Good afternoon! Today we will draw a man, this time a guy adolescence. This lesson on drawing a person is simpler, since it is basic, does not contain complex details, shadows, and was created by us in order for you to fix the proportions of the human body.
Step 1
First, consider the growth of a person - this parameter will be the same at all three angles. A person's height fits into 7 heads, of which 2 heads fall on the torso, about 3 on the arms, and 4 on the legs. Please note that the first stage in our case is to draw brushes without arms. The width of the shoulders (from the edge from one shoulder to the edge of the other shoulder) is -2.5 head widths, and the line of the pelvis should be significantly narrower than the line of the shoulders (by the way, these lines are approximately equal in length). By the way, it should also be noted that all lines and proportions are approximate, since the addition of all people is individual - for example, if we draw a very elderly person, we will add a little stoop by changing the line of posture, and if we are talking about drawing physically developed person, we will make the shoulders even wider.
Yet important point- the posture of a person does not change at all angles, we just look at him from different sides- it is because of this that there are differences in the three stickmen. The line of the torso should not be straight, because the curves of the spine are approximately repeated in it. But the shoulders, arms and legs are drawn in straight lines, bends are present only in the area of \u200b\u200bthe joints.
Step 2
Now let's frame the stickman to make a silhouette.
The neck looks from all angles like a short cylinder on which the head is attached. Sloping lines of the shoulders depart from it, this can be seen from the first spirit of the angles. The torso has a slight, smooth narrowing from the chest to the waist - by the way, this is noticeable at every angle.
The arms look like elongated cylinders, only from the side, at the third angle, they are the most voluminous. The groin area on the first two looks like a triangle. The legs, like the arms, look like cylinders, only they are more voluminous and there is a pronounced narrowing from the waist to the knee. The bending of the calf muscles is also interesting - we note that everything said about the legs applies to all three angles.
Yes, do not forget to mark the head at the first angle with the eye line (horizontal, approximately in the middle) and facial symmetry, this is a vertical line, it also passes through the center, but slightly bends in the upper part.
Step 3
A very simple step. We outline the hairstyle and eyes, as well as the mouth, do not forget about the eyebrows. Notice how the hairstyle looks different in all the steps.
And here you can very well consider the rule of facial proportions: the upper tip of the ear lies in the same plane with the eyebrows, and the lower one with the tip of the nose. Look at the third angle, and you definitely won't get confused.
Step 4
We are drawing a boy of 15 years old, which means he needs appropriate clothes. We draw him the contours of the shirt, it should be open in front and hang rather than fit. However, in the back area, it sits more tightly, you can see this in the corresponding picture. On the third angle, you can clearly see the distance at which the shirt is from the body, more precisely, its front part. The folds in the area of the upper part of the forearms (the sleeves are rolled up) are present in all types.
Jeans slightly follow the contours of the legs - they also narrow at the knees and also expand after them, only these bends are smoother than those of the legs themselves. Jeans, moving away from the hips, become more distant from the legs, this can be seen from the first angle.
Step 5
Now we draw facial features (quite easy, in a few lines) and clothes on the whole body of our hero. The folds are very interesting here. Look at the back and you will once again see that there the shirt fits snugly against the body, because there are almost no folds there. The place of the lapel of the sleeves may turn out to be difficult, but here you only need to know that all the folds in the lapel area, inside it, are horizontal, and already higher they become more and more vertical.
We also draw folds on jeans, then outline and trim the back pockets. The folds here are longitudinal, transverse ones are found only in the areas of the knees and in the lowest part.
To draw a portrait of a person with a pencil, novice artists do not have to complete courses, become students art academy Or take private drawing lessons. Drawing a person's face is not difficult, the main thing is not to be lazy and develop your skills.
The main thing in the article
Do-it-yourself portrait of a man in pencil: what do you need?
To draw a portrait of a person you will need:
- simple pencils;
- a sheet of white paper A4;
- eraser;
- stationery knife;
- scotch.
Learning to draw portraits of people with a pencil: where to start?
On the working surface must not be extra items. Take a sheet of white paper, lay it vertically or horizontally in front of you and secure it around the edges with tape. Remember that while drawing, you can not tilt the sheet. You work only with the hand.
Use a pencil to draw a portrait Koh-i-Noor medium soft HB or soft B.
An incorrectly sharpened pencil affects the quality of the drawing. Do not sharpen pencils with a sharpener, but use a stationery knife. This method of sharpening a pencil allows you to expose the core as much as possible, to make it sharp. Correctly sharpening a simple pencil, you will be less distracted from the process and draw longer.
For practice, use a regular sheet of A4 paper. In the future, if you enjoy painting, buy professional paper for drawing, such as drawing paper, kraft paper.
How to learn to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil?
First, take a photo of the person whose face you want to draw. Consider it carefully. The face of a person on a sheet of paper consists of geometric shapes, which in the process of drawing change their shape. Remember that people's faces are disproportionate. Therefore, during detailed drawing parts of the face must be taken into account.
To learn how to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil, you need to make sketches on paper.
How to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil for beginners in stages
The process of drawing a person's face with a pencil can be divided into the following steps:
- drawing a general outline of the face;
- marking the main parts of the face inside the oval;
- eye drawing;
- drawing eyebrows, drawing a nose and mouth;
- detailed drawing: wrinkles, shadows, moles, hair, etc.
Getting Started: Building the Head and General Face Contour
To draw correctly general contour face, you need to know quite a bit of human anatomy. First, draw an oval that is narrower at the bottom than at the top. Next, change the outlines individually.
Marking parts of the face and working with planes
Full face
- The skull and jaw are an oblate sphere, roughly speaking, the face in this position resembles egg, turned narrow part down. Draw such an oval and draw two perpendicular lines through its middle.
- The horizontal line is the line of the eyes. Divide its right and left parts in half. This will be the middle of the eyes (pupils).
- Divide the lower part of the vertical line into 5 equal segments. The tip of the nose will be located at the 2nd mark from the top, and the mouth will be between the 2nd and 5th mark.
- Divide the top of the vertical line by 4 equal segment. Hair should be 2 sections from the top. The bottom of the ears should be at the level of the tip of the nose, and the top should be at the level of the eyelids.
Artists use small tips for drawing portraits:
- the width of the face consists of 5 segments equal to the width of the eyes;
- the distance between the eyes is approximately equal to the width of one eye;
- the width of the chin is equal to the length of the eye.
These standards are adjusted individually.
Profile
- The profile also resembles an egg in shape, but its sharp part is shifted into a corner.
- Divide the drawn figure with two perpendicular lines.
- The ear is behind vertical line. The depth of the skull is drawn individually.
- The correct location of the nose, eyes, eyebrows has already been sorted out in the subparagraph "Full face".
Detailing the face: drawing the eyes, contours of the eyebrows, nose, lips, ears
Eyes
Since the shape of the eyes of each person is different, it is impossible to accurately describe this process. The middle of the eye is already marked. Now draw two arcs on the right and left, which you will later "turn" into eyes.
The main points to pay attention to when drawing eyes:
- the outer part of the eye is always slightly higher than the inner part;
- the arches of the eyes are rounded closer to the inner part of the eye and narrowed towards the outer;
- if a person looks straight, then the iris of his eye is always slightly covered by the upper eyelid;
- eyelashes always begin to draw from the century;
- the lower eyelashes are always shorter than the upper ones;
- do not forget that the tear ducts, lower and upper eyelids should be drawn near the eye.
Very often, beginners, having drawn one eye, stop looking at the photo and copy the second eye from their drawing. Do not forget that people's faces are not proportional. The second eye will be a couple of millimeters wider / narrower, higher / lower. The eyelid over the right eye may be lower than over the left. All these little things must be carefully copied from the photograph.
If you draw a face in profile, then the eye here will resemble the shape of an arrowhead with convex and concave sides. The iris is hard to see from the side, but when drawing a portrait, you need to draw it so that the eye does not look strange.
Brows
The widest part of the eyebrow is often closer to the bridge of the nose. Do not start drawing hairs right away. Define the shape of the eyebrows. If you draw a face in profile, then their shape will resemble a comma.
Nose
The easiest way to draw a nose is illustrated in the picture. Draw a circle, then add wings and "backs" to it. At the very end, it remains to circle the nostrils with a pencil.
There is a more complex but realistic way to draw this part of the face. As shown in the picture, draw a polyhedron. The shape of the polyhedron changes depending on the position of the face. Next, start rounding the geometric shape.
Lips
Start drawing lips from the inner line, from the place where the lower and upper lips meet. This line will never be perfectly straight, it always consists of several curved lines.
The inner line of the mouth is always darker in the drawing than the outer contours of the lips, and upper lip often less than the bottom.
If you draw a face in profile, then never bring the tip of the lip up sharply. Draw the middle line of the lips first straight or down, and then lift it up.
Ears
The human ear can be represented as the letter C. Don't forget that the ear has a rim and an inner part that resembles an arc, and a lobe. Be sure to draw these main parts of the ear.
Hatching and shading
It seems that you are already at the finish line, but the portrait is absolutely unrealistic. Hatching and elaboration of halftones is something you cannot do without when drawing a portrait of a person.
First of all, determine where the light falls on the face and where the darkest places are. Apply strokes on the face in one direction - from top to bottom. To give the skin a matte finish, blend the lines with your finger or a regular tissue. Use the eraser tool to lighten the areas in the portrait.
Highlighting and darkening areas of the face
Highlighting and darkening areas of the face is necessary so that the face on the sheet of paper looks voluminous, and not flat:
- If you need to lighten an already painted area, then use the eraser.
- Start sketching parts of the face with light lines. Do not press hard on the pencil.
- Overlay lines in layers. The more lines, the darker the area of the face will be.
How to draw portraits of people with a pencil from different angles: full face, profile, head turn
We have figured out how to draw the full face and profile of a person.
- If you are drawing a person from the back, then you may not be able to see all parts of his face.
- With the face turned almost in profile, the middle line of the lips is very small, the line of the neck merges with the line of the chin. A part of the cheek is also visible, behind which the human nostril is shown.
- When a person is turned almost back to you, you can clearly see the line of the eyebrows, cheekbone, neck line, which tends to the ear (if this part is not covered by hair).
- When turning the person's face more, you can see the eyelashes, a small part of the eyebrow, the protrusion of the lower eyelid and the tip of the nose.
How to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil: the basics and secrets of skill
- The focus should be on the eyes of the person.
- Try to draw not only the head, but also the shoulders, neck decoration, collar, etc.
- Never start painting small parts without properly marked contours.
- Outlining the contours, do not press hard on the pencil, draw with barely noticeable lines.
- Pay special attention to the proportions of the person's head.
How to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil: video tutorials
The person whose portrait you decide to draw will definitely appreciate your efforts. Such a gift can be made to yourself. If you are afraid of the amount of work ahead, practice drawing separate parts faces. In the future, it will be easier for you to draw a portrait of a person with a pencil.
In addition to inspiration, quality paper and pencils, softness from 3B, you will need basic knowledge of how to draw a human figure. If you understand the proportions, then even a beginner can draw a human figure in stages. Consider the techniques and main points for the successful solution of a creative task.
Stages of drawing
The drawing consists of several stages.
Sheet layout
Any drawing begins with a composition. Depending on the pose of nature, a vertical or horizontal format is selected. Light lines create the movement and silhouette of the body.
A well-composed figure is harmoniously placed on the field of the sheet. Looking at finished work, there should be no desire to move the drawn.
The image scale must be chosen according to the format. Too large a drawing gives the impression of tightness, it requires adding space around. Small - creates the illusion of emptiness, I want to cut the sheet.
Clarification of the position of the figure and proportions
Outline lines outline the bend of the spine, turn of the head, axial shoulder girdle and hip joints. The direction of the shoulders, forearms, hips, shins, hands and feet is indicated linearly schematically.
Body parts are measured and placed on a sheet in a simplified geometric form(the head is in the shape of an oval, rib cage- flattened barrel, bowl-shaped pelvis, cylindrical and conical - neck and limbs, prismatic - feet and hands). The relative position of the main paired joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle) is specified.
Building
At this stage, characteristic anatomical features are worked out. The principle is from the general to the particular. Details emerge only after the construction of large parts.
In fact, the construction comes down to breaking up large geometric shapes into smaller components. The goal is to achieve an anatomically correct section of the forms.
The human body is symmetrical, and the spine is used in construction as a natural axis of symmetry when laying segments to the right and left.
The drawing is done gently, without pressing on the pencil, so that the auxiliary construction lines can be freely removed. At the same time, the border of light and shadow is outlined.
Black and white study
Depending on the artistic task, chiaroscuro may be limited to light shading, or it may consist of complex multi-layer shading that conveys the features of the skin and the texture of the clothing material.
First of all, own and falling shadows are completely covered. The main tone is concentrated on the shadow border. Then semitones and reflexes are worked out. At the same time, the density of the shadow increases. AT last turn work is being done on the light. The illuminated areas are slightly muffled with a light tone.
The final part is detailing. Highlighting highlights with an eraser, sharpening and emphasizing shapes with a stroke. classic hatching carried out according to the shape of the object.
Pencil work for beginners
It is advisable to start drawing a person with short-term sketches from nature. Daily practice will help you quickly develop your eye and acquire the necessary graphic skills.
Must study plastic anatomy. Without basic knowledge of the structure of the body, good results cannot be achieved, the drawing will be reduced to copying what you see. wonderful study guide may be the books of Gottfried Bammes.
An excellent help will be drawing individual parts of the body in different provisions with anatomical details.
To help novice artists, there is a special measurement technique for determining the exact proportions of the body:
- A hand is extended in front of you, a pencil is held in the brush perpendicular to the hand. Having closed one eye, the upper point of the measured part of the body (for example, the head) is compared with the upper end of the pencil. The lower measurement point (chin) is marked on the pencil with the thumb.
- Now you can measure how many segments equal to the height of the head make up the growth of nature. The top of the pencil is aligned with the 2nd measuring point (with the chin). Visually in nature, the lower point is marked, coinciding with the thumb on the pencil (approximately at the level of the pectoral muscles).
- The third and subsequent measurements will be from the pectoral muscles to the navel, and further down.
Body drawing in different positions
Let's try to draw a person in different poses.
Silhouette
Silhouette drawing can be used for life sketches, cartoons, illustration, creation cartoon characters. With this type of image, the proportions are often not preserved and even deliberately distorted. The contour type of drawing is usually used by children. Any drawing of the human body also begins with a preparatory silhouette sketch.
standing figure
Proportional construction of the figure in full height associated with the conditional division of it into parts. On the sheet, dashes mark the vertical dimensions of the depicted person. The pubic fusion roughly divides the body of an adult in half, the head occupies 1/8 - 1/7 of the part. The head of a child, depending on age, is from 1/4 to 1/6.
The dimensions indicated on the paper are divided into the required number of parts. The corresponding contours of the body fit into the resulting segments.
And some more proportions:
- Hands in the lowered state reach the middle of the thigh, elbows are located at waist level.
- The distance formed by the arms spread apart is equal to the height.
- The length of the hand of adults is comparable to the front part, the foot is approximately equal to the height of the head.
- Another eye should be removed between the eye sockets. Forehead, nose, ear, the distance from the tip of the nose to the chin is approximately the same size.
Knowing these patterns greatly facilitates the task of the drawing artist.
To "put" a person on a sheet, you need to determine the center of gravity. To do this, a vertical line is drawn from the jugular fossa (at the base of the neck in front in the center) through the center of the pelvis down. In a person standing with support on one leg, the vertical passes through the foot of the supporting leg. At the same time, the hip joint of this leg is higher, the pelvis is tilted down from the support, the shoulder girdle is in the opposite direction. If the sitter stands on two legs, or leaning on his elbows, leaning on his hands, shoulder, back, the center of gravity is located between the two supports.
In move
In order to draw a person in motion, anatomical analysis is needed to accurately reproduce the dynamics:
- The position of the spine (leaning forward when running, skiing, bending with straightening of the lumbar when jumping forward, twisting when throwing, etc.)
- The interaction of parts of the musculoskeletal system relative to the spinal column. For example, in a walking and running person, the pelvic bones and shoulder girdle work in opposition to each other. Transferring weight to right leg, the person brings forward and up the left shoulder. Wherein left hand moves forward, the right moves back.
- The tension of a certain muscle group in each movement.
The beginning of the drawing is always schematic: the movement of the ridge, the location of the axes of the shoulder and pelvic girdle with the designation of the joints, the rotation of the skull, the direction of the bones of the limbs with the simultaneous determination of their length, the position of the feet and hands.
Seated nature
In drawing a seated person important role plays the choice of angle. A position directly in front of nature is considered unsuccessful. In this case, the hips of the person sitting on the chair are in a sharp perspective contraction. In a sitting position on the ground, the legs or torso are reduced, depending on the chosen horizon line. A convincing image in this position is difficult to achieve. The best angles for a seated person are lateral, with the horizon at head level or slightly lower.
In the sitting position, the lumbar spine is straightened. The center of gravity is the center of support. Most of muscles are in a relaxed state. Deformations are subjected gluteal muscles, and others in contact with surfaces.
Figure on the side
The profile picture allows you to most sharply convey characteristics body - posture, fit of the head and shoulders.
It requires the construction of the chest, shoulder girdle and pelvic bones in perspective. If the head is not in a clear profile, then so are the skulls. The limbs further away from the viewer will also be somewhat smaller.
For the correct image, it is necessary to find the vanishing point on the horizon line (at eye level) and collect all centerlines. Through paired points (for example: pectoral muscles, anterior superior iliac spines, eyebrows, corners of the lips), auxiliary lines should also be drawn to maintain the symmetry of the body.
Lying nature
Features of a lying person are relaxation of muscles and sagging of soft tissues under the force of gravity. The muscles in contact with the surface are flattened.
The difficulty in drawing a lying body lies in the perspective reduction of proportions. The most difficult angles of the lying nature are from the side of the head and feet. In such positions, the contraction of the body is maximum, the construction is problematic.
In the perspective image of body parts, the method of constructing geometric bodies in perspective is used.
Drawing from the back
The sitter standing with his back is drawn in the same sequence as the one who is facing. Proportional divisions are transferred to the back of the body. So, half of the growth is at the level of the sacrum. The chin is located in the center of the cervical spine, the next mark is in the middle of the shoulder blades, etc. The task is simplified by the absence of the need to draw a face.
Anatomical forms are subject to geometrization. Avoid direct lighting, which makes it difficult to understand shaping.
Female figure
Draw a female figure
Figure in clothes
Drawing dressed man comes down to the construction of a naked body with subsequent modeling of draperies over the construction. When depicting clothes, you need to make out in which parts the fabric repeats the relief of the body, and where it has its own volume. For example: on female body the blouse is close to the body from the collarbone to the middle of the chest in front, from the hood muscles to the top of the shoulder blades in the back. Below this border, the fabric drapes freely.
Rigid wardrobe items (some hats, shoes) have their own geometry.
When developing chiaroscuro, it is taken into account that the fabric has its own tone and texture. A common mistake is to work out the details and folds of the material more carefully than the faces of nature, in connection with which the clothes begin to play. leading role in the drawing.
nudity
The female figure has a number of proportional differences from the male. The shoulders are somewhat narrower, the chest is smaller in volume, the pelvic bones are wider, the legs are shorter than men's. In men, the lower leg is longer, the superciliary arches are more developed on the skull.
An important point when drawing a woman: in ladies, the center of gravity is lower than in men. The shift in the center of gravity occurs when putting on shoes with heels and in pregnant women. This is most noticeable from the side, expressed by changes in the deflection in the lumbar region. You need to draw a female body taking into account this feature.
Due to the even distribution subcutaneous fat, the musculature is hidden, has a calm relief. It requires smooth lines drawing and fine cut-off modeling.
Drawing various poses
Having mastered the drawing from life, using the knowledge gained about anatomy, you can draw the body in different positions by presentation. Whatever the pose is conceived - natural or acrobatic, it is important to understand the system of work of the skeleton and muscles in each case. The idea of the female body as a geometric constructor will help to correctly model the chiaroscuro from an imaginary light source.
Drawing a group of people
Drawing several characters is a complex task from those already considered. Additionally, the compositional component and the problem of remoteness of people in the future are solved.
Except linear perspective, in the drawing of the group air is used. The figures of the foreground are drawn more concretely and more contrasting than those in the background. The black and white elaboration of the central moments of the composition is the most scrupulous. If necessary, the secondary plan is summarized with a light broad stroke.
Drawing a person is not only difficult, but also very interesting. Having learned to draw a body, you always want more - to convey the character of the character and your attitude towards him.
In this article we will look at how to draw people correctly, what should be the proportions of their body and face. We will also consider several ways to convey a particular movement or facial expression in a drawing. In the end, we note how to apply shadows to the drawing and which areas should be left light. This mini-lesson will allow you to understand how to draw people correctly from one angle or another, and will contribute to the development
Very often, people who are just starting to comprehend all the basics of painting have the habit of drawing on paper with short broken lines. It seems to them that in this way the image will turn out to be more accurate, and after this “sketch” everything can be pointed and thus complete the work. In fact, this technique is erroneous, since the drawing not only looks unaesthetic, but also spoils your ability as a whole. Therefore, if you want to understand how to learn how to draw a person correctly, you must first understand that even the most light sketch applied solid lines which are carried out "from cover to cover". This is necessary so that you first of all feel that object (movement or which you draw. And even if the pencil goes the wrong way, you can fix everything very quickly and simply.
Proportion is the basis of the basics
Confused about how to draw people correctly so that their body turns out to be proportional, the arms were not too long or vice versa, too short so that the head was “in its place”, and in general, all the nuances were taken into account, it is important first of all learn one rule. So, the whole body of a person, together with his head, is seven equal parts; it is easiest to apply them in the form of ellipses arranged vertically, since in the future it will be easier to transform rounded shapes into the outlines we need. In this case, the uppermost ellipse will play the role of the head. The middle three and a half figures are the torso, and the rest of the lower part, as you already understood, will become the legs. The length of the arm from the shoulder will occupy an average of three such ellipses, provided that it is straightened along the body.
We work within the intended height
Now, in order to understand how to draw a person correctly in stages, when we have the top point, and there are also some control marks (lower back, legs, head, arms), we proceed to the sketch itself. We leave a small distance in the lower part of the upper ellipse, and the upper part of the second - after it, in order to draw the neck there later. At the top we draw more clearly the oval of the head, the lower three-plus ellipses are drawn into a common oval, which will become the body. For additional convenience when drawing, you can draw a vertical axis that will cut the body you are drawing in half lengthwise. So the image will be more balanced and clear.
We mark the limbs in the figure
Next, learning how to draw people correctly, we move on to marking the shoulders and knees. The first will be located on the edges of our torso, respectively, from above. The size of the ovals that will symbolize future shoulders may vary depending on who exactly you are drawing. That is, if this is a woman, then they are very small, if a man, then, of course, they are large. Our knees will be marked at the level of the top of the second oval from the bottom (of those that we drew at the very beginning). Then we apply the same ellipses in the place of the elbows (middle of the body), and then in the heel area. Only in the latter case they need to be depicted horizontally relative to the figure. At the end of this stage, we draw two parallel winding lines that start at the shoulders and end at the knees. This is how we conditionally determine the future
More detailed study of the details of the human figure
If you still do not know how to draw people correctly, pay attention to those sketches that are offered. professional artists. You will need this in order to correctly convey all the reliefs and the thickness of the limbs, which we will draw from the already existing marks. In general, we connect the hips and knees, knees and feet, and then draw the hands in the same way. Do not forget that we also need to mark the neck and roughly outline the outlines of the clothes in which your person should be depicted in the figure.
The face - how important is it in the drawing
Undoubtedly, it is very difficult to understand how to draw a portrait of a person correctly, especially in words. In some drawings, this detail is completely overlooked, and the face is depicted in the form of fine approximate features that are characteristic of any person, without working out the details. If you want to portray a person in full growth, and even with facial features, then you should take into account their proportions. For each person, the only thing that will be characteristic is that the eyes, nose and mouth are located more in the lower part of the oval of the head, and the upper part is occupied by hair. Everything else is purely individual parameters, which are measured in proportions.
Drawing a person can be the most vivid and profound experience in an artist's life. Today we have prepared for you tips from the famous Italian artist Giovanni Civardi from Drawing the Human Figure. Let this knowledge become a source of inspiration and creative stimulus, helping to convey mood and memories in the form of a drawing.
You can draw a human figure and a portrait with any materials - from pencils to watercolors. The pencil is the most common tool due to its low cost and versatility. Charcoal is great for quick drawings with strong tonal contrast and less suitable for working out fine details. For mascara, it is recommended to use thick and smooth paper good quality. Mixed media is a simultaneous combination different materials in one picture.
Experiment in search own tricks, which will achieve the most expressiveness, and try to take advantage of random effects.
Fundamentals of plastic anatomy
Artists study anatomy in order to make meaningful representations of the human figure. To reproduce it reliably, you need not only to see, but also to understand what you are drawing.
Thanks to the knowledge of anatomy, the image becomes more convincing and alive than nature itself.
In general, the shape of the body is determined by the skeleton as the main supporting structure, the muscles that fit it, and the upper layer, consisting of a fatty cover. It is useful to know and remember the relative sizes of the articulating bones and their proportions relative to each other and the entire skeleton, because without this information it is impossible to “transfer” the figure to paper and acquire the skill to depict it logically and consistently.
Below are the main bones of the skull and neck, along with skin, cartilage, fat, muscle, hair, and more, in layers.
The skeleton of the male torso, enclosed in the contours of the body, in the frontal, lateral and dorsal planes. These drawings will help expand your understanding of body shape.
Upper and lower limbs in different planes. As in the previous figure, skeletal structure shown inside the contours of the body.
It is important for an artist to consider three main aspects of muscles: their appearance (shape, size, volume), location (where it is in relation to the skeletal structure and adjacent muscles, how deep or superficial) and its mechanism (function, direction of muscle pull, corresponding changes in shape and etc.).
Proportions
In order for the drawing to come out believable, it is necessary to take into account the proportions of the body and head. The height of the head from the forehead to the chin is often taken as a unit of measurement for determining the proportions of the body. The growth of a standard figure is approximately 7.5-8 goals. Remember a few more proportional relationships: the head fits into the total height of the body with the neck three times, the length of the upper limbs is also three heads, and the lower ones are three and a half.
Despite the differences between individual individuals, they can be divided into three main groups of types with similar characteristics within each - ectomorphs, mesomorphs and endomorphs.
Hands and feet
It is easy to understand why the hands and feet, with their arrangement and variety of possible gestures, are considered the most difficult parts of the body to convincingly reproduce, both in drawing and in painting and sculpture.
Drawing your hands and feet is the best way to study them in as much detail as possible. You will be able to make sure that quite worthy studies are obtained, comparable to face drawings, and maybe even more expressive.
First, a quick (but diligent) sketch is performed in the desired angle and pose, then with the help of its “geometrization” the necessary anatomical information and volume are transmitted, after which the details and individual outlines are refined.
As well as for the head and body, knowledge about the structure of the bones of the feet and hands will be useful.
Draw your own hands and feet in different positions. You can use a mirror. take miscellaneous items into your hands and convey the dynamics and mood of the gesture in the drawing.
Head, face, portrait
The main interest for the artist has always been the face and figure. A portrait is not just a reproduction of physical features for the purpose of recognizing a particular character. This is a story through facial expressions about his personality, thoughts and emotions.
How to draw a head and facial features, we described in detail in the article.
Outline of a person in a sketchbook
A sketch is a quick, spontaneous drawing from life, made in a short time with several informative lines. Drawing people in a natural setting, who do not pose on purpose and probably do not know that they are being viewed and depicted, will seem difficult at first. But there is no real reason to be afraid or lost - hardly anyone will pay attention to what you are doing.
The ability to portray strangers̆ in any position and under any circumstances is important for the development of technical skills and value judgment. And, of course, the regular practice of sketching will hone the gift of observation and interpretation, teach you to look deeper and make quick, confident, understandable and accurate decisions.
A few quick tips on how to sketch from life:
- Get in the habit of always carrying a pencil and a small sketchbook—one that fits easily into your bag or pocket—in case something catches your eye or seems interesting.
- It is worth striving to increase observation and the ability to isolate the main thing and at the same time coordinate visual perception, value judgment and hand movements during the execution of the drawing.
- Do not try to reflect on paper everything that you see in nature. Given the limited amount of time and the risk of changing the pose of the model at any second, focus on the essentials.
- To learn how to use your memory to reproduce the sequence of basic phases of movement, you will need maximum concentration in observing people.
If you are still confused by the thought of drawing people from life (note that if someone notices what you are doing, some may be flattered and others will leave in displeasure), drawing statues can help prepare for this mentally and gain some confidence. and sculptures in museums or monuments in public places.
Check if the museum allows you to sketch, and if so, feel free to go there and sketch the sculptures from different angles.
This is how they teach drawing in Paris - in the courtyard of the Louvre with sculptures.
Stages of drawing
If you are drawing a whole figure (clothed or naked), you can first draw some quick, light lines to outline the space that it will take on a piece of paper (maximum height, maximum width, etc.). Then outline the main parts of the body (head, torso and limbs) taking into account relative proportions.
Finish the drawing with essential contours, shadows and details that cannot be left out. Erase guide lines if needed.
In the book "Drawing the Human Figure" each section is analyzed in as much detail as possible, there are detailed images of the human skeleton in different planes. It is described in detail how to draw a figure of a man, a woman, a child, an elderly person, how to depict a nude and a person in clothes.
