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Increasingly, one can hear the opinion that native Russian surnames have the following suffixes: -ov, -ev, -in, -yn.
Where did the surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev come from?
According to statistics, surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev have about 60% of the population of Russia. Such surnames are considered primordially Russian, suggesting that they have a generic origin.
Initially, Russian surnames came from patronymics. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After surnames came into use in the 13th century, they began to be given, focusing on the oldest man in the genus. So, not only sons, but also grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Peter became Petrovs.
To diversify surnames, they began to be given based on nicknames. So, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the name Beloborodov, passing it on to their descendants from generation to generation. 
They began to give surnames and depending on the occupation of a person. Therefore, the Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Plotnikovs, Popovs and others appeared sonorous surnames. You can be sure that Kuznetsov's great-grandfather had a forge, and Popov had priests in his family. 
Surnames with the suffix -ev were given to those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of their ancestors ended in a soft consonant. This is how the Ignatievs, Bondarevs and others appeared.
And where did the surnames with the suffixes -in and -yn come from?
About 30% of the population of Russia have surnames ending with the suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could come from the names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as from words that end in -а and -я. 
So the surname Minin means "son of Mina". By the way, Mina is a popular female name in Rus'. 
For example, the surname Semin comes from the name Semyon. Interestingly, the name Semyon comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant "heard by God." This is how they formed popular surnames- Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others. 
Also, some surnames indicate the belonging of a person's ancestors to a particular craft. For example, the surname Rogozhin indicates that the ancestors of a person traded matting or were engaged in its production. 
It is impossible to say with absolute certainty, because even now many disputes continue, however, it is assumed that the names Pushkin, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also came from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions. 
Nevertheless, experts say that initially you need to find out which word underlies the surname, and only then can we talk about professional pursuits or nicknames of distant ancestors, from which the surname came.
You will need
- A sheet of paper, a pen, the ability to do morphemic analysis of a word, etymological dictionary Russian language, dictionary foreign words.
Instruction
Take a piece of paper and a pen. Write your last name and highlight all the morphemes in it: root, suffix, ending. This preparatory stage help you determine which family name your family belongs to.
Notice the suffix. Since in Russian more often than others foreign surnames meet, these can be the following suffixes: “enko”, “eyko”, “ovsk / evsk”, “ko”, “point”. That is, if your last name is Tkachenko, Shumeiko, Petrovsky or Gulevsky, Klitschko, Marochko, you should look for distant relatives on the territory of Ukraine.
Look at the root of the word if the suffix did not answer the question of what nationality your last name is. Often one or another, object, animal, becomes its basis. An example is the surname Gonchar, Ukrainian Gorobets (in translation - Sparrow), Jewish Rabin ("rabbi").
Count the number of roots in a word. Sometimes the surname consists of two words. For example, Ryabokon, Beloshtan, Krivonos. Similar names belong to Slavic peoples(Russians, Belarusians, Poles, etc.), but are also found in other languages.
Assess your surname in terms of belonging to the Jewish people. Common Jewish surnames have the roots "levi" and "cohen", found in the surnames Levitan, Levin, Kogan, Katz. Their owners descended from ancestors who were in the rank of clergy. There are also surnames that originated from male (Moses, Solomon) or female names (Rivkin, Beilis), or formed from a merger male name and suffix (Abrahams, Jacobson, Mandelstam).
Remember if Tatar blood flows in your veins? If your surname consists of a combination of words and suffixes "in", "ov" or "ev", then the answer is obvious - they were in your family. This is especially well seen in the example of such surnames as Bashirov, Turgenev, Yuldashev.
Determine which language the surname belongs to, based on the following clues:
- if it contains the prefix "de" or "le", look for roots in France;
- if the surname is heard English title territory (eg Welsh), quality of person (Sweet) or profession (Carver), relatives should be sought in the UK;
- the same rules apply to German surnames. They are formed from the profession (Schmidt), nickname (Klein), name (Peters);
- Polish surnames can be recognized based on the sound - Kovalchik, Senkevich.
Look in the dictionary of foreign words if you have difficulty assigning a surname to a particular language.
Related videos
note
If your surname is of Jewish origin, it can be used to determine the territory of residence of your ancestors. So, Slavic Jews bear the names Davidovich, Berkovich, Rubinchik. In sound, they are very similar to Russian patronymics and diminutive names of objects. The surnames of Polish Jews are distinguished by suffixes. For example, Padva.
To compose family tree or to find distant relatives, but at the same time not to make a mistake in interpreting the surname by nationality, one should rely not only on the root and suffix, but also on the environment. After all, the most common name Ivan has a Hebrew past, and the surnames formed from it are found among Russians, Maris, Mordvins, Chuvashs - Ivanaev, Vankin, Ivashkin, Ivakin, etc. Therefore, do not be too lazy to look into the etymological dictionary.
Sources:
- what is the nationality of the name
- If your last name ends in ov / -ev, -in then I will
The word surname in translation means family (lat. familia - family). Last name is given name tribal community - united primary social cells connected by blood ties. How do the names of surnames arise, what is the principle of the formation of Russian surnames, in particular, surnames with "-ov".
The emergence of surnames
The emergence and spread of surnames in Rus' was gradual. The first nicknames were acquired by the citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its subordinate lands. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, talking about the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
Later, in the XIV-XV centuries, generic names began to acquire princes. Nicknamed after the name of the inheritance that they owned, having lost it, the princes began to leave for themselves and their descendants its name as a family name. So the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, those derived from nicknames began to be fixed: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.
Boyar and then noble surnames, for lack of status in their appanage, were formed to a greater extent from nicknames. Also, the formation of a surname from the name of the ancestor has become widespread. Bright to the reigning family in Russia - the Romanovs.
Romanovs
The ancestors of this old boyar family were ancestors who wore different time nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called both by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakhariev-Yuriev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but from the grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was elected to the royal throne.
Last name as identification
The establishment by Peter I in 1719 of passports for the convenience of collecting the poll tax and the implementation of the recruitment gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, the patronymic and / or nickname were entered, which then became the owner's surname.
The formation of Russian surnames on -ov / -ev, -in
The most common Russian surnames are formed from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor passed into the category of possessive adjectives formed from the name with the help of the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
Whose Ivan? - Petrov.
In the same way in late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, Russian officials formed and recorded the names of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
In Russia, there are many surnames that end in "-sky" or "-tsky". Curious, what are they talking about? It turns out that there are several versions of the origin of such surnames.
Polish surnames
According to one version, all surnames of this kind have Polish origin. That is, for example, those who bear the surnames Pototsky, Slutsky, Zabolotsky, Polyansky, Svitkovsky, Kovalevsky, Smelyansky, have Polish roots in the family.
"noble" surnames
One of the versions says that in Rus', boyars and representatives of the nobility received surnames with the suffixes "-sky / -sky" according to the names of their ancestral destinies - Vyazemsky, Dubrovsky, Baryatinsky and so on. Surnames became hereditary, passed from father to son as a symbol of territorial power. The Thousand Book for 1550 lists 93 princely names, of which 40 end in "-sky". By the way, it is believed that this tradition still came from Poland. The mentioned suffixes were a sign of belonging to the gentry - representatives of the Polish aristocracy. Gradually, this began to be practiced in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, also exclusively among representatives of the upper class.
An attempt to "improve" common surnames
Ethnographers suggest that there was also a tendency to improve common surnames by adding a suffix. This was especially common among Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians who lived on the same territory as the Poles. So, Borodin could turn into Borodinsky, Gatchin - into Gatchina, Zaitsev - into Zaychevsky.
"Geographical" origin
There is a version that today most of similar surnames, in the past was formed from the geographical names of settlements, rivers and lakes. So, a resident of Ryazan in another region was called "Ryazan", over time this could turn into a surname. The surname Verzhbitsky is quite common: settlements with this name existed in Poland, and in Russia, and in Ukraine, and in Belarus.
Jewish surnames
Another hypothesis says that at least some of the surnames beginning with "-sky" may have Jewish roots. Such surnames were given to Jews living in the territories of the Baltic and Slavic countries, also by the name of the area. For example, Antokolsky, Vilkomirsky, Gilichensky, Mirgorodsky.
"Spiritual" surnames
Graduates of theological seminaries in Russia were assigned new, beautiful, harmonious surnames that would fit their priestly rank. So there were Christmas, Ascension, Resurrection, Preobrazhensky, Trinity, All Saints. The surname Lebedinsky presumably also belongs to the “spiritual” ones: after all, the swan is a recognized symbol of spiritual purity, including in Orthodoxy.
Most likely, the surnames ending in “-sky” or “-tsky” are still completely different in origin, and only by the root one can sometimes guess where they could come from in principle.
Wikipedia:
Most of the surnames in the Russian nominal formula came from patronymics (according to the baptismal or worldly name of one of the ancestors), nicknames (according to the type of activity, place of origin, or some other feature of the ancestor) or other generic names.
Russian surnames in most cases were single or written with a hyphen, passed strictly through the male line. IN mid-nineteenth century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the surnames of most people of the peasant class are formed. By the 1930s, the process of obtaining surnames by various nationalities was completely completed.
Russian surnames most often have the ending -ov / -ev. From 60% to 70% of Russian surnames have the ending -ov / -ev. Surnames ending in -ov / -ev are formed as follows:
Surnames formed mainly as patronymics or after the name of the grandfather (grandfather's name, from which the father's temporary surname originated) from church or Slavic personal names or nicknames, for example, Ivan → son of Ivan - Ivanov, Alexey → son Aleksey- Alekseev, a man nicknamed Beardless → son of Beardless - Bezborodov, etc.
This also includes surnames formed from nicknames associated with the profession. For example, a person by profession is a blacksmith → the son of a blacksmith - Kuznetsov.
The authorities of the Don Cossack Region did not recognize surnames ending in -in and -y/y. During the census, such surnames were changed into -ov, for example, the surname Kuzmin turned into Kuzminov, Bessmertny - into Bessmertnov, etc.
Russian surnames ending in -in occupy the second place in terms of prevalence among Russian surnames, after surnames ending in -ov / -ev. In places in Russia, especially in the Volga region, surnames with -in cover more than 50% of the population. Everything that is written about family names in -ov / -ev fully applies to surnames in -in. Surnames ending in -in are present among Belarusians and are less popular than among Russian surnames. For Belarusians, the ratio of suffixes -ov / -ev and -in is completely different, 90% to 10%. This is due to the fact that the basis of surnames was not perceived in native Russian diminutive form names in -ka, and with the Belarusian form in -ko (Ivashkov, Fedkov, Geraskov - from Ivashko, Fedko, Gerasko, respectively, instead of Ivashkin, Fedkin, Geraskin).
The Russian North is the historical homeland of Russian surnames, with suffixes -ih and -ih. These surnames appeared at the turn of the first and second millennia and later spread into central regions Rus' and the Urals. The appearance and wide distribution of surnames in Siberia occurred much later and was associated with the beginning of the period of the conquest of Siberia in the second half of the 16th century.
Surnames in -i/-s come from the nickname that characterized the family - Short, White, Red, Large, Small, etc. - and are a form of the genitive (or prepositional) case plural possessive adjective, which was formed by adding a patronymic suffix to the root of the nickname. Doctor philological sciences A.V. Superanskaya describes the mechanism for the formation of these surnames as follows: “The head of the family is called Golden, the whole family is Golden. A native or native of the family in the next generation - Golden "
Surnames in -sky / -sky more often have their distribution among the Poles. Despite this, a fairly large percentage of the Russian population have surnames in -sky / -sky. The surname originates from the areas that were previously occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This method of word formation includes surnames formed from names:
terrain or settlements- this method of education is especially characteristic for princely families or the Western Russian gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, however, is not so characteristic of the Great Russian noble families(Unlike Western Europe). Examples: Belozersky - the owner of the estate of Beloozero, Vyazemsky - the owner of the estate in Vyazma.
Church parishes (churches), in turn, formed from the names church holidays, names of saints. Examples: Voznesensky, Holy Cross, Christmas, Trinity, Assumption, Yaransky.
Artificially created in the seminary. Examples: Athenian, Athos, Dobrovolsky
