General characteristics of the Tatar people and population
It is not for nothing that the people of the Tatars are considered the most mobile of all. famous peoples. Fleeing from crop failures in their native lands and in search of opportunities to establish trade, they quickly moved to the central regions of Russia, Siberia, the Far Eastern regions, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Donbas steppes. IN Soviet time this migration was particularly active. To date, Tatars live in Poland and Romania, China and Finland, the USA and Australia, as well as in Latin America And Arab countries. Despite such a territorial distribution, the Tatars in each country try to unite in communities, carefully preserving their cultural values, language and traditions. To date, the total number of the Tatar population is 6 million 790 thousand people, of which almost 5.5 million live in the territory Russian Federation.
The main language of the ethnic group is Tatar. It distinguishes three main dialectical directions - eastern (Siberian-Tatar), western (Mishar) and middle (Kazan-Tatar). The following sub-ethnic groups are also distinguished: Astrakhan, Siberian, Tatars-Mishars, Ksimovsky, Kryashens, Perm, Polish-Lithuanian, Chepetsky, Teptyars. Initially, the writing of the Tatar people was based on Arabic graphics. Over time, the Latin alphabet began to be used, and later - the Cyrillic alphabet. The vast majority of Tatars adhere to the Muslim faith, they are called Sunni Muslims. There is also a small number of Orthodox, who are called Kryashens.
Features and traditions of Tatar culture
The Tatar people, like any other, have their own special traditions. So, for example, the ceremony of marriage assumes that their parents have the right to agree on the wedding of boys and girls, and the young people are simply informed. Before the wedding, the size of the kalym, which the groom pays to the bride's family, is discussed. Celebrations and a feast in honor of the newlyweds, as a rule, take place without them. To this day, it is accepted that it is unacceptable for the groom to enter the bride's parental home for permanent residence.
Cultural traditions, and especially in terms of educating the younger generation from the very early childhood Tatars are very strong. The decisive word and power in the family belongs to the father - the head of the family. That is why girls are taught to be submissive to their husbands, and boys are taught to be able to dominate, but at the same time treat their spouse very carefully and carefully. Patriarchal traditions in families are stable to this day. Women, in turn, are very fond of cooking and revere Tatar cuisine, sweets and all kinds of pastries. A richly laid table for guests is considered a sign of honor and respect. Tatars are known for their reverence and immense respect for their ancestors, as well as older people.
Famous representatives of the Tatar people
In modern life, there are quite a lot of people from this glorious people. For example, Rinat Akhmetov is a famous Ukrainian businessman, the richest Ukrainian citizen. In the world of show business, the legendary producer Bari Alibasov, Russian actors Renata Litvinova, Chulpan Khamatova and Marat Basharov, singer Alsou became famous. The famous poetess Bella Akhmadulina and rhythmic gymnast Alina Kabaeva also have Tatar roots on their father's side and are honored figures of the Russian Federation. It is impossible not to recall the first racket of the world - Marat Safin.
The Tatar people are a nation with their own traditions, national language and cultural values that are closely related to the history of others and not only. This is a nation with a special character and tolerance, which has never initiated conflicts on ethnic, religious or political grounds.
According to the 2010 census, there are more than 5 million Tatars in Russia. The Kazan Tatars have their own national autonomy within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Tatarstan. Siberian Tatars do not have national autonomy. But among them there are those who want to call themselves Siberian Tatars. About 200 thousand people during the census declared this. And there is a basis for this position.
One of the main questions: should the Tatars be considered a single people or a union of close ethnolinguistic groups? Among the Tatar sub-ethnic groups, in addition to the Kazan and Siberian Tatars, there are also Tatars-Mishars, Astrakhan, Polish-Lithuanian and others.
Often even the common name - "Tatars" - is not accepted by many representatives of these groups. Kazan Tatars for a long time called themselves Kazanians, Siberian - Muslims. In Russian sources of the 16th century, the Siberian Tatars were called "Busormans", "Tatars", "Siberian people". Common name Kazan and Siberian Tatars got it through the efforts of the Russian administration at the end of the 19th century. In Russian and Western European practice, for a long time even representatives of peoples who did not belong to them were called Tatars.
Language
Now many Siberian Tatars accepted the official point of view that their language is the eastern dialect of literary Tatar, which is spoken by the Volga Tatars. However, there are opponents of this opinion. According to them, Siberian-Tatar is an independent language belonging to the northwestern (Kypchak) group of languages, it has its own dialects, which are divided into dialects. For example, the Tobol-Irtysh dialect includes Tyumen, Tar, Tevriz and other dialects. Not all Siberian Tatars understand literary Tatar. However, it is on it that teaching is conducted in schools and it is studied at universities. At the same time, Siberian Tatars prefer to speak their own language at home.
Origin
There are several theories of the origin of the Tatars: Bulgaro-Tatar, Turko-Tatar and Tatar-Mongolian. Supporters of the fact that the Volga and Siberian Tatars are two different peoples adhere mainly to the Bulgaro-Tatar version. According to her, the Kazan Tatars are the descendants of the Bulgars, Turkic-speaking tribes who lived on the territory of the Bulgar state.
The ethnonym "Tatars" came to this territory with the Mongol-Tatars. In the XIII century, under the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars, the Volga Bulgaria became part of the Golden Horde. After its collapse, independent khanates began to form, the largest of which was Kazan.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the historian Gainetdin Akhmetov wrote: “Although it is traditionally believed that the Bulgars and Kazan are two states that have replaced one another, but with careful historical comparison and study, it is easy to find out their direct heredity and, to some extent, even identity: in Kazan Khanate lived the same Turkic-Bulgarian people.
Siberian Tatars are defined as an ethnic group formed from a complex combination of Mongolian, Samoyedic, Turkic, Ugric components. First, the ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi came to Siberia, followed by the Turks, among whom were the Kypchaks. It was from the environment of the latter that the core of the Siberian Tatars was formed. According to some researchers, some of the Kipchaks migrated further to the territory of the Volga region and also mixed with the Bulgars.
In the XIII century, the Mongols-Tatars came to Western Siberia. In the 14th century, the first public education Siberian Tatars - Tyumen Khanate. At the beginning of the 16th century, it became part of the Siberian Khanate. Over the course of several centuries, there was also a mixture with the peoples living in Central Asia.
The ethnic groups of the Kazan and Siberian Tatars formed at about the same time - around the 15th century.
Appearance
A significant part of the Kazan Tatars (up to 60%) outwardly look like Europeans. There are especially many fair-haired and light-eyed people among the Kryashens - a group of baptized Tatars who also live on the territory of Tatarstan. It is sometimes noted that the appearance of the Volga Tatars was formed as a result of contacts with the Finno-Ugric peoples. Siberian Tatars are more like the Mongols - they are dark-eyed, dark-haired, with high cheekbones.
customs
Siberian and Kazan Tatars are mostly Sunni Muslims. However, they also retained elements of pre-Islamic beliefs. From the Siberian Turks, for example, the Siberian Tatars inherited the veneration of ravens for a long time. Although the same rite of "crow porridge", which was cooked before the start of sowing, is now almost forgotten.
The Kazan Tatars had rituals, largely adopted from the Finno-Ugric tribes, for example, wedding ones. Vintage funeral rituals, now completely supplanted by Muslim traditions, originated in the rituals of the Bulgars.
To a large extent, the customs and traditions of the Siberian and Kazan Tatars have already mixed and unified. This happened after many residents of the Kazan Khanate conquered by Ivan the Terrible migrated to Siberia, as well as under the influence of globalization.
Students: Polina Bolshakova, Olga Zhuk, Elena Manyshkina
The work was done for participation in the KTD. It contains material about the resettlement of Tatars in the Samara region, about the life and traditions of the people.
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Tatars of the Volga region.
The second largest people in the region are Tatars (127,931 people (3.949% of the population). Tatar rural settlements are located in a wide strip in the north, northeast and east of the region, on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Orenburg regions in Kamyshlinsky, Pokhvistnevsky, Elkhovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Shentalinsky, Koshkinsky, Chelnovershinsky district and in the city of Samara.The first Tatar settlements in the Samara Trans-Volga region appeared in the 16th century.Tatars are divided into four ethnoterritorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan and Crimean.Each ethnoterritorial group of Tatars has its own language and cultural and everyday features.Tatars belong to ethnic groups professing Islam (the exception is the Kryashens - baptized Tatars).On the territory of the Samara region there are many mosques located in Tatar settlements.
Traditional economic activity Samara Tatars wasarable farming combined with animal husbandry. Along with agriculture, handicrafts were developed:jewelry, leather, felt.
dwelling earlier it was mainly built of wood, today brick is often used in construction. Inside the dwelling there were built-in benches, shelves, chairs. Wide bunks at the front wall were in the past universal furniture - they were used as beds and seats. Bedding was stored in cupboards or chests.
And today interior decoration Tatar house has retained many ethnic features. The bright coloring of the cladding, the openwork carving of window trims, colored fabrics of different tones - all this creates a unique look of the Tatar dwelling. The walls are often decorated with embroidered tablecloths, prayer rugs, homespun towels, and a colorfully designed saying from the Koran is hung under glass on the front wall.
Traditional costume complex(male and female) consisted of a shirt, trousers with a wide step, fitted velvet camisole, bishmet. The women's shirt was decorated with frills, the chest part was arcuate appliqué or a special bib - izu. Over the camisole, men put on a spacious robe with a shawl collar, and in winter fur coats and sheepskin coats. The men's headdress is an embroidered skullcap with a flat top, over which they wore a fur or quilted hat in cold weather. Women's headdresses differed in originality among different groups of Tatars. A small cap kalfak, embroidered with pearls and gold-embroidered smoothness, became widespread among many groups of Tatars; there were also towel-shaped tastars, among the Kazan Tatars - erpek bedspreads embroidered with tambura. The girl's headdress takya was a cap with a semi-rigid band and a soft flat top. It was sewn from blue, green, burgundy velvet and decorated with embroidery, beads, and coins.
Since the economy of the Tatars combined both agricultural and livestock traditions,National cuisineIt is represented by various dishes made from flour, milk and meat. Bread and cakes were baked from flour, pies and pies were made from yeast, unleavened and sweet dough(belash, echpochmak) stuffed with potatoes, meat, carrots, beets, etc. Lamb, beef and poultry were used to prepare soups, broths and second courses; horsemeat was salted and processed into sausage. Tatars' favorite drink is tea, which is drunk hot, seasoned with milk or sour cream. Favorite sweet baked dishes -chak - chak , chelpaek, etc.
To the greatest extent, the Tatar culture is represented by the plow festival in honor of the end of the sowing of spring crops - Sabantuy , which did not have an exact calendar date, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Now Sabantuy is usually celebrated in June in Samara, Tolyatti and in some other settlements of the region. Sports competitions are organized during the holiday: keresh - sash wrestling, short distance running, etc. Both pop and amateur Tatar groups perform, national music sounds and traditional and modern dances are performed. Participants of the events wear traditionally stylized clothes, and thanks to the fair, spectators have the opportunity to taste dishes national cuisine.
Among the Tatar settlements, we note Old Ermakovo in the Kamyshlinsky district and Alkino in the Pokhvistnevsky district - decorative folk art, features of the spiritual culture and life of the Tatar population of the region are clearly represented in these settlements.
Hospitality customs of the Tatars
The custom of meeting and receiving guests is characteristic of people of any nationality. There are legends about the hospitality of the Tatar people.
The Tatar family sees a good omen in the very arrival of a guest in the house, he is an honorary, respected, dear person. Tatars have long been very attentive, caring and polite towards guests. They try to set the table with taste, plentifully treat with various dishes.
“If there is no treat, caress the guest with a word” and “If they treat you, drink even water,” Tatar folk proverbs teach.
Hospitality of the Tatars According to the ancient Tatar custom, a festive tablecloth was laid out in honor of the guest and the best sweet treats were put on the table. chak-chak, sherbet, linden honey, and, of course, fragrant tea.
“An inhospitable person is inferior” was considered by Muslims.
It was customary not only to treat guests, but also to give gifts. As usual, the guest responded in kind.
Ancient Tatar dishes
Tatars have long lived in different regions with different natural conditions. Therefore, the food of the Siberian, Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimean and other Tatars has its own characteristics. For example, one traveler almost 400 years ago wrote that the Astrakhan Tatars eat vobla “instead of bread”, cook pilaf from sturgeon fish, eat a lot of vegetables, love watermelons. For Siberian Tatars great importance had a hunt for taiga animals. The Volga Tatars extracted a lot of honey from wild bees and made a lot of products from cow's milk - they even have a proverb: "He who has a cow has a treat."
And yet, all Tatars have common national dishes, common culinary traditions. Therefore, looking at the festive table, you can immediately say: this is a Tatar table!
Since ancient times and until now, the Tatars consider bread as a sacred food. In the old days, they most often ate rye bread - ikmyok (only the rich ate wheat, and even then not always). There was even a custom of taking an oath with bread - ipider. Children from an early age were taught to pick up every crumb. During the meal, the eldest member of the family cut the bread.
Especially famous Tatar dishes with meat:
Bishbarmak - boiled meat, cut into small flat pieces, which are lightly stewed in oil with onions, carrots and peppers. Coarsely chopped noodles serve as a side dish for meat. Previously, bishbarmak was eaten with hands, which is why it got its second name - kullama from kul - hand.
Dried horse meat and goose meat, horse meat sausage - kazylyk.
Pelmeni-it pilmene from young lamb or foal; they are eaten with broth.
Peremyachi-pyoryomoch - very juicy round pies baked in the oven with finely chopped meat; ochpochmak-їchpochmak - triangles stuffed with fatty lamb, onion and potato pieces.
Byalish-balesh - a tall pie with a large bottom and small top crust.
Ubadiya-gubadiya - a round pie with a "multi-story" filling: minced meat, rice, chopped hard boiled eggs, raisin. Such a pie is one of the obligatory treats at the celebrations.
Chakchak (chekchek): a meal that you can create yourself
Of course, it is better if adults help you. However, it all depends on whether you have experience in cooking.
So, we take five eggs, a quarter glass of milk, a little sugar, salt, soda, flour. We make soft dough, and from it small and necessarily identical balls - like pine nuts. Here, please show patience and diligence! And then pour a little into the pan vegetable oil and fry the nuts.
Now add sugar to honey (in proportion to one kilogram of honey 200 grams of sugar) and boil it. You will get a very sticky mass. Mix it with nuts. Finally from this building material"We are constructing a truncated pyramid. That's it! The miracle is ready. Of course, you yourself will not be able to stand it and lick your fingers, because they are sticky and sweet-sweet. But everyone who you treat with cut pieces of chakchak will also lick their fingers - such a delicious meal turned out!
What do Tatars drink
The most popular Tatar drink is tea: Indian and Ceylon tea - merchants from ancient times brought it from the East. In addition to sugar, milk or melted cream or butter are added to hot and strong tea. And the Astrakhan Tatars love brick loose-leaf tea. It is poured into the water boiled in the boiler, milk is poured in and boiled for 5-10 minutes. Drink it hot, adding salt, oil and sometimes ground black pepper. Often such tea is drunk with peremyachami.
In addition to ayran (katyk diluted with cold water), Tatars, according to an old custom, drink sherbet - water sweetened with honey. Previously, on holidays they drank buza - a sweetish intoxicating drink. Slightly intoxicating sour koumiss - it is made from mare's milk, yoche ball and kerchemyo - honey drinks. Drunkenness was despised by the Tatars for centuries.
What is impossible
In addition to alcohol, the Tatar folk tradition forbade eating burbot, because this fish was considered similar to a snake. It was impossible to eat crayfish, the meat of predatory animals. Swans and doves were considered sacred and were not eaten either. They did not pick or eat mushrooms. Muslims should not eat pork: the Koran forbids.
How rich...
Like all peoples in the world, the Tatars lived and live differently: some are rich, others are poor. They also ate and eat differently: one is a “supermarket”, and the other is what they have grown in their garden.
Here is one family's menu:
In the morning - tea with Perm.
For lunch - dumplings with katyk.
For the second dinner - bialish with tea.
For an afternoon snack - tea with apricots or chakchaks.
For dinner - fried kaz (goose) or boiled meat and tea.
And in another family, the food is like this:
In the morning - talkan (porridge made from flour on water) and it's good if katyk or tea.
For lunch - salma (soup with pieces of dough), and in summer - buckwheat porridge and katyk.
In the evening - again a mash of flour and tea.
But both poor and rich Tatars are always hospitable. True, the Tatar proverb says: "When a guest comes - the meat is fried, there is no meat - he throws himself into the heat." And yet, a guest never leaves a Tatar house without a treat - at least a cup of tea with homemade marshmallow.
Ancient Instructions
O my son, if you want to be honored, be hospitable, friendly, generous. Your goodness will not decrease from this, and perhaps it will become more.
Tatar tea drinking is more than a tradition
“The tea table is the soul of the family,” say the Tatars, thus emphasizing not only their love for tea as a drink, but also its importance in the drinking ritual. This salient feature Tatar cuisine. The tea-drinking ritual - “whose echa” - has entered Tatar life so much that it is impossible to imagine a single holiday without it: weddings, matchmaking, Sabantuy, the birth of a child ... Tea is drunk strong, hot, often diluted with milk or cream. At dinner parties, dried apricots, dried apricots, raisins, slices of fresh apples are added to tea at the request of guests. In essence, not a single feast can do without tea, and any - with invited or uninvited guests.
For some groups of Tatars, the ritual of treating guests begins with tea with numerous baked goods, and only then the first and second courses are served. For others, on the contrary, the tea table completes the treat. And this order is sustainable ethnic tradition, although the set of dishes is largely the same.
They like to drink tea from small cups-bowls so that they do not cool down. And if, during an interesting conversation, the guest started talking to the owner of the house, the hostess always gave him a new bowl with freshly brewed tea.
Mandatory items for serving the tea table, in addition to cups, are individual plates, sugar bowls, milk jugs, teaspoons. A polished samovar with a teapot on the burner to a shine should set the tone for a pleasant conversation, create a mood, decorate the table on holidays and on weekdays.
Back in the days of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde, the culture of the feast, the preparation of drinks from various herbs was typical of the area. In the course were bowls, bowls, jugs made of a special composition "kashin", covered with glaze with painting. The new drink - tea - organically fit into the life of the local population.
In the 19th century, tea drinking entered every home in multinational Kazan. K. Fuchs, the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, wrote: "... a set table with porcelain cups and a samovar by the stove were typical in the house of a Tatar tradesman of those years."
Brewing Tatar tea
Pour and boil 3 liters of water into a small saucepan. After boiling water, add the tea leaves, boil for five minutes and then enrich the tea with oxygen (we scoop it up with a ladle and pour the tea leaves back into the pan in a small stream - and as Minem Apa advised, 100 times). Then add about 1 liter of milk. You can add butter. We insist about 5-7 minutes. Pour tea into bowls. A bowl is a mandatory attribute of every tea party.
Bagels and dishes of the Tatar national cuisine are well suited for tea: kystyby, pәrәmәch, өchpochmak.
Hospitality
We love home
Where they love us.
Let it be cheese, let it be stuffy.
But if only a warm welcome
Blossomed in the window of the master's eyes.
And on any tricky map
We will find this strange house -
Where is the long tea
Where is the timid apron
Where is it - in December and in March -
Meet
Sunny face!
Joseph Utkin
The customs of hospitality are passed down from generation to generation. They have become so firmly established in our lives that in the minds of different peoples they are perceived as something due, as an integral part of culture. Times are difficult now, and anyway - go to visit each other, be open, friendly, friendly. After all, the main thing at a party is not a feast, but the joy of communicating with dear people on which, as you know, the world rests.
Introduction. 4
1. Anthropology and ethnic history Tatars of the Volga region. 8
2.Tatars of the Saratov region. 19
3. Religious beliefs of the Tatars of the Volga region. 22
4. The language of the Tatars of the Volga region. 26
5.Traditional economy of the Volga Tatars. 31
Conclusion. 33
List of used literature.. 35
Introduction
Population of Privolzhsky federal district has over 32 million people, of which more than 20 million, or 67%, are Russians.
Relevance of the topic term paper lies in the fact that the ethno-demographic feature of the district lies in the fact that it is one of the most populous in the Russian Federation (ranks second after the Central District, in which 38 million people), and at the same time, the share of Russians is the lowest in Russia. In the North Caucasus, which forms the basis of the Southern District, this share is the same or slightly higher, which is explained by the "transfer" to this district of two Volga regions - Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, predominantly Russian in composition.
The total Russian population of the Okrug grew at a slow pace throughout the 1990s. due to the excess of migration inflow from neighboring countries, primarily from Kazakhstan, over the natural decline, and then was replaced by zero growth.
More than 13% of the population of the district are Tatars, numbering more than 4 million people. The Volga District is home to the largest number of Tatars in the Russian Federation.
Russians and Tatars together are 80% of the total population of the Volga region. The remaining 20% include representatives of almost all ethnic groups living in Russia. Among ethnic groups, however, there are only 9, which, together with Russians and Tatars, make up 97-98% of the population in the district.
There are about 6 million Tatars in Russia. Abroad, 1 million Tatars live in states that were previously part of the USSR (especially many in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). The ethnonym "Tatars" unites large and small ethnic communities.
Among them, the most numerous are the Kazan Tatars. It is impossible to determine the exact number of Kazan Tatars using the population census data, since all groups, except for the Crimean Tatars, were designated by the same name until the 1994 microcensus. It can be assumed that out of 5.8 million Tatars in the Russian Federation, at least 4.3 million people are Kazan Tatars. The question of the relationship between the ethnonym "Tatars" and the term "Tatar people" is to a certain extent politicized. Some scientists insist that the ethnonym "Tatars" denotes all groups of Tatars as an expression of a single, consolidated Tatar people (Tatar nation). On this basis, even special term in relation to groups of Tatars living outside the Republic of Tatarstan - "internal Russian Tatar diaspora".
The purpose of this course work is to consider the features of the settlement and residence of the Tatars in the Volga region.
To achieve the goal of the course work, consider the following tasks:
Consider the ethnic history of the Tatars of the Volga region
Analyze the residence of Tatars in the Saratov region;
Consider religious beliefs, language, traditional economy of the Volga Tatars
In the Volga District, the number of Tatars in the 2000s. slowly increased, primarily due to natural growth (average 0.8% per year).
Most of the Tatars are settled in the Middle Volga region, primarily in the Republic of Tatarstan. Over a third of all Tatars are concentrated there - about 2 million people. The densely populated Tatar area stretches to the neighboring Republic of Bashkortostan (where the Tatars outnumber the Bashkirs) and further to the Chelyabinsk region. Large groups settled in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan Tatars), as well as in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Moscow and the Moscow region. The range of the Tatars extends into Siberia.
According to population censuses, 32% of the Tatar population of Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan. If we take only Kazan Tatars, then this share will be much higher: most likely it is 60%. In the republic itself, Tatars make up about 50% of all residents.
The basis of the literary Tatar language is the language of the Kazan Tatars, while regional dialects and dialects are preserved at the everyday level. There are three main dialects - Western, or Mishar; medium, or Kazan; Eastern, or Siberian.
Kazan Tatars and Mishars (or Mishars) are settled in the Volga-Ural region, as well as small group- Kryashens. These groups are divided into smaller territorial communities.
The Mishars, the second major subdivision of the Volga-Ural Tatars, differ somewhat from the Kazan Tatars in terms of language and culture (it is believed, for example, that the Mishars, in their traditions and everyday features, are similar to the neighboring Mordovians). Their range, coinciding with the range of the Kazan Tatars, is shifted to the southwest and south. A characteristic feature of the Mishars is the blurred distinctions between territorial groups.
Kryashen Tatars (or baptized Tatars) stand out among the Volga-Ural Tatars on the basis of confessional affiliation. They were converted to Orthodoxy and their cultural and economic features are connected with this (for example, unlike other Tatars, the Kryashens have long been engaged in pig breeding). The Kryashen Tatars are believed to be a group of Kazan Tatars who were baptized after the Russian state conquered the Kazan Khanate. This group is numerically small and concentrated mainly in Tatarstan. Experts distinguish the following groups of Kryashens: Molkeevskaya (on the border with Chuvashia), Predkama (Laishevsky, Pestrechensky districts), Yelabuga, Chistopolskaya.
A small group (about 10-15 thousand people) of Orthodox Tatars, who call themselves "Nagaybaks", live in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. It is believed that the Nagaybaks are the descendants of either baptized Nogais or baptized Kazan Tatars.
Neither among researchers, nor among the population itself, there is a consensus on whether all groups of Tatars bearing this name form, united people. We can only say that the greatest consolidation is characteristic of the Volga-Ural, or Volga, Tatars, the vast majority of whom are Kazan Tatars. In addition to them, it is customary to include groups of Kasimov Tatars living in the Ryazan region, the Mishars of the Nizhny Novgorod region, and also the Kryashens into the composition of the Volga Tatars (although there are different opinions about the Kryashens).
The Republic of Tatarstan has one of the highest percentages of local natives in Russia in countryside(72%), while migrants prevail in cities (55%). Since 1991, cities have been experiencing a powerful migration influx of the rural Tatar population. Even 20-30 years ago, the Volga Tatars had a high level of natural increase, which remains positive even now; however, it is not large enough to create demographic overloads. Tatars are in one of the first places (after Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) in terms of the share of the urban population. Although among the Tatars there is a significant number of interethnic marriages (about 25%), this does not lead to widespread assimilation. Inter-ethnic marriages are concluded mainly by Tatars living dispersedly, while in Tatarstan and in regions where Tatars are densely populated, especially in rural areas, a high level of intra-ethnic marriage remains.
When writing this term paper, the works of such authors as Vedernikova T.I., Kirsanov R., Makhmudov F., Shakirov R. and others were used.
The structure of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
1. Anthropology and ethnic history of the Volga Tatars
The anthropology of the Volga and Ural Tatars provides interesting material for judgments about the origin of this people. Anthropological data show that all the studied groups of Tatars (Kazan, Mishars, Kryashens) are quite close to each other and have a set of inherent features. According to a number of signs - in terms of pronounced Caucasoidity, in terms of the presence of sublaponoidness, the Tatars are closer to the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions than to other Turkic peoples.
The Siberian Tatars, who have a pronounced sublaponoid (Uralian) character with a certain admixture of the South Siberian Mongoloid type, as well as the Astrakhan Tatars - Karagash, Dagestan Nogai, Khorezm Karakalpaks, Crimean Tatars, whose origin is generally associated with the population of the Golden Horde, are distinguished by their greater Mongoloid from the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions.
According to the external physical type, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions show a long-standing miscegenation of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. The last signs of the Tatars are much weaker than those of many other Turkic peoples: Kazakhs, Karagash, Nogai, etc. Here are some examples. For Mongoloids, one of the characteristic features is a peculiar structure upper eyelid eye, so-called. epicanthus. Among the Turks, the highest percentage of epicanthus (60-65%) is in the Yakuts, Kirghiz, Altaians, Tomsk Tatars. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, this feature is weakly expressed (from 0% in the Kryashens and Mishars of the Chistopol region to 4% in the Ar and 7% in the Kasimov Tatars). Other groups of Tatars, not related by their origin to the Volga region, have a significantly higher percentage of epicanthus: 12% - Crimean Tatars, 13% - Astrakhan Karagash, 20-28% - Nogai, 38% - Tobolsk Tatars.
The development of the beard is also one of the important features that distinguish the Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. The Tatars of the Middle Volga region have a beard growth below the average level, but still more than that of the Nogais, Karagash, Kazakhs, and even the Mari and Chuvash. Considering that the weak growth of the beard is characteristic of the Mongoloids, including the sublaponoids of Eurasia, and also the fact that the Tatars, located in the north, have a much greater growth of hairline than the more southern Kazakhs, Kirghiz, it can be assumed that this was manifested the influence of the so-called Pontic groups of the population, which have a fairly intensive growth of the beard. By the growth of the beard, the Tatars are approaching the Uzbeks, Uighurs and Turkmens. Its greatest growth is noted among the Mishar and Kryashens, the smallest among the Tatars of Zakazan.
The Tatars mainly have dark pigmentation of their hair, especially among the Tatars of Zakazany and the Narovchatov Mishars. Along with this, up to 5-10%, lighter shades of hair are also found, especially among the Chistopol and Kasimov Tatars and almost all groups of Mishars. In this regard, the Volga Tatars tend to local peoples Volga - Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, as well as to the Karachays and the northeastern Bulgarians of the Danube region.
In general, the Tatars of the Middle Volga and the Urals are mainly Caucasoid in appearance with a certain inclusion of Mongoloid features, and with signs of long-standing miscegenation or mixing. The following anthropological types are distinguished: Pontic; light Caucasian; sublapanoid; Mongoloid.
The Pontic type is characterized by a relatively long head, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nose bridge, convex nasal bridge with a lowered tip and base of the nose, and significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend. On average, this type is represented by more than a third of the Tatars - 28% among the Kryashens of the Chistopol region to 61% among the mishars of the Narovchatov and Chistopol regions. Among the Tatars of the Order and the Chistopol region, it ranges from 40-45%. This type is not known among the Siberian Tatars. In the paleoanthropological material, it is well expressed among the pre-Mongolian Bulgars, in modern - among the Karachays, Western Circassians and in eastern Bulgaria among the local Bulgarian population, as well as among the Hungarians. Historically, it should be linked with the main population of the Volga Bulgaria.
Light Caucasoid type with an oval head shape, with light pigmentation of hair and eyes, with medium or high nose bridge, with a straight nasal bridge, a moderately developed beard. Growth is average. On average, 17.5% of all studied Tatars are represented, from 16-17% among the Tatars of the Yelabuga and Chistopol regions to 52% of the Kryashens of the Yelabuga region. It has a number of features (morphology of the nose, absolute dimensions of the face, pigmentation) close to Pontic type. It is possible that this type penetrated the Volga region along with the so-called. saklabs (fair-haired according to Sh. Marjani), about which Arab sources of the 8th - 9th centuries wrote, placing them in the Lower, and later (Ibn Fadlan) and in the Middle Volga region. But we should not forget that among the Kipchak-Polovtsy there were also light-pigmented Caucasoids; light, red. It is possible that this type, so characteristic of northern Finns and Russians, could penetrate to the ancestors of the Tatars from there as well.
The sublapanoid (Ural or Volga-Kama) type is also characterized by an oval head shape and has mixed hair and eye pigmentation, a wide nose with a low nose bridge, a poorly developed beard and a low, medium-wide face. In some features (significantly developed fold of the eyelids, occasionally occurring epicanthus, weak growth of the beard, some flattening of the face), this type is close to the Mongoloid, but has strongly smoothed signs of the latter. Anthropologists consider this type as formed in antiquity on the territory of Eastern Europe from a mixture of Euro-Asian Mongoloids and the local Caucasoid population. Among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions, it is represented by 24.5%, the least among the Mishars (8-10%) and more among the Kryashens (35-40%). It is most characteristic of the local Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Kama region - Mari, Udmurts, Komi, partly Mordovians and Chuvashs. Obviously, it penetrated to the Tatars as a result of the Turkization of the Finno-Ugric peoples back in the pre-Bulgarian and Bulgar times, because in the Bulgar materials of the pre-Mongolian time, sublapanoid types are already found.
The Mongoloid type, characteristic of the Tatars of the Golden Horde and preserved among their descendants - the Nogais, Astrakhan Karagash, as well as among the Eastern Bashkirs, partly Kazakhs, Kirghiz, etc., among the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Ural regions in pure form does not occur. In a state mixed with Caucasoid components (Pontic type), it is found on average in 14.5% (from 7-8% among the Kryashens to 21% among the Tatars of the Order). This type, which includes signs of both South Siberian and Central Asian Mongoloids, begins to be noted in the anthropological materials of the Volga and Ural regions from the Hunno-Turkic time, i.e. from the middle of the 1st millennium AD, it is also known in the early Bulgarian Bolshe-Tarkhan burial ground. Therefore, its inclusion in the anthropological composition of the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions cannot be linked only with time. Mongol invasion and the Golden Horde, although at that time it intensified.
Anthropological materials show that the physical type of the Tatar people was formed in difficult conditions of miscegenation of the mainly Caucasoid population with the Mongoloid components of the ancient pores. In terms of the relative degree of expression of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features, the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions (average score - 34.9) are between Uzbeks (34.7), Azerbaijanis (39.1), Kumyks (39.2) Russians (39.4), Karachays (39.9), Gagauz (34.0) and Turkmen (30.2).
The ethnonym was historically assigned to the Turkic-speaking population of the Ural-Volga historical and ethnographic region, Crimea, Western Siberia and to the Turkic by origin, but who lost their native language Tatar population of Lithuania. There is no doubt that the Volga-Ural and Crimean Tatars are independent ethnic groups.
The long-term contacts of the Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars with the Volga-Urals, which especially intensified in the second half of the 19th century, had important ethnic consequences. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was an active process of consolidation of the Middle Volga-Urals, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars into a new ethnic community - the Tatar nation. The Tatars of the Volga-Ural region became the core of the nation due to their large number and socio-economic, as well as cultural advancement. The complex ethnic structure of this nation is illustrated by the following data (at the end of the 19th century): in it, the Volga-Ural Tatars accounted for 95.4%, Siberian -2.9%, Astrakhan -1.7%.
On present stage it is impossible to talk about Tatars without the Republic of Tatarstan, which is the epicenter of the Tatar nation. However Tatar ethnic group is by no means limited to Tatarstan. And not only because of the dispersed settlement. The Tatar people, having a deep history and millennial cultural traditions, including writing, are connected with the whole of Eurasia. Moreover, being the northernmost outpost of Islam, the Tatars and Tatarstan act both as part of the Islamic world and great civilization East.
Tatars are one of the largest Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The total number of 6.648.7 thousand people. (1989). Tatars are the main population of the Republic of Tatarstan (1.765.4 thousand people), 1.120.7 thousand people live in Bashkortostan, 110.5 thousand people live in Udmurtia, 47.3 thousand people live in Mordovia, in the Republic Mari El - 43.8 thousand, Chuvashia - 35.7 thousand people. In general, the main part of the Tatar population - more than 4/5 lives in the Russian Federation (5.522 thousand people), occupying the second place in terms of numbers. In addition, a significant number of Tatars live in the CIS countries: in Kazakhstan - 327.9 thousand people, Uzbekistan - 467.8 thousand people, Tajikistan - 72.2 thousand people, Kyrgyzstan - 70.5 thousand people ., Turkmenistan - 39.2 thousand people. Azerbaijan - 28 thousand people, in Ukraine - 86.9 thousand people, in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) about 14 thousand people. There is also a significant diaspora throughout the rest of the world (Finland, Turkey, USA, China, Germany, Australia, etc.). In view of the fact that there has never been a separate account of the number of Tatars in other countries, it is difficult to determine the total number of the Tatar population abroad (according to various estimates, from 100 to 200 thousand people).
As part of the Tatars of the Volga region, two large ethnic groups (sub-ethnic groups) are distinguished: Kazan Tatars and Mishars.
An intermediate group between the Kazan Tatars and the Mishars are the Kasimov Tatars (the area of their formation, the city of Kasimov, Ryazan Region, and its environs). The ethno-confessional community is represented by baptized Kryashen Tatars. Due to territorial disunity and under the influence neighboring nations each of these groups, in turn, formed ethnographic groups having some peculiarities in language, culture and way of life. So, in the composition of the Kazan Tatars, researchers distinguish the Nukrat (Chepetsk), Perm, ethno-class group of Teptyars, etc. The Kryashens also have local features (Nagaybaks, Molkeevtsy, Yelabuga, Chistopol, etc.). The Mishars are divided into two main groups - the northern, Sergach, "choking" in language and the southern, Temnikovskaya, "choking" in language.
In addition, as a result of repeated migrations, several territorial subgroups were also formed among the Mishars: right-bank, left-bank or trans-Volga, Ural.
The ethnonym Tatars is a national, as well as the main self-name of all groups that form a nation. In the past, the Tatars also had other local ethnonyms - Moselman, Kazanly, Bolgars, Misher, Tipter, Kereshen, Nagaibek, Kechim, etc. In the conditions of the formation of the nation (the second half of the 19th century), the process of growth of national self-consciousness and awareness of their unity began . The objective processes taking place in the people's environment were recognized by the national intelligentsia, which contributed to the rejection of local self-names in the name of gaining one common ethnonym. At the same time, the most common ethnonym that unites all groups of Tatars was chosen. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars considered themselves Tatars.
The ethnic history of the Volga Tatars has not yet been fully elucidated. Formation of their main
10-09-2015, 16:35
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TATARS OF THE URAL-VOLGA REGION(self-name - Tatars), people, the main population of Tatarstan (1765 thousand people, 1992) They also live in the Republic of Bashkortostan - 1120.7 (1989), the Mari Republic, Mordovia, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Penza and other regions Russian Federation. The Turkic-speaking communities of Siberia (Siberian Tatars), Crimea (Crimean Tatars), Astrakhan, etc. are also called Tatars. The total number in the Russian Federation (excluding Crimean Tatars) is 5.52 million people. (1992) Total number - 6.71 million people. Tatar. Believing Tatars - Sunni Muslims.An event in the life of the Tatars of Bashkiria was the opening in 2005 in the village of Kilim of the Tatar historical and cultural center -.
As an addition, I post an article
TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE VOLGA TARTARS*
A. P. Smirnov(Questions of Ethnogenesis, No. 2, 1946, pp. 37-50).
A lot of works are devoted to the topic of the formation of the Tatars of the Volga region. All points of view expressed can be reduced to the following.
Some researchers considered the Tatars of the Volga region to be one of the Turkish peoples who received their name from the Mongols and speak one of Turkish languages. These researchers believe that the Tatars were formed from various peoples, falling into different time in the forest-steppe Volga region, and included local Finnish tribes in their composition. The process of the formation of this people began from the era of the Mongol conquest. This point of view was shared by many historians, including Gubaidulin, Vorobyov and Veselovsky. Other researchers considered the Tatars of the Volga region to be mainly Mongols, among whom a certain stream of Turkic elements can be noted. This group includes Klaproth, Iakinf, Dosson, Wolf, Erdman, Radlov, Bartold. Finally, a third theory was expressed, the supporters of which brought the Tatars out of the Bulgar tribes. This point of view was defended by M. G. Khudyakov, S. P. Tolstov.
Most of the ancient authors considered the Tatars to be Turks.
So, Rashid-Eddin-Juveini noted that the Tatars call themselves Mongols and many Turkish clans adopted this name; by origin they were Turks. Mahmud of Kashgar, an anonymous author, Ibn-Batuta and Abul-Gazi were on the same point of view. At the same time, Ibn-Batuta argued that the Turkic language was not only vernacular, but in the era of Khan Uzbek - the language of the ruling elite. For a correct understanding of the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars, it is not enough to study the historical process, starting from the era of the Mongol invasion, but it is necessary to consider earlier eras.
The historical process in the Middle Volga and Lower Kama regions is quite well studied, starting from the 1st millennium BC. e.
This time (the Ananyino culture) is known from the material of ancient settlements and graves. A number of summary works on the monuments of this time, of which I will note the studies of A. D. Spitsin, A. M. Tallgren, A. V. Schmidt, give reason to assert that the culture of this time is genetically related to the culture of the previous era, which was influenced by the southern - log culture. The anthropological material of this time is of great interest. During the excavations of the Lugovsky burial ground, 36 skulls were obtained. The studies of T. D. Trofimova established their pronounced Mongoloid character; only some of them showed a weakly manifested Caucasoid admixture. T. A. Trofimova in her work noted that the Mongoloid type, represented in the burials of the Lugovskoy burial ground, is distinguished by a relatively low and very flat face with an extremely slightly protruding nose and a sharply sloping forehead with a strongly developed eyebrow.
The Khazars undoubtedly were the first owners of that marketplace, on the site of which the international fair-city of Bulgar later grew up.
Until the middle of the tenth century the Bulgars were dependent on the Khazars. In the note of Iba-Fadlan, there is a message that the Bulgars pay tribute to the Khazar king, information is given about the military campaigns of the Khazars against the Bulgars. All this gives grounds to attribute the first major penetration of the Turkic elements, which have been preserved in the language of modern Tatars, to the 6th-10th centuries.
The Bulgarian state, which arose in the tenth century. was multicultural.
Along with the local tribes who left us settlements with bast ceramics, we see the newcomer, the Bulgar horde, from among the Alanian tribes noted above, we see the strong influence of the Khazars and the penetration of the Turkic element with it. Finally, we meet here with representatives numerous nations settled in the Volga region. Here, as well as to the south, in the monuments of the Tsimlyansk settlement, the Slavic stream was strong. In the Tsimlyansk settlement, excavations of recent years have opened big number purely Slavic burials. Arabic sources say a lot about Russians in Bulgaria. Apparently, the Russians, attracted by trade with the locals, had numerous colonies and, to some extent, could assimilate with the local population. It is known that the Bulgars also went to the Russian lands, in particular to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
The second way of assimilation with the Russians was wars and, as a result of them, prisoners.
V. V. Bartold considers it possible to attribute to the Volga Bulgars the news about the “sovereign of the Slavs”, to whom, along with the sovereigns of the Greeks and Khazars, the Armenians who fled from the Arabs turned in 852 with a request for help. Finally, representatives of the surrounding Chud tribes settled in Bulgaria proper. This latter is well traced in the archaeological material.
An important role in the formation of the Kazan Tatars was played by the Polovtsy, who took part in the political life of the country, which can be judged at least from the description in the Russian chronicle under 1183, the year of the Russian campaign against the Bulgars.
In the archaeological In the material of the Bulgars, there are many Polovtsian items confirming these historical information. All the materials cited indicate that the process of the formation of peoples Lower Kama region in the Bulgar era was very difficult. Finally, one cannot ignore the influx of population from Central Asia. From the note of Ibn-Fadlan it can be established that even before the arrival of the embassy of Caliph Muktadir, artisans from Central Asia lived in Bulgaria. After the establishment of connections, which appeared as a result of the embassy in 922, the number of craftsmen of various kinds increased.
The Mongol conquest introduced minor changes in the composition of the population of Bulgaria.
The defeat of 1236 affected mainly central regions. Tatars did not spread deep into the forests. Having defeated the cities, the Mongols moved on, invading the Ryazan lands in 1237. The Russian chronicles report a second pogrom in 1240, after which relations were established between the Bulgars and the conquering Mongols, which were also characteristic of Rus'. The Bulgar princes, like the Russians, received labels for reigning; the Bulgars, like the Russians, were subject to tribute. Is it possible to speak about any change of culture and population in Bulgaria? There are no grounds for this. The study of Bulgaro- Tatar culture shows much in common between the monuments of the first and second periods.
Anthropological studies show that the Tatars of the Middle Volga region are a Caucasoid group with a slight Mongoloid admixture.
Among the Tatars there are: a dark mesocephalic Caucasoid type (Pontic race), reminiscent of the type of Bulgarians and Circassians, light Caucasoid types and a sublaponoid type - a descendant of the ancient local Mongoloid population of the Ananyin era, widespread among the surrounding Finnish and Russian population, and a Mongoloid - South Siberian appearance, known in the southern Russian steppes among the nomads, both in the pre-Golden Horde era, and among the tribes conquered by the Golden Horde. Anthropologists have not established Mongoloid types of Central Asian origin, actually Mongolian, among the Tatars of the Middle Volga region. This proves that the Tatars, having passed the Volga Bulgaria with fire and sword, did not settle in the Middle Volga region and, in any case, did not have a noticeable influence on the formation of the physical appearance of modern Tatars.
After the conquest of Bulgaria by the Mongols, the Bulgars retained their name for a long time.
Their princes, like the Russians, enjoyed a great deal of independence in internal affairs, receiving shortcuts from the khans to reign. Under own name Bulgars, not Tatars, the Russian chronicle also knows them. So, in the events of 1311, 1366, 1370, 1374-1391. the Bulgars were called either Bulgarians or (in the Nikon Chronicle) - Kazanians or Besermens, but nowhere are they designated as Tatars.
Even referring to the events of the beginning of the 15th century, in particular the campaign of Prince Fyodor Motley, the chronicle calls the Bulgars by their name. “In the summer of 6939 ... The same summer, from the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich, the voivode, Prince Fedor Davydovich Motley went to fight against the Bulgarians and took it.” And later, listing the lands under the Russian crown, the chronicler reports: “The Great Prince Ivan Vasilyevich, Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Yugor, Perm, Bulgarian, Smolensk and many other lands, the king and sovereign of all Rus'.” Even the new capital of the Bulgar kingdom, Kazan, according to Narmukhamet, the son of Agmedzyan, was also called "New Bulgar".
In the XVI century. for the Russian chronicler, the Kazan Tatars were synonymous with the Bulgars.
We also meet this much later among the Udmurts, who call the Tatars Besermen. True, in a number of places the word besermenin also means “alien”, “foreigner”. On the. the solution of the issue of accepting the name of the Tatars by the Bulgars sheds light on Rashid-Eddin-Juveini. He writes: “They (Tatars) ruled and dominated in ancient days most of the time over the strongest tribes and countries with power, strength and perfect honor. For the sake of their extraordinary greatness and respect, other Turkish clans, moving degrees, ranks and their names, became known under their name and were all called Tatars. And those various families saw their greatness and dignity in that they attributed themselves to them and became known by their name. So, together with other peoples, the Bulgars also received this name. The Bulgars themselves seem to have sought to keep their name for quite a long time and politically did not merge with the Golden Horde, although culturally it is often difficult to distinguish between the Bulgars and the Golden Horde. The desire of the Bulgars for independence and the desire of the Tatars to finally subjugate the Bulgars is evidenced by at least the event of 1370, when the Russians with the Tatars went to the Bulgars. For neighbors, the similarity of the culture of the Bulgars and the Golden Horde could from the XIV century. lead to confusion of tribal names.
The transfer of the center of the Bulgar state to Kazan and the "New Bulgar" and the transfer of power to Ulu-Mohammed, who gave the state a new political and military organization, strengthened this position.
Since that time, the name Tatars has finally been established for the population of the Middle Volga region. It was only a name change, and the Tatars themselves, and their neighbors, continued to call themselves Bulgars. Such a connection with the Bulgars has survived to the present. Tatars, especially old people, consider themselves descendants of the Bulgars. Monuments of the Bulgar history ( architectural structures, tombstones) are considered sacred and carefully guarded. The XIV century is the time of expansion of the Bulgar influence on the neighbors. This can be clearly seen from the grave monuments, spread far beyond the main Bulgar territory. Muslim propaganda under the protection of the khans of the Golden Horde took on a large scale. It is also indisputable that the defeat of the main centers of Bulgaria at the end of the XIV-beginning of the XV century. (the last defeat - the campaign of Prince F. Motley in 1431) led to the departure of the population to the Zakama forests, to the assimilation of the local Finnish population and the spread of the Bulgar culture. Here we can therefore speak of a secondary crossing and Chud tribes. In turn, these peoples had their influence on the culture and physical appearance of the Tatar-Bulgars.
When considering the monuments of material culture, it was noted that the culture of the Bulgars of the Golden Horde time was formed on the basis of the local culture of the previous era.
If we compare the culture of the Bulgaro-Tatar with the culture of the Kazan Khanate and modern Tatars, then it is easy to make sure that the Bulgar culture was the basis of the culture of the Kazan Tatars. The latter over its long historical path, like the culture of any people, has absorbed a large number of all kinds of influences and now is a complex conglomerate. Consideration of the culture of the Tatars of the Volga region is best done by its individual elements.
A significant place is occupied by architectural monuments.
Unfortunately, we currently do not know almost completely the architecture of the Kazan Khanate, as a result of which a large chronological segment falls out. Partially, this shortcoming can be made up for by the architecture of the Kasimov kingdom, which has come down to us in the form of individual monuments. Tatar architecture, in particular dwellings, has the monuments of the Bulgars as its prototype. The dwelling of the ancient Bulgars was quite fully revealed by excavations of the ruins of Suvar and Bulgar; among a number of partially preserved houses, buildings were discovered, which made it possible to establish precisely that the type of dwelling that existed in the Bulgar era was preserved in the subsequent time, although along with it in the 13th century. after the Mongol conquest, another appeared. Suvar's excavation data was confirmed by Eastern writers.
Ancient Bulgarian house -
or a log house or adobe structure, close to a square in plan, with an adobe stove placed at some distance from the wall. In front of the oven there is a hole in the underground, with two granary pits. It was possible to establish that the adobe houses had a flat roof. The houses were surrounded by outbuildings. Of interest is a rich brick house, discovered in the center of Suvar, built in the 10th century, later destroyed and repeatedly restored. Originally it was a house almost square in plan, with an underfloor heating system; it was surrounded by outbuildings and a brick wall.
This brick house can be called a palace by its location and inventory. Apparently, for the tenth century. it was a rather rare building. The plan of this house basically repeats the ordinary houses of the townspeople and is very close to the house discovered by V. A. Gorodtsov during the study of old Ryazan. Whether this similarity was the result of the influence of the Bulgars on the Russians or, conversely, the Russians on the Bulgars, is difficult to decide. It is most likely that the creation of a common type was influenced by local conditions, the same for the tribes that made up the Bulgar kingdom and the Ryazan principality.
Similar houses continued to exist in the Golden Horde era.
The palace has changed significantly, it received columns and facing with glazed tiles. In the XIII century. it was an elongated building with a small vestibule and apparently had two floors. This type of house later passed into the architecture of the Kazan Khanate, which can be judged from the material of the city of Kasimov, where a house similar to general view Suvar. As can be judged from the excavations of the Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga region, there were quite a lot of rich brick buildings. Their hallmark there was a large number of rooms and polychromy in processing.
If we take a modern Tatar estate, we will see similarities with the ancient Bulgar dwellings. Among the Tatars, the house was usually placed in the middle of the estate, on poles and surrounded by outbuildings. The entire estate is surrounded by a fence overlooking the street, so that the street is a long blank wall. Modern house close in plan to a square with a stove in the middle or closer to a blank wall. The house has a wooden floor. Along with the log house, in the southern regions there are houses and baths, half dug into the ground and representing, as it were, a dugout with a roll and a flat roof, houses made of adobe, adobe. Looking at them, we see that modern buildings have been developed from the ancient Bulgar ones. Ancient adobe buildings can be compared with modern adobe buildings.
In the ornamentation of the Tatar dwelling, the main element is not carving, but rich polychrome coloring.
As a rule, on the main green or yellow field, narrow strips of white are given, interspersed with blue and red. The gates are also painted green; all the details, such as trims and rosettes, are in yellow and blue tones.
Analyzing the ornamentation of the Tatar house, one involuntarily wants to recall the houses of the Bulgar-Golden Horde period, where we meet with the decoration of the building with polychrome tiles, and the colors of modern houses give tones similar to the Golden Horde glazed tiles. The data that we have allow us to assert that the architecture of modern Tatars was developed from the Bulgar, from their city buildings and city estates.
Separate parts of the Tatar clothing have the same form as that of other peoples of the Kama region.
So, Tatar shirts are similar to Finnish ones and differ from the latter only in that they are sewn from a wide canvas, and not from a narrow one, like the Finns of the Volga region. Special interest presents a hat. Currently, the Tatars have two varieties: spherical and cylindrical. The first is usually sewn from cloth, drape, almost always black. These spherical hats are usually worn by peasants and poor townspeople, especially the elderly. The height of these hats is 15-20 cm. This type of spherical hat is currently the most common; this form must be considered specific to the Tatars, while other Turkish peoples usually use a conical hat with a wide edge of fur. N. I. Vorobyov believes that “upon a detailed study, it can be assumed with some degree of probability that the hemispherical cap came from the same source as the makja, i.e. from the balaclava, but not from the Persian Kalapush.” Other researchers believe that this hat is borrowed from the Persians.
It is difficult to agree with these hypotheses. The image of a warrior on a slab from the Ananyino burial ground conveys the same type of cap, close to conical. The easiest way to derive this type of spherical cap is from the headdress of the Ananyin era. There, this cap has two features at the base, which, perhaps, convey the edge. These data, commonality with the Chuvash clothing and the Ananyin era, testify to the deep local roots of the Tatar culture. Its basis is the Bulgar one, on which a large number of all kinds of influences have accumulated over a long period of time.
It should also be remembered that one of the largest remnants of ancient forms among the Tatars - the remains of nomadic life - again connects them with the ancient Bulgars, whose everyday life had elements of nomadic life already in the 10th century. existed as a relic, as can be judged from the note of Ibn Fadlan.
Along with the remnants of nomadic life, coming from the Bulgars, the Tatars retained quite a few elements of pre-Muslim beliefs, and these latter are very close to the tribal religious beliefs of other peoples of the Volga region.
Interesting material pointing to deep local roots is provided by the mythology of the Kazan Tatars.
Despite the fact that Islam has become the dominant religion in the region since the second quarter of the 10th century, nevertheless, in the minds of the Tatars, many remnants of the tribal religion have been preserved until recently, very similar to the ideas of other peoples of the Volga and Kama regions.
In this case, the mythology that has been preserved since ancient times in the Vyatka-Kama region is important. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the faith in the brownie (oh-ace); in the view of the Tatars, this is an old man with long hair. The Tatars also have a barn owner (abzar-eyse), who appears to people in the form of a person or an animal. It has to do with livestock. Oi-Eise and Abzar-Eise are very similar to the corresponding images of Udmurt mythology.
Bichura, according to the mythologies of the Tatars,
a small woman, 125 cm tall, with an ancient headdress, lives underground or in a bathhouse. Because of Bichura, sometimes they abandoned the house, or, conversely, they believed that Bichura helped the owner to get rich. Close to her stands Yurtava - the goddess of the hearth, the house from the Mordovian pantheon.
All the peoples of the Volga region have preserved remnants of faith in the goblin.
In Tatar mythology, under the name Shuryale, he lives in dense forests, looks like a man, has long strong fingers up to 12 cm long and unusually long nipples, which he throws over his shoulder. He loves to take passers-by into the depths of the forest, loves to ride. A legend has been preserved in which a Shuryale woman is described; she sat naked on a horse, backwards, had a small head with short hair, her breasts hung over her shoulder. Similar are Shurale-Alida, Chatches-nunya and Nyules-nunya - Udmurt mythology or Vir-ava - Mordovians, or Arsuri - Chuvash.
Albasty -
evil creatures living in non-residential houses, in wastelands, in fields, and in logs, appear to people in the form of a person or a large cart, haystack, stack, Christmas tree. Albast can crush a person to death, and drinks blood from him. The closest analogy to him in character and even in name is Albast of the Udmurts, who lives mostly in empty houses and baths. To expel him from there, it is necessary to set fire to the buildings occupied by him.
A number of spirits
according to the ideas of the Tatars, he lives in the water: syubabasy (water grandfather - the main owner), syu-eyase - his son; syu-yanasy is similar to the Russian mermaid. The Syu-babasy of the Tatars is very close to the Wu-murtu of the Udmurts.
Of great interest is belief in Yuhu -
a snake-maiden, with which one can associate a part of the archaeological material, among which there are a large number of objects reflecting this section of mythology. According to the ideas of the Tatars, a snake lives up to 100 years in its own form; after 100 years, he turns into a human girl (yuhu), but can take the form of a cow, dog, cat.
In the archaeological material of the Kama region, images of snakes come from ancient times. The earliest of them were found in the Gladenovsky bone, the beginning of which dates back to the 6th century. BC. Along with snakes, figures of dragons are very frequent; a number of them date back to the time of the advent of our era, an example of which is the Nyrginda burial ground, where an openwork plate represents a dragon with a woman sitting on her back with a child. Separate figures of dragons are also found at a later time, in the so-called Lomatiev era. These images, which are currently difficult to interpret, indicate the deep antiquity of these representations among the peoples of the Kama region. They once again confirm the local basis of the Tatars of the Volga region;
The connection with other peoples of the Volga region was especially pronounced in the faith of the Tatars in Keremet.
Keremet was called the sacrificial place where the sacrifice was made, as well as the spirit itself, living in this place. The Tatars made sacrifices to Keremeti, for which they slaughtered cattle. The Muslim clergy waged a stubborn struggle against this belief. It is characteristic of all peoples. Middle Volga and Kama regions. So, among the Chuvash, keremetyu or irzamaa was called a quadrangular square, fenced off by a fence, where a sacrifice was made. The spirit itself was also called Keremet. An animal that had passed a special test was usually sacrificed to him. Similar representations also existed in the Uudmurts, who under. by the name of Keremet or Shaitan, they recognized the evil god, as opposed to the good Inmar. The Udmurts also called Keremetyu a sacrificial place where sacrifices were usually made to this evil spirit. There was a belief in Keremet among the Mordovians, although it was not as common as among the Chuvash and Udmurts. The Mordovians had Keremet-szek - the prayer of Keremeti. This prayer in the old days took place around St. Peter's Day and was held in the forest near a large birch. Residents of the surrounding villages gathered for the holiday and brought with them bread, meat, mash and wine. First they prayed, then they feasted and rejoiced.
The second prayer among the Mordovians, associated with Keremet, was called Keremet-ozis-saban - a prayer to the plow.
In some places this prayer was called saban-ozis. Where forests or trees were preserved near the village, prayers were made there. Each family brought a rooster or a drake, which they slaughtered, cooked stew, prayed and ate stew. Prayer in the grove was also known among the Mari and was associated with the name of Keremet-arka. Cattle were slaughtered there for the feast.
From the above material it can be seen that belief in Keremet in the most archaic form was observed among the Chuvash and Udmurts, and to a lesser extent among the Mordovians. Undoubtedly, the struggle of the Muslim clergy with faith in Keremet led to the fact that the Tatars had only minor traces of these beliefs. There is no doubt that this prayer passed to the Volga Tatars from their ancestors. There is no reason to believe here borrowing from neighbors.
Summing up, it must be said that the process of formation of the Tatars of the Volga region is very long and complicated. It cannot be started from the era of the Mongol conquest, as is usually the case. This time introduced the least new elements into the ethnogenesis of the Tatars.
Published in abridged.
