Over one of his significant stories, "Heart of a Dog", M.A. Bulgakov supposedly worked in 1924, and in January-March of the following year he finished writing the last pages.
« dog's heart"- a multifaceted work, despite the apparent external simplicity. Completely unusual events here (the transformation of a dog into a man) are intertwined with specific everyday signs of the times. The plot of the work was based on the experiment of the world famous scientist - physician Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky. The final result of his experience was to be the creation of a new man, a physically perfect personality.
Experimental material for the operation soon appeared. They became a twenty-five-year-old man Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, non-party, a thief with two convictions, by profession a musician who played the balalaika in taverns, was stabbed to the heart in a pub. And so, together with Dr. Bormental, Philip Philipovich is doing unique operation: replaces the brain of a dog, a mongrel Sharik, with the cerebral pituitary gland and human glands of Klim Chugunkin. Surprisingly, the experiment was a success: on the seventh day, instead of barking, a human dog began to make sounds, and then move like a human…
But gradually the biomedical experiment turns into a social and moral problem, for the sake of which the whole work was conceived. The ever-hungry, homeless beggar Sharik takes on a human form and even chooses a name for himself, which confuses the professor - Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. Having made friends with Shvonder, Sharikov armed himself with the ideas of socialist teachings, but perceives them distortedly.
Sharik turned out to be a strange hybrid. From the dog he left animal habits and manners: Sharikov snaps, catches fleas, bites, harbors a pathological hatred of cats. From man, the new creature also inherited the worst inclinations that Klim Chugunkin possessed. Like Chugunkin, Sharikov has a sad penchant for alcohol (at dinner, Bormental even has to ask Zina to clear vodka from the table; in the absence of Preobrazhensky, he brings drunken friends to the apartment and arranges a drunken brawl), he is dishonest (recall the money he stole from the professor , but he blamed the innocent "Zinka"). Most likely accustomed to riotous image In his life, Klim did not consider it shameful to perceive a woman only as a source of bodily pleasures, and Sharikov makes an attempt to lure a woman, but does it rudely, primitively: he sneaks to Zina at night, pinches a lady on the stairs by the chest, deceives the typist Vasnetsova, who is desperate from eternal malnutrition. The genes transferred to the man-dog are far from perfect: he is a drunkard, rowdy, a criminal. One involuntarily recalls: "Do not expect a good tribe from a bad seed." Another reason is the objective conditions in which Sharikov was formed, the revolutionary reality of those years.
From Shvonder and the socialist doctrine he promoted, Sharikov took only everything bad: he wants to “dispossess” Preobrazhensky, who has as many as seven rooms, and he dine in the dining room in a bourgeois way. Meanwhile, the talent of Preobrazhensky as a surgeon, the brilliant operations he performs, give the professor the right to material wealth. In addition, Sharikov does not consider it unethical and immoral to denounce people to the relevant authorities.
The transformation of Sharikov into a man revealed him terrible essence: he turned out to be a rude, ungrateful, arrogant, soulless creature, vulgar, cruel, narrow-minded. Every day it gets worse. The denunciation of Preobrazhensky overflowed the cup of patience. There was only one way out: to restore Polygraph Poligrafovich's dog form, because Sharikov in the form of a dog is nobler, smarter, more benevolent, more peaceful. Sharik respected Preobrazhensky, was grateful to him, he felt sorry for the poor secretary, and so on. Indeed, why replenish the society with one more person, if this is not a person, but a miserable likeness of a person?
Preobrazhensky's experiment can also be interpreted as a parodic embodiment of the idea of a "new man" born of a revolutionary explosion and Marxist theory. The operation to return Sharikov to his former, dog-like appearance is a recognition that the man-idea born of the revolution must return (and will return) to his origins, from which the revolution turned him away, first of all, to faith in God. Through the mouth of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov expressed the idea of the danger of a reckless intrusion not only into the biological nature of man, but also into social processes society.
"New person"Professor Preobrazhensky. Why was it created?
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is one of the most important writers the first half of the 20th century. In the works of the twenties, one of which is "Heart of a Dog" (1925), his original art system. Analyzing Bulgakov's work, the attentive reader will notice that such masters of Russian literature as N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov. Based on them creative manner a special Bulgakov style is created using fantasy, grotesque and elements of impressionism.
The story "Heart of a Dog" is fantastic work satirical, but fantasy story has a real historical basis.
This work reflects general mood post-revolutionary society, the spirit of the times, prompting the fairy tale to come true. The fantastic transformation of Sharik into Sharikov, a dog into a man, means not only the great scientific achievements of the twenties, but also an attempt Soviet power to make "everything" a person who was "nothing" both socially and intellectually and ethically.
And not just a case of medical practice Professor Preobrazhensky, and the symbol of socialist transformations is the fact that the transformation of the "beast into a man" occurs in the time interval between Catholic (December 23) and Orthodox Christmas (the operation was performed on December 23, and "the patient's tail fell off" on January 6).
Therefore, the ending of the story is of particular importance, proving the impossibility of a miraculous transformation. dead soul". In the operating room of Preobrazhensky, at the whim of science, a monstrous homunculus appears with a canine disposition and manners of the master of life.
The story has nine chapters and an epilogue. The exhibition shows the meeting of two main characters - Sharik and Professor Preobrazhensky: “... the door slammed and a citizen appeared from it. It is a citizen, and not a "comrade", and even more likely - a master. Closer - clearer sir ... ". Everything changed in Moscow then - the place of "masters", "masters" was taken by "comrades" and proletarians.
The deep meaning of the story's conflict is revealed in the course of the development of the story about the "new man". The tie is an operation performed on the brain of a dog, as a result of which it becomes like a human being. However, this "incomprehensible" work turned out to be in vain, because from " the cutest dog"It turned out" such scum that the hair stands on end.
The one in whom they see the “illegitimate son” of the professor plays the balalaika, sleeps on the wards in the kitchen, throws cigarette butts on the floor, swears, watches for “Zinka” in the dark, steals, “behaves indecently”, finally, writes denunciations against his “ dad" and threatens to kill him. The scientist created a "dead soul", and he faces a new task - "to make a man out of this bully."
But change inner world turns out to be much more difficult than to make a miraculous reincarnation from a dog into a human being. According to the professor himself, "no one will succeed." But what to do with Sharikov? After all, the professor himself admits that some kind of “terrible danger” lurks in him.
An "experimental creature" goes from "nothing" to "everything" in two months. He, as a representative of the “labour element”, enlists the support of the authorities, receives a passport, and gets a managerial position. Now Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov is the head of the subdepartment for cleaning the city of Moscow from stray animals.
What irony! He is now a useful member of the new society, since he can be set against class enemies who prevent him from living in harmony with his "no longer canine, but human", "the lousiest of all that exists in nature" heart. However, this alliance of his with the "comrades" is temporary, because if someone sets Sharikov on them, then from former comrades"horns and legs" will remain.
Behind the socio-political conflict is visible the deepest moral conflict. Inhuman in their immorality, cynicism and heartlessness, the actions of Sharikov the “citizen” force Professor Preobrazhensky to destroy the results of his experience - to return everything to the “primitive state”. This is the denouement: Sharikov turns into Sharik again.
Thus, the circular composition emphasizes the author's idea of how unnatural and dangerous experiments with human consciousness are. Such are the sad reflections of the satirist about the results of the interaction of three forces: apolitical science, aggressive social rudeness, and spiritual authority that has sunk to the level of the house committee. Bulgakov was extremely skeptical about the attempt to artificially and accelerated education of the “new man” and warned those who would try to transcend the sanctity of the rights of every living being with a sharp satire.
The story "Heart of a Dog" is one of the vertex products M. A. Bulgakov. It combines specific signs of the reality of the 20s. and fantasy. The writer shows a grotesque image of contemporary reality.
The story is based on the great experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky. Philip Filippovich is a well-known, respected doctor who performs amazing surgeries to rejuvenate patients. He has no equal, he is a real ace in his field.
In one of the gateways, Professor Preobrazhensky finds a homeless dog Sharik, hungry and unhappy, and decides to take him to him. But Preobrazhensky is not guided by a humane attitude towards animals and not by disinterestedness. He had already conceived his experiment, and now he found a suitable specimen for it. Sha-rik lives an unenviable life. Every day he is forced to wander around the gates in search of a piece of bread. He has nowhere to hide from frost and blizzards. He's pissed off. At the same time, Sharik is very intelligent. He has his own assessment of life, customs, residents of Moscow.
Preobrazhensky immediately attracted the attention of Shari-ka. "It is a citizen, not a comrade, and even - most likely - a master," the dog concluded about him. When Bormental asks his mentor how he managed to lure such nervous dog, Preobrazhensky replies that affection is the only way that is possible in dealing with a living being. The professor in his speeches repeatedly opposes terror and violence. In reality, however, he contradicts himself. The ball is undergoing an experimental operation.
The new humanized being is clearly shorter than Sharik. Barely transformed, the "mongrel" scolded the Preobrazhensky "by the mother", and this was only the beginning of the life of a man with a dog's heart. From the former Sharik, vulgar abuse began to be constantly heard, he quickly reproduced "all the swear words that only exist in the Russian lexicon" and which were stored in his subconscious. "Ancestor" Sharikov - Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. He sued three times, famous for playing the balalaika in taverns and addiction to alcohol. The image is very unsightly. Sharikov inherited all his non-sufficiency.
Philipp Philippovich is forced to admit his mistake, but he admits it right away only in the part that concerns rejuvenation. As Preobrazhensky understood, a change in the pituitary gland does not give rejuvenation, but complete humanization.
However, Sharikov's antics soon begin to make a painful impression on the professor. "So that I don't hear any more swear word in the apartment! Don't give a damn! Here is the spittoon. Treat the urinal carefully,” he furiously scolds the newly-minted Polygraph Poligrafovich. The former mongrel not only swears, behaves uncivilized, watches over Zina in the dark, but also begins to quarrel with the professor himself. In a dispute, Sharikov behaves confidently and cheekily. He reproaches the doctor for performing an operation to which he did not give consent, expresses claims for complete freedom and the right to register in Preobrazhensky's apartment. “Well, type,” flashes through the doctor’s head one day. A little later, he mentally exclaims: "Nightmare, nightmare!". The thought of a perfect mistake begins to knock more and more insistently on the head of the Preobrazhensky. Polygraph Poligrafovich does not deny himself alcohol, makes friends with Shvonder, gets a very dubious job, and by deceit receives consent to marry himself.
The professor seriously begins to think about performing a reverse operation and, as a result, decides to do it. “The old donkey Preobrazhensky,” he scolds himself, “ran into this operation as a third-year student.” The professor suddenly realizes that "he turned the sweetest dog" into scum. As a result of the experiment, the doctor received an "exceptional scoundrel", "hamais pig", a man with the most "lousy" heart "of all that only exist in nature."
The professor realizes that there is no point in trying to "artificially fabricate Spinoza." Experiments on nature can end quite dramatically.
Drawing the story of Sharik's transformation, Bulgakov reveals the problem of the scientist's responsibility for the results of his experiments, the problem of the human right to a social experiment, to interfere in the natural, evolutionary development life process. The writer embodies his conviction in the preference for the natural course of life over the violent method of invading it. Bulgakov says that the power of self-satisfied aggressive ignorance is destructive.
Allowing his hero to carry out a second operation, the writer draws the reader's attention to the problem of the intelligentsia, asserts the right of the intelligentsia to fight for their rights.
Answer left Guest
Mikhail Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the revolution of 1917, showed the grave consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, whether it be nature or society. Using the example of the failure of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 1920s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of a brilliant professor unsuccessful? FROM scientific point On the other hand, this experience has been very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland into a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a short but capacious characteristic: “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab to the heart in a pub.” And what? In the creature that appeared as a result of a scientific experiment, the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharik is connected with the qualities of an alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And there is nothing surprising in the fact that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois”.
Scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday, everyday terms, it led to the most deplorable consequences. The type that appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unsympathetic appearance, ”turned the well-established life of this house. He behaves defiantly rude, arrogant and arrogant.
The newly appeared Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. puts on patent-leather shoes and a poison-colored tie, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of Shvonder's house committee, he registers himself in Preobrazhensky's apartment, demands the "sixteen arshins" of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he reads a book recommended by Schwonder, the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. And even makes critical remarks about the correspondence ...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are miserable attempts that in no way contribute to the mental and spiritual development of Sharikov. But from the point of view of Shvonder and Sharikov like him, it is quite suitable for the society they are creating. Sharikov was even hired in government agency. For him, to become, albeit small, but the boss means to change outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he is dressed in a leather jacket and boots, drives a government car, and controls the fate of a secretary girl. His arrogance becomes boundless. For days on end, obscene language and balalaika strumming are heard in the professor's house; Sharikov comes home drunk, sticks to women, breaks and destroys everything around. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormental unsuccessfully try to instill in him the rules good manners, develop and educate it. Of the possible cultural events Sharikov only likes the circus, and he calls the theater a counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave at the table in a cultured way, Sharikov notes with irony that this is how people tortured themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus, we are convinced that Sharikov's humanoid hybrid is more of a failure than a success for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results. In the story “Heart of a Dog”, the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov turns into a dog again. He is content with his fate and himself. But in real life, such experiments are irreversible, warns Bulgakov.
In his story “Heart of a Dog”, Mikhail Bulgakov says that the revolution that has taken place in Russia is not the result of a natural socio-economic and spiritual development society, but an irresponsible experiment. This is how Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening around and what was called the construction of socialism. The writer protests against attempts to create a new perfect society by revolutionary methods that do not exclude violence. And to educate the new by the same methods, free man he was extremely skeptical. the main idea The writer is that bare progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people.
The story "Heart of a Dog" was written by Bulgakov in 1925. but appeared only in 1987. It was the author's last satirical story. That huge experiment that took place throughout the country at that time, in an allegorical form, was reflected in this work.
An experiment to turn a dog into a man, which conducts worldwide renowned professor Preobrazhensky, and it turned out. and no. It turned out because Professor Preobrazhensky was the best surgeon in Europe and he managed to get ahead of his time. It did not work out, because the result of this experiment not only exceeded all the professor's hopes, but also terrified, frightened, forced everything to return to normal. These events took place in the midst of building a new society and a new person in Russia. There lived a cute and quick-witted dog in the world, suffering from human cruelty: “But my body is broken, beaten, people abused it enough ... Didn’t they beat you on the backside with a boot? Billy. Did you get a brick in the ribs? Enough food." The last straw that overflowed the bowl of Sharik's suffering was the fact that he was scalded with boiling water on his left side: “Despair knocked him down. His heart was so painful and bitter, so lonely and scary that small dog tears, like pimples, crawled out of his eyes and immediately dried up.
Salvation came in the form of Professor Preobrazhensky, who fed Sharik and brought him to his home. The poor dog does not understand what is happening in this apartment, but he is well fed, and this dog is enough. But then the day comes when they put terrible experiment. Bulgakov, describing an operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into a dog, clearly shows his negative attitude to everything that happens: the previously handsome and respectful Professor Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental change dramatically: “Sweat from Bormental crept in streams, and his face became fleshy and multi-colored. His eyes darted from the professor's hands to the plate on the tool table. Philip Philipovich became positively terrifying. A whistle escaped from his nose, his teeth opened to the gums. Thinking about the achievements of science, the heroes forget about the most important thing - about humanity, about the torment that the unfortunate dog suffered, about the consequences that this experiment will lead to. The pituitary gland transplanted to Sharik belonged to Klim Chugunkin, a recidivist thief, who was killed in a fight and sentenced to hard labor. The professor did not take into account those genes that passed to Sharik, as a result of which, as Philipp Philippovich said, the sweetest dog turned "into such scum that your hair stands on end." Sharik became Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, his first words were obscene curses. He was reborn as an ignorant, vicious, aggressive boor who simply poisoned the lives of everyone around him in the professor's house. The upbringing that the professor and Dr. Bormenthal are trying to instill in him is completely destroyed by the influence of Shvonder, who knows how to put pressure on the basest instincts of Sharikov. The professor's intelligence turns out to be powerless in front of the undisguised rudeness, impudence and greed of a half-man, half-dog. The professor understands his mistake: “Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” The discovery made by Preobrazhensky turns out to be completely unnecessary: “Please explain to me why it is necessary to fabricate Spinoza artificially, when any woman can give birth to him at any time. Doctor, humanity itself takes care of this and in the evolutionary order every year, stubbornly, singling out from the mass of any filth, creates dozens of outstanding geniuses who adorn the globe.
When Sharikov turned the professor's life into a real hell, the scientists perform another operation: Sharikov becomes what he was originally - a cute, cunning dog. Only headaches reminded him of those metamorphoses that were happening to him: “I was so lucky, so lucky,” he thought, dozing off, “just indescribably lucky. I established myself in this apartment ... True, they slashed my head all over for some reason, but this will heal before the wedding. Sharik's story ended happily, but that huge risky transformation experiment huge country end tragically: ballfish have bred in incredible numbers, and we are still reaping the fruits of this experiment. It is impossible to force history, it is impossible to carry out experiments on living people, it is impossible not to think about the consequences to which the vain desire to transform human nature and create " perfect person”,“ an ideal society ”, without changing its soul, consciousness and morality - this is the result to which the reader comes, reflecting on the transformations of Sharik in the story “Heart of a Dog”.
