Platonov's stories to read short. The artistic world of the stories of Andrey Platonovich Platonov

Andrey Platonov (real name Andrey Platonovich Klimentov) (1899-1951) - Russian Soviet writer, prose writer, one of the most original in style Russian writers of the first half of the 20th century.

Andrey was born on August 28 (16), 1899 in Voronezh, in the family of a railway mechanic Platon Firsovich Klimentov. However, traditionally his birthday is celebrated on September 1st.

Andrey Klimentov studied at the parochial school, then at the city school. At the age of 15 (according to some reports, already at the age of 13) he began to work to support his family. According to Platonov: "We had a family ... 10 people, and I was the eldest son - one worker, except for my father. Father ... could not feed such a horde." “Life immediately turned me from a child into an adult, depriving me of youth.”

Until 1917, he changed several professions: he was an auxiliary worker, foundry worker, locksmith, etc., about which he wrote in early stories"Another" (1918) and "Serge and I" (1921).

Participated in the civil war as a front-line correspondent. From 1918 he published his works, collaborating with several newspapers as a poet, essayist and critic. In 1920, he changed his surname from Klimentov to Platonov (a pseudonym was formed on behalf of the writer's father), and also joined the RCP (b), but a year later own will left the party.

In 1921, his first nonfiction book"Electrification", and in 1922 - a book of poems "Blue Depth". In 1924 he graduated from the Polytechnic and began working as a reclamator and electrical engineer.

In 1926, Platonov was recalled to work in Moscow at the People's Commissariat. He was sent to engineering and administrative work in Tambov. In the same year were written "Epifan Gateways", "Ethereal Path", "City of Gradov" that brought him fame. Platonov moved to Moscow, becoming a professional writer.

Gradually, Platonov's attitude to revolutionary transformations changes to the point of not accepting them. His prose ( "City of Gradov", "Doubting Makar" etc.) often caused rejection of criticism. In 1929, he received a sharply negative assessment from A.M. Gorky and Platonov's novel "Chevengur" was banned for publication. In 1931, the published work "For the future" caused a sharp condemnation of A. A. Fadeev and I. V. Stalin. After that, Platonov practically ceased to be printed. Tale "Pit", "Juvenile Sea", the novel "Chevengur" could only see the light of day in the late 1980s and received worldwide recognition.

In 1931-1935 Andrei Platonov worked as an engineer in the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, but continued to write (play "High voltage" , story "Juvenile Sea"). In 1934, the writer traveled to Turkmenistan with a group of colleagues. After this trip, the story "Dzhan", the story "Takyr", an article "About the first socialist tragedy" and etc.

In 1936-1941, Platonov appeared in print mainly as a literary critic. Under various pseudonyms, he is published in magazines " literary critic"," Literary Review ", etc. Working on a novel "Journey from Moscow to Petersburg"(his manuscript was lost at the beginning of the war), writes children's plays "Grandmother's Hut", "Good Titus", "Step-daughter".

In 1937, his story The Potudan River was published. In May of the same year, his 15-year-old son Platon was arrested, who returned after the hassle of Platonov's friends from prison in the fall of 1940, terminally ill with tuberculosis. In January 1943 he died.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the writer and his family were evacuated to Ufa, where a collection of his military stories was published. "Under the Heavens of the Motherland". In 1942, he volunteered to go to the front as a private, but soon became a military journalist, a front-line correspondent for the Red Star. Despite being ill with tuberculosis, Platonov did not leave the service until 1946. At this time, his military stories appeared in print: "Armor", "Spiritual people"(1942), "There is no death!" (1943), "Aphrodite" (1944), "Towards Sunset"(1945) and others.

For the story of Platonov, published at the end of 1946 - "Return" ( original title"The Ivanov Family"), the writer was subjected to new attacks of criticism the following year and was accused of slandering the Soviet system. After that, the opportunity to print his works was closed for Platonov.

In the late 1940s, deprived of the opportunity to earn a living by writing, Platonov engaged in literary processing Russians and Bashkir fairy tales that appear in children's magazines.

Platonov died on January 5, 1951 in Moscow from tuberculosis, which he contracted while caring for his son.

In 1954 his book was published "magic ring and other fairy tales. With Khrushchev's "thaw", other of his books began to be published (the main works became known only in the 1980s). However, all Platonov's publications in Soviet period accompanied by significant censorship restrictions.

Some works of Andrei Platonov were discovered only in the 1990s (for example, the novel "Happy Moscow").

Andrei Platonovich Platonov began to write very early, but during his lifetime his works were published very rarely. He lived in crucial moment history of Russia, and his work reflects the first decades of the life of the people after the revolution.

In 1927, fame came to the writer after his book " Epiphany locks", and already next year he publishes two more books, is actively published in magazines, his numerous satirical stories. And those works that revealed the destructive power of bureaucracy in that society were never published.

Themes of Platonov's stories

His novel " Chevergun» was not accepted for publication due to censorship, and famous work « foundation pit' has also not been published. All that was then allowed to be printed was derogatory criticism of his stories and novels.

Andrei Platonovich wrote about many things: about the Great Patriotic war, about the labor of peasants and workers, about the intelligentsia, about science and sports, about the personality of a person and his freedom. This topic is especially acutely revealed in his work of the 30s. In his stories, Fro" and " Potudan River”he raises the themes of true human freedom and a sense of full, albeit fleeting happiness. Also in his work, he touched on current social topics that concerned the leadership, the power of the country and the system that dominates it.

Story " Through the midnight sky» is dedicated specifically to the danger of the idea of ​​National Socialism, and to what such ideas turn into in life ordinary people. The theme of the war is revealed in the story " On the grave of Russian soldiers”, in which Andrei Platonovich tries to describe all the cruelty and atrocity that the Russian people underwent during the time of fascism. Platonov boldly expressed his opinion about Stalin's rule with this story, while not directly naming him, and thereby aroused the anger of the ruler. Platonov's works were banned, they were not published, they were not allowed to be read, like many other writers.

Platonov's language

Platonov, according to the great poet Joseph Brodsky, tested the strength of the Russian language. Brought him to the limit. Platonov's language, so unusual for simple eye, there is not just literary style. Platonov's language is a separate world where his own unique person is created. This man is unique in that he possesses those properties that would hardly be useful to him if he lived in our world.

Platonov - writer-philosopher

And despite the seriousness of the topics that the talented and insightful Platonov raised in his works, he did not forget to write about the most important things in a person’s life - about simple, momentary happiness, about justice and honor, about the problem of the meaning of life and its search, about finding the hero of Platonic peace for the soul and harmony for the heart. One of these stories is flower on the ground”, which tells about a little bored Athos, who stayed at home with his grandfather. Platonov's symbolism is simple and clear, his allegories evoke an instant understanding of what is happening, and the bright and realistic mood of the story reveals a deep idea with captivating simplicity. Platonov speaks about the harmony of life in an almost childish, sincere language, he shows happiness through the eyes of a small, innocent child.

That's why short stories Platonic is just as saturated deep meaning and philosophical idea, like long, serious novels. Platonov, with his characteristic skill, reveals a variety of topics in his works, while speaking about them in a simple and in plain language. That is why many have called and continue to call this talented writer a philosopher.

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ANDREY PLATONOV - Russian Soviet writer and playwright, one of the most original in style and language of Russian writers of the first half of the 20th century.

Born August 28, 1899 in Voronezh. Father - Klimentov Platon Firsovich - worked as a locomotive driver and a mechanic in the Voronezh railway workshops. Twice he was awarded the title of Hero of Labor (in 1920 and in 1922), and in 1928 he joined the party. Mother - Lobochikhina Maria Vasilievna - daughter of a watchmaker, housewife, mother of eleven (ten) children, Andrey is the eldest. Maria Vasilievna gives birth to children almost every year, Andrei, as the eldest, takes part in the upbringing and, later, feeding all his brothers and sisters. Both parents are buried at the Chugunovsky cemetery in Voronezh.

In 1906 he entered the parochial school. From 1909 to 1913 he studied at the city's 4-class school.

From 1913 (or from the spring of 1914) to 1915 he worked as a day laborer and for hire, as a boy in the office of the Rossiya insurance company, as an assistant driver on a locomobile in the Ust estate of Colonel Bek-Marmarchev. In 1915 he worked as a foundry worker at a pipe factory. From the autumn of 1915 to the spring of 1918 - in many Voronezh workshops - on the product of millstones, casting, etc.

In 1918 he entered the electrical engineering department of the Voronezh Polytechnic Institute; serves on the main revolutionary committee of the South-Eastern railways, in the editorial office of the magazine "Iron Way". Participated in civil war as a front correspondent. From 1919 he published his works, collaborating with several newspapers as a poet, essayist and critic. In the summer of 1919 he visited Novokhopyorsk as a correspondent for the newspaper Izvestia of the Defense Council of the Voronezh Fortified Region. Soon after that he was mobilized in the Red Army. Until the autumn he worked on a locomotive for military transport as an assistant driver; then he was transferred to the Special Purpose Unit (CHON) in the railway detachment as an ordinary shooter. In the summer of 1921 he graduated from the provincial party school for a year. In the same year, his first book, the brochure "Electrification", was published, and his poems were also published in the collective collection "Poems". In 1922 his son Plato was born. In the same year, Platonov's book of poems "Blue Depth" was published in Krasnodar. In the same year, he was appointed chairman of the provincial commission for hydrofication at the land department. In 1923, Bryusov responded positively to Platonov's book of poems. From 1923 to 1926 he worked in the province as a land reclamation engineer and an electrification specialist. Agriculture(Head of the Department of Electrification in the Gubzem Administration, built three power plants, one of them in the village of Rogachevka).

In the spring of 1924, he participated in the First All-Russian Hydrological Congress, he had projects for hydrofication of the region, plans for insuring crops from drought. At the same time, in the spring of 1924, he again applied for membership in the RCP (b) and was accepted as a candidate by the GZO cell, but did not join. In June 1925, Platonov first met with V. B. Shklovsky, who flew to Voronezh on an Aviakhim plane to promote the achievements of Soviet aviation with the slogan "Face to the Village." In the 1920s, he changed his last name from Klimentov to Platonov (a pseudonym derived from the name of the writer's father).

In 1931, the published work For the Future drew sharp criticism from A. A. Fadeev and I. V. Stalin. The writer got the opportunity to take a breath only when the RAPP itself was flogged for excesses and dissolved. In 1934, Platonov was even included in a collective writing trip to Central Asia- and this was already a sign of some trust. The writer brought the story "Takyr" from Turkmenistan, and his persecution began again: a devastating article appeared in Pravda (January 18, 1935), after which the magazines again stopped taking Plato's texts and returned those already accepted. In 1936 the stories "Fro", "Immortality", "The Clay House in the District Garden", "The Third Son", "Semyon" were published, in 1937 - the story "The Potudan River".

In May 1938, the writer's fifteen-year-old son was arrested, having returned after the hassle of Platonov's friends from prison in the autumn of 1940, terminally ill with tuberculosis. The writer will become infected from his son, caring for him, from now until his death he will carry tuberculosis in himself. In January 1943 Platonov's son died.

During the Great Patriotic War, the writer with the rank of captain served as a war correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, and Platonov's military stories appeared in print. There is an opinion that this was done with the personal permission of Stalin.

At the end of 1946, Platonov's story The Return (Ivanov's Family) was published, for which the writer was attacked in 1947 and accused of slander. In the late 1940s, deprived of the opportunity to earn a living by writing, Platonov engaged in literary processing of Russian and Bashkir fairy tales, which are published in children's magazines. Platonov's worldview evolved from a belief in the reorganization of socialism to an ironic depiction of the future.

He died on January 5, 1951 in Moscow from tuberculosis. Buried at the Armenian cemetery. The writer left a daughter - Maria Platonova, who prepared her father's books for publication.

One of the most notable Russian writers XX century - Andrey Platonov. The list of works by this author allows you to scrupulously study national history the first half of the 20th century.

Andrey Platonov

Andrei Platonov, whose list of works is well known to every schoolchild, became famous after the release of the novels "The Pit" and "Chevengur". But besides them there were many significant works.

The writer himself was born in Voronezh in 1899. He served in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and took part in the Civil War as a war correspondent. He began publishing his works in 1919.

In 1921, his first book was published, which was called "Electrification". His poems also appeared in a collective collection. And in 1922, his son Plato was born and a collection of poems, Blue Clay, was published.

In addition to writing, he was engaged in hydrology. In particular, he developed own projects on hydrofication of the region to protect the fields from drought.

In the mid-1920s, Platonov worked fruitfully in Tambov. The list of the writer's works is supplemented by such works as "Ethereal Path", "City of Gradov", "Epifan Gateways".

The following are his most significant works for domestic literature- these are "Pit" and "Chevengur". These are very unexpected and innovative works that differ modern language. Both works are created in a fantastic spirit, they describe the utopian construction of a new communist society, the formation of a man of a new generation.

"Epiphany Gateways"

"Epifanskie sluices" appeared in 1926. Actions take place in Peter's Russia. In the center of the story is the English engineer William Perry, master of the construction of locks. He calls his brother to Russia to help him fulfill the new imperial order. The British need to build a ship canal that would connect the Oka and Don rivers.

Whether the brothers will be able to carry out this plan is the subject of Platonov's story.

"Chevengur"

In 1929, Platonov wrote one of his most famous works is a socio-philosophical novel "Chevengur".

The actions of this work have already been transferred to contemporary writer Russia. War communism and the New Economic Policy are in full swing in the south. Main character- Alexander Dvanov, who lost his father. Father drowned himself, dreaming about a better life, so Alexander has to live with foster parent. These events described in the novel are largely autobiographical, similarly the fate of the author himself.

Dvanov goes to look for his communism. Along the way, he meets many of the most various people. Platonov revels in their description. The works, the list, the most famous of them are presented in this article, but "Chevengur" stands out even against this background.

Dvanov encounters revolutions Kopenkin, who resembles the medieval character Don Quixote. Appears and his Dulcinea, which becomes Rosa Luxembourg.

Finding the truth and the truth in the new world, even with knights errant, is not at all easy.

"Pit"

In 1930, Platonov created the anti-utopian story "The Pit". Communism is already being built here literally this word. A group of builders is instructed to build a common proletarian house, a building that should become the basis of a utopian city of the future, in which everyone will be happy.

Andrei Platonov describes their work in detail. The works listed in this article are required reading if you want to get to know this original author better. The story "The Pit" can help you a lot with this.

The construction of a common proletarian house is interrupted suddenly, even at the stage of excavation. The case cannot move forward. Builders are aware that it is useless and futile to create something on the ruins of the past. Also, the ends don't always justify the means.

In parallel, the story of the girl Nastya, who was left homeless, is told. She is a vivid embodiment of the living future of the country, of those residents who should live in this house when it is built. In the meantime, she lives at a construction site. She doesn’t even have a bed, so the builders give her two coffins, which were previously taken from the peasants. One of them serves as her bed, and the second as a toy box. In the end, Nastya dies without waiting for the construction of a utopian house.

In this story, Andrey Platonov tried to show the cruelty and senselessness of the totalitarian system. The list of works by this author often reflects this one point of view. In this story, the whole history of Bolshevism during the collectivization period, when people were fed only with promises of a brighter future.

"Potudan River"

Platonov's short works, a list of which is also in this article, represent big interest for readers. These include, first of all, the story "The Potudan River".

It tells the story of the Red Army soldier Nikita Firsov, who returns on foot from service to his homeland. Everywhere he meets signs of hunger and want. He goes out to the distance and notices the first lights of his hometown. At home, he is met by his father, who no longer expected his son from the front, he changed his mind a lot after the death of his wife.

The meeting of father and son after a long separation passes without unnecessary sentimentality. Nikita soon notices that his father is being disturbed. serious problems. He is on the very edge of poverty. There is practically no furniture left in the house, even though my father works in a carpentry workshop.

The next morning Nikita meets his childhood friend Lyubov. She is the daughter of a teacher, their house was always clean and tidy, they seemed to be the main intellectuals. For that reason alone, he had long since abandoned the idea of ​​asking for her hand. But now everything has changed. Poverty and devastation came to this house too. Everything around has changed.

"Return"

One of the last significant works Platonov - the story "Return". This time the events after the end of the Great Patriotic War are described.

Captain Ivanov returns from the front. At the station, he meets young Masha and arrives at her native city. At this time, his wife and two children are waiting for him at home, with whom he broke up for 4 years. When he finally gets to his home, he discovers amazing picture. 12-year-old Petya runs everything, Ivanov feels out of place, he cannot fully enjoy his return.

A story about the war to read in primary school. A story about the Great Patriotic War for junior schoolchildren.

Andrey Platonov. little soldier

Not far from the front line, inside the surviving railway station, the Red Army men who fell asleep on the floor were sweetly snoring; the happiness of rest was imprinted on their weary faces.

On the second track, the boiler of the hot steam locomotive on duty hissed softly, as if singing a monotonous, soothing voice from a long-abandoned house. But in one corner of the station building, where a kerosene lamp burned, people occasionally whispered soothing words to each other, and then they fell into silence.

There stood two majors, similar to each other not outward signs, but general kindness wrinkled tanned faces; each of them held the boy's hand in his hand, and the child looked imploringly at the commanders. The child did not let go of the hand of one major, then clinging his face to it, and carefully tried to free himself from the hand of the other. The child looked about ten years old, and he was dressed like an experienced fighter - in a gray overcoat, worn and pressed against his body, in a cap and in boots, sewn, apparently, to measure for a child's foot. His small face, thin, weathered, but not emaciated, adapted and already accustomed to life, was now turned to one major; the bright eyes of the child clearly revealed his sadness, as if they were the living surface of his heart; he longed to be separated from his father or an older friend, who must have been the major to him.

The second major drew the child by the hand to him and caressed him, comforting him, but the boy, without removing his hand, remained indifferent to him. The first major was also saddened, and he whispered to the child that he would soon take him to him and they would meet again for an inseparable life, and now they parted for a short time. The boy believed him, however, the truth itself could not console his heart, attached to only one person and wanting to be with him constantly and near, and not far away. The child already knew what the distance and the time of war are - it is difficult for people from there to return to each other, so he did not want separation, and his heart could not be alone, it was afraid that, left alone, it would die. And in his last request and hope, the boy looked at the major, who should leave him with a stranger.

“Well, Seryozha, goodbye for now,” said the major whom the child loved. “You don’t really try to fight, grow up, then you will.” Do not climb on the German and take care of yourself, so that I can find you alive, whole. Well, what are you, what are you - hold on, soldier!

Serezha cried. The major lifted him into his arms and kissed his face several times. Then the major went with the child to the exit, and the second major also followed them, instructing me to guard the things left behind.

The child returned in the arms of another major; he looked strangely and timidly at the commander, although this major persuaded him with gentle words and attracted him to himself as best he could.

The major, who replaced the departed one, exhorted the silent child for a long time, but he, true to one feeling and one person, remained aloof.

Not far from the station, anti-aircraft guns began to hit. The boy listened to their booming dead sounds, and excited interest appeared in his eyes.

"Their scout is coming!" he said quietly, as if to himself. - It goes high, and the anti-aircraft guns will not take it, you need to send a fighter there.

"They'll send," said the major. - They're looking at us.

The train we needed was expected only the next day, and all three of us went to the hostel for the night. There the Major fed the child from his heavily loaded sack. “How tired of him for the war, this bag,” said the major, “and how grateful I am to him!” The boy fell asleep after eating, and Major Bakhichev told me about his fate.

Sergei Labkov was the son of a colonel and a military doctor. His father and mother served in the same regiment, so they took their only son to live with them and grow up in the army. Serezha was now in his tenth year; he took the war and his father's cause close to his heart and already began to understand for real what the war is for. And then one day he heard his father talking in the dugout with one officer and taking care that the Germans, when retreating, would definitely blow up the ammunition of his regiment. The regiment had previously left the German coverage, well, with haste, of course, and left its ammunition depot with the Germans, and now the regiment had to go ahead and return the lost land and its property on it, and the ammunition, too, which was needed. "They've probably run a wire to our warehouse - they know that they will have to move away," the colonel, Serezha's father, said then. Sergey listened attentively and realized what his father cared about. The boy knew the location of the regiment before the retreat, and here he is, small, thin, cunning, crawled at night to our warehouse, cut the explosive closing wire and remained there for another whole day, watching so that the Germans did not fix the damage, and if they did, then so that again cut the wire. Then the colonel drove the Germans out of there, and the entire warehouse passed into his possession.

Soon this little boy made his way further behind enemy lines; there he found out by signs where the command post of the regiment or battalion was, went around three batteries at a distance, remembered everything exactly - his memory was not corrupted in any way - and when he returned home, he showed his father on the map how it is and where it is. The father thought, gave his son to the orderly for inseparable observation of him and opened fire on these points. Everything turned out right, the son gave him the right serifs. He is small, this Seryozhka, the enemy took him for a gopher in the grass: let him, they say, move. And Seryozhka, probably, did not move the grass, walked without a sigh.

The boy also deceived the orderly, or, so to speak, seduced him: since he led him somewhere, and together they killed the German - it is not known which of them - and Sergey found the position.

So he lived in the regiment with his father, mother and soldiers. The mother, seeing such a son, could no longer endure his uncomfortable situation and decided to send him to the rear. But Sergei could no longer leave the army, his character was drawn into the war. And he told that major, father's deputy, Savelyev, who had just left, that he would not go to the rear, but rather hide in captivity to the Germans, learn from them everything that was needed, and again return to his father's unit when his mother get bored. And he would probably do so, because he has a military character.

And then grief happened, and there was no time to send the boy to the rear. His father, a colonel, was seriously wounded, although the battle, they say, was weak, and he died two days later in a field hospital. The mother also fell ill, became tired - she had previously been maimed by two shrapnel wounds, one was in the cavity - and a month after her husband she also died; maybe she still missed her husband ... Sergey was left an orphan.

Major Savelyev took command of the regiment, he took the boy to him and became him instead of his father and mother, instead of relatives - the whole person. The boy answered him, too, with all his heart.

- And I'm not from their part, I'm from another. But I know Volodya Savelyev from a long time ago. And so we met here with him at the headquarters of the front. Volodya was sent to refresher courses, and I was there on another matter, and now I'm going back to my unit. Volodya Savelyev told me to take care of the boy until he comes back ... And when else will Volodya return and where will he be sent! Well, you'll see it there...

Major Bakhichev dozed off and fell asleep. Serezha Labkov snored in his sleep like an adult, an elderly person, and his face, now moving away from sorrow and memories, became calm and innocently happy, showing the image of a holy childhood, from which the war had taken him away. I also fell asleep, taking advantage of unnecessary time so that it would not pass in vain.

We woke up at dusk, at the very end of a long June day. There were now two of us in three beds—Major Bakhichev and I—but Seryozha Labkov was not there. The major was worried, but then he decided that the boy had gone somewhere for a short time. Later, we went with him to the station and visited the military commandant, but no one noticed the little soldier in the rear of the war.

The next morning, Seryozha Labkov also did not return to us, and God knows where he went, tormented by the feeling of his baby heart to the person who left him - maybe after him, maybe back to his father's regiment, where the graves of his father and mother were.