In Azerbaijan and Turkey, the child was given two names - one of them was false, the second was real - all in the same hope as the Russians, to mislead evil spirits. In some nations, children are given deliberately bad names - Son of a Whore, Dog's Tail, etc. - thus repelling evil spirits. Historians and ethnographers find the custom of hiding one's name among almost all peoples of the world.

The ancients were sure, writes the candidate of historical sciences Alexander Gorbovsky, that the fate of a person, a city and even a state is destined by his name. In his opinion, today's custom of changing the name is connected with this idea. Like the ancients, it also suggests a change in fate. This is precisely the meaning of the fact that, entering into marriage, a woman takes a new name (surname) of her husband. This is what writers and actors do when they invent a pseudonym for themselves; changing the name, taking tonsure or church rank, entering into a secret society.

At the beginning of our century, the Russian researcher S. R. Mintslov wrote about the striking homogeneity of the characters and properties of the bearers of the same name. Based on name analysis prominent personalities past, he came to the conclusion that among Alekseev most often there are prudent people, Alexanders, as a rule, are merry fellows, and Peters are mostly quiet, quiet people, but with a firm and stubborn character. Sergey, Mintslov believes, very often are the fathers of prominent people: Pushkin, Griboyedov, Turgenev, Dargomyzhsky were Sergeyevichs. It is difficult to disagree with the latter, if we recall that out of a small number of leaders Soviet state, who played the most prominent role in its history, two - Khrushchev and Gorbachev - were also Sergeyevichs.

Pavel Florensky, an outstanding Russian scientist and philosopher, believed that the name Alexander corresponds basically to the sanguine, with a bias towards the choleric character. Alexandra in relation to women are helpful and kind, but their feeling for a woman rarely “explodes the inner life with a plow” and is more often limited to light flirting. It's good with the Alekseys now and you need to be satisfied with this, not particularly counting on the fact that it will be just as good in the future. The name Elena marks female nature, Nikolai is very kind in character, Vasily usually hides tender feelings in himself. Constantine is distinguished by inconstancy.

Concerning the mysticism of names, V. A. Nikonov, a specialist in the field of anthroponymy - the science of names, recalls in his book “Name and Society” the story of Jack London, in which one woman calls her sons the name of the deceased beloved brother Samuel, and all four of them, one by one, takes away death. Interesting are the observations of G. Ace, who analyzed three hundred modern detective novels and found a connection between the names and fates of the characters.

According to the newspaper "Za rubezhom" (No. 39, 1986), psychiatrists from the United States conducted a study and found that people with funny and strange names four times more than the rest are predisposed to various kinds of mental complexes, and a child with a name that causes ridicule is in a defensive position from childhood, he is forced to fight for a normal attitude towards himself, which forms certain traits of his character. Specialists from the universities of San Diego and Georgia found that teachers in schools persistently give low marks to students with some names, high - with others. Girls with attractive names do not advance well in the business world, but they can achieve noticeable success in show business. English therapist Trevor Weston determined that people whose names begin with the letters of the last third of the alphabet are three times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease.

Academician A. A. Bodalev does not deny the connection between the name of a person and his personal characteristics. He believes that the name, like a frequently heard word, is subjectively very significant for the formation of a complex of forms and ways of manifestation of personal characteristics.

There are several theories explaining how a person's name can influence his character.

Social theory. From a social point of view, a person's name is a clot of social information about its carrier. Praskovya, Oktyabrina, Oksana, Guram, Isaac, Nikolai... Knowing only one name, we already have an idea about the origin, nationality, possible religion, basic properties of a person's character and temperament. Representations of zgi are approximately the same for different people, which, in turn, determines approximately the same attitude towards the bearer of a given name. Well, when thousands of people meet a person “by name”, then this cannot but form similar character traits in different bearers of the same name. The social nature of the name was more pronounced in the last century, when names were given according to the calendar, and behind each name there was a life story of a saint with very specific forms of behavior, character traits, attitude towards surrounding reality etc. - life. “By name and life” was the stereotypical formula of lives, and the church and the Orthodox people followed this formula when educating the future Christian.

emotional theory. According to this theory, a person's name is seen as an emotional stimulus. Some names sound soft, affectionate and evoke a feeling of pleasant, gentle, sublime in those around them, while others, on the contrary, evoke unpleasant emotions, make you cringe internally, tense up, and become cold. This is the so-called “music of names”. The initial attitude of others towards the bearer of the name will largely depend on what it is. In the future, this attitude may change radically, but when an unpleasant-sounding name evokes the same type of negative reaction in thousands of people, this will, of course, affect the characteristics of a person’s character.

sound theory. The name is a set of sounds of different heights and timbres. Different names - different sets of sounds, different sound stimuli for the brain. And different stimuli, as you know, excite different structures of the brain. And therefore, in a child named Vasya, who during the entire pre-speech period of his development hears “you” a thousand times in the words “Vas-ya”, “Vas-ilek”, “Vas-yutka”, there is a thousand-fold excitation of brain structures associated with reflection sounds "v", "a" and "s". Things are quite different for a boy named Kolya. His brain structures associated with the reflection of the sounds “v”, “a” and “s” are in a state of relative rest, but the structures associated with the perception of the sounds “k”, “o” and “l” are constantly excited. The sound load on some brain formations in one child and a load that is completely different in its physiological pattern in another cannot, in our opinion, not affect the formation of differences in the psyche of these children. The original confirmation of this theory was found by an electrical engineer from Kharkov Vladimir Sanzharevsky. Through a cascade of amplifiers, he connected a microphone to a membrane on which metal powder was sprinkled. After that, the name was spoken into the microphone several times in a row. And it turned out: the same name always corresponds to a strictly defined pattern on the membrane.

There is another mechanism for the possible influence of the name on the formation of character. We believe that it operates at the level of unconscious associations and sensations of a person. We came to this conclusion as a result of studies in which we asked people to answer the question, what color do they associate with different names. It turned out that for the statistically overwhelming majority of the studied, the name “Tatiana” evokes the idea of ​​red (and close to it) colors, while the name “Elena” is usually associated with blue (and close to it) colors. From the psychology of color, it is known that the red color awakens a state of anxiety, danger, suffering in a person, while blue, on the contrary, causes a feeling of calm and tranquility. According to Khigir, Tatyanas are mostly domineering, somewhat rude and unrestrained, stubborn, trying to resemble men in some ways and appropriate their functions. Helena, on the contrary, - and Florensky wrote about this - is the personification of softness and tenderness. We assume that Tatyana, evoking a feeling of unconscious anxiety and danger with her name, are forced from childhood to experience a wary-negative attitude of people towards themselves, and therefore to be in constant “deaf protection”. Hence - this type of character. Girls with the name Elena, having received a name from their parents as a gift that evokes an unconscious reaction of peace in others, grow and form in an atmosphere of more favorable psychological comfort.

I don’t know about anyone, but the above data, observations, studies, theories convinced me that there is a connection between a person’s name and his mental characteristics. Of course, this connection cannot be absolutized, of course, it is not rigid, of course, many other factors influence the formation of the mental make-up of a person, but this does not mean that the name does not affect the character of a person.

Onomastics.

Lecture plan.

Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Classification of onomastic material.

Methodology and methods of research in onomastics.

Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Point 1. Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Onomastics is a linguistic discipline that studies proper names; otherwise -onomatology[Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary]

The term onomastics is used both in the meaning of "a section of linguistics (a section of lexicology) that studies proper names" and in the meaning of "a set of proper names". However, there are reasons to think that onomastics should be considered as an independent linguistic science, and not as a branch of lexicology [for more details, see: Matveev, 2004, 87–88]).

Many foreign and domestic linguists have contributed to the development of onomastics. Of the foreign linguists, first of all, we can name A. Gardiner, A. Doz, P. Rene, V. Taschitsky, A. Bach, V. Fleischer, V. Zeibke. From domestic - N.M. Tupikova, A.M. Selishchev, V.K. Chichagov, A.I. Sobolevsky, A.V. Superanskaya, V.A. Niknova, V.D. Bondaletova, N.V. , A.N.Antysheva and others.

In the diachronic section, the formation and existence of onomastics as a science can be represented by thematic blocks, within which consideration of multi-spectrum issues is a priority:

1. The emergence and history of onomastics as a science and its individual sections (Aristotle, M Breal, W. Bröndal, A. Gardiner, T. Hobbes, O. Jespersen, P. Christophersen, E. Kurilovich, J. St. Mill, Plutarch, B. Russell, L.S. Stebbing, etc.) (see [Ermolovich 2005 ]).

2. Revealing the features of the meaning of a proper name, its difference from common noun(N.F. Alefirenko, V.I. Bolotov, E.F. Danilina, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya, A.A. Ufimtseva, etc.).

3. Determining the place of onomastic vocabulary in the language system (M.Ya. Bloch, V.D. Bondaletov, V.A. Nikonov, etc.).

4. Description of similarities and differences between the categories of onomastic nominations, identifying the principles of their classification, defining the boundaries of the so-called "onomastic space" (I.V. Kryukova, A.V. Superanskaya, V.I. Suprun, L.M. Shchetinin and others .); opposition of the concepts of natural and artificial onomastic nomination (N.D. Golev, M.V. Golomidova).

5. Field approach to onomastic studies (E.L. Berezovich, V.I. Bolotov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.) with the identification of the nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral zones in the structure of the onomastic field (V.I. Suprun). The concept of "onomastic field" is opposed to the concept of "onomastic space" and assumes the existence of system-structural connections, acting as an ordered, hierarchized set of proper names.

6. Consideration of the specifics of literary and artistic onomastics (L.I. Andreeva, I.B. Voronova, I.P. Zaitseva, Yu.A. Karpenko, E.M. Levina, L.V. Razumova, O.I. Fonyakova and etc.).

7. Determination of the features of the use of onomastic vocabulary in certain functional styles: in the texts of newspaper and journalistic style (L.A. Artemova, L.A. Baturina, M.Ya. Bich, Yu.A. Blinova, N.B. Garbovskaya, N. S. Derenkova, E.R. Yasaveeva and others); in colloquial style (V.D. Devkin, I.N. Zaveryukha, E.A. Zemskaya, S.Yu. Potapova, etc.). Among the authors of the most significant studies on the description of informal naming of a person in Germany, the following stand out: P. Braun, V. Seibike, V. Kani, F. Kiener, G. Koss, H. Naumann.

8. Studying the dynamics of the formation of ethnolingual anthroponymicons (A.N. Antyshev, O.A. Leonovich, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

9. The solution of onomastic issues of an applied nature: translation and transliteration, normative-linguistic, linguistic-cultural, cultural-aesthetic methodological issues (K.V. Bahnyan, R.S. Gilyarevsky, D.I. Ermolovich, A.A. Reformatsky, B. A. Starostin, V. I. Suprun and others).

10. Study of the problems of connotation and precedence of a proper name (E.M. Volf, D.B. Gudkov, V.V. Krasnykh, E.S. Otin, V.N. Telia, etc.).

11. Analysis of deonymic nominations (T.N. Atarshchikova, A.E. Bizhkenova, V.N. Chizhova, R.Z. Muryasov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

12. Functional-cognitive analysis of onomastic phenomena, integrating semasiological and onomasiological approaches to lexical meaning, bringing together semantics and pragmatics, representing the language system in a new perspective, refracting it through the prism of human perception and thinking (S.M. Pak, T.N. Semenova).

The main object of study of onomatologists until the 2nd World War was the search for etymology, i.e. determination of the origin and meaning of those words from which personal names, nicknames, surnames were formed. The German linguist A. Bach believes that onomastics cannot be limited only to the etymology of names. The range of its tasks is much wider. She is interested in the universal laws of formation, occurrence, use of names. In this regard, A. Bach identifies the following tasks facing onomastics:

1) purely linguistic questions: phonetics, form formation, word formation, syntax, etymology of names;

2) historical issues: the age of names and their groups, historical factors that create names;

3) geographical issues: territorial distribution of names and its causes;

4) sociological issues: participation of various social groups in naming;

5) psychological issues: spiritual factors in the formation of names, the attitude of a person to a name.

Moreover, the range of these problems is so interconnected that it is sometimes very difficult to separate one from the other [Bach 1978: 5-6 ].

Aspects of onomastic studies are diverse. Stand out:

descriptive onomastics , which constitutes the objective foundation of onomastic research, giving a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material;

theoretical onomastics studying the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems;

applied onomastics , associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in live speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical advice cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers;

onomastics works of art (literary onomastics), which is a section of poetics;

historical onomastics , studying the history of the appearance of names, and their reflection in the names of realities different eras;

ethnic onomastics , which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms [Superanskaya 1998: 20 ].

Item 2. Classification of onomastic material.

When classifying onomastic material, one can proceed from the belonging of names to certain languages, territories, chronological segments, social formations, etc. Depending on this, the approach to the material, the methods of studying it, and the depth of coverage will be different. Taking into account the linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of names, A.V. Superanskaya distinguishes (by no means claiming to be exhaustive) the following types of their classification:

1) classification of names in connection with named objects;

2) naturally occurring and artificially created names. This classification is closely related to the classification of names according to their purpose and to the dichotomy “names in official and informal use;

3) structural classification names;

4) chronological classification;

5) the classification of names in connection with their motivation and the etymological classification adjacent to it, as well as the division of names into appellative and eponymous, into primary and "transferred";

6) classification of names in connection with the volume of concepts enshrined in them;

7) classification in connection with the dichotomy language - speech;

8) stylistic and aesthetic classification [Superanskaya 1973: 159].

All these plans are very far from each other and cannot serve as a refinement or ramification of each other. All of the listed aspects (and perhaps even others that have not been identified) are inherent in each name and can act as its characteristics. For some types of names, one characteristic may be more relevant, for others, another. It should be noted that these characteristics are very diverse in their properties; some of them are linguistic, others are logical, others are historical, others are social, others are psychological, but all of them are reflected in onomastics, and it would be a gross mistake to declare proper names belonging to only one of these plans. Of all the possible classifications, the subject-nominative one should be put in the first place, since the correlation with the subject, as a rule, determines the “face” of the name and its other characteristics. However, in a number of special studies, it can also be a subordinate. For example, for a grammarian or lexicologist dealing with the functions or frequency of proper names, the primary division into a proper name - non-proper name and special grammatical characteristics of proper names, and then, within certain grammatical rubrics, division into toponyms, anthroponyms, etc. [Superanskaya 1973: 160].

N.V. Podolskaya gives following groups proper names:

1. Names outer space: cosmonyms (proper names of outer space zones, galaxies, constellations, parts of constellations: Orion, Orion's belt, Milky Way), astronyms (proper names of individual celestial bodies: Earth, Saturn, Halley's comet), astrotoponym (proper name of any relief object on any planet: geonim (Baikal, Caucasus Mountains), selenonym (Moon craters: Lomonosov, Ocean of Storms), etc.)

2. Names of the terrestrial space: toponym (proper name of any, both natural and man-made object on Earth (oronym - relief element: Everest, Andes; bury - any region, territory: Volga region, Crimea; hydronym - the name of any water body: Lake Peipus, Pinsk swamps; ekklezionim - the name of any place of rite or religion: Ignač Cross, Blue Mosque;

4. Names of living organisms, bionyms: anthroponyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, etc.

However, this classification, in our opinion, is too broad. But definitely worth a look.

Item 3. Methodology and methodology of onomastic research.

The specificity of the subject under study is that it includes ethnographic, historical, geographical, sociological, literary components. In addition, data from archeology, biology, theology, philosophy, and psychology are used in onomastic research. Finding autonomy, onomastics continues to be an auxiliary applied for historians and geographers.

Modern onomastics is a complex science, it combines the interests and methods of various philosophical, humanitarian and natural sciences, philologists, linguists and literary critics, folklorists and language historians, sociolinguists and logical philosophers, social scientists, geographers, psychologists, ethnographers take part in its development , mythologists, astronomers and others. But above all, it belongs to linguistics [Fonyakova 1990: 4]. Onomastics is such a part of the vocabulary of any language that is extremely closely related to the needs of society and is entirely due to socio-historical, socio-economic and socio-cultural facts. However, onomastics does not exhaust "the field of its activity" with this. Proper names are given to any geographical objects, and not just those created by human hands; names are also given to objects located outside the globe. In addition, an indispensable component of onomastic research is logic, which in relation to the specified complex serves as a research method rather than an integral part.

Descriptive Method

The descriptive method is used in all sociohistorical and natural sciences and is, perhaps, in first place in terms of the breadth of application. This method, like others, requires compliance with a number of requirements: a clear understanding of the chosen subject of study (the system of anthroponyms, toponyms, etc.), the sequence of description, systematization, grouping or classification, the characteristics of the material (qualitative, quantitative) in accordance with assigned research task.

The initial stage of the "description" of the material is its collection, cataloging, reasonable systematization, which allows you to see its different parts (kinds, types), the most general relationships between them, as well as their most essential qualities. An example of a primary description, for example, toponymic (hydronymic) material, can be lists of rivers, lists settlements, and in the study of anthroponymy - card indexes of anthroponyms (surnames, names, pseudonyms). Dictionaries (catalogs, indexes) are often created on the basis of these materials with varying degrees of understanding of the material included in them. Of the publications of this kind, one can name the dictionary of Bulgarian names and surnames (“Rechnik on personal and surname names in Bulgarian”, 1969) by Stefan Ilchev, “Dictionary of English personal names” by A. I. Rybakin (1973), etc.

Sometimes the material of one description serves as the basis for a description in a completely different aspect. So, according to the "Dictionary of Russian Personal Names" by N. A. Petrovsky (1966, second edition 1980), one can give a phonetic and morphological-grammatical characteristic of modern Russian names (about 2580 names are recorded here - 1720 male and 860 female).

As an example of such an analysis, we present the results of the phonetic characteristics of male and female names, in which attention is paid to: a) the number of syllables, b) the structure of the final syllable, c) the place of stress in a personal name.

a) Male names in the original form (named after units) they have from 1 (Lev, Peter) to 6 syllables (Exakustodian), However, the bulk are three-syllable ones: Alexander, Alexei (there are 47%) and two-syllable ones: Victor, Oleg (37 %) - names. One-syllable names - 6% (Vlas, Zhdan), four-syllable names - 9% (Athanasius, Agricola), five-syllable names - 0.7%, six-syllable names - 0.05%.

And in female names we see from 1 to 6 syllables, but specific gravity different syllabic patterns here is different: 38% are three-syllable (Agnia, Nadezhda) and four-syllable (Valeria, Valentina, etc.), 16% are two-syllable (Anna, Vera), 7% are five-syllable (Leokadiya, Olympiada), 0.7% - for six-syllables (Apollinaria) and only 0.1% for monosyllabic ones (Ruth).

The descriptive method, like other research methods, is historically variable. It expands the boundaries of its application, a set of research techniques and procedures, depending on the development of general linguistic (and general scientific) theory and practice.

Semiotic Method

The use of the semiotic method (from the term semiotics - the science of signs, their features and types, systems and conditions of use) is based on the recognition of the symbolic nature of onomastic units and their systemic organization within anthroponymy, toponymy, etc., as well as as part of the entire onomastic space specific language in certain period his existence. The task is to determine the set of signs (onyms), their differentiating features, the ways of their linguistic expression (in sounds, morphemes, words, word combinations), specific types of manifestation of systemic connections, to determine the measure (level) of systemicity of onomastics as a whole, its individual categories , as well as individual sections of these categories (for example, in anthroponymy - consistency in personal names, systemic organization of surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms)

AT recent times the semiotic method began to spread to the analysis of both real and literary onomastics. Toponymic, anthroponymic and cosmonymic material is processed better than others by this method.

The semiotic method, which promises us to learn the structure and functioning of onomastic "information devices", is very young and does not yet have a rich set of analysis procedures. Its application is usually limited to the consideration of systemic connections, most often in the field of toponymy, in one or another synchronous slice. The semiotic aspect of the dynamics of onomastic systems has not yet attracted the attention of researchers. Meanwhile, the emergence, history and interaction of onomastic systems (related and unrelated) in the course of their historical development cannot be truly understood without analyzing them from the standpoint of semiotics.

Linguopsychological method

A hundred years ago, a talented student of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay N. V. Krushevsky wrote: “Due to the law of associations by similarity, words should fit into systems or nests in our mind, thanks to the law of associations by adjacency, the same words should be built in rows” . Further research showed a variety of associations between words and their individual categories (parts of speech, semantic groups, stylistic layers, antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, etc.), linguistic and psychological objectivity of associations (despite the individual nature of their manifestation), their different strength (stability and frequency of response to the stimulus word), as well as the possibility of comparing psycholinguistic data with the results of language learning by other methods.

The most popular method for studying the "elements of linguistic thinking" (Baudouin de Courtenay) is currently an associative experiment. Diverse in terms of specific methods and object of study, it has one essence - the subject is given a stimulus word and is invited to respond to it with the first word or phrase that “comes to mind”. The data obtained during these psychological experiments(and they must be significant in terms of coverage of the subjects), are recognized as objective and are formalized in the form of so-called "associative norms" for native speakers of a particular language. Age, professional, cultural-educational, individual-personal, etc. factors, which undoubtedly influence the “choice” of one or another reaction, are “removed” by mass character, as well as by repeated experimentation. The main associative pattern "breaks through" quite clearly and can be expressed in numerical terms.

So far, few experiments have been carried out on proper names in order to identify their associative links with each other, as well as with appellative vocabulary. Linguists and psychologists were and continue to be interested in clearly "conceptual" words - common nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

There are paradigmatic associations (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of the same part of speech: table - chair, high - low, talk - say) and syntagmatic (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of another part of speech, for example: sky - blue, speak clearly).

Proper names, “free”, according to many linguists, from semantics and, consequently, from paradigmatic (usually semantic) and syntagmatic association, are a great temptation for those who, relying on the concept of “sound symbolism”, would like to deal with pure experimental material in which the "objective" meaning (due to the semantic "emptiness" of the proper name) does not overlap the associative-expressive one. Experiments are being carried out to assess the "euphony" of both real and literary onomastics. For example, they try to answer “why is Khaltyupkina a surname with a negative expression for a native speaker of Russian speech?”, “why Svidrigailov is an unpleasant surname, Perependeev is funny? Why is the surname Chichikov close to those indicated, and the surnames Chatsky, Arbenin, Kirsanov, Irteniev, etc. "evaluatively sharply opposed to the first group of names?".

Experiments are described in special and popular literature that testify to the different perception of the text depending on the variation of proper names in them (see, for example, the article by A. A. Leontiev “The words “cold” and “hot”), to participate in solving linguo-psychological problems in onomastics, readers of magazines are invited, in publications devoted to the motives for choosing names, it is almost always noted as one of the essential (and sometimes as decisive) factor in the harmony of the name. This question is considered important not only in theoretical but also in practical terms (in particular, the foreign trade association "Autoexport" uses the recommendations of psycholinguists: the car "Zhiguli" has the export name "Lada").

At present, it is too early to talk about the symbolic meaning of the sound side of proper names as an undoubted and proven phenomenon. It is necessary to carefully check the degree of reliability of the results obtained, in particular, a more rigorous consideration of the impact on the perception of a word (name) of many factors - structural-linguistic, contextual-speech, socio-cultural, psychological, etc. Evaluate names only by sounds and their combinations (say, in Russian: l - a feminine, gentle, kind sound; zh - bad, rude, ugly, rough, heavy, dangerous, evil ...) without taking into account the above factors, it means simplifying the research task.

Stylistic method

It may seem that proper names with their "hypertrophied nominativity" are simple signs (labels) and are of no interest to the stylist. However, it is not. Suffice it to recall the names of the characters in fiction and folklore, in order to imagine a huge “second onomastic space” in its size, the analysis of which requires, along with other methods, a special stylistic method with a variety of linguo-stylistic, literary criticism, as well as complex philological methods and techniques. “The question of the selection of names, surnames, nicknames in fiction, of their structural peculiarities in different genres and styles, of their figurative characteristic functions, etc., cannot be illustrated by a few examples. This is a very large and complex topic in the style of fiction,” pointed out Acad. V. V. Vinogradov.

Onomatologist-stylist is attracted wide circle problems: the functions of proper names in a work of art (nominative, ideological, characterizing, aesthetic, symbolic), the specifics of literary onomastics, the dependence of the composition of names and their functions on the literary direction (classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, symbolism, realism, etc.), features of the selection and use of names in prose, poetry, dramaturgy (in comedy, tragedy, drama, vaudeville), types of literary anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. (conventional poetic names, mask names, symbol names, “talkness” of neutral names , allusions to anthroponyms of prototypes), their role in the construction of an artistic image, ways and means of modifying real proper names to achieve expressive-stylistic and artistic expressiveness, the role of a proper name in a typified reflection of reality, a proper name as a means of creating satire and humor, as well as many other types of motivated use of all categories of proper names without exception.

To determine the source of a literary proper name (whether it is real or created by the author), its artistic and figurative purpose, stylistic shade in each specific use (in the context, situation), one has to use additional research techniques (for example: a) comparison of the name of the prototype and the literary character: daughter Kochubey's name was Matryona - in Pushkin's "Poltava" she is called Maria; Shatilov, Griboedov's colleague in the regiment, became Repetilov in Woe from Wit; Rufim Dorokhov (a friend of Lermontov) served as the basis for the image and surname of Dolokhov to L. N. Tolstoy; mother of Leo Tolstoy Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya - the prototype of Princess Marya Bolkonskaya; b) a comparison of several editions of the work (in the drama of L. N. Tolstoy "The Power of Darkness" in the original version were the names Aksinya, Andreyan, in the intermediate version - Nadezhda, Timofey, in the final version - Anisya, Nikita); c) the testimonies of the writers themselves (for the name and surname of Vasily Terkin, for example, see the book: Tvardovsky A. How Vasily Terkin was written. M., 1952). You can learn more about the method of stylistic analysis of names in literary texts in articles devoted to the onomastics of the works of A. S. Griboedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N Ostrovsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, as well as a number Soviet writers. See the bibliography of S. I. Zinin and A. G. Stepanova “Names of Characters in Fiction and Folklore”.

However, the stylistic diversity of names in fiction ultimately comes from the stylistic richness of onomastics in life. A huge number of so-called "unofficial" anthroponyms are known (Masha, Mashenka, Mashutka, Mashka, Mashulya ...), toponyms ("our own", unofficial names of villages), folk (dialect) cosmonyms, etc., which differ from the corresponding "official" forms by colloquialism, stylistic marking, a special sphere of use. All this heterogeneous and exceptionally thin (“tinted”) material requires analysis by a stylistic method. In particular, it is relevant to study the composition and stylistic functions of onomastic vocabulary (and more complex onomastic formations - such as "full" names of a person by last name, first name, patronymic or different types"incomplete" names - by last name and first name, first name and patronymic, etc.) in various functional styles of the literary language - official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial. Such an analysis can be both synchronous and diachronic. A complete picture of the stylistic possibilities of the onomastics of the national language can be seen after studying its functioning in all forms of its existence - in the literary language, everyday colloquial speech, vernacular, territorial and social dialects. A special area, as we have seen, is the onomastics of the language of fiction.

Bondaletov V. L. Russian onomastics - M., 1983

Item 4. Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Anthroponymy (gr.ἄνθρωπος - man andὄνομα - name) - sectiononomastics, studyinganthroponyms - namespeople (taking various forms, for example:Pyotr Nikolaevich Amekhin, Ivan Kalita, Igor Kio ,Pele ) and their individual components (personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc.); themorigin,evolution, patterns of their functioning.

Anthroponymy emerged from onomastics in the 60-70s of the XX century. Until the 60s of the XX century, instead of the term "anthroponymy", the general term "onomastics" was used. This science studies the information that a name can carry: a characteristic of human qualities, a person’s connection with a father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from any locality, estate, caste. Anthroponymy studies the functions of an anthroponym in speech - nomination, identification, differentiation, change of names, which is associated with age, a change in social or family status, life among people of a different nationality, joining secret societies, converting to another faith, tabooing, etc.

Famous Russian scientist, philosopher and theologianP. A. Florensky, whom contemporaries called "Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century", belongs to the philosophical work "Names", created by him at the beginning of the twentieth century. The essence of names is revealed from historical, literary and metaphysical points of view. Pavel Florensky compiled a detailed description of 16 names, eight male and eight female:Alexander andAlexandra , Alexei andAnna , Vladimir andOlga , Basil and Sfya , Nicholas andCatherine , Paul , Konstantin , Michael , Elena , Faith , Ludmila .

The development of the main issues of anthroponymy was carried out by V.V. Bondaletov, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya and others. Russian anthroponymy in the 1980-90s of the XX century was replenished with worksM. V. Gorbanevsky, Yu. A. Karpenko, N. V. Podolskaya and others. In recent decades, Russian scientists have been interested in the formation of regional anthroponymy. Just an introduction to scientific turnover many texts from various territories of our country, including a significant number of personal names and surnames, will help to present the real picture formation of the anthroponymic system as a whole.

In the wake of interest in personal names, a lot of base literature of a reference nature appeared, giving “name descriptions” and characteristics of their carriers, including in combination with patronymic, zodiac sign, etc. This fashion has nothing to do with scientific research and philosophical understanding of names.

Anthroponymy is of two types: theoretical and applied.

Subjecttheoretical anthroponymy are the laws of the emergence and development of anthroponyms, their structure, anthroponymic system, models of anthroponyms, historical layers in the anthroponymy of a particular ethnic group, the interaction of languages ​​in anthroponymy, universals. Theoretical anthroponymy uses the same research methods as other sections of onomastics (special conditions, motives and circumstances for naming people are taken into account - social conditions, customs, the influence of fashion, religion, etc.).

Applied anthroponymy studies the problems of the norm in names, ways of transferring one name in different languages; contributes to the creation of anthroponymic dictionaries. The anthroponymist helps in the work of the registry office, in choosing names, in resolving some controversial issues. legal issues naming a person. Anthroponymy is closely connected with history, ethnography, geography, anthropology, genealogy, hagiography, literary criticism, folklore, cultural studies.

In the modern Russian anthroponymic system, each person has a personal name (selected from a limited list), patronymic and surname (the possible number of the latter is practically unlimited). There were and still are other anthroponymic systems: in ancient Rome, every man hadpraenomen – personal name (there were only 18 of them),nomen – genus name, inherited, andcognomen - a name that is inherited, characterizing the branch of the genus. AT modern Spain and Portugal, a person usually has several personal names (from the Catholic church list), paternal and maternal surnames. In Iceland, each person has a personal name (from a limited list) and instead of a surname- a name derived from the name of the father. In China, Korea, Vietnam, a person's name is made up of a one-syllable surname (in different eras there were from 100 to 400) and a personal name, usually consisting of two one-syllable morphemes, and the number of personal names is not limited. A special place in anthroponymic systems is occupied byhypocoristics (affectionate and diminutive names– Russian Masha, Petya, English Bill and Davy), as well as pseudonyms and nicknames.

The data of anthroponymy are also essential for other sections of linguistics, sociology, and the history of peoples.

anthroponym - a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person, both real and fictional.

From the point of view of semantics, among anthroponyms stand out :

1. Personal name (name at birth). Sociolinguistic unit, a kind of proper name, one of the main personal linguistic identifiers of a person or any animate being.

2. Middle name (patronymic - naming by father, grandfather, etc.). Part of a family name given to a child by the name of the father. Variations of patronymic names can also connect their carriers with more distant ancestors - grandfathers, great-grandfathers, etc. In the pre-family period, naming by name and patronymic served the purpose of more accurate identification of a person, that is, it performed the same social function as modern surnames.

Among peoples who have more than one name in use, middle names often carry the function of patronymics as keepers of information about the immediate ancestors (fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers), but this patronymic function of theirs is not rigidly fixed. Patronymic - patronymic, an indication of the name of the father. In Russian, it has the ending - (v) ich, - (v) na; in ancient times also -ov, -in similarly to modern surnames (this is preserved in the Bulgarian language). The patronymic as part of the nominal formula performed a triple function: it supplemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the surname) from the namesake, clarified kinship in the family circle (father - son) and expressed respect (a form of politeness). However, patronymic forms in -ov / -ev were used only in clerical speech, in official documents. In informal situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other by their first names and patronymics in the form that is familiar to us now: the magnificence on -ovich, -evich, -ovna, -evna, -ich, -inichna was not limited. Sometimes it was even used instead of a name (as sometimes it is now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize special respect for a person, to show a shade of affection, love.

3. Surname (generic or family name). Hereditary generic name, indicating that a person belongs to one genus, leading from common ancestor, or in a narrower sense - to one family.

4. Mononym. Full names, consisting of one word (instead of, for example, traditional Russian full names from the first name, surname and patronymic), as well as people called by such names. In some cases, this name is taken by the person himself, in others it is due to the traditions of the people or given to him by other people.

5. Nickname. Informal name for a person, animal, object, etc.

Unlike a name, a nickname, as a rule, reflects not the desired, but the real properties and qualities of the carrier, the origin of their carriers, etc., and thus fixes the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given at different periods of life and in many cases can be known to a rather limited circle of people.

6. Aliases (various types, which can be both individual and group). The name used by a person in a particular public activity instead of the present (given at birth, recorded in official documents). AT Western culture pseudonyms are most often used by figures of literature and art. AT Eastern cultures(especially Chinese and Japanese) the adoption of a new name when changing social status in some eras was almost mandatory for any field of activity; an analogue of this kind of obligatory pseudonyms in Western culture can be considered the obligatory change of name among priests and monks, especially in the Orthodox Church, however, to call church names clergy by pseudonyms are not accepted. With the spread of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has become more relevant than ever: almost every web user has a pseudonym, which is usually called a nickname.

7. Cryptonym (hidden name). A signature under the work instead of the name of the author, which does not imply the possibility of identifying it with one or another specific person; in other words, a name calculated to hide the true author of the work. A cryptonym is usually used when publishing works that are risky in one way or another (“Affair with Cocaine” by M. Ageev, “History O” by Polina Reage) and / or in cases where these works differ in one way or another from that creative activity, with which is firmly connected real name the author (cryptonym B. Akunin, taken by the famous Japanese philologist and translator Grigory Chkhartishvili for the publication of his detective novels). If successful, cryptonyms are often revealed and turned into ordinary pseudonyms or heteronyms (pseudonyms adopted for signing works chosen by the author on some basis (genre, problematic, stylistic)).

8. Anthroponyms of literary works (literary anthroponymy), heroes in folklore, in myths and fairy tales.

9. Anthroponyms - derivatives of ethnonyms (names of nations, peoples, nationalities)

There is also a classification of names according to the role of the character in the work:

The names of the main characters (of one work and passing through storyline) (for example, Max or Shurf)

Names secondary characters(of a given work and a cycle of works) (for example, Bubuta)

Names of characters mentioned (e.g. Loiso)

Onomastics is a word that has Greek origin. Translated from given language it means "name". It is not difficult to guess that onomastics as a science studies the proper names of people. However, not only them. She is also interested in the names of peoples, animals, geographical objects. In addition, a part of onomastics, which studies the names of mountains, rivers, settlements and other things, is singled out as a separate science. It's called toponymy.

Onomastics in different senses

Proper names today are studied by representatives of various sciences (geographers, historians, ethnographers, linguists, literary critics, psychologists). However, they are primarily studied by linguists. Onomastics is a branch of linguistics. It studies the history of the emergence and transformation of names as a result of their use for a long time in the source language or by borrowing them from other languages. However, onomastics is a concept that can be considered not only as a science. In a narrower sense, these are just different types of proper names. Otherwise, they are called onomastic vocabulary.

Features of studying proper names

A significant part of human life is covered by such a concept as proper names. Their examples are numerous. They are given to everything that people create, as well as geographical objects, including those located outside our planet. The origin of names can be considered in a complex way - from the point of view of logic and etymology.

Studying proper names, one can notice the specific features of their transmission and preservation. Because of this, their study is of scientific interest. The origin of certain names may be forgotten, and they themselves may not have any connection with other words of the given language. However, a proper name even in this case preserves social significance, that is, it is an understandable indication of a particular subject.

Often proper names are very stable. They are often not affected by the revolutionary changes taking place in the language, and even the disappearance of the language and its replacement by another does not lead to the cessation of their use. For example, today there are still names in Russian, such as Don or Volga, which have no meaning in it. However, having carried out an etymological analysis, one can see that they are of Scythian origin. Such studies provide an opportunity to restore the nature of the language that prevailed at the time of the creation of a particular name, to find out many aspects associated with it.

Onomastics and history

Zoonymy, as you probably guessed, deals with nicknames and proper names of animals (Beckingham, Arnold, Besya, Britney, Murka, Sharik).

Chrematonymy

Chrematonymy is also interested in proper names. Examples of what belongs to the field of its study are numerous. Chrematonymy is interested in those names that belong to objects material culture(cannon "Gamayun", sword Durandal, diamond "Orlov"). We know that proper names are often used to denote sports societies, stadiums, individual parties ("Immortal Party", "Evergreen Party"), holidays (Geologist's Day, May Day), military units, as well as individual battles (Battle of Kulikovo, Borodino battle). Businesses identify their services or products with trademarks, which are also proper names. In addition, chrematonymy is interested in the titles of books, works of art, individual poems.

This section of onomastics is not only of academic interest. In Western countries, for example, lawsuits often arise that involve the use of a trademark name that is similar to the name of another owned by a company that produces a competing product. The decision as to whether such names can be considered similar can only be made using scientific analysis.

Karabonymics

Karabonymics is engaged in the study of the proper names of boats, ships and ships ("Varyag", "Aurora", "Memory of Mercury", "Borodino"). Note that this term was proposed by the Russian scientist Aleksushin instead of the terms "caronymy" and "natonymy" used earlier.

ergonomics

Ergonomics deals with the study of the names of various business associations of people. For example, firmonyms are the names of firms, and emporonyms are words denoting the names of stores. Ergonomics is interested in the names of cafes, bars, trade unions, billiard clubs, hairdressers, etc.

Pragmony

Pragmony is a direction in which the names of types of goods are studied. Parfunonyms, for example, are the names of fragrances, perfume products (Lauren, Chanel), chokonyms denote the names of chocolate products ("Metelitsa", "Kara-Kum").

Theonymy

Theonymy deals with the study of the names of gods, spirits, demons, characters of legends and myths. It shows how common names turned into proper names - the names of fire, wind, thunder, thunderstorms and other natural phenomena.

Questions of onomastics are very interesting, aren't they? It should be noted that the sections of this science are directly related to practice. Therefore, onomastics cannot be considered only as an occupation of "eccentric" scientists. A proper name (we gave examples of some) is studied by science, which is closely connected with our life.

In modern Russian, there are hundreds of thousands of common words denoting objects and their properties, natural phenomena and other realities of our life. In addition to them, there is another, special world of words that perform the function of highlighting, individualization and representing a variety of names and titles:Alexander Sergeevich, Sasha, Peter the Great, Yesenin, Voronezh, Blue Lipiagi, Voronezh State University, Kholzunov street, Milky Way, Koschei the Immortal etc.

Proper names have long attracted the attention of ordinary people and professional researchers. Today, proper names are studied by representatives of a wide variety of sciences (linguists, geographers, historians, ethnographers, psychologists, literary critics). However, first of all, proper names are closely studied by linguists, since any name, regardless of which object of animate or inanimate nature it refers to (to a person, animal, stars, street, city, village, river, stream, book or commercial firm) - this is a word that is part of the language system, formed according to the laws of the language, living according to certain laws and used in speech.

In the science of language, there is a special section, a whole area of ​​linguistic research devoted to names, titles, denominations - onomastics.

Onomastics(from the Greek onomastikus - related to the name, unpan> - name, name): 1) a section of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of their occurrence and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language or in connection with borrowing into other languages.
2) Proper names of various types (onomastic vocabulary), onymy, which, in accordance with the designated objects, is divided into anthroponymy, toponymy, zoonymy (proper names of animals), astronymy, cosmonymy (names of zones and parts of the Universe), theonymy (names of gods), etc. .

Onomastic research helps to identify migration routes and places of former settlement various peoples, linguistic and cultural contacts, the more ancient state of languages ​​and the ratio of their dialects. Toponymy (especially hydronymy) is often the only source of information about disappeared languages ​​and peoples.

According to the Book of Genesis, the first to receive proper names were the people themselves, the places they knew on earth, animals (domestic and wild), and visible heavenly bodies. These objects and their names filled the onomastic space ancient man. Over time, this space expanded, new types of objects received names.

The world in which we live can truly be called the world of names and titles. After all, almost every real object (and often fictional) has or can have its own name. At the same time, some names are so ancient that they are perceived as having arisen by themselves, since their author is unknown, and sometimes even the people whose language this word belonged to. The history of such names (a good example is the word Moscow) is hidden from us by the veil of time. This, in particular, distinguishes the names of some rivers, seas, mountains, stars. On the other hand, there are other names and titles whose date of birth is fixed or even widely known; they are often young, often the authors of these words-names are also known.

The boundaries of the world of onomastics, which make it possible to determine the number of such unusual words in our speech, are removed from the gaze of even an experienced researcher: statistics here also cannot be comprehensive - it is simply impossible. But for example, we can say that more than 200 thousand Russian surnames are known ...

Onomastics has a number of sections that are traditionally distinguished in accordance with the categories of proper names, in accordance with the nature of the named objects. Proper names of geographic features ( Bulgaria, Crimea, Black Sea, Zaporozhye, Borisoglebsk, Moscow avenue, Crow river, Lake Peipus, Kulikovo field) studies toponymy; proper names of people Ilya Nikolaevich Voronov, Ivan the Terrible, Igor Kio, Bald) researches anthroponymy; names of outer space zones - constellations, galaxies, both accepted in science and popular ( Milky Way,Chepyga, Pleiades, Stozhary) analyzes cosmonymy; names of individual celestial bodies ( Moon,Jupiter, Robin, Halley's Comet) studies astronomy; proper names of animals, their nicknames ( Tuzik, Barsik, Dawn, Star, redrick) is engaged zoonymy; proper names of objects of material culture ( Orlov diamond, Duranadal sword, Tsar Cannon) became the object of study chrematonymy; there are other sections. In addition, in onomastics there are special areas for the study of proper names in fiction and oral folk poetry, in dialects and dialects, in an official business style of speech.

Ethnonymy (from the Greek thnos - tribe, people and ыnyma - name, name) is a section of onomastics that studies the origin and functioning of ethnonyms - the names of nations, peoples, nationalities, tribes, tribal unions, childbirth, etc. ethnic communities. Ethnonymy explores the history of ethnonyms, their use, distribution and state of the art. These ethnonyms are especially important for solving the problems of ethnic history, ethno- and linguogenesis. The study of ethnonyms makes it possible to trace the evolution of the name, to explain its origin. The results of ethnonymy are used by historians, ethnographers, demographers, linguists, anthropologists and archaeologists who study ethnic communities with different points perspective, ethnic migration routes, cultural and language contacts. Ethnonyms, being ancient terms, carry valuable historical and linguistic information. There are macroethnonyms for the names of large ethnic communities and microethnonyms for small ethnic associations. A special group in ethnonymy is the self-names of peoples or tribes, which are opposed to the names given by the neighbors of these tribes or peoples. The average common Slavic "Germans" for a group of Germanic tribes, or the common ethnonym "Finns", while they call themselves Deutschen and Suomalaiset, respectively. Close to ethnonyms are the names of local residents (ethnikons), which are formed from toponyms (Moskva Muscovite, Novgorod Novgorod), as well as unofficial and nickname designations of population groups (Cossacks, Muscovites, Khokhols, Chaldons, etc.). Ethnonyms usually correlate with macrotoponyms (Russian Rus, Pole Poland). Correlation is direct when the name of the country is formed from the ethnonym (Franks France, Czechs Czech Republic, Greeks Greece), and reverse, when the ethnonym is derived from the name of the country (America is American, Australia is Australian, Ukraine is Ukrainian).

Aspects of onomastic studies are diverse. The following stand out: descriptive onomastics, which constitutes the objective foundation of onomastic research, giving a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material; theoretical onomastics, which studies the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems; applied onomastics, connected with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in living speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical recommendations to cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers; onomastics of works of art, which is a section of poetics; historical onomastics, which studies the history of the appearance of names, and their reflection in the names of the realities of different eras; ethnic onomastics, which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the correlation of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms, leading to the creation of toponyms, anthroponyms, zoonyms, the connection of ethnonyms with names of languages ​​(linguonyms).

Modern onomastics is a complex scientific linguistic discipline with its own range of problems and methods. Onomastic research helps to study the migration routes of individual ethnic groups, identify their former habitats, establish the more ancient state of individual languages, and determine the linguistic and cultural contacts of different ethnic groups.

from the Greek onoma - name, name) - proper names in their totality, as well as a science that studies proper names: personal names (this branch of O. is called anthroponymy, or O. in the narrow sense of the word), geographical. names (see Toponymy) and names of tribes and peoples (see Ethnonymy). O. (in the narrow sense of the word). Already the first written monuments of various peoples record the existence of personal and generic names in ancient times. Gradually created b. or m. a stable (but changing with the development of society) naming system (different for different peoples). So, for example, in Dr. A citizen of Rome had a personal name (praenomen), a generic name (nomen) and a nickname (cognomen); main and the generic name remained unchanged. In Dr. In Greece, citizens added the name of their father to their personal name (for example, Pericles, son of Xanthippus). The names were of a class-class character. So, in Rome, the generic name of the patron (patron) appeared as the generic name of inferior citizens and dependent persons, the slaves did not have a solid name (the name was often given by the master of the slave), their names were often formed from ethnonyms ("Syrian", "Scythian", etc. d.). Names (and surnames that arose later) usually go back to words denoting: natural phenomena, objects of material culture and everyday phenomena, households. life, professions, social and political phenomena. life, geographic names, individual characteristics this or that person, the concept of beliefs, cult and ideology, etc. U Slav. and germ. tribes with the adoption of Christianity, names borrowed from the gospels, as well as from the names of Greek, lat. and local saints; a certain number of names of other Germans continued to be retained. and others - Slav. origin. Modern the method of naming (personal name, patronymic, surname) was established in Russia only gradually, from the 16th-18th centuries. (earlier for boyars, then for nobles and merchants, townspeople; the surnames of serfs were first recorded in the 10th revision of 1858, but even there the main mass of serfs did not yet have surnames). In Japan, until the "Meiji Revolution" (1867-68), only nobles and a small number of other privileged people had the right to bear surnames; in many surnames do not exist in Eastern countries. The history of names and surnames, closely connected with the history of the people (reflects tribal relations, the decomposition of tribal ties, family relations, expansion public relations, social class. structure of society, change and development of societies. institutions, culture, etc.), can be used by the historian as a supplement. source for the reconstruction of some sources. phenomena and processes, especially those ist. periods (in particular, antiquity, early medieval), from which meager ist. sources. Thus, O., being a branch of linguistics, also performs the role of an auxiliary source. disciplines. O.'s data are involved, for example, when resolving the issue of ethnicity. belongings of ancient peoples, in the study of migrants. processes, determining the role of local and alien elements in the ist. development to. - l. district; O. gives some material for resolving the issue of the sources of slavery (the ethnicity of the Roman slaves by their names) and many others. etc. However, in all cases, O.'s data serve only as an auxiliary material and are considered in conjunction with data from other sources. Lit .: Barseghyan O. X., Own name. Theoretical and descriptive essay, Yer., 1964 (in Armenian); Superanskaya A.V., What is your name? Where do you live?, M., 1964; Witkowski T., Grundbegriffe der Namenkunde, V., 1964; Chichagov V.K., From the history of Russian. names, patronymics and surnames (questions of Russian historical onomastics of the XV-XVII centuries), M., 1959; Tupikov N. M., Dictionary of Old Russian Personal Names, St. Petersburg, 1903; Holma H., Die assirisch-babylonischen Personennamen..., Hels., 1914; Zgusta L., Die Personennamen griechischer St?dte der n?rdlichen Schwarzmeerk?ste, Praha, 1955; Schulze W., Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen, B., 1904; Trombetti A., Saggio di antica onomastica mediterranea, 2 ed., Firenze, 1941; Bach A., Deutsche Namenkunde, Bd 1-3, Hdlb., 1952-56; Miklosich, F., Die Bildung der slavischen Personen- und Ortsnamen, Hdlb., 1927; Onomastica slavogermanica, hrsg. von R. Fischer, Bd 1, B., 1965; Caetani L., Gabrieli G., Onomasticon Arabicum, v. 1-2, Roma, 1915; Japanese dictionary. names and surnames, 2nd ed., M., 1958 (from the article: Kapul N.P., Japanese names and surnames as a phenomenon of language and writing); Taszycki W., Bibliografia onomastyki polskiej.., Kr., 1960; Wegweiser zur Namenforschung, Halle, 1962; Smith E., Personal names. A bibliography, N. Y., 1952. L. E.