Good is known, good is remembered, good warms our hearts, but not everyone can do it. good deeds. It is impossible to say unequivocally who is the kindest person in the world. This article lists several famous people who by their actions helped those in need and did not ask for anything in return. They are the kindest people in the world, they should be looked up to and set as an example to children, and, quite possibly, in the future there will be more such people.
There is an expression “kind like mother Teresa”, and these words speak for themselves. This woman helped the poor and the sick, organized the monastic congregation "Missionary Sisters of Love", was awarded the Nobel Prize in the category "For active help to a suffering person", but she did not care about the awards.
On August 26, 1910, baby Agnes Gonje Bayadzhiu was born. Her parents attended catholic church and helped the poor. Even after the death of her father in 1919, the girl's mother was not afraid and took six orphans into the family. It is not surprising that in such an atmosphere, where harmony and kindness reign, a beautiful girl grew up, who later became Mother Teresa. From childhood, the girl knew her calling. Already at the age of 12, she dreamed of becoming a monk, heard about poor children in India and wanted to help them.
Mother Teresa did everything out of love for people and tried to help everyone
At the age of 18, Agnes went to live in Ireland, where her dream of becoming a nun came true, the girl was accepted into their ranks by the Irish Sisters of Loreto, after 2 years she was tonsured as a nun under the name Teresa. The girl chose the name herself, inspired by the actions of a merciful Carmelite nun from Lisieux. In the direction of the order, the nun Teresa went to Calcutta. In the town there was a girls' school of St. Mary, and she began to teach children to read and write. In 1946, the nun received official permission to help all the needy, poor and destitute of Calcutta, and after 2 years she organized the “Missionary Sisters of Love” community. The monastic congregation deployed vigorous activity, they were engaged in the creation of new shelters and hospitals for the seriously ill, as well as schools for the poor. In each such institution they gave help to all those in need, it did not matter here what nationality or religion the applicant was.
Since 1965, the monastic congregation has been helping not only in India, but also abroad. Today this huge organization is known all over the world. It has 400 chapters in 111 countries and more than 700 charity houses in 120 countries. The main mission of the congregation is to help those in need, especially in disadvantaged areas or victims of natural disasters. Mother Teresa was active in helping last days own life. The nun died on September 5, 1997 in Calcutta.
At the time of her death, the nun was 87 years old, she left a huge mark on the history and hearts of many people.
Diana Francis Spencer from childhood possessed some kind of magic, she gave joy and warmth, protected the weak, but at the same time she was modest and shy. Diana graduated private school with an average score, she was always embarrassed to answer in front of the class and was shy at the blackboard, but this did not stop her from finding a job. The girl got a job as an assistant teacher at the Young England kindergarten and soon met with Prince Charles of Wales. It was a fairy tale! Charles fell in love with a modest beauty with huge eyes and soon won her heart. After the wedding, Diana became a real princess, but happiness was short-lived. After the birth of sons William and Harry, Prince Charles began to cheat on his wife, and soon their marriage fell apart. It was during this period that Diana launched an active charity work.
Lady Di headed more than 90 charitable foundations, helped the abandoned and disadvantaged. Her attention has never bypassed children or old people who need her help. With just one appearance, she instilled hope in people.
Diana knew how to give warmth with just a smile
The Queen of Hearts, as Lady Di was dubbed, donated huge sums to the treatment of AIDS patients and the development of drugs against this terrible disease. Thanks to her activities, numerous hospitals and hospices were built. Cooperation with International Federation The Red Cross has saved the lives of many seemingly hopelessly ill people.
Princess Diana was friends with Mother Teresa. People called their first meeting "Meeting of the Angels". They teamed up and led several charity projects together.
Shortly before her death, Princess Diana arrived in Angola on a peacekeeping mission, what she saw there was horrified. Because of civil war the lands where ordinary people lived were stuffed with anti-personnel mines. Because of this, many children and the elderly were left crippled or even died. The hospitals of the country were full, there were no places, people were lying on bare floors.
Lady Dee walked through the minefield in protest, and then made a film about anti-personnel mines. She organized a campaign against their use. Diplomats and ministers of most countries of the world supported this idea. The international movement to end the use of anti-personnel landmines won the Nobel Prize in 1997, but, unfortunately, the queen of hearts, Diana, did not see it.
At the celebration in honor of the award, the audience honored the good Lady Dee with a minute of silence
Dobri Doborev, an old man, or, as the children call him, Dobri's grandfather, lives in Bulgaria. He lives 25 km from the city of Sofia and walks this distance every day to beg. The old man is dressed in not new, but clean homespun things, on his feet are homemade leather shoes. So what is so kind and good about this person, why did he get on the list of the kindest people?
Dobri Dobrev has for decades given everything he earns on the street to orphanages that cannot pay their bills, and he lives solely on his pension. This old man back in the years of the Great Patriotic War lost his hearing, but did not even think to spend the collected money on his treatment. This is probably why he is called the "Saint from Bailovo".
Even the name Dobri Dobrev speaks of the kindness of this man.
In our seemingly cruel world, there are still many kind people, it is impossible to list all of them. This article tells only about three who, by their actions, helped more than one needy. It is these people who give good, and there are many of them! It is possible that one of them lives nearby. One has only to look around, and maybe even become one of them. Give kindness to people, and it will definitely come back to you!
DAILY LIFE OF THE POPULATION
Test control
- Description of the life of people ranked as saints by the Russian Orthodox Church:
- chronicle
- life
- Bylina
- Charter
- the first Slavic alphabet created:
- Kirill and Pavel
- Cyril and Methodius
- Boris and Gleb
- Vladimir and Methodius
- Picturesque work of small size, which was used to decorate handwritten books:
- Icon
- Mosaic
- Miniature
- Graffiti
- Author of The Tale of Bygone Years:
- Nestor
- Yaroslav the Wise
- Vladimir Monomakh
- Hilarion
- The first Orthodox stone church built in Kyiv:
- tithe church
- Pyatnitskaya church
- Saint Sophia Cathedral
- Assumption Cathedral
- The main motive of Russian epics:
- Adoration of the Beautiful Lady
- Baptism of Gentiles
- Liberation of Rus' and its defense from enemies
- Loyalty to your patron
- In the Old Russian state, letters were written to:
- clay tablets
- birch bark
- paper
- parchment
- The Tale of Bygone Years was created in:
- early 11th century
- early XII V.
- end of the 11th century.
- end of the 12th century.
- The oldest chronicle that has come down to us:
- "Russian Truth"
- "The Word of Law and Grace"
- "The Tale of Bygone Years"
- "Alexandria"
- The first literary works in Rus' were:
- Chronicles
- ballads
- Izborniki
- Annals
- Under Yaroslav the Wise, St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in:
- Chernihiv
- Smolensk
- Yuriev
- Kyiv
1. Match concepts and definitions.
| 1 | Mosaic | G |
| 2 | Scan | A |
| 3 | Grain | D |
| 4 | Miniature | B |
| 5 | Fresco | IN |
A. Ornament or pattern of gold or silver wire soldered to a metal surface
B. A small multicolored drawing in medieval handwritten books
C. Paintings painted with water-based paints on wet plaster
D. Drawing composed of multi-colored natural stones or tinted pieces of glass
E. A pattern of many tiny balls soldered onto the surface of the product
2. Fill in the missing words.
The first Russian writer is considered to be (Hilarion). His ("The Word of Law and Grace") was first pronounced in 1049, in honor of the completion of the construction of defensive structures in Kyiv.
3. Three character traits Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod:
- four medium and eight small domes
- five domes grouped in the center
- thirteen pyramidal domes
- one dome
- narrow window openings
- mosaic missing
Questions in the text of the paragraph
1. How did the changes in society associated with the formation and development of the state affect the changes in the life of the population of Rus'?
The formation and development of the state introduced new concepts into the life of the population of Rus'. Cities appeared and began to develop as shopping centers. Residents of cities began to pay less attention to traditional farming and cattle breeding, but began to acquire new knowledge and skills in handicrafts. A large number of goods from different countries made it possible to compare, learn and adopt technologies. The development of handicrafts enriched the life of the townspeople with new clothes, dishes, tools, works of art and jewelry. Also in the cities it was rarely possible to meet semi-dugouts. Basically, the dwelling of a city dweller is a house, sometimes two-story. Otherwise, the life of the townspeople did not differ much from the life of the villagers.
2. What do you know about the daily life of people in Western Europe in the Middle Ages?
Life for an ordinary person of that time revolved around the agrarian and church calendars. It took a lot of time to grow as many crops as possible, and to provide food for the next year. Church festivals marked the days when the sowing and harvest began, as well as the days when the peasant and his lord could rest from their labors. Fairs with troubadours and acrobats took place on the streets, trade in various goods was carried out in city squares, gambling was played in local taverns - this is how medieval peasants spent their leisure time. Medieval weddings were celebrated throughout the city.
3. What pagan holiday is widely celebrated in Russia today?
In Rus', with the adoption of Christianity, ancient pagan traditions also remained. For example, to this day in Russia it is customary to carol and tell fortunes at Christmas in winter, and in summer to celebrate Ivan Kupala's day. But the most famous pagan holiday is Maslenitsa - according to ancient tradition people say goodbye to winter and meet the spring sun by burning an effigy of winter. Pancakes for Maslenitsa - too pagan tradition, symbolizing the spring sun.
Vladimir, Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Mstislav, Vsevolod. What do you think the meaning of these names is?
- Vladimir - great in his power
- Yaroslav - possessing a fierce (powerful) glory
- Svyatoslav - sacred glory
- Mstislav - from "revenge" and "glory", actually "avenge glory"
- Vsevolod - the ruler of the people, who owns everything
Questions to the text of the paragraph
IN Ancient Rus' There were different classes: higher and lower. The upper class included princes, boyars, tribal nobility and clergy. To the lowest - free community members, merchants and artisans, dependent population (purchases, ryadovichi, serfs, serfs).
2. How was the daily life of the agricultural population in Rus'?
IN rural settlements people fought for existence: they plowed up new lands, raised cattle, fished, hunted, defended themselves from robbers, and in the south also from nomads. Since the maintenance of the economy required a lot of effort, families in Rus' were large. More people in the family - more workers. All members of the family cultivated the land together. The head of the family disposed of the property and fate of each of its members. Children were taught early to work. From the age of seven, a boy was taken into the field, taught some kind of craft. The girls looked after their younger brothers and sisters, helped with the housework, learned to spin, weave linen, sew clothes. And on long winter evenings, women spun, men made or repaired household utensils, remembered days gone by, listened to storytellers who told epics.
3. What were the inhabitants of the ancient Russian cities doing?
Cities were centers of culture. They had schools, icon-painting workshops, where local artists learned from the Greeks to paint icons. The life of ordinary townspeople differed little from the peasant one. In addition to handicrafts, in the cities they were engaged in agriculture, gardening, and cattle breeding. Community feasts - brotherhoods were popular. And on holidays, in the trading and city squares, the townspeople enjoyed the performances of buffoons and guslars. They also participated in entertainment, horse races, games and feasts arranged by the princes for the common people.
4. Compose short story on the theme "One day in the life of a farmer / craftsman" (optional).
I live in a small village near Chernigov. I am the head of the family because I am the oldest man in the family. Today is a hot summer day and we have started working with the first roosters. I will take all the sons, brothers and sons-in-law with me to haymaking. My grandchildren will also help adults. We need to stock up enough hay for the cattle for the winter. And the wife with unmarried daughters, daughters-in-law and granddaughters will work in the house and in the yard with the housework. They will need to feed the men who have returned from the hayfield and take care of the livestock. They also need to look after the kids. The day will be hard. But such is our life. Tomorrow the prince's tributary will come for tribute. We have already collected it. Of course, we don’t want to give the prince what is given with such great difficulty, but we must pay tribute, because the prince needs to maintain a squad to protect our lands and administer fair trial. In the evening, after haymaking, we will gather at the table with the whole family.
5. What was common and what was the difference in the way of life of noble and ordinary people?
Common in the life of noble and ordinary people were the traditions and way of the family. The differences were mainly in clothing, life and entertainment.
We study the document
1. What do you think the purpose of feasts was?
Such feasts were arranged in order to show that the supreme power is close to the people.
2. Explain the meaning last phrase from the document.
It means that during the feasts, representatives of the estates feasted together, and the differences between them should have been erased. However, we can see in various adaptations of Russian fairy tales that this is not entirely true. Tables for representatives of different classes were separate. The boyars were not always welcome at their tables "peasant peasants". But all the same, joint feasts were a good tradition that helped bring people of different social status closer together.
Thinking, comparing, reflecting
1. Show with specific examples how the crafts common in Rus' were connected with the everyday life of its population.
Crafts should first of all ensure the daily life of people. So, for cultivating the land, the farmer needed a plow and a harrow - the blacksmith forged the teeth for the harrow and the metal share for the plow. For the needs of defense, blacksmiths forged swords, spear and arrowheads, chain mail, stirrups, horseshoes, etc. Potters made ceramic dishes for the needs of all segments of the population. Weavers and tailors made cloth and sewed clothes. For wealthy people, the satisfaction of everyday needs also included the use of luxury goods. Jewelers were engaged in the manufacture of jewelry and products from precious metals and stones.
2. How did climatic conditions affect the characteristics of the clothes of the inhabitants of Rus'? Find out what summer and winter clothes were worn in ancient times by the peoples who inhabited the area where you live.
Climatic conditions greatly influenced the characteristics of the clothes of the inhabitants of Rus'. Cold, snowy winters forced people to use warm winter clothes - fur coats, hats made of fur or felt, warm scarves, woolen skirts, onuchi and bast shoes, felt boots. In summer, clothes were simpler and looser so that one could work efficiently.
3. Find out what herbal products ate in ancient times the inhabitants of your area. Are these products still in use today? What dishes are made from them?
Vegetables such as onions, garlic, carrots, radishes, cucumbers, and poppy seeds were also eaten. Especially loved were turnips, cabbage, pumpkin. Grain crops were also grown: millet, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats. Fruit trees were also grown: apple, cherry and plum. Today we also use onions, garlic, carrots, cucumbers, cabbage, pumpkin in our dishes. But radish and turnip, popular in Ancient Rus', are rarely used in our region. They were replaced by a foreign root crop - potatoes.
4. Using the Internet, collect information on the topic "Holidays and entertainment of the nobility in Western European countries and in Rus' in the Middle Ages."
In the era of the Middle Ages in Europe, any event could be a reason for a holiday: a victory in a battle, a wedding, visits of local lords to the nobility. In total, there were up to 50 holidays a year, not counting Sundays. Mostly these were religious holidays. On holidays, work was interrupted, people went to a solemn service in the church, participated in processions dedicated to the saints, and had fun. For holidays, actors, storytellers, jugglers and acrobats came to the city or the village. Theatrical performances originated from the liturgical drama, which was played out during the service, and were of a religious nature. At the beginning of the XIII century. wandering theatrical troupes appeared. In each church parish, the day of their patron saint was celebrated with a fair. During it, horse races, ball games and competitions in other sports took place. Archery, wrestling, fencing with sticks and other games were considered acceptable, but gambling was forbidden by the church. Playing cards came to Europe from Persia only in the 14th century.
In Rus' Holidays in Rus' were customary to organize solemn feasts on the occasion of celebrations or military victories. Church celebrations were also held with processions and solemn services in churches.
After the baptism of Rus', paganism was eradicated. But paganism left gradually, with pain and blood. Little by little, the springs of the Slavic ancient faith, but could not disappear without a trace. Therefore, pagan celebrations intertwined with Christian ones. They began to adapt and join each other. That is why the line between the two religions is so thin that they have become a single whole, have learned to coexist and have found common motives and points of contact. Therefore, a special place in Rus' was occupied traditional rites and holidays, many of which have their origins in paganism. Some of them have survived to this day. For example, Maslenitsa or caroling at Christmas, divination at Christmas time, the celebration of Ivan Kupala's day (gradually this holiday was combined with the celebration of the birth of John the Baptist). During the holidays, people arranged round dances, and sang in noisy feasts, and danced near the fire.
We repeat and draw conclusions
1. What are the reasons for the formation of the state in Rus'?
The prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state took shape among the Eastern Slavs for several centuries. It is believed that the creation of the state is based on an internal need for unification and the need to protect against common enemies.
- Trade began to play an important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs (the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the "Volga-Baltic" trade route). A single authority could ensure the security of trade.
- Trade settlements arise, which then turn into cities: Kiev - near the glades, Chernigov - among the northerners, Smolensk and Polotsk - among the Krivichi, Lyubech - among the Radimichi, Novgorod - among the Ilmen Slovenes.
- People from different tribes gathered in the cities, so it was impossible to live in the city according to tribal traditions. The princes established uniform rules and maintained order.
- Gradually, territorial reigns arose, where the power of one prince was recognized.
- There was a need for the emergence of a government body capable of regulating relations between people and protecting trade interests and the territory of the Slavs from enemies. The princes were addressed as the highest authority to resolve the most important problems and disputes that could not be settled at the community level.
2. What impact did geographic and climatic conditions have on the development of Rus'?
Rus' was one of the largest European states. Its geographical position determined broad political and trade contacts with many countries of the East and West. The special geographical position also allowed the Russian princes to control two important trade routes - "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the Volga trade route, which connected the northern countries with the southern ones, and the western ones with the eastern ones. Rus' not only controlled the transit of goods, but also independently traded with the southern and Western Slavs, Scandinavia, Byzantium, the countries of Western Europe, the peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East.
Due to climatic conditions, Rus' owned fertile lands and rich natural resources. There is a lot of game in the forests, fish in rivers and lakes, throughout the Russian land they were engaged in cattle breeding, in the northern lands they mined furs, in the southern and western lands they were engaged in beekeeping. Craft activities were also widely developed in Rus'. That is why Rus' possessed large resources not only for its own consumption, but also for foreign trade.
Thus, geographical and climatic conditions had a significant impact on the development of Rus', making the state rich and strong.
3. Name the most significant rulers of Ancient Rus'.
In my opinion, many rulers of Ancient Rus' had a great influence on the formation and development of the state, but I would like to single out only a few of them.
- Princess Olga - established clear "rules of the game" and simplified the so-called tax system, thereby creating a system that unites the various lands of Rus'.
- Prince Svyatoslav is a great warrior, an example of courage and patriotism. Although he did little for the inside of the country, he showed how strong Rus' can be in the international arena. In my opinion, his main deed for the good of Rus' was the deliverance of the young state from the Khazar dependence.
- Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko - brought Rus' to the Christian world, which undoubtedly served as a catalyst for the development of culture, literature, architecture and art. This became possible not only thanks to a single religion, but also by ensuring the security of Russian lands.
- Prince Yaroslav the Wise - ensured the flourishing of the Old Russian state. Yaroslav managed to strengthen the princely power, increase the international prestige of Rus' and finally save Rus' from the raids of the Pechenegs. Under Yaroslav, a unified code of laws was also created, trade and crafts developed, education was widely disseminated.
- Vladimir Monomakh - suspended the collapse of the Old Russian state. Vladimir Monomakh won the trust and love of all classes in Rus'. He created a new code of laws, protecting not only the prince and his squad, but also the poorest class of the population. Having the support of the people, Vladimir forced almost all Russian princes to submit to him. Vladimir led successful and quick campaigns of conquest, knowing when to make peace and when to fight. The reign of Vladimir Monomakh became a time of relative unity of the Old Russian state.
4. What are the similarities and differences in the development of Rus' and the countries of Western Europe in the VIII - early XII centuries?
Differences: It is believed that the main difference between Europe and Rus' was the level of development of technology, culture, education. The main reason, in my opinion, is that the European civilization is at least 500 years older than the ancient Russian one - Christianity became the state religion in Rome from the 4th century, which led to the earlier development of European culture. In Europe, more technology was introduced and there were more scientists. Scientific thought in Europe developed faster than in Rus'.
Similarities: Europe and Rus' were closely connected with each other, and they borrowed many technologies and customs from each other, the peoples of Europe and Rus' professed Christianity and this played a big role in their development. general development. Rus' very quickly repeated the European path of development, enriching it with its own distinctive cultural features. In the 9th-12th centuries, Rus' became an important part of the unified European political and economic space. Firstly, the Old Russian state was one of the largest state formations in Europe. Secondly, cultural development, religious and social structure were already similar to others European countries through the adoption of Christianity. Thirdly, European countries took Rus' as an equal partner - otherwise inter-dynastic marriages would not be so common and there would be no active trade. In addition, Rus' held control over two significant trade routes. Fourthly, Rus' was a strong partner in the military-political sphere - Russian squads provided military support to certain countries in various military conflicts.
5. What was the position and influence of the Old Russian state in the contemporary world?
- Relations with the West. Rus' was one of the largest European states. Its geographical position determined wide contacts with many countries of the East and West. Rus' had strong political and trade ties with all major European countries. Numerous inter-dynastic marriages strengthened the ties of Rus' with the countries of Europe and Byzantium. Rus' occupied a significant place in the system of European states.
- Relations with the East. The adoption of Islam in the Volga Bulgaria had a significant impact on the relations of Rus' with the East. Fighting nomad raids is a paramount task foreign policy all Russian princes. However, in Rus', not only did they fight with the nomads - there were trade and political ties, as well as inter-dynastic marriages.
- Trade. Rus' played a key role in European trade in the 9th-11th centuries due to its influence on two important trade routes: "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the Volga trade route. Thus, Rus' was at the crossroads of trade between the West and the East and the North with the South.
- Conclusion. Rus' was considered by other countries as an equal partner in politics, trade, and culture. The Old Russian state was in many respects similar in structure to other European states.
Possible questions in the lesson
1. What do the concepts of "life" and "mores" mean?
Life - lifestyle, daily life of people. Morals are established forms of behavior in a given community, customs that have moral significance for a particular social group.
2. What factors influenced the identity of the Russian people?
Natural and climatic factor. Unstable productivity, dependence of labor results on weather conditions, relatively low volume of the total facility gave rise to:
- extreme stability in the country of community institutions, which are a certain guarantor of the survival of the bulk of the population;
- rigid levers of the state mechanism;
The climatic factor has formed such features national character Russians: the ability to extreme exertion of forces in a short period of time (agricultural cycles - sowing, harvesting), a sense of collectivism and kindness.
geopolitical factor. Among the geopolitical conditions that influenced Russian history, it is necessary to single out two groups of factors:
- The vastness, weak population of the territory, during the colonization, it was not necessary to win back the lands for themselves in the fight against the indigenous peoples. As a result, such features of the Russian people as national tolerance, lack of nationalism, etc., were formed;
- The natural openness of borders, as a result, is a constant threat of military incursions. Under the influence of these factors, the role of the state increases and there is a need to maintain a large army, but another problem arises. An economically undeveloped state could feed such an army only through a tough land policy and attaching peasants to the land;
- The network of rivers held the country together politically and economically;
- Huge forest areas. The forest provides the Russian man with many economic services. He supplied building materials, fuel, material for the manufacture of home furnishings, dishes, and linden bark - for weaving traditional Russian shoes - linden bast shoes. The forest was the basis of the two most important trades for the Russian people - hunting and forest beekeeping;
- The famous route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and a significant part of the Great Silk Road from China to Europe - the "Volga route" - passed through the territory of Russia. This circumstance created an objective interest of many countries and peoples in maintaining political stability in these regions and helping the development of Russian trade.
The geopolitical factor and, above all, the vastness of the territory, formed such character traits of a Russian person as, on the one hand, daring, enterprise, the ability to exert all forces at a critical moment, and on the other hand, slowness and laziness. So the old saying that Russians take a long time to harness, but go fast, very accurately describes the features of the Russian character.
3. Summary table "Comparison of the lives of farmers, townspeople, princes and boyars in Rus'"
| Parameter for comparison | Farmers | Townspeople | Princes and boyars |
| Main occupations | Agriculture, cattle breeding, beekeeping, hunting and fishing. Subsistence farming - providing the family with basic necessities: spinning, weaving, shoe making, household utensils etc. |
Craft and trade. Horticulture, cattle breeding, agriculture (on a smaller scale than in the village) |
They owned estates. They served as governors in cities and townships. Maintained order, performed judicial functions |
| dwelling | In the south, peasants lived in semi-dugouts, in the north - in wooden huts | Half dugouts almost never met. Often these were two-story houses, consisting of several rooms. | Large wooden (sometimes stone) mansions. Large areas of land were also allocated for estates, outbuildings, log cabins for servants, artisans were built. |
| Cloth | The main element of men's clothing is a shirt and ports. Women wore long shirts over which they put on “outerwear” (according to the status of a woman). Mandatory headwear |
||
| Outerwear - zipuns | Outerwear - epanchi (wide sleeveless cloaks, decorated with fur, gold and silver buckles) | ||
| Clothes made of simple homespun fabric, decorated with embroidery. Women wore ponevs (homespun skirts) over their shirts. Simple fur coats - casings |
Clothes both from homespun cloth and from expensive fabrics (depending on the financial situation of the owner of the costume). Plain leather boots and pistons (shoes) |
Clothes made of thin linen, silk and brocade, embroidered with gold threads, adorned with precious stones. Boots made of morocco, often decorated with inlays. Fur coats from expensive furs |
|
| Family | Big family. Family members ran a common household. The head of the family, the eldest of the men, disposed of the property and fate of each of its members, followed the morality of his relatives. The eldest woman in the family was in charge of all household chores. |
||
| The head of the family represented all family members at the village meeting | The head of the family represented all family members at the national assembly (veche) | The house was divided into women's and men's parts. The men's room was locked by the head of the family. The women's half consisted of svetlok, towers and a garden for walking. | |
| Upbringing | Boys from the age of 7 were taught to work in the field, taught the craft. Girls from an early age were introduced to the management household | Boys were taught to read and write, craft and military affairs. Girls taught how to run a household | Boys at the age of three were put on a horse, taught literacy and military affairs. Girls were taught to read and write, taught to run a household |
| Entertainment | Gatherings in the winter - they told fairy tales at homework, sang songs. Folk festivals - they sang, danced round dances, played hide and seek |
Community feasts - brothers. Performances of buffoons and guslars on holidays in shopping and city squares. Horse races, tournaments, various games arranged by princes for ordinary people |
Falconry, hawk, dog hunting. |
Homework
1. Write a story about one day in the life of a prince, artisan, peasant
I live in a small village near Chernigov. I am the head of the family because I am the oldest man in the family. Today is a hot summer day and we have started working with the first roosters. I will take all the sons, brothers and sons-in-law with me to haymaking. My grandchildren will also help adults. We need to stock up enough hay for the cattle for the winter. And the wife with unmarried daughters, daughters-in-law and granddaughters will work in the house and in the yard with the housework. They will need to feed the men who have returned from the hayfield and take care of the livestock. They also need to look after the kids. The day will be hard. But such is our life. Tomorrow the prince's tributary will come for tribute. We have already collected it. Of course, we don’t want to give the prince what is given with such great difficulty, but we must pay tribute, because the prince needs to maintain a squad to protect our lands and administer a fair trial. In the evening, after haymaking, we will gather at the table with the whole family. In our family, it’s customary to have dinner together after a hard day’s work. There is an opportunity to discuss issues, distribute cases - this is our family veche. After dinner, I will teach the kids to weave wicker baskets, my brother will tell the children a story about how he went on a military campaign as part of a princely squad, and my wife will take up the yarn. At sunset, everyone will go to bed in their wards. Tomorrow will be a new day, full of work and worries. Everyone will need to rest.
ABSTRACT
IN NATIONAL HISTORY
Topic: Life and life of Russian people XVI century in "Domostroy"
PLAN
Introduction
Family relationships
House building woman
Weekdays and holidays of Russian people
Labor in the life of a Russian person
Moral foundations
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
By the beginning of the 16th century, the church and religion had a huge influence on the culture and life of the Russian people. Orthodoxy played positive role in overcoming the harsh customs, ignorance and archaic customs of ancient Russian society. In particular, the norms of Christian morality had an impact on family life, marriage, and the upbringing of children.
Perhaps not a single document of medieval Rus' reflected the nature of life, economy, economic relations of its time, like Domostroy.
It is believed that the first edition of "Domostroy" was compiled in Veliky Novgorod at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century and at the beginning it existed as an edifying collection among the commercial and industrial people, gradually overgrown with new instructions and advice. The second edition, significantly revised, was collected and re-edited by a native of Novgorod, priest Sylvester, an influential adviser and tutor to the young Russian Tsar Ivan IV, the Terrible.
"Domostroy" is an encyclopedia of family life, domestic customs, traditions of Russian management - the whole diverse spectrum of human behavior.
"Domostroy" had the goal of teaching every person "good - a prudent and orderly life" and was designed for the general population, and although there are still many points related to the church in this instruction, they already contain a lot of purely secular advice and recommendations on behavior at home and in society. It was assumed that every citizen of the country should have been guided by the set of rules of conduct outlined. In the first place it puts the task of moral and religious education, which should be borne in mind by parents, taking care of the development of their children. In second place was the task of teaching children what is needed in "household use", and in third place was teaching literacy, book sciences.
Thus, "Domostroy" is not only an essay of a moralizing and family type, but also a kind of code of socio-economic norms of civil life in Russian society.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
For a long time, the Russian peoples had a large family, uniting relatives in direct and lateral lines. The distinctive features of a large peasant family were collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. The urban (posad) population had smaller families and usually consisted of two generations - parents and children. The families of service people were, as a rule, small, since the son, having reached the age of 15, was supposed to "serve the sovereign's service and could receive both his own separate local salary and the granted patrimony." This contributed to early marriages and the emergence of independent small families.
With the introduction of Orthodoxy, marriages began to take shape through the rite of a church wedding. But the traditional wedding ceremony - "fun" was preserved in Rus' for about another six or seven centuries.
The dissolution of the marriage was very difficult. Already in early middle ages divorce - "dissolution" was allowed only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. A husband could divorce his wife in the event of her infidelity, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to treason. IN late middle ages(since the 16th century) divorce was allowed on the condition that one of the spouses was tonsured a monk.
The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only at the first marriage. A fourth marriage was strictly forbidden.
A newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after birth in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in a cemetery. The next rite after baptism - "tons" - was performed a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godfather (godparents) cut a lock of hair from the child and gave the ruble. After the tonsure, every year they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as the "angel's day"), and not the birthday. The royal name day was considered an official public holiday.
In the Middle Ages, the role of its head was extremely great in the family. He represented the family as a whole in all its outward functions. Only he had the right to vote at the meetings of residents, in the city council, and later - in the meetings of the Konchan and Sloboda organizations. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He disposed of the property and destinies of each of its members. This also applied to the personal life of children whom the father could marry or marry against their will. The church condemned him only if he drove them to suicide.
The orders of the head of the family were to be carried out implicitly. He could apply any punishment, up to physical.
An important part of "Domostroy" - the encyclopedia of Russian life of the 16th century, is the section "on the secular structure, how to live with wives, children and household members." As the king is the undivided ruler of his subjects, so the husband is the master of his family.
He is responsible before God and the state for the family, for the upbringing of children - faithful servants of the state. Therefore, the first duty of a man - the head of the family - is the upbringing of sons. To educate them obedient and devoted, Domostroy recommends one method - a stick. "Domostroy" directly indicated that the owner should beat his wife and children for well-mannered purposes. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.
In Domostroy, chapter 21, entitled “How to teach children and save them with fear,” contains the following instructions: “Punish your son in his youth, and he will give you rest in your old age, and give beauty to your soul. And do not feel sorry for the baby biy: if you punish him with a rod, he will not die, but he will be healthier, for you, by executing his body, save his soul from death. Loving your son, increase his wounds - and then you will not praise him. Punish your son from youth, and you will rejoice for him in his maturity, and among ill-wishers you will be able to boast of him, and your enemies will envy you. Raise children in prohibitions and you will find peace and blessings in them. So do not give him free will in his youth, but walk along his ribs while he is growing, and then, having matured, he will not be guilty of you and will not become annoyance and illness of the soul, and the ruin of the house, the destruction of property, and the reproach of neighbors, and the mockery of enemies , and fines of the authorities, and evil annoyance.
Thus, it is necessary to educate children in the “fear of God” from early childhood. Therefore, they should be punished: “Not punished children are a sin from God, but reproach and laughter from people, and vanity at home, and sorrow and loss for themselves, and sale and shame from people.” The head of the house should teach his wife and his servants how to put things in order at home: “and the husband sees that his wife and servants are dishonorable, otherwise he would be able to punish his wife with all reasoning and teach But only if the fault is great and the case is tough, and for great terrible disobedience and neglect, otherwise politely beat with a whip by the hands, holding it for fault, but having received it, say, but there would be no anger, but people would not know and would not hear.
WOMAN OF THE ERA OF HOUSE-BUILDING
In Domostroy, a woman appears in everything obedient to her husband.
All foreigners were amazed at the excess of domestic despotism of a husband over his wife.
In general, the woman was considered a being lower than the man and in some respects impure; thus, a woman was not allowed to cut an animal: it was believed that its meat would then not be tasty. Only old women were allowed to bake prosphora. IN famous days a woman was considered unworthy to eat with her. According to the laws of decency, generated by Byzantine asceticism and deep Tatar jealousy, it was considered reprehensible even to have a conversation with a woman.
homestead family life medieval Rus' for a long time was relatively closed. The Russian woman was constantly a slave from childhood to the grave. In peasant life, she was under the yoke of hard work. However simple women- peasant women, townspeople - did not lead a reclusive lifestyle at all. Among the Cossacks, women enjoyed comparatively greater freedom; the wives of the Cossacks were their assistants and even went on campaigns with them.
The noble and wealthy people of the Muscovite state kept the female gender locked up, as in Muslim harems. The girls were kept in seclusion, hiding from human eyes; before marriage, a man should be completely unknown to them; it was not in the morals for the young man to express his feelings to the girl or personally ask her consent to marriage. Most pious people were of the opinion that parents should beat the girls more often, so that they would not lose their virginity.
Domostroy has the following instructions on how to raise daughters: “If you have a daughter, and direct your severity on her, thus you will save her from bodily troubles: you will not shame your face if your daughters walk in obedience, and it is not your fault if, out of stupidity, she violates her childhood, and becomes known to your acquaintances in mockery, and then they will shame you before people. For if you give your daughter blameless - as if you will do a great deed, in any society you will be proud, never suffering because of her.
The more noble was the family to which the girl belonged, the more severity awaited her: the princesses were the most unfortunate of Russian girls; hidden in the towers, not daring to show themselves, without the hope of ever having the right to love and marry.
When giving in marriage, the girl was not asked about her desire; she herself did not know whom she was going for, did not see her fiancé before marriage, when she was transferred to a new slavery. Having become a wife, she did not dare to leave the house without the permission of her husband, even if she went to church, and then she was obliged to ask questions. She was not granted the right to freely meet according to her heart and temper, and if some kind of treatment was allowed with those with whom her husband was pleased to allow it, then even then she was bound by instructions and remarks: what to say, what to keep silent about, what to ask, what not to hear . In domestic life, she was not given the right to farm. A jealous husband assigned to her spies from servants and serfs, and those, wanting to pretend to be in favor of the master, often reinterpreted to him everything in a different direction, every step of their mistress. Whether she went to church or to visit, relentless guards followed her every movement and passed everything on to her husband.
It often happened that a husband, at the behest of a beloved serf or woman, beat his wife out of sheer suspicion. But not all families had such a role for women. In many houses, the hostess had many responsibilities.
She had to work and set an example for the maids, get up before everyone else and wake others, go to bed later than everyone: if a maid wakes up the mistress, this was considered not to praise the mistress.
With such an active wife, the husband did not care about anything in the household; “the wife had to know every business better than those who worked on her orders: to cook food, and put jelly, and wash clothes, and rinse, and dry, and spread tablecloths, and ladle, and with such her ability inspired respect for herself” .
At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the life of a medieval family without the active participation of a woman, especially in catering: “The master, on all household matters, consults with his wife how to feed the servants on which day: in a meat eater - sieve bread, shchida porridge with ham is liquid, and sometimes, replacing it, and steep with lard, and meat for dinner, and for dinner, cabbage soup and milk or porridge, and on fasting days with jam, when peas, and when sushi, when baked turnips, cabbage soup, oatmeal, and even pickle, botwinya
On Sundays and holidays for dinner, pies are thick cereals or vegetables, or herring porridge, pancakes, jelly, and what God will send.
The ability to work with fabric, embroider, sew was a natural occupation in the everyday life of every family: “to sew a shirt or embroider an ubrus and weave it, or sew on a hoop with gold and silk (for which) measure yarn and silk, gold and silver fabric, and taffeta, and pebbles".
One of the important responsibilities of a husband is to "educate" his wife, who must run the entire household and raise her daughters. The will and personality of a woman are completely subordinate to a man.
The behavior of a woman at a party and at home is strictly regulated, up to what she can talk about. The system of punishments is also regulated by Domostroy.
A negligent wife, the husband must first "teach every reasoning." If verbal "punishment" does not give results, then the husband "worthy" his wife "to crawl with fear alone", "looking through fault".
WEEKDAYS AND HOLIDAYS OF RUSSIAN PEOPLE XVI CENTURIES
Little information has been preserved about the daily routine of the people of the Middle Ages. The working day in the family began early. Ordinary people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. At noon, production activity was interrupted. After dinner, according to the old Russian habit, there followed a long rest, a dream (which surprised the foreigners very much). Then work again until dinner. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.
The Russians coordinated their domestic way of life with the liturgical order and in this respect made it look like a monastic one. Rising from sleep, the Russian immediately looked for an image with his eyes in order to cross himself and look at it; do sign of the cross it was considered more decent, looking at the image; on the road, when the Russian spent the night in the field, he, getting up from sleep, was baptized, turning to the east. Immediately, if necessary, after leaving the bed, linen was put on and washing began; wealthy people washed themselves with soap and rose water. After ablutions and washings, they dressed and proceeded to pray.
In the room intended for prayer - a cross or, if it was not in the house, then in the one where it stood more images, the whole family and servants gathered; lamps and candles were lit; smoked incense. The owner, as a householder, read the morning prayers aloud in front of everyone.
The nobles, who had their own home churches and house clergymen, the family gathered in the church, where the priest served prayers, matins and hours, and the deacon, who looked after the church or chapel, sang, and after the morning service the priest sprinkled holy water.
After finishing the prayers, everyone went to their homework.
Where the husband allowed his wife to manage the house, the hostess gave advice to the owner on what to do on the coming day, ordered food and assigned lessons to the maids for the whole day. But not all wives had such an active life; for the most part, the wives of noble and wealthy people, at the behest of their husbands, did not interfere at all in the economy; everything was managed by the butler and the housekeeper from the serfs. Such mistresses, after the morning prayer, went to their chambers and sat down to sew and embroider with gold and silk with their servants; even food for dinner was ordered by the owner himself to the housekeeper.
After all household orders, the owner proceeded to his usual activities: the merchant went to the shop, the artisan took up his craft, the orderly people filled orders and orderly huts, and the boyars in Moscow flocked to the tsar and did business.
Getting to the beginning of the daytime occupation, whether it was writing or menial work, the Russian considered it proper to wash his hands, make three signs of the cross with bows to the ground in front of the image, and if there was a chance or opportunity, accept the blessing of the priest.
Mass was served at ten o'clock.
At noon it was time for lunch. Single shopkeepers, lads from the common people, serfs, visitors in cities and towns dined in taverns; homely people sat at the table at home or with friends at a party. Kings and noble people, living in special chambers in their courtyards, dined separately from other family members: wives and children ate separately. Ignorant nobles, children of boyars, townspeople and peasants - sedentary owners ate together with their wives and other family members. Sometimes family members, who with their families made up one family with the owner, dined from him and separately; during dinner parties, females never dined where the host sat with guests.
The table was covered with a tablecloth, but this was not always observed: very often people of the nobility dined without a tablecloth and put salt, vinegar, pepper on the bare table and put slices of bread. Two household officials were in charge of the order of dinner in a wealthy house: the key keeper and the butler. The key keeper was in the kitchen during the holiday of food, the butler was at the table and at the set with dishes, which always stood opposite the table in the dining room. Several servants carried food from the kitchen; the keykeeper and the butler, taking them, cut them into pieces, tasted them, and then they gave them to the servants to set before the master and those sitting at the table
After the usual dinner, they went to rest. It was a widespread custom consecrated with popular respect. The tsars, and the boyars, and the merchants slept after dinner; street mob rested on the streets. Not sleeping, or at least not resting after dinner, was considered heresy in a sense, like any deviation from the customs of the ancestors.
Rising from their afternoon nap, the Russians resumed their usual activities. The kings went to vespers, and from six o'clock in the evening they indulged in amusements and conversations.
Sometimes the boyars gathered in the palace, depending on the importance of the matter, and in the evening. evening at home was a time of entertainment; in winter, relatives and friends gathered in each other's houses, and in summer in tents that were spread out in front of the houses.
The Russians always had dinner, and after dinner the pious host sent an evening prayer. Lampadas were lit again, candles were lit in front of the images; households and servants gathered for prayer. After such prayers, it was already considered unlawful to eat and drink: everyone soon went to bed.
With the adoption of Christianity official holidays especially revered days of the church calendar became: Christmas, Easter, the Annunciation and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays should be devoted to pious deeds and religious rites. Working on public holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.
The relative isolation of home life was diversified by the receptions of guests, as well as festive ceremonies, which were arranged mainly during church holidays. One of the main religious processions was arranged for Epiphany. On this day, the metropolitan blessed the water of the Moskva River, and the city's population performed the rite of the Jordan - "washing with holy water."
On holidays, other street performances were also arranged. Wandering artists, buffoons are known even in Kievan Rus. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, singing songs, performances of buffoons included acrobatic numbers, competitions with predatory animals. The buffoon troupe usually included an organ grinder, an acrobat, and a puppeteer.
Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - "brothers". However, ideas about the supposedly unrestrained drunkenness of Russians are clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 largest church holidays, the population was allowed to brew beer, and taverns were a state monopoly.
Public life also included the holding of games and amusements - both military and peaceful, for example, the capture of a snowy town, wrestling and fistfight, towns, leapfrog, blind man's buffoons, grandmothers. Of gambling, dice games became widespread, and from the 16th century - in cards brought from the West. The favorite pastime of the kings and boyars was hunting.
Thus, human life in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from being exhausted by the production and socio-political spheres, it included many aspects of everyday life that historians do not always pay due attention to.
LABOR IN THE LIFE OF A RUSSIAN PERSON
A Russian man of the Middle Ages is constantly occupied with thoughts about his household: “To every person, rich and poor, great and small, judge himself and sweep away, according to trade and prey and according to his estate, but an orderly person, sweeping himself according to the state salary and according to income, and such is the yard for oneself to keep and all acquisitions and all stock, for this reason people keep and all household items; therefore you eat and drink and get along with good people.”
Labor as a virtue and a moral deed: any needlework or craft, according to Domostroy, should be performed in preparation, cleansed of all filth and washing hands cleanly, first of all - bow to the holy images in the ground - with that, and start every business.
According to "Domostroy", each person should live according to his wealth.
All household supplies should be purchased at a time when they are cheaper and stored carefully. The owner and the mistress should walk around the pantries and cellars and see what the reserves are and how they are stored. The husband should prepare and take care of everything for the house, while the wife, the mistress, should save what she has prepared. All supplies are recommended to be given out on a bill and write down how much is given out, so as not to forget.
Domostroy recommends that you always have at home people capable of various kinds of crafts: tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, so that you do not have to buy anything with money, but have everything ready in the house. Along the way, the rules are indicated on how to prepare certain supplies: beer, kvass, prepare cabbage, store meat and various vegetables, etc.
"Domostroy" is a kind of worldly everyday life, indicating to a worldly person how and when he needs to observe fasts, holidays, etc.
Domostroy gives practical advice on housekeeping: and how to “arrange a good and clean” hut, how to hang icons and how to keep them clean, how to cook food.
The attitude of Russian people to work as a virtue, as a moral act, is reflected in Domostroy. Creates a real ideal working life a Russian person - a peasant, a merchant, a boyar, and even a prince (at that time, class division was carried out not on the basis of culture, but more on the size of property and the number of servants). Everyone in the house - both the owners and the workers - must work tirelessly. The hostess, even if she has guests, "would always sit over the needlework herself." The owner must always engage in “righteous work” (this is repeatedly emphasized), be fair, thrifty and take care of his household and employees. The hostess-wife should be "kind, hardworking and silent." servants are good, so that they “know the trade, who is worthy of whom and what trade he is trained in.” parents are obliged to teach the work of their children, "needlework - the mother of daughters and craftsmanship - the father of sons."
Thus, "Domostroy" was not only a set of rules for the behavior of a prosperous man XVI century, but also the first "encyclopedia of the household".
MORAL STANDARDS
To achieve a righteous life, a person must follow certain rules.
The following characteristics and covenants are given in “Domostroy”: “A prudent father who feeds on trade - in a city or across the sea - or plows in a village, such from any profit he saves for his daughter"(Ch. 20)," love your father and mother honor your own and their old age, and lay all your infirmities and sufferings on yourself with all your heart "(ch. 22)," you should pray for your sins and the remission of sins, for the health of the king and queen, and their children, and his brothers, and for the Christ-loving the army, about help against enemies, about the release of captives, and about priests, icons and monks, and about spiritual fathers, and about the sick, about prisoners in prison, and for all Christians ”(ch. 12).
In chapter 25, “Instruction to the husband, and wife, and workers, and children, how it is fitting to live,” “Domostroy” reflects moral rules, which Russian people of the Middle Ages should follow: “Yes, to you, master, and wife, and children and households - do not steal, do not fornicate, do not lie, do not slander, do not envy, do not offend, do not slander, do not encroach on someone else, do not condemn, do not swear, do not ridicule, do not remember evil, do not be angry with anyone, be obedient and submissive to the elders, friendly to the middle ones, friendly and merciful to the younger and wretched, instill every business without red tape and especially not offend in to pay the employee, to endure any offense with gratitude for God's sake: both reproach and reproach, if they rightly reproach and reproach, accept with love and avoid such recklessness, and in response not to take revenge. If you are not guilty of anything, you will receive a reward from God for this.
Chapter 28 “On the unrighteous life” of “Domostroy” contains the following instructions: “And whoever does not live according to God, not in a Christian way, commits all kinds of injustice and violence, and inflicts great offense, and does not pay debts, but an ignoble person in will hurt everyone, and who, in a neighborly way, is not kind either in the village to his peasants, or in an order while sitting in power, imposes heavy tributes and various illegal taxes, or plowed someone else's field, or planted a forest, or caught all the fish in someone else's cage, or board or by unrighteousness and violence will capture and rob the outweight and all kinds of hunting grounds, or steal, or destroy, or falsely accuse someone of something, or deceive someone, or betray someone for nothing, or stun the innocent into slavery by cunning or violence, or dishonestly judges, or unjustly makes a search, or falsely testifies, or a horse, and any animal, and any property, and villages or gardens, or yards and all lands by force takes away, or cheaply buys into captivity, and in all indecent deeds: in fornication, in anger, in vindictiveness ve, - the lord or mistress himself creates them, or their children, or their people, or their peasants - they will definitely all together be in hell, and cursed on earth, because in all those unworthy deeds such a master is not forgiven by God and cursed by the people, but offended by him cry out to God.
The moral way of life, being a component of daily worries, economic and social, is as necessary as worries about "daily bread".
Worthy relationships between spouses in the family, a confident future for children, a prosperous position for the elderly, a respectful attitude towards authority, veneration of clergy, zeal for fellow tribesmen and co-religionists is an indispensable condition for “salvation”, success in life.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the real features of Russian life and language XVI century, a closed self-regulating Russian economy, focused on reasonable prosperity and self-restraint (non-covetousness), living according to Orthodox moral standards, were reflected in Domostroy, the meaning of which lies in the fact that it depicts for us the life of a wealthy person of the 16th century. - a city dweller, a merchant or an orderly person.
"Domostroy" gives a classic medieval three-membered pyramidal structure: the lower a creature is on the hierarchical ladder, the less its responsibility, but also its freedom. The higher - the greater the power, but also the responsibility before God. In the Domostroy model, the tsar is responsible for his country at once, and the owner of the house, the head of the family, is responsible for all household members and their sins; which is why there is a need for total vertical control over their actions. The superior at the same time has the right to punish the inferior for violating the order or disloyalty to his authority.
In "Domostroy" the idea of practical spirituality is carried out, which is the peculiarity of the development of spirituality in Ancient Rus'. Spirituality is not reasoning about the soul, but practical deeds to put into practice an ideal that had a spiritual and moral character, and, above all, the ideal of righteous labor.
In "Domostroy" a portrait of a Russian man of that time is given. This is a breadwinner and breadwinner, an exemplary family man (there were no divorces in principle). Whatever it was social status family comes first for him. He is the protector of his wife, children and his property. And, finally, this is a man of honor, with a deep sense of his own dignity, alien to lies and pretense. True, the recommendations of "Domostroy" allowed the use of force in relation to the wife, children, servants; and the status of the latter was unenviable, disenfranchised. The main thing in the family was a man - the owner, husband, father.
So, "Domostroy" is an attempt to create a grandiose religious and moral code, which was supposed to establish and implement precisely the ideals of world, family, social morality.
The uniqueness of "Domostroy" in Russian culture, first of all, is that after it no comparable attempt was made to normalize the entire circle of life, especially family life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Domostroy // Literary Monuments of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985
2. Zabylin M. Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions. poetry. - M.: Nauka, 1996
3. Ivanitsky V. Russian woman in the era of "Domostroy" // Social sciences and modernity, 1995, No. 3. - P. 161-172
4. Kostomarov N.I. Home life and customs of the Great Russian people: Utensils, clothing, food and drink, health and disease, customs, rituals, receiving guests. - M.: Enlightenment, 1998
5. Lichman B.V. Russian history. – M.: Progress, 2005
6. Orlov A.S. Ancient Russian literature of the 11th-16th centuries. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992
7. Pushkareva N.L. Private life of a Russian woman: bride, wife, mistress (X - early XIX century). - M.: Enlightenment, 1997
Treshchenko A. Life of the Russian people.- M .: Nauka, 1997. - S. 128
Domostroy // Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985.
There. – p. 93
Domostroy // Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus': Middle of the 16th century. – M.: Artist. Lit., 1985. - S. 102
DATE OF:CLASS: 8
SUBJECT:
TARGET:
Formation of students' ideas about the life of ordinary and noble people
TASKS:
To acquaint students with the peculiarities of the life of ordinary and noble people; emphasize the difference between the life of ordinary and noble people;
Correction and development of oral speech through a description of the life of different classesXVIcentury;
To instill in students respect for working people.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
Estate, different segments of the population, life and life of different classes
TERMS, CONCEPTS:
Sheepskin coat, tax, freedom
EQUIPMENT:
Computer, projector, presentationMicrosoftofficePowerPoint,
TYPE LESSON :
Combined
HOD LESSON
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT
Greeting students
Checking students' readiness for the lesson
5 minute reading
UPDATE KNOWLEDGE STUDENTS
Teacher :
Guys, what did you talk about in the last lesson?
students :
At the last lesson, we talked about the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state.
Teacher :
Why was it profitable for Russian merchants to trade with Siberia?
students :
It was profitable for Russian merchants to trade with Siberia because the Siberian lands were rich in fur-bearing animals, the skins of which were expensive.
Teacher :
Who fought with Khan Kuchum?
students :
Khan Kuchum fought with the detachment of Yermak Timofeevich.
Teacher :
How did Yermak's campaign end?(CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER)
The victory of Khan Kuchum
Kuchum became the sovereign master of Siberia
students :
Siberian land was included in the Russian state
Teacher :
Under what king were the Siberian lands annexed to Russia?
students :
Siberian lands were annexed to Russia under IvanIVGrozny.
MESSAGE THEMES LESSON
Teacher:
INXVIcentury in Russia lived different segments of the population. Each estate had its own customs and traditions, its own way of life. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the life of people of different classes. Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.
Lesson topic:"LIFE OF SIMPLE AND NOBLE PEOPLE"
students : (open notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson)
STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
Teacher :
Now we will get acquainted with the new words that we will meet today when studying a new topic.
VOCABULARY WORK:
ESTATE – A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAS CERTAIN RIGHTS AND DUTIES
SHEEPSKIN COAT – WINTER PEASANT CLOTHING FROM SKINS
SLOBODA – PLACE OF SETTLEMENT OF PEOPLE OF ONE TYPE OF OCCUPATION
TAX – STATE TAX
Teacher :
INXVIcentury, the population of Russia was divided into estates. Guys, what is a class?
students :
estate - This is a large group of people who had certain rights and obligations that are enshrined in custom or law and are inherited.
Teacher :
Look at the slide and list the estates that lived inXVIcentury.
students :
INXVIcentury in Russia lived such estates as peasants, boyars, Cossacks, clergy, nobles, archers, service people, artisans.
Teacher :
Now we will get acquainted with the life of each estate.
The most numerous class were the peasants. Peasants are villagers. The name "peasants" comes from the word "Christians", i.e. believers in Christ and his teachings. Russian peasants were engaged in animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, and beekeeping with the simplest crafts, but arable farming remained their main business. From time immemorial, a peasant has been a farmer who plowed the land and sowed bread, herded livestock, grew vegetables, raised poultry, grew flax and hops.
Peasants lived in villages. The word "village" comes from the verb "tear", i.e. clear the area for arable land, cutting down and burning trees, and then plow the virgin land. The peasants, first of all, chose and cleared fertile land and only after that they founded a small settlement, acquired huts, yards, outbuildings, poultry and cattle. The village usually consisted of three or four, less often five or six residential buildings. INXVI- XVIIcenturies, villages appeared with ten to fifteen households; a larger number of courtyards was a very rare occurrence. The largest of the peasant settlements was the village. Villages differed from villages in that they were founded by landowners. Here were the manor's court and the Church. The main tools of labor of the peasants were a plow (much less often a plow), a sickle and a scythe.
Peasants grew rye and oats, wheat, buckwheat, barley and millet, peas and beans; in gardens - turnips (it was considered the second bread), cabbage, radish, carrots, beets, onions, garlic. Gardens were bred in the villages, in which apple trees, plums, cherries, raspberries, gooseberries, and currants grew. Apiary beekeeping developed.
Peasants lived in huts. The word "hut" comes from "istba", "stove", i.e. heated room. The hut was small in size, as a rule, had a plank roof, a wooden floor, a smoke oven (without a chimney and a pipe). They stoked "in black" - the smoke went out the door, as well as into the holes under the ceiling, which, after the firebox, were moved by a board. Next to the hut in the peasant yard there were cellars, barns, a barn, a hay barn. The yard itself was fenced. Outside there were barns and a bathhouse. A garden adjoined the yard. In a peasant environment, work began at an early age. Families numbered from three or four to seven or eight people. According to custom, adulthood in peasant families came at the age of 15. From the age of 7-8, boys were taught to perform all men's duties in the household: take care of livestock, plow, mow, harrow the ground, turn and dig hay, carpentry, and engage in simple crafts. Girls at the age of 10-12 already did all the housework. The old people enjoyed unquestioned authority among the peasants. The peasants' working day began early: in summer they got up at sunrise, in winter and autumn - long before dawn. After dinner, life in the villages, as in the cities, almost died away: the afternoon nap set in. great place in the life of Russian people was occupied by a bath. The people said: "If there were no baths, then everyone would be lost." The main food of the peasants was bread, especially rye and barley. Wheat bread was a rarity in the village, it was baked and eaten only by wealthy people, mainly in cities. Quite often, peasants ate pies with various fillings: with cabbage, mushrooms, poppy seeds, porridge, sweet pies with berries and honey. A very common food was cereals (barley, millet, oatmeal, much less often buckwheat), as well as oatmeal and pea jelly. Shchi was considered a luxurious dish. Meat was eaten much less in the countryside than in the city; they ate beef, lamb, pork, wild and poultry. Much more often than meat, our ancestors ate fish: salted, dried, dried. Eggs and dairy products (cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, butter) were not uncommon on the peasant table. Peasants ate a lot of mushrooms and berries. Farmers used honey instead of sugar. The most common drinks were kvass, raspberry and cranberry juice, lingonberry water and barley beer.
The main clothes of men and women were shirts made of linen or hemp linen or woolen fabric. Men's shirts reached the knees, women's - to the heels. The outer clothing of the peasants consisted of casings - sheepskin coats. Mostly peasants wore leather shoes. Bast shoes (shoes woven from birch bark or bast) were worn, as a rule, on arable land, mowing, barnyard. A married woman (from any class) was obliged to hide her hair under a veil - a scarf that covered her head and fell over her shoulders over her clothes. Belts were an obligatory element of clothing for men and women - it was impossible to go out without a belt.
Teacher :
Name the main occupations of the peasants.
students :
The peasants were engaged in animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, beekeeping.
Teacher :
Describe the life of a peasant.
students :
Peasants lived in villages, in a hut. The hut was not large, with a plank roof and a wooden floor. They drowned on black - the smoke went out the door, as well as into the holes under the ceiling. Peasants began to work very early. Old men enjoyed authority among the peasants. The working day began early: in summer they got up at sunrise, in winter and autumn - long before dawn.
Teacher :
What kind of food did the peasants eat?
students :
The main food of the peasants was bread, pies with various fillings, porridges, jelly were common food. Meat was rarely eaten in the villages, more often fish.
Teacher :
How did the peasants dress?
students :
The main clothes of men and women were shirts made of linen or hemp. Men's shirts reached the knees, women's - to the heels. The outer clothing of the peasants consisted of sheepskin coats. Basically, the peasants wore leather clothes, bast shoes were worn, as a rule, on arable land, mowing, barnyard.
PHYSMINUTKA
Teacher :
Craftsmen and city service people lived in the cities near the city walls. This part of the city was calledPosad . The townspeople who lived here were called townspeople.
Artisans - these are craftsmen - craftsmen (blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, potters, carpenters, etc.). Artisans of the same profession settled together. The place where the artisans lived was calledfreedom . Artisans were free people. They paid tax to the state treasury -tax .
archers , Cossacks and gunners were called service people.
They served the king military service defended the interests of the Russian state.
archers - This is a permanent Russian infantry, which Ivan the Terrible began to create in 1552, mainly from free people. Archers lived in special settlements. For carrying out life-long hereditary service, they received land plots from the king, and from the treasury - a salary and wore the military uniform established for them. The royal salary was small and often delayed. To earn a living, archers often took up crafts and trade, started a household.
Teacher :
What part of the city was calledPosad
students :
Posad was the name of that part of the city where artisans and city service people lived.
Teacher :
Who are artisans?
students :
Artisans are craftsmen (blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, potters, carpenters, etc.).
Teacher :
Who were called servants?
students :
Streltsy, Cossacks and gunners were called service people.
Teacher :
The Cossacks belonged to the service people. The Cossacks are a special military estate. No one knows exactly where the word "Cossacks" came from. Most scholars believe that it means "free man". Its first appearance in documents dates back to 1444. The Cossacks, who were in the royal service, carried out guard duty on the borders of the Russian state. The Cossacks lived according to their customs. They were engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, beekeeping, raided neighbors (Tatars and Turks) and robbery attacks on trade caravans.
Teacher :
"Merchant" was originally called any person who made a trade transaction (business), i.e. receiving or selling a particular product. Merchants, like artisans, united and settled together, depending on who traded what. Merchants lived much richer than artisans and service people. They had big beautiful houses. In the houses of merchants there were many expensive things, gold and silver. Merchants loved tasty and satisfying food. Servants worked for them.
Teacher :
The clergy was a respected and privileged (having special rights) class. It was divided into black (monasticism) and white (clergymen). The clergy had huge landholdings. It enjoyed exceptional respect in Rus'.
Teacher :
The word "noble" literally means "a person from the prince's court" or "court". The nobility in Russia arose inXIIcentury at the courts of princes. WITHXIVcenturies, nobles began to receive land for service: this is how landowners appeared. They were later allowed to purchase land. Under Ivan the Terrible, the rise of the nobility began. The tsar relied on the nobles in his struggle against the boyars.
Teacher :
The word "boyars" does not have a final definition among historians.
It is generally accepted that the boyars are large landowners, behind them are their own military servants. The title of boyar was hereditary, i.e. passed down from father to son. Most of the boyars were service people and were in the public service.
The boyars were advisers to the sovereign (the grand duke, later the tsar), the closest people to him, with whom he resolved issues of state importance: whether to start a war, conclude peace, build new cities, introduce or cancel duties for their subjects, whom to execute and whom to pardon. The decrees of that time were fixed by the traditional formula: "the king indicated, and the boyars were sentenced."
The boyars were constantly with the sovereign. They served at the royal court, which was considered a particularly honorable deed. The boyars accompanied the tsar on his travels and military campaigns. They feasted with the sovereign. Together with the king, they went falconry.
The boyars participated in the wars waged by the Russian state. Boyars commanded regiments.
The boyars ruled cities and territories, were governors in various regions of the country, and served as governors. On the territory entrusted to him by the sovereign, the governor had full, unlimited power and was responsible for his actions only to the king.
The boyars dressed in velvet and silk clothes. Their clothes were heavy, so they walked slowly, importantly, sedately. Walking fast, rushing was considered indecent.
The boyars traveled on thoroughbred horses or in richly decorated carriages.
The boyars lived in large stone houses - Horomy. Boyar mansions were usually built in three floors. The lower floor was used for household needs.
The second floor was occupied by the male half of the house, and the third - female half. Inside, the Mansions were richly decorated. The floor was covered with carpets. The walls were upholstered with expensive fabrics. Furniture - benches, chests - were decorated with carvings, gilding, velvet. Icons hung in every room. The boyars slept on feather beds covered with silk sheets, put pillows in elegant pillowcases at the head, covered themselves with satin blankets lined with expensive fur. The rooms were lit with wax candles. They decorated the mansions with mirrors, precious gold and silver dishes.
Food was taken by the boyars in a spacious refectory. The boyars ate expensive and rare food: rice, sugar, oriental sweets, baked fish and poultry, wine, lemons, raisins. Tables were covered with tablecloths painted with gold and silver.
Boyars ate from silver dishes, drank from silver goblets.
In the homes of noble and wealthy people, precious silver and gilded vessels were placed as decoration in the cabinets that occupied the middle of the front room.
Teacher :
Who belongs to the boyars?
students :
The boyars are large landowners.
Teacher :
What did the boyars do?
students :
Boyars ruled cities and territories, were governors in various regions of the country, served as governors
Teacher :
How did the boyars dress?
students :
The boyars dressed in velvet and silk clothes. Their clothes were heavy, so they walked slowly, importantly, sedately.
Teacher :
How did the boyars live?
students :
The boyars lived in large stone houses - Horomy. Boyar mansions were built in three floors. The lower floor was used for household needs.
The second floor was occupied by the male half of the house, and the third - by the female half. Inside the mansions were richly decorated. The floor was covered with carpets. The walls were upholstered with expensive fabrics. Furniture - benches, chests - were decorated with carvings, gilding, velvet. Icons hung in every room. The boyars slept on feather beds covered with silk sheets, put pillows in elegant pillowcases at the head, covered themselves with satin blankets lined with expensive fur. The rooms were lit with wax candles. They decorated the mansions with mirrors, precious gold and silver dishes.
Teacher :
What did the boyars eat?
students :
Food was taken by the boyars in a spacious refectory. The boyars ate expensive and rare food: rice, sugar, oriental sweets, baked fish and poultry, wine, lemons, raisins.
FIXING
Teacher :
What did the children talk about in class today?
students :
Today at the lesson we talked about the life and life of ordinary and noble people.
Teacher :
Now we will check how you remember what we talked about today in the lesson with the help of a crossword puzzle.
What is the name of the largest estate
(PEASANTS)
Man from the royal court
( NOBLE )
What were the craftsmen called?
(WORKSHOPS)
What are the big landowners who are backed by their own military servants called?
(BOYAR)
Special, respected and privileged class
(CLERGY)
Who served the tsar, carried out military service, defended the interests of the Russian state?(STRELTSY, COSSACKS, GUNS)
(SERVANT PEOPLE)
SUMMARY RESULTS
Now let's summarize your work in the lesson:
NINA - VLAD - SERGEY - DIMA - CHRISTINA –
SASHA -
HOME EXERCISE
I GROUP – PAGE 43 - 49, READ,
II GROUP – PAGE 43 - 49, READ,
III GROUP – PAGE 43 - 46, READ,
It is impossible to understand the era without referring to the conditions of everyday life. The historian I. E. Zabelin wrote that a person's home life "is an environment in which the germs and rudiments of all the so-called great events of history lie."
The daily life of a person is centered in the family. In ancient Rus', families were usually large. A grandfather, his sons with their wives, grandchildren, etc. lived in the same family. Childhood passed in very harsh conditions, which was reflected even in terms applied to children: lad- "non-speaking", not having the right to speak; lad- "serf"; servants - younger members of the genus. Spanking was considered the main method of education. Beating for educational purposes was the norm. Babies were sometimes sold into slavery by their own parents.
However, one should not exaggerate the negative impact of cruel upbringing. As V. V. Dolgov rightly noted, preventive cruelty was the only way to save the life of a child in situations where a parent could not control his child all 24 hours a day (due to employment in the service, work, etc.). Of course, there were no nurseries, kindergartens and regular general education schools then, of course. The rich could still assign a nanny to the child, but the poor? How to make sure that the child does not climb where it is not necessary, if he most time left to itself? There is only one answer: to intimidate, to protect his life with prohibitions and punishments that can be life-saving. He will not go into the forest with wolves, he will not swim down the river, he will not set fire to the house, etc. In addition, the cruelty of upbringing did not cancel parental love, albeit in peculiar forms.
However, childhood, even so harsh, did not last long, especially among the lower classes.
"The social frontier of final maturation throughout Old Russian period marriage was considered. Another, no less important indicator of adulthood was the acquisition of their own household. According to V. V. Kolesov, “children in Rus' were also called men living in the father’s house for fifty years, since such a child did not begin to live independently.” It seems that the property criterion was even more important, since adulthood is generally independence, and remaining in the parental home, children could not have the right to vote - all power belonged to the head of the family. Therefore, in the annals, cases of princely weddings are always noted and described as very significant events, but the prince becomes an active political figure only after he takes possession of the volost ...<...>
All this led to the fact that the society of the early Russian Middle Ages did not know a clearly defined age up to which a person could, had the right and opportunity to remain a child. There was no age of commencement of legal capacity, there was no clearly defined period during which one should receive education, all this appeared much later. For a long time the marriageable age limit remained the only institutionalized limit that existed in official culture.
Among the peasantry, there were cases of eight- or nine-year-old boys marrying adult girls. This was done in order to get an extra worker into the family. Representatives of the noble classes married and married later, but weddings at 12–15 years old were the norm. The adult head of the family - the husband - was complete sovereign among their households. The wife was considered only an appendix to the "strong half", therefore, the proper names of ancient Russian women have almost not come down to us: they were called either by their father or by their husband (for example, Yaroslavna, Glebovna, etc.).
The attitude towards the weaker sex is illustrated by a well-known parable in the Middle Ages: “Not a bird in birds, an owl, not a hedgehog in animals, not a fish in fish, a goat, not a serf working in serfs, [so] neither a husband in men, who listens to his wife.
Without the permission of her husband, the wife did not have the right to leave the house and eat at the same table with him. Only in rare cases did women receive some rights. Before marriage, a daughter could inherit her father's property. The slave girl, who lived with the master as a wife, after his death gained freedom. Widows had all the rights of the head of the family and the mistress.
However, for husbands, family life was not always carefree. Due to unequal marriages and age misalliances in medieval society, the problem of the "evil wife" was acute. A special article was even introduced into the legislation: "If the husband's wife beats, a fine of 3 hryvnias" (as for stealing the prince's horse). The case when a wife steals property from her husband and tries to poison him was punished with the same fine. If a woman persisted in her desire to destroy her husband and repeatedly sent a hired killer to him, she was allowed to divorce.
The people of Ancient Rus' were called mainly by their first names, but often they also had various nicknames. Patronymics were rarely used. The person who was called by his patronymic (with the addition of the suffix -vich, for example, Igorevich, Olgovich), was a noble; so called princes, later - large boyars. Personally free representatives of the middle classes enjoyed "semi-patronymics"(suffixes were added to their naming -ov, -ev, -in, for example, "Ivanov Petrov's son", i.e. his father's name was Peter). The lower strata of society did not have a patronymic at all, there were only first names. Also in Ancient Rus' there were no surnames. They appear only in the XV-XVI centuries, initially among the feudal lords.
To describe the main features of the life of Ancient Rus', let's start with the dwelling. In the Middle Ages, living quarters were small, consisting of one or more rooms (for the rich). In the houses, the main furniture was benches and benches, on which they sat and slept. The rich had wooden beds, carpets, tables, chairs. Household property was stored in chests or bags, which were thrust under the benches. IN dark time the premises were lit with a burning wooden chip - torch or clay oil lamps, candles.
We can only partially restore the appearance of ancient Russian residential buildings according to archeological data. The main type was hut. It was a wooden quadrangular log cabin, placed either directly on the ground, or on supports (stones, logs). The floor could be earthen or wooden, from smoothly hewn boards. There must have been an oven; actually the word hut and means "housing with a stove" (from istba, source, source). However, chimneys and chimneys were rare; all the smoke went into the hut. Light entered the houses through small windows cut into the walls. As a rule, they were "drag": a narrow oblong gap in the wall, which was closed ("clouded") with a board.
The poor lived in semi-dugouts. A rectangular hole was dug in the ground, the walls were reinforced with a wooden frame, which was covered with clay. Then, over) "a plank or log roof was built, sometimes raising it above the surface on a small log house. Since it is impossible to exist without heating in the Russian winter, semi-dugouts were also equipped with dome-shaped adobe stoves that were heated" in a black way. peasant houses together with the family under one roof, behind partitions, they could keep livestock.
The richer a person was, the more complex the structure was of his dwelling: a canopy and a cold cage, which served as a pantry, were attached to the hut (warm living quarters). For wealthy people, the log cabins-cages were combined into entire galleries, which were sometimes built on special support pillars to several floors. Such a residential complex was called mansions, and if at the same time it was decorated with rounded gable roofs, six- or octagonal log cabins, then it was called tower. Princes, boyars, heads of the city administration lived in the towers. Most of the buildings were wooden. Some churches and civil structures (terema) were built of stone, but the latter are extremely few in number. In addition, in the yard of wealthy people there were various outbuildings: cellars, baths, cowgirls, barns, pantries, etc.
The main dress was shirt-shirt from canvas, for the rich - from thin linen. It was fastened with wooden, bone or metal buttons and girded with a narrow leather belt or sash. Wide trousers were usually tucked into boots or wrapped in onuchi. The bulk of the population wore bast shoes or Porsche(leg twisted into whole piece soft skin and tied up), in winter - felt boots. In winter, they wore sheepskin coats, warm clothes made of coarse wool.
Know dressed richer. The aristocrat could be distinguished by the fact that he had Korzno- a raincoat made of expensive fabric. Outerwear was decorated with embroideries, furs, gold and precious stones. mantles(cut-out gate), pripole(clothing floors) and opiast(sleeves at the hands). The dress was sewn from expensive fabrics: aksamita(velvet), canvases(silks). On the feet of the princes and boyars were high boots made of colored morocco (red, blue, yellow colors were popular). Headdresses were round, soft, trimmed with fur. Winter coats were made from sable, beaver, and marten fur.
Food products were made mainly from cereals (rye, oats, millet, less often wheat) and vegetables. These were bread, various cereals, kissels, stews, decoctions, etc. Meats were eaten macho and more often pork than beef and lamb. On the other hand, river fish enjoyed wide popularity, which was explained both by its cheapness and by the large number of Orthodox fasts. They drank bread kvass, honey, fruit decoctions. The dishes were used mainly wooden, in rich houses - iron, copper, silver.
The life and customs of Ancient Rus' show us a medieval society that recently adopted Christianity, with gradually growing social differentiation.
