In Russia, there are many surnames that end in "-sky" or "-tsky". Curious, what are they talking about? It turns out that there are several versions of the origin of such surnames.
Polish surnames
According to one version, all surnames of this kind have Polish origin. That is, for example, those who bear the surnames Pototsky, Slutsky, Zabolotsky, Polyansky, Svitkovsky, Kovalevsky, Smelyansky, have Polish roots in the family.
"noble" surnames
One of the versions says that in Rus', boyars and representatives of the nobility received surnames with the suffixes "-sky / -sky" according to the names of their ancestral destinies - Vyazemsky, Dubrovsky, Baryatinsky and so on. Surnames became hereditary, passed from father to son as a symbol of territorial power. The Thousand Book for 1550 lists 93 princely names, of which 40 end in "-sky". By the way, it is believed that this tradition still came from Poland. The mentioned suffixes were a sign of belonging to the gentry - representatives of the Polish aristocracy. Gradually, this began to be practiced in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, also exclusively among representatives of the upper class.
An attempt to "improve" common surnames
Ethnographers suggest that there was also a tendency to improve common surnames by adding a suffix. This was especially common among Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians who lived on the same territory as the Poles. So, Borodin could turn into Borodinsky, Gatchin - into Gatchina, Zaitsev - into Zaychevsky.
"Geographical" origin
There is a version that today most of these surnames in the past were formed from geographical names of settlements, rivers and lakes. So, a resident of Ryazan in another region was called "Ryazan", over time this could turn into a surname. The surname Verzhbitsky is quite common: settlements with this name existed in Poland, and in Russia, and in Ukraine, and in Belarus.
Jewish surnames
Another hypothesis says that at least some of the surnames beginning with "-sky" may have Jewish roots. Such surnames were given to Jews living in the territories of the Baltic and Slavic countries, also by the name of the area. For example, Antokolsky, Vilkomirsky, Gilichensky, Mirgorodsky.
"Spiritual" surnames
Graduates of theological seminaries in Russia were awarded new, beautiful, sonorous surnames that fit their priesthood. So there were Christmas, Ascension, Resurrection, Preobrazhensky, Trinity, All Saints. The surname Lebedinsky presumably also belongs to the “spiritual” ones: after all, the swan is a recognized symbol of spiritual purity, including in Orthodoxy.
Most likely, the surnames ending in “-sky” or “-tsky” are still completely different in origin, and only by the root one can sometimes guess where they could come from in principle.
Increasingly, one can hear the opinion that native Russian surnames have the following suffixes: -ov, -ev, -in, -yn.
Where did the surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev come from?
According to statistics, surnames with suffixes -ov and -ev have about 60% of the population of Russia. Such surnames are considered primordially Russian, suggesting that they have a generic origin.
Initially, Russian surnames came from patronymics. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After surnames came into use in the 13th century, they began to be given, focusing on the oldest man in the genus. So, not only sons, but also grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Peter became Petrovs.
To diversify surnames, they began to be given based on nicknames. So, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the name Beloborodov, passing it on to their descendants from generation to generation.
They began to give surnames and depending on the occupation of a person. Therefore, the Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Plotnikovs, Popovs and other sonorous names appeared. You can be sure that Kuznetsov's great-grandfather had a forge, and Popov had priests in his family.
Surnames with the suffix -ev were given to those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of their ancestors ended in a soft consonant. This is how the Ignatievs, Bondarevs and others appeared.
And where did the surnames with the suffixes -in and -yn come from?
About 30% of the population of Russia have surnames ending with the suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could come from the names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as from words that end in -а and -я.
So the surname Minin means "son of Mina". By the way, Mina is a popular female name in Rus'.
For example, the surname Semin comes from the name Semyon. Interestingly, the name Semyon comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant "heard by God." This is how they formed popular surnames- Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others.
Also, some surnames indicate the belonging of a person's ancestors to a particular trade. For example, the surname Rogozhin indicates that the ancestors of a person traded matting or were engaged in its production.
It is impossible to say with absolute certainty, because even now many disputes continue, however, it is assumed that the names Pushkin, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also came from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions.
Nevertheless, experts say that initially you need to find out which word underlies the surname, and only then can we talk about professional pursuits or nicknames of distant ancestors, from which the surname came.
Surname - the name of the family, which a person receives by inheritance. Many people for a long time live and do not even think about what their last name means. Thanks to the surname, one can not only determine who the great-grandfathers were, but also determine the nationality of its owner. In the article we will try to figure out which nationality this or that surname belongs to.
You can find out the origin of your surname in several ways, which are described in the article, among them one can single out the determination of the origin by the endings of surnames.
Surname endings
With the help of certain endings, you can find out what nationality the surname belongs to:
- English. It is very difficult to single out certain endings indicating the English. Most of the surnames are derived from English words, indicating the place of residence: Wales, Scott, or the profession of a person: Smith is a blacksmith, Cook is a cook.
- Armenians. Most of Armenian surnames ends in - yang: Aleksanyan, Burinyan, Galustyan.
- Belarusians. Belarusian surnames end in -ich, - chik, -ka, - ko: Tyshkevich, Fedorovich, Glushko, Vasilka, Gornachenok.
- Georgians. It is very simple to identify a person of Georgian nationality, their surnames end in - shvili, - dze, - ah, - wah, - ni, - li, - si: Gergedava, Geriteli, Dzhugashvili.
- Jews. If the surname has the root Levi or Cohen, then its owner belongs to Jewish nationality: Levitan, Koganovich. But you can also meet surnames with endings - ich, - man, -er: Kogenman, Kaganer.
- Spaniards and Portuguese have surnames with endings - ez, - from, - az, - from, oz: Gonzalez, Gomez, Torres. There are also surnames that indicate the character of a person: Alegre - joyful, Malo - bad.
- Italians. If we talk about Italians, then their surnames end in - ini, - ino, - illo, - etti, - etto, - ito: Puchinni, Brocki, Marchetti. The prefix di and da can indicate that the genus belongs to a certain territory: da Vinci.
- Germans. German surnames they mostly end in - man, - er and they indicate the type of human activity (Becker - baker, Lehmann - landowner, Koch - cook) or contain some characteristic (Klein - small).
- Poles. Surnames ending in -sk; - ck; -y indicate the belonging of a person (or his ancestors) to the Polish nationality: Godlevsky, Kseshinsky, Kalnitsky, and their roots go back to the time of the creation of the Polish nobility (gentry).
- Russians. Surnames ending in -ov, -ev, -in, -skoy, -tskoy: Ignatov, Mikhailov, Eremin. Russian surnames in structure are patronymics, which are formed from the names: Ivan - Ivanov, Grigory - Grigoriev; but among the examples you can find surnames formed from the name of the area where the family lives: White Lake - Belozersky.
- Ukrainians. To the endings that show that a person belongs to Ukrainian nationality, include: - ko, - uk / yuk, - un, -ny / ny, - tea, - ar, - a: Tereshchenko, Karpyuk, Tokar, Gonchar, Mirny. Surnames mainly show that the clan belongs to a certain craft.
Onomastics
It is worth noting that the science that studies proper names and their origin is called onomastics. Its section - anthroponymy - studies the origin of human names and their forms, one of which is the surname. It touches upon the history of their origin and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language.
Generic names whose carriers are Jews are called Jewish. They can be divided into several types. Geographical names are considered the most numerous option for their formation. The next type is characteristics or external data of a person. especially interesting option the emergence of Jewish surnames is an artificial creation.
Jewish names and surnames
Israeli names that are popular today are very diverse. No nation can boast of such a number of beautiful generic names. AllJewish names and surnamesare unique and each has its own meaning and origin. The history of most of them fits in just three centuries, because the ancient people were scattered all over the world and did not need identification and system for a long time. In Russia, Western and Eastern Europe the process began only after the relevant laws were adopted at the state level.
Until the 18th century, Jews who lived on the territory of Russia and Europe did not have generic names.Origin of Jewish surnamesstarted in Russian Empire when a law was passed obliging to have proper names by gender. They were created hastily, which explains their diversity in modern world. Officials sometimes came up with a name for a person in their own way, depending on appearance, weather conditions and mood. Sometimes Jews came up with generic names on their own. The second option was used by the rich Jewish families, because the appropriation cost a lot of money.
Meaning
The names of the male founders of the clan gave rise to many surnames around the world. Often the Jews acted simply: they took their first name or patronymic or their father's, and made it a nickname. The most common genus name is Moses (Moses, Moses). IN difficult cases To own name the ending or suffix was added: Abrahams, Israels, Samuels. Anothermeaning of jewish surnames: when they end in "sleep"/"zones", the carrier is the son specific person. Davidson means a descendant of David. Abramson is the son of Abram, Jacobson is Jacob, and Mathison is Mathis.
Beautiful Jewish surnames
Jews often pray for their loved ones, calling them by their mother's name. This religious factor played big role that the ancient people immortalized both male and female names who performed an important political or economic mission in its history. Mostbeautiful Jewish surnames - these are those that arose on behalf of the mother. And there are a lot of them:
- Riva - Rivman;
- Gita - Gitis;
- Baila - Baileys;
- Sarah - Sorison, etc.
As already mentioned, beautiful surnames Jews were created by wealthy representatives ancient people. The dictionary contains many examples. List of the most popular in alphabetical order:
- Goldenberg - golden mountain;
- Goldenblum - a golden flower;
- Hartmann is a hard (strong) person;
- Tokman is a persistent person;
- Muterperel - sea pearl;
- Mendel is a comforter;
- Rosenzweig - rose branch;
- Zuckerberg is sugar mountain.
Popular
Rabinovichi and Abramovichi occupy the first place in the ranking. Not lesspopular jewish surnameswho have German roots - Katzman, Urgant, Bleishtein, Brull. Generic names associated with religion are also often found among Jews: Shulman (servant of the synagogue), Soifer (writer of texts), Levi (assistant priest), Cohen (priest). In the list of popular genus names, the third are those that are formed on a professional basis:
- Kravets (tailor);
- Melamed (teacher);
- Shuster (shoemaker);
- Kramer (shopkeeper);
- Shelomov (helmet maker).
funny
As modern Jews joke:Funny Jewish last namesunder certain circumstances can be formed from any word in the dictionary. The subject names of the genus include such as Hat, Rag, Footcloth, Starch, Peat. Naphthalene, Medallion, Barrier, Penthouse, Sole, Nagler are considered cool. Complementing the list are funny generic names related to flora and fauna: Gelding, Lysobik, Tarantula, Haidak (microbe).
Russian Jewish surnames
On the territory of Russia, mass emigration of Jews occurred after the annexation of Poland during the reign of Catherine II. Trying to infiltrate society, representatives of the ancient people sometimes took Russian generic names for themselves. Usually,Jewish surnames in Russiaended in "ovich", "ov", "he", "ik", "sky": Medinsky, Sverdlov, Novik, Kaganovich.
Common
Jewish settlers chose their generic names based on the city, region or country from which they arrived. This distinguished them from other members of the community for identification. Stillcommon Jewish surnamescorrespond to the place of residence of their ancestors, for example, Poznery, Warsaw, Byaloblotsky, Urdominsky. Another series is made up of frequently sounding generic names that originated from male personal names: Yakubovich, Levkovich.
Known
Currently, many Jews occupy prestigious positions in Russian politics and show business.Famous Jewish surnamesamong politicians: Avdeev, Lavrov, Dvorkovich, Shuvalov, Sechin, Shokhin, Sobchak. The list can be continued for a very long time, because it began a long time ago, with the coming to power of V.I. Lenin, who did not hide his Jewish origin. Today, according to unofficial data in the government of the Russian Federation, the number of Jews is 70%. On Russian stage also many favorite musicians belong to the representatives of the ancient people:
- Varum;
- Agutin;
- Linnik;
- Galkin;
- Gazmanov;
- Milyavskaya;
- Valley (Kudelman);
- Moiseev and many others.
Video
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