with the ideals and participants of this movement. Pierre's new hobby is charitable work aimed at reorganizing and improving peasant life, but his gullibility and impracticality again lead to failure.
1812 is the most difficult and difficult time in Pierre's life. It is at this time that he realizes that, not being free, he deeply loves Natasha Rostova. Through the eyes of Pierre, readers see a terrible omen of impending disasters - the famous comet of the 12th year. The final insight comes for the hero and in relation to his former idol Napoleon. The reassessment of Napoleon's personality was largely influenced by Pierre's direct impressions of the Battle of Borodino.
and events in Moscow. Before the start of the Battle of Borodino, his last meeting with a friend, Andrei Bolkonsky, takes place, who shares with Pierre his thoughts that the real understanding of life is where “they” are ordinary Russian soldiers. Participation in the battle itself also helps the hero to be convinced of this, when, wanting to be an observer, he becomes involved in a common cause and experiences a feeling of genuine unity with those around him. Left in Moscow, Pierre intends to kill Napoleon, who now seems to him the worst enemy of all mankind.
In captivity, where Pierre falls as an "arsonist", a new one begins, critical period his life, during which the hero for the first time finds himself in common with all the people of situations and realizes at first that only his body has been captivated, but the living, immortal soul of a person cannot be captivated. In captivity
he meets Platon Karataev, a member of the Apsheron regiment, who played a major role in the formation of his worldview. In the process of communicating with Karataev, whose image is of paramount importance for understanding the philosophical meaning of the novel, the essence of the people's worldview and understanding of life is revealed to Pierre. Plato lives as his inner worldview dictates to him: he does not talk about life, but "settles down" in any conditions. Even in his appearance there is something symbolic: warm, round, smelling of bread, affectionate, calm, kind. In the appearance and behavior of Karataev, deep folk wisdom is expressed, that folk philosophy of life, the comprehension of which the main characters of the novel painfully achieve. In Plato's conversations, the idea that you need to humble yourself, you need to love life, even when
suffer innocently.
All the most important stages of Pierre's life are marked by experiences that are significant for the hero's inner world, connected not only with the intellectual, but also with the emotional and figurative understanding of what is happening (a dream about "passion" dogs tormenting him; a dream after the Battle of Borodino, seen under the impression of a conversation with Prince Andrei and contemplation of the starry sky). On the night after the death of Karataev and before being released from captivity, Pierre also sees a symbolic dream that helps him understand life philosophy Plato. In this dream, the hero sees the "world" as a living ball, covered with many drops of water, which then merge, then separate again. Pierre
understands that a person is only a drop in the human sea, that his life has purpose and meaning only as a part and at the same time a reflection of the whole. The meeting with Karataev made Pierre, who had not seen “eternal and infinite in anything” before, learn to “see the eternal and infinite in everything. And that eternal and infinite was God.”
According to the original plan, Pierre's storyline was to continue in the description of the events of 1825, which is preceded by the "open" epilogue of "War and Peace". Here Pierre is shown as a mature man, happily married to Natasha Rostova, whose image also goes back to the original idea. In the draft characteristics given by the author to his heroes, Natasha is noted as a heroine who "does not deign to be smart." This remark by Tolstoy is the key to understanding the image of one of the main characters of the novel.
Natasha is distinguished not by reason, but by sensitivity and extraordinary emotionality, enriched by an outstanding musical talent. At the same time, there is a solid foundation in her character, based on the moral and spiritual values of people's life. Because of this, Natasha unconsciously embodies a true understanding of life and is capable of decisive and generous deeds, sometimes of self-sacrifice (episodes of taking the wounded out of Moscow, saving her mother after the death of Petya). Tolstoy endows her with the ability to sensitively capture and correctly understand the inner essence of a person: the most accurate and capacious characteristics of other heroes belong to Natasha. At the same time, she is capable of reckless, selfish
deeds (fascination with Anatole Kuragin and an attempt to escape with him). The image of Natasha is given in the novel in development: for the first time, readers see her as a direct thirteen-year-old girl, and in the epilogue she is a happy woman, absorbed in caring for her children and her husband. The image of Natasha the mother is polemically
sharpened by Tolstoy in relation to the ideas of women's emancipation that were widely discussed at that time.
More sublime, harmonic and partly ideal features are marked by another central female image novel - Princess Marya. This is largely due to the fact that the prototype of this image for Tolstoy was his mother, whom he did not remember and did not even see a single image of her. Princess
Marya is marked by almost all the qualities inherent in the Bolkonsky family: she is smart, well educated and brought up. But the heroine is not distinguished by the underlined rationalism and coldish pride of the Bolkonskys. This is a meek and at the same time strong-willed woman, who is characterized by the ability to self-sacrifice (after the death of the little princess, she, as best she can, replaces Nikolenka's mother), presence of mind and deep religiosity. Having married Nikolai Rostov,
she fully shares her husband's views "on duty and oath."
Of great importance for understanding the philosophical and moral meaning of "War and Peace" is the fact that Tolstoy pays much attention to the depiction family life
their heroes. Most of the significant characters in the epic novel appear in their family environment. The author strongly emphasizes common features, characterizing that
or another family: cordiality and openness, emotionality and kindness, musical talent and a true fusion with Russian national spirit Rostovs; refined aristocracy, intelligence, nobility, heightened sense of duty and honor, education and pride of the Bolkonskys; immorality and greed, selfishness, meanness of the “damned Kuragin breed”. The family in the writer's understanding is a small semblance of that “Mipa”, of which a person is a part. That is why the heroes of the epic novel are distinguished not only personality traits but also generic. Family, ability to be a keeper hearth and mother - a special moral test
for the heroines of the novel. Helen Kuragina cannot stand this test, but Natasha Rostova and Princess Marya are wonderful wives and mothers.
In one of Tolstoy's contemporary critical articles on War and Peace, wonderful words were written that reveal the essence of art form of this piece:
"What bulk and what harmony!" Such a combination could arise only on the basis of the author's truly realistic approach to the depiction of events and persons that formed a true picture of the world of that era. The epic nature of the work has developed both on the basis of the image
turning historical events in conjunction with the details of the life of one person, and on the basis of a wide display of different aspects of Russian social, political and family life of that time. The "thought of the people" in "War and Peace" was equally expressed in Tolstoy's definition of the role of the people
as the driving force of history, recognizing the importance of its spiritual state to decide the historical fate and in the image not of individual heroes characterizing certain sections of society, but of the whole people as a whole, represented by representatives of various classes, ages, and beliefs. At the same time, among the secondary and episodic characters of the novel, there are clearly defined characters and types with an easily recognizable individuality.
Creating images of the main characters, Tolstoy does not deviate from the principles of "dialectics of the soul", giving these images in development, endowing them not only with a wealth of feelings, but also with depth of thought. Significantly complement the images of heroes with memorable portrait characteristics (at the same time, Tolstoy often emphasizes the role of some significant detail, for example, the radiant eyes of Princess Marya), individual style behavior (swift gait and rigidity of communication with those around Prince Bolkonsky; spontaneity and liveliness of Natasha), originality
The language of the novel in its own way reflects the true picture of the life of that era, contains large inclusions of text written by the author in German and, mainly, in French, which conveys the real atmosphere of the life of a secular society. However, the bulk of the novel is magnificent in its
the accuracy of the presentation of thought, the Russian literary language, enriched with living samples of folk (peasant and soldier) speech.
Comprehension by the heroes of their experiences, feelings, their intense spiritual work is often helped by communication with nature. The view of the sky near Austerlitz and in Bogucharov, met on the way to Otradnoye oak helps Prince Andrei, for example, to better understand the changes taking place in his inner world. The hunt, in which the Rostovs participate, serves as a kind of prototype for the future national unity in the face of danger. The skill of Tolstoy as a battle painter is enriched by a peculiar (ascending, to ancient traditions) use of images of nature: nature, together with people, seems to be participating in battles (the fog that covered the Austerlitz field
and interfering with the Russian army; smoke and fog, the sun beating in the eyes, interfering with the French at Borodino); nature, Tolstoy entrusts the emotional assessment of the war (light rain,
dripping over the battlefield, as if saying: “Enough, enough, people. Stop... Come to your senses. What are you doing?").
Lesson Objectives:
Show historical meaning the Battle of Borodino, to reveal the origins of the heroism of the Russian people;
Develop skills analytical conversation according to the text of the work;
To instill in students a sense of patriotism and pride in the Russian army.
Lesson equipment:
Computer, projector, screen;
DVD player;
Stand "Heroes of the War of 1812";
Illustrations for the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace." (Material from IIP "KM-School")
Epigraphs for the lesson.
"War is the most vile thing on earth." L. N. Tolstoy
"Military affairs are not enough to save the country, while a country defended by the people is invincible." Napoleon Bonaparte
During the classes:
1. ORGANIZATIONAL PART OF THE LESSON.
Greeting students;
Message by the teacher of the topic, objectives of the lesson.
2. THE MAIN PART OF THE LESSON.
a) opening speech teachers to the sounds moonlight sonata» Ludwig van Beethoven: Tolstoy wouldn't exist if we didn't read him. The life of his books is our reading, our existence in them. Every time someone picks up War and Peace, the life of this book starts all over again. You and I also hold this great book, in which Tolstoy shares with us his thoughts about life and death, about love that saves a person, about glory, honor and dishonor, about war, about how it turns people's destinies upside down. War is death, death, blood, wounds. War is fear. And repeatedly Tolstoy emphasizes that war is a crime, because war is bloodshed, and any bloodshed is criminal. Man and war is one of the leading themes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Today we will talk about the glorious page in the history of our Motherland - the Battle of Borodino. The purpose of today's lesson is to prove that, indeed, it is not for nothing that the descendants remember the Battle of Borodino, that the Battle of Borodino was of great importance in the Patriotic War of 1812. (Students write the topic of the lesson in their notebooks).
b) Student's speech about two commanders: Kutuzov and Napoleon. Text material of the speech: 1812 Patriotic war. Rus' has not seen such an invasion since the time of the Mongol Tatar yoke. On June 22, 1812, Napoleon signed a proclamation to his soldiers: “Soldiers! Let's go ahead, let's take the war to Russia, which has been influencing the affairs of Europe for 50 years now. Napoleon's army is the strongest and most numerous in Europe. He is a successful military leader himself. His marshals are a historical phenomenon. Napoleon himself chose them from the people where he saw talent and courage and did not ask for papers about noble origin. It was a strong opponent, and he could count on success. On August 20, 1812, the Russian army was headed by Kutuzov. He is 67 years old and has only 8 months to live. His combat experience was calculated in half a century. hard life got this man, but glorious. Much behind the battles and campaigns, he was wounded three times, lost his right eye. Time to rest. But no… not the time. It was Kutuzov who gave the order to retreat to Moscow. Dissatisfied in the troops with such an order. And Kutuzov said, slyly screwing up his only eye: “Who said retreat? This is a military maneuver."
c) Work with the text of chapter 19 of part 2 of volume 3 in the form of a conversation, reading passages, retelling scenes and commenting on them.
Teacher: Retreating, the troops approached Moscow. Here, near the little-known village of Borodino, the Russians were destined to show their valor and courage.
1. Did the Russians prepare for the Battle of Borodino? Were positions fortified? What was the balance of power between the Russians and the French?
2. Why did Kutuzov decide to fight in such unfavorable conditions for the Russian army? Why did he hesitate to give battle until now?
3. What did Kutuzov take into account when deciding to fight?
4. Find the main, in your opinion, key phrase in chapter 19, which contains the answer to the questions posed.
(Students find the desired phrase that is displayed on the screen: "demand of the people's battle". It is concluded that Kutuzov, deciding to fight, took into account the mood of the troops. The conclusion is written by the students in a notebook).
d) Analysis of the episode "Pierre Bezukhov on the way to the Borodino field." Working with the text of chapter 20 of part 2 of volume 3.""
Teacher: To survive the events of the Battle of Borodino and convey to the reader his thoughts and feelings about the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy trusts Pierre Bezukhov, who is incompetent in military affairs.
1. Why Pierre, purely civilian man, did not leave Moscow, like others, but stayed and ended up near Borodino? In what mood does he go to the Borodino field? (Pierre is excited, joyful. He feels that the fate of the Fatherland is being decided here, and, perhaps, he will become a witness, and if he is lucky, then a participant in a grandiose event).
2. What picture do we see through the eyes of Pierre on the way to the Borodino field? What catches his eye? Who does he meet? (The cavalry regiment with songwriters is heading to the positions, towards it is a convoy with the wounded in yesterday's battle near the village of Shevardino. The old soldier addresses Count Bezukhov as a "countryman", and Pierre understands that now is not the moment for people to be divided into masters and slaves. There is some kind of unity of people before the battle, in which the fate of their land will be decided).
3. How do soldiers behave before battle? Does Pierre see panic, fear? (The soldiers are joking, discussing tomorrow's battle. Everything is solemn, majestic. No one has fear, therefore Pierre does not have it).
Teacher: By various means, Tolstoy emphasizes the extraordinary solemnity and importance of the upcoming events. The unity of people before the battle is shown: professional military men, militias, Pierre, who formulates his thoughts about what he saw with the phrase ( "... they want to pile on all the people" (displayed on the screen, written in a notebook).
e) Viewing a fragment of the film "War and Peace" (episode "Conversation between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov on the eve of the battle of Borodino"). Discussion of the episode on the questions:
1. On what does the success of the battle depend least of all, according to Prince Andrei? (From positions, number of troops, weapons). And from what then? (“from the feeling that is in every soldier”, i.e., from the morale of the troops, from the spirit of the army).
(The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen, written in a notebook).
2. Tolstoy says: "War is the most disgusting thing in life." But what kind of war does Tolstoy justify through the mouth of Prince Andrei? (The war for our Motherland, for the land in which our ancestors lie. Such a fair war! It must be cruel so that no one wants to repeat it. Prince Andrei says:“The French are my enemies, they are criminals. They need to be executed."i.e. he claims that one should feel hatred towards the enemy who came to your land. To win, you have to hate). (The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen and, together with the conclusions, are recorded in a notebook).
f) Analysis of the episode "Pierre Bezukhov on Raevsky's Battery". Working with text 31, 32 chapters of part 2 of volume 3 in the form of a conversation, reading passages, retelling scenes and commenting on them.
Teacher: For Tolstoy, war is hard, everyday, bloody work. Prince Andrew understands this too. Once on the battery of Raevsky, Pierre Bezukhov parted with his idea of \u200b\u200bwar as a solemn parade.
1. What mood is Pierre in when he gets on Raevsky's battery? (In cheerful, upbeat, joyful).
2. How did the fighters react to Pierre? (At first, disapprovingly: Pierre's formal clothes look completely ridiculous among everything that is happening. Then, seeing that he is harmless, the soldiers begin to treat Pierre affectionately, jokingly, call him "our master").
3. What of what you see changes Pierre's mood? (He sees death. The first thing that struck him was the dead soldier lying alone in the meadow. And by ten o'clock - "twenty people were taken away from the battery." But Pierre was especially struck by the death of the "young officer" - "it became strange, cloudy in the eyes" .)
4. Why did Pierre volunteer to run after the shells when they ran out? (He is scared. He runs from the battery without remembering himself, subconsciously realizing that no forces will force him to return to the horror that he experienced on the battery).
5. What made Pierre return to the battery? (A box of shells exploded almost in Pierre's hands. He runs in a panic to where the people are - to the battery).
6. What picture did Pierre see when he returned to the battery? (Almost all the soldiers are dead, in front of his eyes a Russian soldier was stabbed in the back by a Frenchman, the rest of the soldiers were taken prisoner).
Teacher: Pierre, clutching his head, runs in a semi-conscious state, "stumbling over the dead and wounded, who, it seemed to him, were catching him by the legs." And when the mound was liberated, Pierre was once again destined to visit the battery, and what he saw amazed him.
A terrible picture of the Borodino field after the battle is drawn by Tolstoy.
7. Tolstoy paints a picture of death and does not spare colors. What message does he want to convey to the reader? (War is a crime, bloodshed. How many are killed! the whole world. It's gone forever! Forever! This is what Tolstoy calls to understand and come to his senses).
8. What is the definition of Tolstoy's victory at Borodino? (Students find the right definition which is displayed on the screen: "The moral victory was won by the Russians near Borodino." The conclusion is made about the moral superiority of Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino).
3. FINAL PART OF THE LESSON.
a) Summing up the lesson.
Students analyze the notes in notebooks, which are also displayed on the screen, and answer the questions:
1. Thanks to what did the Russian army win?
2. What is the main thing for victory, according to Tolstoy?
3. What determines the success of the battle?
b) Final word teachers.
Napoleon's army was stronger. All military factors were taken into account, he foresaw everything. He did not take into account only one circumstance, which decided the outcome of the war, namely, that together with the army, the entire Russian people would rise to fight and fight desperately for their land, that it would be a life-and-death war. Historians called the War of 1812 the Patriotic War. Twice in the history of our country wars were given this name. And it would seem that all our enemies should have learned main lesson Battle of Borodino: do not go to Moscow! Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. But everything in history repeats itself. It contains important dates. Also on June 22, 1941 (after 129 years!) Hitler wished to conquer Rus'. The Great Patriotic War began. Domestic wars ... These are holy wars, when everyone, young and old, were united by one feeling and one desire. And then they became invincible and made the whole world marvel at it. It was patriotism of the highest order. Marina Tsvetaeva has a poem “To the Generals of the 12th Year”, which she dedicates to all the heroes of the Patriotic War. Only a small part of their portraits is on our stand. Pay attention to them, they deserve it. At all young faces, but they know what the Fatherland is, what it means to defend their land, what an officer's honor is.
(Students are examining the stand, and at this time a fragment of Nastenka's romance from the film “Say a Word About the Poor Hussar” sounds to the words of M. Tsvetaeva, music by A. Petrov).
c) Homework:
1. Analysis of chapters 22-38 from volume 3 of part 2.
2.Prepare comparative characteristic images of Kutuzov and Napoleon.
d) Analysis of student responses and grading.
One of the most important techniques revealing the inner world of the characters. For example, the diary of Pierre Bezukhov deeply reveals his soul: "Petersburg, November 23. I told my wife that I ask her to forget everything old, I ask you to forgive me that I could be guilty before her, and that I have nothing to forgive her. I I was happy to tell her this. Let her know how hard it was for me to see her again. I settled in a big house in the upper chambers and I feel a happy feeling of renewal "(vol. II, part three, VIII, 591s.) This example is from a diary, talks about Pierre's inner renewal, about his feelings, thoughts.
Landscape as a psychological means of depicting the character's inner world
A very important psychological detail is the landscape through which the reader can understand internal state heroes. The clearest example is the spring oak, which initially shows the disappointments in the life of Andrei Bolkonsky: "It was a huge oak." Only he did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun: “Spring, and love, and happiness!” This oak seems to be saying. one and the same, and everything is a lie! There is no spring, no sun, no happiness ... ". “Yes, he is right, this oak is a thousand times right,” thought Prince Andrei, “Our life is over.” (vol. II, part two, II). But the second time, when Andre Bolkonsky drives past an oak, this oak emphasizes the "resurrection" of the prince, his emotional unrest. This oak is needed in order to show the revived Andrey, his inner world, love of life. “Yes, this is the same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and an unreasonable spring feeling of joy and renewal suddenly came over him. All the best moments of his life were suddenly remembered to him in an instant ... "No, life is not over at thirty-one, - Prince Andrei finally decided" (vol. II, part two, II).
Direct speech as a psychological means of depicting the character's inner world
Another of the main forms of psychologism is direct speech. In the direct speech of his characters, Tolstoy reveals hidden - sometimes from the most talking - motives and traces a personal theme.
The individual declares his value in different forms, and their diversity is widely represented by Tolstoy. After the battle of Shengraben, Nikolai Rostov, who had just been promoted from the junkers to the cornets of the hussar army regiment, met with the guardsmen Berg and Boris Drubetsky.
In this scene, the speech of the characters serves their self-affirmation quite straightforwardly. Both friends told each other - one of their hussar revels and military life, the other - about the pleasantness and benefits of service
Under the command of high-ranking officials ... Berg, as usual, was silent when it did not concern him personally ... "Berg's speech in general is completely open expression selfishness, complacency and boasting of their successes. "Now, Count, I have completely settled down on new apartment, - said Berg (to Pierre Bezukhov), obviously knowing that hearing this could not but be pleasant "(vol. I. part three, V). In the scene three comrades all three speak directly about themselves. Boris boasts as a careerist, Berg as a prosperous money-grubber, Nikolai Rostov as an ardent and noble young man. The speech of each of them reveals his character. Revealing the soul of a person, Tolstoy liked to depict the gaps between the shell of speech and their inner content. Why does Pierre remember for years with shame and disgust how he said to Helen: "ie vous aime?" Pierre is tormented because he is a man of a complex spiritual life; he used a speech pattern in a secular environment. Here is such a very a prime example when Nikolai Rostov has to report the loss to Dolokhov. “What to do! Who hasn’t this happened to!” said the son, in an unleashed, ridiculous tone, while in his soul he considered himself a scoundrel, a scoundrel ... Count Ilya Andreevich lowered his eyes when he heard these words of his son, and hurried, looking for something "Yes, yes," he said, "it's hard, I'm afraid, it's hard to get ... with whom it has not happened! Yes, with whom it has not happened ... "(vol. II, part five, V) Ilya Andreevich is ashamed of his son. On the other hand, he repeats the words, the first words that come across, so as not to say what he does not want to say. And this meaningless repetition, masking the inner focus of the conversation, makes Nikolai sob and ask for forgiveness.
Principles expressing the psychological characteristics of heroes
The principle of contrast, opposition, antithesis - defining in artistic structure"War and Peace" - expressed in psychological characteristics heroes. How differently the soldiers call Prince Andrei "our prince", Pierre - "our master", how differently the heroes feel themselves in the people's environment. The perception of people as "cannon fodder" occurs more than once in Bolkonsky as opposed to the unity, merger of Bezukhov with the soldiers on the Borodino field and in captivity.
The general, behind whom Pierre rode, went downhill, turned sharply to the left, and Pierre, losing sight of him, jumped into the ranks of the infantry soldiers walking ahead of him. He tried to get out of them first to the right, then to the left; but everywhere there were soldiers, with equally preoccupied faces, engaged in some invisible, but obviously important business. Everyone looked with the same displeased, questioning look at this fat man in a white hat, who, for some unknown reason, was trampling them with his horse. - Why does he ride in the middle of the battalion! one shouted at him. Another pushed his horse with the butt, and Pierre, clinging to the pommel and barely holding the shy horse, jumped forward the soldiers, where it was more spacious. There was a bridge ahead of him, and other soldiers were standing by the bridge, firing. Pierre drove up to him. Without knowing it himself, Pierre drove to the bridge over the Kolocha, which was between Gorki and Borodino and which, in the first action of the battle (taking Borodino), was attacked by the French. Pierre saw that there was a bridge ahead of him, and that on both sides of the bridge and in the meadow, in those rows of hay that he noticed yesterday, soldiers were doing something in the smoke; but, despite the incessant shooting that took place in this place, he did not think that this was the battlefield. He did not hear the sounds of bullets squealing from all sides, and the shells flying over him, did not see the enemy who was on the other side of the river, and for a long time did not see the dead and wounded, although many fell not far from him. With a smile that never left his face, he looked around him. - What does this one drive in front of the line? someone shouted at him again. “Take the left, take the right,” they shouted to him. Pierre took to the right and unexpectedly moved in with the adjutant of General Raevsky, whom he knew. This adjutant looked angrily at Pierre, obviously intending to shout at him too, but, recognizing him, nodded his head to him. — How are you here? he said and galloped on. Pierre, feeling out of place and idle, afraid to interfere with someone again, galloped after the adjutant. - It's here, right? May I come with you? he asked. “Now, now,” answered the adjutant, and, jumping up to the fat colonel who was standing in the meadow, handed him something and then turned to Pierre. Why are you here, Count? he told him with a smile. Are you all curious? “Yes, yes,” said Pierre. But the adjutant, turning his horse, rode on. - Here, thank God, - said the adjutant, - but on the left flank of Bagration there is a terrible fire. — Really? asked Pierre. — Where is it? “Yes, let’s go with me to the mound, you can see from us.” And it’s still tolerable with us on the battery, ”said the adjutant. - Well, are you going? “Yes, I am with you,” said Pierre, looking around him and looking for his bereator with his eyes. Here, only for the first time, Pierre saw the wounded, wandering on foot and carried on a stretcher. On the very meadow, with the fragrant rows of hay, through which he had passed yesterday, across the rows, awkwardly turning his head, lay motionless one soldier with a fallen shako. Why didn't they bring it up? Pierre began; but, seeing the stern face of the adjutant, who looked back in the same direction, he fell silent. Pierre did not find his bereytor and, together with the adjutant, rode down the hollow to the Raevsky barrow. Pierre's horse lagged behind the adjutant and shook him evenly. “You are obviously not used to riding, Count?” the adjutant asked. “No, nothing, but something she jumps a lot,” Pierre said in bewilderment. “Eh! .. yes, she was wounded,” the adjutant said, “the right front, above the knee.” Bullet must be. Congratulations, Count,” he said, “le baptême de feu. Passing through the smoke along the sixth corps, behind the artillery, which, pushed forward, fired, deafening with its shots, they arrived at a small forest. The forest was cool, quiet and smelled of autumn. Pierre and the adjutant dismounted from their horses and walked up the mountain. Is the general here? asked the adjutant, approaching the mound. “We were just now, let’s go here,” they answered him, pointing to the right. The adjutant looked back at Pierre, as if not knowing what to do with him now. "Don't worry," said Pierre. - I'll go to the mound, can I? - Yes, go, everything is visible from there and not so dangerous. And I'll pick you up. Pierre went to the battery, and the adjutant rode on. They did not see each other again, and much later Pierre learned that this adjutant's arm had been torn off that day. The mound, which Pierre entered, was that famous (later known to the Russians under the name of the kurgan battery, or Rayevsky battery, and to the French under the name of la grande redoute, la fatale redoute, la redoute du centre) place around which tens of thousands of people were laid and which the French considered the most important point of the position. This redoubt consisted of a mound, on which ditches were dug on three sides. In a place dug in by ditches stood ten firing cannons, protruding through the openings of the ramparts. Cannons stood in line with the mound on both sides, also firing incessantly. A little behind the cannons were infantry troops. Entering this mound, Pierre never thought that this place dug in with small ditches, on which several cannons stood and fired, was the most important place in battle. Pierre, on the contrary, it seemed that this place (precisely because he was on it) was one of the most insignificant places of the battle. Entering the mound, Pierre stood at the end of the ditch surrounding the battery, and with an unconsciously joyful smile looked at what was happening around him. Occasionally, Pierre would get up with the same smile, and trying not to interfere with the soldiers who loaded and rolled the guns, who constantly ran past him with bags and charges, walked around the battery. The cannons from this battery continuously fired one after another, deafening with their sounds and covering the whole neighborhood with gunpowder smoke. Contrary to the creepiness that was felt between the infantry soldiers of the cover, here, on the battery, where a small number of people, busy, was limited, separated from others by a ditch - here one felt the same and common to all, as if family animation. The appearance of the non-military figure of Pierre in a white hat first struck these people unpleasantly. The soldiers, passing by him, looked with surprise and even fear at his figure. Senior artillery officer, tall, with long legs, a pockmarked man, as if in order to look at the action of the last weapon, went up to Pierre and looked at him curiously. A young, round-faced officer, still a perfect child, obviously just released from the corps, disposing of the two guns entrusted to him very diligently, turned sternly to Pierre. “Sir, let me ask you out of the way,” he said to him, “it’s not allowed here. The soldiers shook their heads disapprovingly, looking at Pierre. But when everyone was convinced that this man in a white hat not only did nothing wrong, but either sat quietly on the slope of the rampart, or with a shy smile, courteously avoiding the soldiers, walked along the battery under the shots as calmly as along the boulevard, then little by little, a feeling of unfriendly bewilderment towards him began to turn into an affectionate and playful participation, similar to that which soldiers have for their animals: dogs, roosters, goats and, in general, animals living with military teams. These soldiers immediately mentally accepted Pierre into their family, appropriated and gave him a nickname. “Our master” they called him and they affectionately laughed about him among themselves. One core blew up the ground a stone's throw from Pierre. He, cleaning the earth sprinkled with a cannonball from his dress, looked around him with a smile. - And how are you not afraid, master, really! - the red-haired man turned to Pierre wide soldier baring strong white teeth. — Are you afraid? asked Pierre. — But how? answered the soldier. “Because she won’t have mercy. She slams, so the guts out. You can't help but be afraid," he said, laughing. Several soldiers with cheerful and affectionate faces stopped near Pierre. They did not seem to expect him to speak like everyone else, and this discovery delighted them. “Our business is soldiery. But the sir, so amazing. That's the barin! - In places! shouted a young officer at the soldiers gathered around Pierre. This young officer, apparently, performed his position for the first or second time, and therefore treated both the soldiers and the commander with particular distinctness and uniformity. The erratic firing of cannons and rifles intensified throughout the field, especially to the left, where Bagration's flashes were, but because of the smoke of shots from the place where Pierre was, it was almost impossible to see anything. Moreover, observations of how, as it were, a family (separated from all others), a circle of people who were on the battery, absorbed all the attention of Pierre. His first unconsciously joyful excitement, produced by the sight and sounds of the battlefield, was now replaced, especially after the sight of this lonely soldier lying in the meadow, by another feeling. Sitting now on the slope of the ditch, he watched the faces around him. By ten o'clock, twenty people had already been carried away from the battery; two guns were broken, more and more shells hit the battery and flew, buzzing and whistling, long-range bullets. But the people who were on the battery did not seem to notice this; cheerful conversation and jokes were heard from all sides. - Chinenko! the soldier shouted at the approaching, whistling grenade. - Not here! To the infantry! - another added with a laugh, noticing that the grenade flew over and hit the ranks of the cover. - What, friend? another soldier laughed at the crouched peasant under the flying cannonball. Several soldiers gathered at the rampart, looking at what was happening ahead. “And they took off the chain, you see, they went back,” they said, pointing over the shaft. “Look at your business,” the old non-commissioned officer shouted at them. “We’ve gone back, so there’s something to do back.” - And the non-commissioned officer, taking one of the soldiers by the shoulder, pushed him with his knee. Laughter was heard. - Roll to the fifth gun! shouted from one side. “At once, more amicably, in a burlatsky style,” the cheerful cries of those who changed the gun were heard. “Ay, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Oh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the ball that had fallen into the wheel and leg of a man. - Well, you foxes! another laughed at the squirming militiamen who were entering the battery to fetch the wounded. — Al is not tasty porridge? Ah, crows, swayed! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of a soldier with a severed leg. “That one is mine, little one,” the peasants mimicked. - Passion is not loved! Pierre noticed how after each shot that hit, after each loss, a general revival flared up more and more. As from the advancing thundercloud, more and more often, brighter and brighter flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in rebuff to what was happening) lightning bolts of hidden, flaring fire. Pierre did not look ahead on the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in contemplating this, more and more burning fire, which in the same way (he felt) flared up in his soul. At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers, who were ahead of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River, retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looking angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover, which was standing behind the battery, to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, a drum was heard, shouts of command, from the battery it was clear how the ranks of the infantry moved forward. Pierre looked over the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, was walking backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looking around uneasily. The ranks of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, their long-drawn cry and frequent firing of guns were heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. Near the cannons, the soldiers moved busier and more lively. No one paid any attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice he was angrily shouted at for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frown on his face, moved with large, quick steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. Soldiers fired, turned, loaded and did their job with intense panache. They bounced along the way, as if on springs. A thundercloud moved in, and that fire burned brightly in all faces, the flaring up of which Pierre watched. He stood beside the senior officer. A young officer ran up, with his hand to his shako, to the older one. - I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, will you order to continue firing? - he asked. - Buckshot! - not answering, shouted the senior officer, who was looking through the rampart. Suddenly something happened; the officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground like a bird shot in the air. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre's eyes. One after another, the cannonballs whistled and beat at the parapet, at the soldiers, at the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. On the side of the battery, on the right, with a cry of “Hurrah,” the soldiers ran not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre. The core hit the very edge of the shaft in front of which Pierre was standing, poured the earth, and a black ball flashed in his eyes, and at the same instant slapped into something. The militia, who had entered the battery, ran back. - All buckshot! shouted the officer. The non-commissioned officer ran up to the senior officer and in a frightened whisper (as the butler reports to the owner at dinner that there is no more required wine) said that there were no more charges. - Robbers, what are they doing! shouted the officer, turning to Pierre. The senior officer's face was red and sweaty, and his frowning eyes shone. - Run to the reserves, bring the boxes! he shouted, angrily looking around Pierre and turning to his soldier. “I will go,” said Pierre. The officer, without answering him, big steps went the other way. - Don't shoot... Wait! he shouted. The soldier, who was ordered to go for the charges, collided with Pierre. “Oh, master, you don’t belong here,” he said and ran downstairs. Pierre ran after the soldier, bypassing the place where the young officer was sitting. One, another, a third shot flew over him, hit in front, from the sides, behind, Pierre ran down. "Where am I?" he suddenly remembered, already running up to the green boxes. He stopped, undecided whether to go back or forward. Suddenly a terrible jolt threw him back to the ground. At the same moment the brilliance big fire illuminated it, and at the same moment there was a deafening, ringing in the ears thunder, crackling and whistling. Pierre, waking up, was sitting on his back, leaning his hands on the ground; the box he was near was not there; only green burnt boards and rags were lying on the scorched grass, and the horse, waving the fragments of the shaft, galloped away from him, and the other, like Pierre himself, lay on the ground and squealed piercingly.Integrated lesson - it specific form classes. The main thing on it is the study of interdisciplinary objects. It is at such lessons that students have the opportunity to obtain deep and solid knowledge, using information from various subjects, comprehending events and phenomena in a completely new way. This stimulates the analytical activity of students, develops the need for a systematic approach to the object of knowledge, forms the ability to analyze, develop thinking, memory, imagination, and develop beliefs.
This lesson is a lesson in history and literature. Theme of the lesson: "Battle of Borodino." (Based on historical materials and Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"). The value of the lesson is in connecting the plans of the historical and artistic narrative into a single process.
In the section “Russia in the first half of the 19th century”, the topic “Patriotic War of 1812” occupies a special place, because. the most important historical event of this period, which influenced the socio-economic development of the country.
This lesson is a continuation of the previous topics on Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, its foreign and domestic policy.
The battle of Borodino is also considered in the study of the work of L. N. Tolstoy.
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Lesson topic: "Battle of Borodino" (based on historical materials and Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace").
Lesson Objectives:
Show the war from the point of view of history and compare it with how it is shown by Tolstoy in work of art: the course of the war, the nature of the war, the significance of the Battle of Borodino and the role of the individual in the war;
Reveal the reasons for the victory of Russia and show Tolstoy's skill in revealing these reasons through the work;
Show the heroism and patriotism of the Russian people in the Patriotic War;
Develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, work with the proposed text, work with the document;
characterize historical figures and literary characters, express own opinion, pick up necessary information to the lesson, speak to the audience, work with the map;
Cultivate a sense of patriotism and national pride.
Equipment:
maps, tables, Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", portraits of the writer, multimedia installation, VCR, computer, DVD player, film "War and Peace", presentation, videos.
Epigraph to the lesson.
"War is the most disgusting thing on earth."
L.N. Tolstoy.
During the classes:
1. Demonstration of the presentation of "Borodino". (since #1)
2. Teacher's word:
Borodino . The poem by M.Yu. is dedicated to this event. Lermontov "Tell me, uncle, it's not for nothing ....", a film with the same name is dedicated, in honor of him the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was built with public money, one of the halls of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg is dedicated to the heroes of this event, one of the main characters - Kutuzov - a monument was erected near the walls of the Kazan Cathedral, an order was created in his honor, which was awarded to the best commanders during the Great Patriotic War. This event is dedicated to our lesson.
3. Theme of the lesson. (p. No. 2) epigraph.
4. Literature teacher :
L. Tolstoy would not exist if we did not read it. The life of his books is our reading, our existence in them. Every time someone picks up War and Peace, the life of this book starts all over again. You and I also hold this great book in our hands, in which Tolstoy shares with us his thoughts about life and death, about love that saves a person, about glory, honor and dishonor, about war, about how it turns people's destinies. War is death, death, blood, wounds. War is fear. And repeatedly Tolstoy emphasizes that war is a crime, because war is bloodshed, and any bloodshed is criminal. Man and war are one of the leading themes of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". Today we will talk about the glorious page in the history of our Motherland - the Battle of Borodino. The purpose of today's lesson is to prove that, indeed, it is not without reason that descendants remember the Battle of Borodino, that the Battle of Borodino was of great importance in the Patriotic War of 1812. (From No. 3)
5. History teacher :
1812. Patriotic War. Rus' has not seen such an invasion since the Mongol-Tatar yoke. On June 22, 1812, Napoleon signed a proclamation to his soldiers: “Soldiers! Let's go ahead, transfer the war to Russia, which has been influencing the affairs of Europe for 50 years already. Napoleon's army is the strongest and most numerous in Europe. He is a successful military leader himself. His marshals are a historical phenomenon. Napoleon himself chose them from the people where he saw talent and courage and did not ask for papers about noble origin. It was a strong opponent, and he could count on success. On August 20, 1812, the Russian army was headed by Kutuzov. He is 67 years old and has only 8 months to live. His combat experience was calculated in half a century. This man had a hard life, but a glorious one. Much behind the battles and campaigns, he was wounded three times, lost his right eye. Time to rest.
But no... not the time. It was Kutuzov who gave the order to retreat to Moscow. Dissatisfied in the troops with such an order. And Kutuzov said, slyly screwing up his eye: “Who said retreat? This is a military maneuver "Many great commanders participated in the battle: Bagration, Suvorov's favorite student, for him battle of Borodino was the 151st in a row and was the last. Most of the generals participating in this battle were very young. Yermolov is 34 years old, Davydov and Volkonsky are 28 each, and the youngest general was A.I. Kutaisov, he received this rank at 22, and at 27 he commanded all the artillery on the Borodino field.
6. History teacher (review of the material covered) (from No. 4)
What were the causes of the War of 1812 and the plans of the parties?
What was the nature of the war for the belligerents
What was the balance of power on the eve of the war?
What did it show folk character wars?
Why was the Russian army forced to retreat?
Why was Kutuzov appointed commander in chief of the Russian army?
7. Communication of the plan for the study of new material (p No. 5)
Plans and preparations for the general battle. The balance of forces (according to historical materials).
The course of the Battle of Borodino, its results, historical significance (based on historical materials).
Description of the Battle of Borodino in the novel "War and Peace".
Reading the table compiled during the lesson, discussion, conclusions.
8.Working with the map (p. No. 6)
9. History teacher.
Having a numerical advantage, Napoleon sought to defeat the Russian army in a general battle, enter Moscow, and dictate terms of peace to Russia. Kutuzov was not inclined to look for the outcome of the war in one general battle, he understood that a general battle did not determine the final victory. Napoleon was sure: “The victory at Borodino, if it can be achieved, will be only a temporary victory, and not the final defeat of the enemy.(p. no. 7)
Kutuzov's strategic plan was aimed at the accumulation of large forces (reserves), the depletion of the enemy and his final defeat during the counteroffensive. Kutuzov spoke about it this way: “When it’s not about the glory of battles won, but the whole goal is the desire for extermination French army... I took the intention ... to retreat ... ”(from the report).(since #8) The battle of Borodino did not reveal the winners ... (p. No. 8, 9, 10)
Demonstration of an excerpt from the film "War and Peace"
(since #11)
Literature teacher.
studying historical documents concerning the war of 1812, the battle of Borodino, we cannot but turn to the novel "War and Peace". Tolstoy's description of the Battle of Borodino allows us to recreate complete picture historical event and, despite Leo Tolstoy's disagreements with scientists and military leaders, it is better to understand the history of Russia, to be imbued with a sense of gratitude to the "Russian heroes" who defended their Motherland in 1812. Reading the novel "War and Peace", you are convinced of the correctness of the great humanist writer, who stated that "... the issue not resolved by diplomats is even less resolved by gunpowder and blood", "... war is madness, or if people do this madness, then they not intelligent creatures at all.
For Tolstoy, war is hard, everyday, bloody work. Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov, the main characters of the novel, also understand this.
Analysis of the episode "Pierre Bezukhov on the way to the Borodino field". Working with the text of chapter 20 of part 2 of volume 3.""(since #12)
Teacher: To survive the events of the Battle of Borodino and convey to the reader his thoughts and feelings about the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy trusts Pierre Bezukhov, who is incompetent in military affairs.
1. Why did Pierre, a purely civilian person, not leave Moscow like the others, but stay and end up near Borodino? In what mood does he go to the Borodino field?(Pierre is excited, joyful. He feels that the fate of the Fatherland is being decided here, and, perhaps, he will become a witness, and if he is lucky, then a participant in a grandiose event).
2. What picture do we see through the eyes of Pierre on the way to the Borodino field? What catches his eye? Who does he meet?(The cavalry regiment with songwriters is heading to the positions, towards it is a convoy with the wounded in yesterday's battle near the village of Shevardino. The old soldier addresses Count Bezukhov as a "countryman", and Pierre understands that now is not the moment for people to be divided into masters and slaves. There is some kind of unity of people before the battle, in which the fate of their land will be decided).
4. What does the battle look like to Andrei Bolkonsky, an experienced military man? (vol. 3., part 2., ch.31-32.)
5. How do soldiers behave before battle? Does Pierre see panic, fear?(The soldiers are joking, discussing tomorrow's battle. Everything is solemn, majestic. No one has fear, therefore Pierre does not have it).
By various means, Tolstoy emphasizes the extraordinary solemnity and importance of the upcoming events. The unity of people before the battle is shown: professional military men, militias, Pierre, who formulates his thoughts about what he saw with the phrase ("... they want to pile on all the people"written in a notebook).
Viewing a fragment of the film "War and Peace" (episode "Conversation between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov on the eve of the battle of Borodino"). Discussion of the episode on the questions:
On what does the success of the battle depend least of all, according to Prince Andrei?(From positions, number of troops, weapons). And from what then? (“from the feeling that is in every soldier”, i.e., from the morale of the troops, from the spirit of the army).
(The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen, written in a notebook).(p. No. 13)
Tolstoy says: "War is the most disgusting thing in life." But what kind of war does Tolstoy justify through the mouth of Prince Andrei?(The war for our Motherland, for the land in which our ancestors lie. Such a fair war! It must be cruel so that no one wants to repeat it. Prince Andrei says:“The French are my enemies, they are criminals. They need to be executed."i.e. he claims that one should feel hatred towards the enemy who came to your land. To win, you have to hate).(The highlighted words of Prince Andrei are displayed on the screen and, together with the conclusions, are recorded in a notebook).
Once on the battery of Raevsky, Pierre Bezukhov parted with his idea of \u200b\u200bwar as a solemn parade.
What mood is Pierre in when he gets to Raevsky's battery?(In cheerful, upbeat, joyful).
How did the soldiers react to Pierre?(At first, disapprovingly: Pierre's formal clothes look completely ridiculous among everything that is happening. Then, seeing that he is harmless, the soldiers begin to treat Pierre affectionately, jokingly, call him "our master").
Which of the things seen changes Pierre's mood?(He sees death. The first thing that struck him was the dead soldier lying alone in the meadow. And by ten o'clock - "twenty people were taken away from the battery." But Pierre was especially struck by the death of the "young officer" - "it became strange, cloudy in the eyes" .)
Why did Pierre volunteer to run after the shells when they ran out?(He is scared. He runs from the battery without remembering himself, subconsciously realizing that no forces will force him to return to the horror that he experienced on the battery).
What made Pierre return to the battery?(A box of shells exploded almost in Pierre's hands. He runs in a panic to where the people are - to the battery).
What picture did Pierre see when he returned to the battery?(Almost all the soldiers are dead, in front of his eyes a Russian soldier was stabbed in the back by a Frenchman, the rest of the soldiers were taken prisoner)
Literature teacher
Pierre, clutching his head, runs in a semi-conscious state, "stumbling over the dead and wounded, who, it seemed to him, were catching him by the legs." And when the mound was liberated, Pierre was once again destined to visit the battery, and what he saw amazed him.
(The teacher asks to find in the text and read out the description of the broken Raevsky battery. End of the 32nd chapter of part 2 of volume 3).
A terrible picture of the Borodino field after the battle is drawn by Tolstoy.
Tolstoy paints a picture of death and does not spare colors. What message does he want to convey to the reader?(War is a crime, bloodshed. How many people were killed! But with each one killed, a whole world leaves. It leaves forever! Forever! That's what Tolstoy calls to understand and come to his senses).(video demo)
What definition does Tolstoy give to the victory at Borodino? (Students find the desired definition, which is displayed on the screen:"The moral victory was won by the Russians near Borodino." (vol. 3., part 2., ch. 39)The conclusion is made about the moral superiority of Russian soldiers in the Battle of Borodino (p. No. 14.)
History teacher
Why did Kutuzov believe that, despite the retreat, both Moscow and Russia could be saved?
Kutuzov recalled: “Deep sadness was on the faces of the soldiers, it seemed that each of them had revenge in his heart for the insult, as if personally brought to him.” Together with the army, the population left the city. The Russian army crossed to the Kaluga road and stopped in the village of Tarutino. Meanwhile, Napoleon approached Moscow and stopped at Poklonnaya Hill in anticipation of deputies from Muscovites with the key to the city. A. S. Pushkin wrote:
Napoleon waited in vain
Intoxicated with last happiness,
Moscow kneeling
With the keys of the old Kremlin:
No, my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
Not a holiday, not an accepting gift
She was preparing a fire for an impatient hero. (p. 16)
Entering Moscow french soldiers hoped to rest in warm apartments, but the streets were empty, only the wind drove the foliage ...
On September 2, a fire started, it blazed for several days. And a partisan movement unfolded around Moscow. (p. No. 17) During the month of his stay in the capital, Napoleon lost 32 thousand of his soldiers. Food supplies ran out, Napoleon's army turned into a gang of robbers and robbers. Kutuzov settled down on the Kaluga road and forced Napoleon to retreat along the old Smolensk road. The Russian cold began, the French were dressed lightly, they wrapped themselves in stolen linen, women's scarves, tablecloths. And Napoleon abandoned the remnants of the army and left for Paris. (p. No. 18)
5. The meaning of the battle of Borodino.
How do you explain the words of Napoleon: “Of all my battles, the most terrible is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible. Of the 50 battles I have given, in the battle near Moscow, the most valor was shown and the least success was won.
How did the patriotism of Russian soldiers manifest itself?
Why did Borodino forever remain in the memory of the people?
In the Battle of Borodino, the Russian army bled the French and inflicted irreparable losses on them: 58 thousand people (43%) of the entire staff participating in the battle, including 47 generals, were killed, Russian troops lost 38 thousand people (30%), including 23 generals, maintaining high stamina and the will to win.
Napoleon did not achieve his goals - the defeat of the Russian army - and for the first time could not win in major battle. According to A. Krmelev, under Borodino "the French army was crushed against the Russian." Assessing Borodino, Kutuzov wrote in a report to the emperor: “This day will eternal monument courage and excellent bravery of Russian soldiers, where all the infantry, cavalry and artillery fought desperately. Everyone's desire was to die on the spot and not yield to the enemy. The French army, under the leadership of Napoleon himself, being in the most excellent strength, did not overcome the firmness of the spirit of the Russian soldier, who sacrificed his life with courage for his fatherland.
Napoleon, already a prisoner on the island of St. Helena, wrote: “It was a battle of giants. More than a quarter of a million soldiers and officers were put into battle on both sides. Volleys of 1200 guns thundered over the Borodino field.
In the order for the army, Kutuzov wrote: “To declare my perfect gratitude to all the troops in general who were in the last battle
Literature teacher
Now let's find out what Tolstoy said about the war of 1812.(p. No. 19,20)
7. Reading the table compiled during the lesson
Historical facts | L.N. Tolstoy about the battle of Borodino in the novel "War and Peace" |
|
1.Goals and objectives pursued by the army | To bleed the enemy, to achieve a change in the balance of forces, to prevent Moscow | "...didn't make any sense" |
2. Preparation for battle | The battle was carefully planned, a place was chosen, fortifications were built | "The Russians did not look for a better position ..."; “... the battle ... was accepted by the Russians in an open, almost unfortified area ...” |
3. The balance of power on the eve of the battle | 120 thousand people, 624 guns at Kutuzov. 135 thousand people, 587 guns at Napoleon | 5/6, i.e. 100 thousand for the Russians and 120 thousand for the French |
4. The course of the battle | Napoleon and Kutuzov led their armies in battle | The course of the battle was not controlled either by Napoleon or by Kutuzov |
5. Results of the battle, investigation | The Russians lost 38 thousand people (30%), the French - 58 thousand people (43%). Kutuzov: “The French army overcame the fortitude of the Russian soldier…” Napoleon: "The French have shown themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians have acquired the right to be invincible." | "The moral strength of the French army was exhausted: ... the moral victory was won by the Russians." |
Summing up the lesson.
Students analyze the notes in notebooks, which are also displayed on the screen, and answer the questions:
1. Thanks to what did the Russian army win?
2. What is the main thing for victory, according to Tolstoy?
3. What determines the success of the battle?
Closing remarks by the history teacher
Napoleon's army was stronger. All military factors were taken into account, he foresaw everything. He did not take into account only one circumstance, which decided the outcome of the war, namely, that together with the army, the entire Russian people would rise to fight and fight desperately for their land, that it would be a life-and-death war. Historians called the War of 1812 the Patriotic War. Twice in the history of our country wars were given this name. And it would seem that all our enemies should have learned the main lesson of the Battle of Borodino: do not go to Moscow! Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. But everything in history repeats itself. It contains important dates. Also on June 22, 1941 (after 129 years!) Hitler wished to conquer Rus'. The Great Patriotic War began. Domestic wars ... These are holy wars, when everyone, young and old, were united by one feeling and one desire. And then they became invincible and made the whole world marvel at it. It was patriotism of the highest order.
Closing remarks by the literature teacher
The war of 1812 is one of the glorious pages in the history of our Motherland, the people defended the honor and independence of the Motherland. He defeated and destroyed Napoleon's army, which was considered invincible, returned freedom and independence to the peoples Western Europe. I think that the memory of the heroism of Russian soldiers who gave their lives to defend the Fatherland will forever remain in our hearts. In honor of the memory of these great events, let's watch a video.
Homework:
1. Analysis of chapters 22-38 from volume 3 of part 2.
2. Prepare a comparative description of the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon.
Analysis of student responses and grading.
