Dictionary of musical concepts. Glossary of musical terms

Accompaniment - musical accompaniment soloist (singer, instrumentalist, ensemble, dance, gymnastic exercises, etc.)
Chord(consonance) - the simultaneous sounding of three or more sounds, different in height, name.
Accent(accent) - emphasizing a sound, chord. A. has various graphic designations: >, V, ^, sf, etc. They are affixed in vocal (solo and choral) parts above the staff (in the absence of text); in instrumental works. A. can be affixed between musical lines or above each separately, depending on the expressiveness of the performer.
Alteration- raising or lowering a sound by a semitone or a tone using signs: # (sharp) raises by a semitone; b (flat) lowers a semitone; - (bekar) cancels sharp or flat, etc.
Ensemble(together). 1. Musical work for several performers: duet(two performers) trio or tercet(three), quartet(four), quintet(five), etc. 2. One artistic group. 3. Unity, consistency of choral performance.
Fingering- designation in the notes of the correct alternation of fingers for the convenience of playing musical instruments.
Arpeggio- successive performance in a chord of sounds one after another.
Volta- a graphic designation of the repetition of the previous musical passage, which is indicated as follows:

Gamma- scale - sequential sounding of the steps of the fret in ascending and descending movements. The most common G. are diatonic (from 7 steps) and chromatic (from 12 steps).
Harmonization- instrumental accompaniment of the melody, written in folk or other styles.
Harmony. 1. A consistent, regular combination of consonances in terms of mode and tonality. 2. Subject in music theory.
Range- the sound capabilities of a singing voice or any instrument, the volume between the highest and lowest sounds of the voice (instrument).
Dynamics(strength) - the use of amplification or weakening of the sound as an expressive means of performance. The main graphic symbols of D.: f (forte) - loud, p (piano) - soft, mf (mezzo forte) - moderately loud, mp (mezzo piano) - moderately quiet, crescendo (crescendo) - amplifying, diminuendo (diminuendo) - weakening, etc.
Duration- the property of sound that determines its length. The main designation for duration is a whole note, equal to two half notes, four quarter notes, eight eighth notes, etc.

Share- a unit of musical time (sound), divided into strong (percussion), weak (unstressed).
Dissonance- consonance, in which sounds do not combine, cause a feeling of coherence.
Genre- a concept that defines the content, character, direction of a musical work, for example, the genre of opera, symphony, vocal, chamber music. Genre usually refers to music closely related to everyday life (march, dance, etc.).
Zatakt- the beginning of a piece of music with a weak beat.

Sound musical- vibration of a sounding body, which has the main properties: height, duration, timbre, dynamics (strength).
Scale- the sequence of the main steps of the mode: do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.
Improvisation - creative activity directly during performance, i.e. inventing your own versions of songs, dances, marches, etc.
Interval- the distance between two sounds of different pitch, of which the lower one is called the base, the upper one is the top, for example prima(repetition of the same sound) second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, octave etc.
Intonation- melodic turn, the smallest musical construction, which has independent expressiveness.
Key - a sign that determines the pitch and name of the sound and is placed at the beginning of the musical notation. Most used:

violin bass

(salt- on the second line), (fa - on the fourth line).

Consonance- consonance, in which sounds merge and, as it were, complement each other.
Lad- ratio, the relationship of stable and unstable sounds.
Legato- related performance of several sounds.
league- a graphic image in the form of an arc (concave or convex), which indicates the associated performance of several sounds of different heights, an increase in the duration of one sound, the combination of sounds performed in a song into one syllable.

melismas- peculiar musical ornaments of one sound:

Major- modal sound, which most often conveys light, joyful mood music.
Melody- a monophonic sequence of sounds united by semantic content.
Meter- sequential alternation of strong and weak beats in a measure.
Minor- a modal sound that most often conveys the pensive, sad mood of the music.
Polyphony- a consonant combination of several independent melodic lines (voices).
Modulation- a logical, intonational transition to a different key.
motive- the smallest musical structure, usually contains one strong beat.
Musical literacy - basic knowledge in the field of music theory.
Note- graphic representation of sound.
stave (stave) - a graphic image of five horizontal parallel lines for recording notes.
Nuance- a shade that emphasizes the character of the sound of music.
Pause- a sign that breaks musical sound for a certain period of time and corresponding to the duration of the notes.

Semitone- the smallest distance between two sounds that are different in pitch.
The size- the number of strong and weak beats of a certain duration that form a beat; It is displayed as a fraction, in the denominator of which the duration of one beat is indicated, in the numerator - the number of such shares. It is set at the beginning of the work, on each staff separately, after the key signs, and the value is stored until the end of the work or until the old time signature is changed and a new one is established. For example: 2/4, *, 6/8, etc.
Register- determines the sound range of a musical instrument, a singing voice and differs in high, medium and low.
Rhythm- sequential alternation of sounds (of different heights and durations) that have a semantic and expressive meaning.
Syncope- displacement of sound stress from strong beat tact to the weak.
Staccato- a performance technique characterized by a short, abrupt sound.
Steps fret- sounds with the following designations:

Tact- a small segment of a piece of music enclosed between two strong beats (starts with a strong one and ends before a strong one) T. is divided on a musical line by a bar line ( vertical line).
Pace- speed of movement, alternation of metric units. The designations T are put down at the beginning of the work above the first musical line in Russian and Italian, for example: moderately - moderate (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), lingering - adagio (adagio).
Tone- the distance between two sounds, including two semitones.
Tonality is a specific pitch of sounds of a certain mode, characteristic of a particular work. T. has its own key signs and is determined by the position of the tonic at one or another degree of the scale.
Transposition(transposition) - the performance of a work (song, play) in a different key.
Triad- a chord in which three sounds are arranged in thirds (for example, do-mi-sol). T. can be major or minor and thus determine the mode.
Texture- a combination of various means of musical expression: melody, accompaniment, individual voices, echoes, theme, etc.
Fermata- graphic designation of additional extension, sound for greater expressiveness.

Musical form- in a broad sense, combines expressive means: melody, rhythm, harmony, structure. In a narrow sense, F. is the structure of a work, for example, two-part and three-part forms.
Chromatism- semitone pitch change using accidentals.

Vocal and choral art

A cappella- polyphonic, mostly choral penis without instrumental accompaniment.
Vocalization- singing, performing technique of singing to vowels.
vocal music- Designed for singing. There are three main types of singing: solo (one performer), ensemble (duets, trios, etc.), choral (collective performance, monophonic or polyphonic, with accompaniment or a cappella).
vocal art - Singing skills.
detonation- Wrong, inaccurate sound.
Range- the sound volume of the singing voice.
Diction- clear, intelligible, expressive pronunciation of words.
Chorus- the beginning of a solo or choral song.
Cantilena- melodious, smooth, manner of performance.
Chorus- part of the song (in couplet form), performed on the same text.

Dance

Bulba- a Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character, having a double meter.
Waltz- a ballroom dance of a smooth, moderately fast character, having a triple meter.
Gallop- ballroom dance, the pace is rapidly fast; two quarter size.
Hopak- Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous, based on big jumps; two quarter size.
Krakowiak– Polish folk dance, lively character; size two quarters; rhythm with characteristic syncopations.
Lyavonikha- Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character with underlined stomp at the end of each musical phrase; the pace is fast; two quarter size.
Mazurka- Polish folk dance with a characteristic sharp rhythm; triple size.
Minuet- an old French ballroom dance of a smooth, somewhat flirty character; three quarter size; the pace is accelerated.
Polka- Czech folk pair dance cheerful, light, mobile nature; double size; the pace is fast.
round dance- mass game, with singing and movements in a circle.

Elements of dance movements

Runner I. p .: feet in the main stance (heels together, toes apart). Push off with your left foot and make a small jump forward with your right foot (counting “times”), gently lowering yourself onto it; then move forward on an easy run: left foot (count "and"), right foot (count "two"). After that, start the same movements with the left leg (jump, run, etc.).
Lateral gallop- an element of dance, is learned into the account: "one and, two and." I. p .: main stand. The movements are light and springy. On “one” - a small step with a jump with the right foot to the side (from the toe, slightly bending the knees); on "and" - land on the left; on "two and" - repeat the movements.
Fractional step. I. p .: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. It is performed rhythmically, on the spot, on the entire foot with rapidly alternating stomps: right, left, right, etc.
Picker is an element of dance. I. p .: legs in the main stance. It is performed on the account of "one and, two and." On “time and” - a small jump on the left leg, at the same time take the right leg to the side, touching the toe of the floor, turn the slightly bent knee inward; on “two and” - make the second jump on the left leg, put the right on the heel, turn the knee outward.
pas de basque is an element of dance. I. p .: legs d main stance. It is performed at the expense of "and one, and two." On the “and” - a small jump, with a push of the left foot, move the right foot forward and to the right (low above the floor); on “time” - land on the right leg, bend the left, knee out; on “and” - step with the left foot, slightly bending the knee, raise the right one; on "two" - step with the right foot, slightly bending the knee, raise the left and slightly bend.
Russian variable pitch. I. p .: main stand. It is performed on the account of “one and two and” On “one” - step with the right foot forward from the toe; on "and" - a small step with the left foot on the toe (the heel is raised low); on "two and" - a small step with the right foot forward from the toe. Then the movements are performed from the left leg.
Russian round dance step. I. p .: feet in third position (heel right leg attached to the middle of the left foot). The movements are a smooth alternate step with each leg from the scythe.
Waltz step(gymnastic). I. p .: toe stand. It is performed on the account - “one two three”. On “time” - step with the right foot forward from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee (gently springing); on “two, three” - two small steps forward with the left, then with the right foot on the toes (legs are straight).
Waltz step(dance). I. p .: toe stand. It is performed, like the previous step, but on the run, rapidly.
Polka step. I. p .: legs in third position. Performed at the expense of “and one, and two” On “and” - a small sliding jump on the left leg forward, slightly lift the right one forward; on "one" - step right forward on the toe; on "and" - put the left foot behind the right (third position); on "two" - step with the right foot forward.
Drop step. I. p .: legs in the main stance. It is performed at the expense of "and one, and two." On "and" - raise the right leg to the side, to the right; on “one” - take a small step from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee, at the same time lift the left leg bent at the knee; on the “and” - straightening the legs, stand on the toe of the left leg (behind the right), take the right one to the side; on "two and" - repeat the movements.
Step with a tide. I. p .: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. Performed at the expense of "one, two." On "one" - a small step with a blow of the right foot on the floor, on "two" - the same step with the left foot.

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Accent- power selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, the accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-one. Low female voice (in the choir). 2. String bowed instrument, outwardly similar to a violin, but somewhat larger and lower in sound.
Alto Key- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that there is a note up to the first octave on this line. The notes for the bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, tercet or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). The orchestra is also one of the types of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a piece of music for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- performance of chord sounds not simultaneously, but sequentially one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed before the chord.
Baritone-one. Average male voice. For the baritone, for example, the parts of Ruslan in the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera Prince Igor by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Brass instrument, which is part of a brass band.
Bass-one. Low male voice. For the bass, for example, the parts of Susanin in the opera Ivan Susanin by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera Boris Godunov by M. Mussorgsky, Gremin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of a small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural- refusal - a sign that cancels the action of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) - a sign that lowers the sound by half a tone.
Variations- an instrumental work, which is based on the theme of a song, dance character. This is followed by a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
opening sounds- sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the 7th degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are small (if the seventh is small) and reduced (if the seventh is reduced).
Introductory tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a piece of music with a different ending. Designated by numbers1,2
Gamma- sounds of the mode, located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic Interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- Major with a reduced VI step.
harmonic minor- Minor with raised VII step.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Sequences of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main scale steps- the first step (tonic), the fifth step (dominant) and the fourth step (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: tonic triad - on the 1st step, dominant triad - on the 5th step and subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma) melodic figure of four notes. Performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the time signature.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through an octave). Decima is called big if it consists of eight tones. Decima is called small if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is denoted b. 10, small-m. ten.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest notes of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a gamma in which not a single step is repeated in a form modified by means of alteration.
diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main steps of diatonic modes (pure, large, small and tritones).
Diatonic modes- frets without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in steps (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, mi - fa, do - peb.
diatonic tone- tone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, do - re, fa - sol.
Sharp (#) - a sign that raises the sound by half a tone.
dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in the volume of sound during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- leader of the orchestra, choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- the fifth degree of the fret.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the 5th degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- the seventh chord, built on the fifth degree of the fret, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural minor VI in an elevated step, which is called the Dorian sixth.
double flat (bb-double flat) - a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
double sharp (X- double sharp) - a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-one. Ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3attact- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual frets, instruments, any musical works or their fragments.
Accidentals- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five accidental signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Note abbreviation signs- signs by means of which musical writing is simplified. Most often found: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody sequentially in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds, taken sequentially or simultaneously. The lower sound of an interval is called its base, the upper sound is its top.
Cadence- the conclusion of musical thought.
Cadence full perfect- the end of the construction on the tonic prime in the melody.
Cadence full imperfect- the end of the construction on the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Cadence half- a stop in the middle of building on an unstable sound of a mode, most often on one of the sounds of a dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tone) value of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in the interval.
Quart- an interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clean quart is indicated by part 4.
Quartdecima- an interval that contains fourteen steps (septim through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-one. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextachcord- the second inversion of the triad, with a fifth tone below, is indicated by 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A pure fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (an octave through an octave). Quintdecima is denoted by -15.
fifth circle- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in pure fifths.
Kvintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextachord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a tertian tone below, denoted by 5/6
Clavier- Arrangement of an opera or symphony score for piano performance (or for piano singing).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of any sound on the staff and, depending on it and all other sounds.
Key signs- accidental signs displayed next to the key.
coda- the final part of a piece of music (completing it as a whole).
Quantitative (or stepped) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure quart.
Consonances imperfect- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: a major and minor third, a major and minor sixth.
Concert- a large work for any solo instrument with orchestra accompaniment.
Lad- the organization of musical sounds around a reference sound, which is called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- the transition of unstable sounds of the interval into the nearest stable sounds of the mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural major IV by an elevated step, which is called the Lydian quart.
major scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor thirds or a major third and a pure fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. It consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh, or two minor thirds and a major third.
melismas- melodic figures decorating individual sounds of a melody.
melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps rise.
Melody- a musical idea expressed in one voice, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- device for exact definition pace.
mezzo soprano- low female voice. For mezzo-soprano, the parts of Carmen in the opera Carmen by G. Bizet, Marfa in the opera Khovanshchina by M. Mussorgsky and others were written.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. It differs from the natural major VII by a lower step, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a minor triad.
minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and a major third or a minor third and a pure fifth.
Modulation- transition from one tone to another.
Mordent (melisma)- melodic figure of three notes. Performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is set, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
natural major- major, in which the steps are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale: tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
natural minor- minor, in which the steps are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random accidentals.
Unstable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). Nona is called big if it consists of seven tones. Nona is called small if it consists of six and a half tones. The big nona is denoted b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign with which the pitch and duration of a sound are recorded.
Music staff - five horizontal parallel lines on which notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see musical staff.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
overtones overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones when sounding form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the main tone): a pure octave, a pure fifth, a pure quart, a major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( large) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Interval inversion- moving the bottom sound of the interval up an octave or the top sound an octave down. As a result, another interval is obtained, which, in total with the original one, makes up an octave.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the lower sound is a third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Triad inversion- a type of triad in which the lower sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonic (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-one. An interval that contains six tones. A pure octave is indicated by h. 8. 2. A group of sounds from before until each next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other arts (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a piece of music for choir, orchestra and singer-soloists (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in terms of body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized for the joint performance of music.
Basic divisions of the duration of sounds- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to two of the next shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter note is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from division into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel Keys- major and minor keys, which have the same key signs. Parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major.
Score- a musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for an orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate musical line is assigned for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. Voice in the score, performed by one of the members of the ensemble (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII steps in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
Variable fret A mode that has two tonics. Most often, the tonics of an alternating mode are the triads of a major and a minor parallel to it, or vice versa. There are also other types of variable mode.
Variable sizes- the dimensions in which the number of parts changes throughout the whole work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-one. polyphonic music with independent value every voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a piece of music. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, indicated by part 1.
Simple intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
simple dimensions- two- and three-part sizes, having two or three parts with one accent (2/4.3/4.3/8)

five step fret- see pentatonic.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of the sounds, united by some feature, mainly timbre. In each voice or instrument, three registers are conditionally distinguished: high, medium and low.
reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a piece of music. 2. Restatement of topics with some modification.
Recitative- a musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if speaking in a singsong voice.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of duration of sounds in a piece of music.
Related keys- tones that have largest number general sounds. Related keys include: parallel key, dominant key and its parallel, subdominant key and its parallel, as well as the key of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the key of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic character.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme, repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme other topics (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic revolution from different degrees of the mode or for a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called big if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth is m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a third tone below, is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet- a musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a major second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is denoted by 6.2, the minor second by m.2.
Second chord- the third reversal of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord-chord, of four sounds that are located or can be arranged in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A septima is called large if it consists of five and a half tones. A seventh is called a minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is denoted by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several parts (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the bar accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often a lively, playful character. A scherzo can be a piece of music on its own or part of another major piece.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the note G of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- sizes formed from the merger of two or more identical simple sizes.
Random accidentals Accidentals are placed directly before the note.
mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part of it) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that contribute to the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work, consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form, called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which there is a further development of the topics outlined in the exposition; 3) reprise, that is, a re-exposition of the main topics with some changes.
Sonatina- a sonata of small size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The parts of Tatiana in the opera Eugene Onegin and Lisa in the opera The Queen of Spades by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the soprano.
Compound intervals- intervals wider than an octave, Staccato - jerky performance of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below notes.
step- the ordinal designation of the sounds of the fret. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- the fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, diverse in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one strong beat to the next.
bar line- a vertical line separating bars from each other. The barline is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the nature of the sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered scale- a system in which each octava is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
T e n o r- high male voice. For the tenor, the parts of Lensky in the opera "Eugene Onegin", Herman in the opera "The Queen of Spades" by P. Tchaikovsky were written.
tenor clef- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that this line contains a note up to the first octave. Notes for cello, bassoon, trombone are written in the tenor clef.
tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV, the steps form the first or lower tetrachord, and the V, VI, VII, VIII steps form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sixth through an octave). A terdecima is called large if it consists of ten and a half tones. A terdecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. Large terdecima is indicated b.13, small terdecima - m. 13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third- an interval that contains three steps. A third is called a major if it consists of two tones. A third is called a minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is denoted b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Terzkvartakkord - the second inversion of the seventh chord with a fifth tone below, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tone is different key signs alterations that determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the first degree of the mode.
Transposition The transfer of a musical work or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, fast alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- fast repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triol- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritons include an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- triad, which consists of two large thirds, extreme sounds form an increased fifth. Occurs in the harmonic minor at the III degree and in the harmonic major at the VI degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of ​​the whole work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a program nature, for example, the overture "1812", "Romeo and Juliet" by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished introductory seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the 7th degree of a harmonic major or a harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- triad, which consists of two small thirds, extreme sounds form a diminished fifth. It occurs in natural major at the 7th degree and in harmonic major or minor at the 2nd and 7th degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a quart through an octave). Undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they enter into a tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. The main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or a pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a piece of music.
piano- the general name of the instruments, the sound of which is extracted by hitting the hammers on the string when pressing the key.
The grace note is long- melisma, which consists of one sound, performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
Grace note short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds performed before the main sound.
Phrasing- a distinct selection of musical phrases in the performance of musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
steps in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. four.
Characteristic harmonic minor intervals- increased and decreased intervals resulting from the increase in VII
steps in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. four.
choir-one. Large group of singers. There are children's, women's, men's and mixed choirs. 2. Musical work for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as accidentals.
Chromatic scale- gamma, consisting of semitones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, before # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- the tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely perceptible pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- a six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonic equal sounds- sounds the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonic equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones contained in them, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, domi b=do - re # , do - fa # \u003d before - salt b) .
Enharmonic equal keys- keys are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the keys of up to seven characters found in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C to b major, F # major = G to b major, C # major = D to B major) and three cases in minor (G # minor=A b minor, D minor=mi b minor, A# minor=b minor).

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Accent- power selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, the accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-one. Low female voice (in the choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, outwardly similar to a violin, but somewhat larger and lower in sound.
Alto Key- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that there is a note up to the first octave on this line. The notes for the bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, tercet or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). The orchestra is also one of the types of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a piece of music for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- performance of chord sounds not simultaneously, but sequentially one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed before the chord.
Baritone-one. Medium male voice. For the baritone, for example, the parts of Ruslan in the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera Prince Igor by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Brass instrument, which is part of a brass band.
Bass-one. Low male voice. For the bass, for example, the parts of Susanin in the opera Ivan Susanin by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera Boris Godunov by M. Mussorgsky, Gremin in the opera Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of a small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural- refusal - a sign that cancels the action of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) - a sign that lowers the sound by half a tone.
Variations- an instrumental work, which is based on the theme of a song, dance character. This is followed by a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
opening sounds- sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the 7th degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are small (if the seventh is small) and reduced (if the seventh is reduced).
Introductory tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a piece of music with a different ending. Designated by numbers1,2
Gamma- sounds of the mode, located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic Interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- Major with a reduced VI step.
harmonic minor- Minor with raised VII step.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Sequences of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main scale steps- the first step (tonic), the fifth step (dominant) and the fourth step (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: tonic triad - on the 1st step, dominant triad - on the 5th step and subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma) melodic figure of four notes. Performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the time signature.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through an octave). Decima is called big if it consists of eight tones. Decima is called small if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is denoted b. 10, small-m. ten.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest notes of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a gamma in which not a single step is repeated in a form modified by means of alteration.
diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main steps of diatonic modes (pure, large, small and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in steps (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, mi - fa, do - peb.
diatonic tone- tone formed by adjacent sounds of various names, for example, do - re, fa - sol.
Sharp (#) - a sign that raises the sound by half a tone.
dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in the volume of sound during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- leader of the orchestra, choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- the fifth degree of the fret.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the 5th degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- the seventh chord, built on the fifth degree of the fret, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural minor VI in an elevated step, which is called the Dorian sixth.
double flat (bb-double flat) - a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
double sharp (X- double sharp) - a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-one. Ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3attact- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual frets, instruments, any musical works or their fragments.
Accidentals- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five accidental signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Note abbreviation signs- signs by means of which musical writing is simplified. Most often found: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody sequentially in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds, taken sequentially or simultaneously. The lower sound of an interval is called its base, the upper sound is its top.
Cadence- the conclusion of musical thought.
Cadence full perfect- the end of the construction on the tonic prime in the melody.
Cadence full imperfect- the end of the construction on the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Cadence half- a stop in the middle of building on an unstable sound of a mode, most often on one of the sounds of a dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tone) value of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in the interval.
Quart- an interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clean quart is indicated by part 4.
Quartdecima- an interval that contains fourteen steps (septim through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-one. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextachcord- the second inversion of the triad, with a fifth tone below, is indicated by 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A pure fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (an octave through an octave). Quintdecima is denoted by -15.
fifth circle- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in pure fifths.
Kvintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextachord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a tertian tone below, denoted by 5/6
Clavier- Arrangement of an opera or symphony score for piano performance (or for piano singing).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of any sound on the staff and, depending on it and all other sounds.
Key signs- accidental signs displayed next to the key.
coda- the final part of a piece of music (completing it as a whole).
Quantitative (or stepped) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure quart.
Consonances imperfect- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: a major and minor third, a major and minor sixth.
Concert- a large work for any solo instrument with orchestra accompaniment.
Lad- the organization of musical sounds around a reference sound, which is called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- the transition of unstable sounds of the interval into the nearest stable sounds of the mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from natural major IV by an elevated step, which is called the Lydian quart.
major scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor thirds or a major third and a pure fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. It consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh, or two minor thirds and a major third.
melismas- melodic figures decorating individual sounds of a melody.
melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps rise.
Melody- a musical idea expressed in one voice, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining the pace.
mezzo soprano- low female voice. For mezzo-soprano, the parts of Carmen in the opera Carmen by G. Bizet, Marfa in the opera Khovanshchina by M. Mussorgsky and others were written.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. It differs from the natural major VII by a lower step, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds, taken together, form a minor triad.
minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and a major third or a minor third and a pure fifth.
Modulation- transition from one tone to another.
Mordent (melisma)- melodic figure of three notes. Performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is set, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
natural major- major, in which the steps are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale: tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
natural minor- minor, in which the steps are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random accidentals.
Unstable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). Nona is called big if it consists of seven tones. Nona is called small if it consists of six and a half tones. The big nona is denoted b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign with which the pitch and duration of a sound are recorded.
Music staff - five horizontal parallel lines on which notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see musical staff.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
overtones overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones when sounding form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the main tone): a pure octave, a pure fifth, a pure quart, a major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( large) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Interval inversion- moving the bottom sound of the interval up an octave or the top sound an octave down. As a result, another interval is obtained, which, in total with the original one, makes up an octave.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the lower sound is a third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Triad inversion- a type of triad in which the lower sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonic (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-one. An interval that contains six tones. A pure octave is indicated by h. 8. 2. A group of sounds from before until each next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other arts (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a piece of music for choir, orchestra and singer-soloists (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in terms of body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized for the joint performance of music.
Basic divisions of the duration of sounds- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to two of the next shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter note is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from division into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel Keys- major and minor keys, which have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- a musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for an orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate musical line is assigned for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. Voice in the score, performed by one of the members of the ensemble (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII steps in natural major and without II and VI steps in natural minor).
Variable fret A mode that has two tonics. Most often, the tonics of an alternating mode are the triads of a major and a minor parallel to it, or vice versa. There are also other types of variable mode.
Variable sizes- the dimensions in which the number of parts changes throughout the whole work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-one. Polyphonic music with independent meaning of each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a piece of music. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, indicated by part 1.
Simple intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
simple dimensions- two- and three-part sizes, having two or three parts with one accent (2/4.3/4.3/8)

five step fret- see pentatonic.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of the sounds, united by some feature, mainly timbre. In each voice or instrument, three registers are conditionally distinguished: high, medium and low.
reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a piece of music. 2. Restatement of topics with some modification.
Recitative- a musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if speaking in a singsong voice.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of duration of sounds in a piece of music.
Related keys- keys that have the largest number of common sounds. Related keys include: parallel key, dominant key and its parallel, subdominant key and its parallel, as well as the key of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the key of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic character.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme, repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic revolution from different degrees of the mode or for a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called big if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth is m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a third tone below, is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet- a musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a major second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is denoted by 6.2, the minor second by m.2.
Second chord- the third reversal of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord-chord, of four sounds that are located or can be arranged in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A septima is called large if it consists of five and a half tones. A seventh is called a minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is denoted by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several parts (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the bar accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often a lively, playful character. A scherzo can be a piece of music on its own or part of another major piece.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the note G of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- sizes formed from the merger of two or more identical simple sizes.
Random accidentals Accidentals are placed directly before the note.
mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part of it) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that contribute to the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work, consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form, called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which there is a further development of the topics outlined in the exposition; 3) reprise, that is, a re-exposition of the main topics with some changes.
Sonatina- a sonata of small size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The parts of Tatiana in the opera Eugene Onegin and Lisa in the opera The Queen of Spades by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the soprano.
Compound intervals- intervals wider than an octave, Staccato - jerky performance of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below notes.
step- the ordinal designation of the sounds of the fret. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- the fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, diverse in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one strong beat to the next.
bar line- a vertical line separating bars from each other. The barline is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the nature of the sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered scale- a system in which each octava is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
T e n o r- high male voice. For the tenor, the parts of Lensky in the opera "Eugene Onegin", Herman in the opera "The Queen of Spades" by P. Tchaikovsky were written.
tenor clef- one of the types of keys to. It is placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that this line contains a note up to the first octave. Notes for cello, bassoon, trombone are written in the tenor clef.
tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV, the steps form the first or lower tetrachord, and the V, VI, VII, VIII steps form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sixth through an octave). A terdecima is called large if it consists of ten and a half tones. A terdecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. Large terdecima is indicated b.13, small terdecima - m. 13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third- an interval that contains three steps. A third is called a major if it consists of two tones. A third is called a minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is denoted b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Terzkvartakkord - the second inversion of the seventh chord with a fifth tone below, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key accidentals, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the first degree of the mode.
Transposition The transfer of a musical work or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, fast alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- fast repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triol- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritons include an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- triad, which consists of two large thirds, extreme sounds form an increased fifth. Occurs in the harmonic minor at the III degree and in the harmonic major at the VI degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of ​​the whole work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a program nature, for example, the overture "1812", "Romeo and Juliet" by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished introductory seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the 7th degree of a harmonic major or a harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- triad, which consists of two small thirds, extreme sounds form a diminished fifth. It occurs in natural major at the 7th degree and in harmonic major or minor at the 2nd and 7th degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a quart through an octave). Undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in tune- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they enter into a tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. The main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or a pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a piece of music.
piano- the general name of the instruments, the sound of which is extracted by hitting the hammers on the string when pressing the key.
The grace note is long- melisma, which consists of one sound, performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
Grace note short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds performed before the main sound.
Phrasing- a distinct selection of musical phrases in the performance of musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
steps in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. four.
Characteristic harmonic minor intervals- increased and decreased intervals resulting from the increase in VII
steps in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is the mind. 7, SW. 5 and its appeal is the mind. four.
choir-one. Large group of singers. There are children's, women's, men's and mixed choirs. 2. Musical work for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as accidentals.
Chromatic scale- gamma, consisting of semitones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, before # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- the tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely perceptible pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- a six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonic equal sounds- sounds the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonic equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones contained in them, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, domi b=do - re # , do - fa # \u003d before - salt b) .
Enharmonic equal keys- keys are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the keys of up to seven characters found in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C to b major, F # major = G to b major, C # major = D to B major) and three cases in minor (G # minor=A b minor, D minor=mi b minor, A# minor=b minor).

A CAPELLA (Italian a cappella) - choral singing without instrumental accompaniment. Written in A cappella style a large number of samples of vocal polyphonic music (for professional choir, cappella). Choral singing without accompaniment is widespread in folk art.

ADAGIO (Italian adagio - slowly) - 1) Slow tempo. 2) In classical dance - a slow part (usually of a lyrical nature).

ACCOMPANIMENT (French accompagnement, from accompagner to accompany) - a) harmonic and rhythmic accompaniment of the main melodic voice; b) accompaniment by one or more instruments, as well as by an orchestra of a solo part (singer, instrumentalist, choir, etc.).

ACCORD (from late Latin accordo - I agree) - 1) A combination of several sounds of different heights, perceived by the ear as a sound unity. The structure of the Accord is determined by modal-harmonic patterns. A chord of three different sounds is a triad. The chord is the basic element of harmony. 2) String chord - a set of strings for a given instrument.

ACT (from Latin actus - action) or action - a completed part of a theatrical play (drama, opera, ballet, etc.), separated from another of the same part by a break (intermission). The number of Acts is from 2 to 5 (there are also one-act plays). Often the Act is divided into paintings. In the theatre, sometimes one act follows another without intermission (like a painting).

ACCENT (from Latin accentus - stress) - highlighting, emphasizing a sound or chord, mainly by strengthening it, as well as by its rhythmic lengthening, changing harmony, timbre, direction of melodic movement, etc.

ALLEGRO (Italian allegro - cheerful, lively) - 1) The fast pace and the lively (originally - cheerful) character of the performance associated with it. 2) Sonata Allegro - see Sonata form. 3) In the classical dance - the fast part or the expanded mass final dance of the act.

ARRANGEMENT (from French arranger, literally - to put in order, arrange) - an arrangement (adaptation) of a musical work written for another instrument (voice) or composition of instruments (voices) for performance on another instrument or other composition (expanded, reduced).

ARIETTA (Italian arietta, diminutive of aria) is a small aria, usually distinguished by its simplicity of presentation and the songlike nature of the melody (typical of the French comic opera).

ARIOSO (Italian arioso, from aria) - 1) A small aria of free construction with a melody of a melodious-declamatory nature. Often Arioso is part of a scene of a recitative nature. 2) Melodious, like an aria (about the nature of the performance).

ARIA (Italian aria, the main meaning is air) is a completed episode (number) in an opera, oratorio or cantata, performed by one singer with orchestra accompaniment. In the dramatic development of the opera, the Aria occupies a place corresponding to a monologue in the drama, but is used much more often. Usually, each of the main characters of the opera (partially and from the secondary ones) has one or more arias. As a rule, the Aria is characterized by a wide chant. It is often preceded by a recitative. Varieties of Arias - arietta, arioso, cavatina, etc. There are Arias and as independent concert pieces (in the nature of an opera Aria). Aria is also called some instrumental works of a melodious nature.

ARS NOVA (lat. Ars nova - New Art) is a progressive direction in the musical creativity of the early Renaissance (14th century). Its main centers are Paris and Florence. It got its name from the treatise “Ars nova” (20s of the XIV century), the author of which is considered to be the music theorist and composer Philippe de Vitry. The largest representative of Ars Nova in French music is Guillaume de Macho, in Italian music - F. Landino. Ars Nova is characterized by: an appeal to secular vocal and instrumental chamber genres, rapprochement with everyday song lyrics, and the widespread use of musical instruments. Musical themes and melodies acquired greater relief. The characteristic genres of Ars Nova are motet, ballad (in France), ballad and madrigal in their early forms(in Italy).

BALLET (French ballett, from Latin ballo - I dance) - a type of synthetic art; a work of art, the content of which is embodied in stage musical and choreographic images. Ballet combines in a single theatrical action, on the basis of a common dramatic plan (script), music (symphonic, as an exception - and vocal), dance, pantomime (facial expressions and plastic gestures), as well as fine arts (scenery, costumes, etc.). ). Music in the Ballet not only accompanies the dance and pantomime, but expresses the dramatic content. Dances in ballet are usually distinguished into classical and characteristic (the latter are close to folk dances). The main system of expressive means of Ballet is classical dance.

BALLAD (French ballade, from Latin ballo - I dance) - originally (in the Middle Ages) in the countries of the Romance language, a folk dance song, later among Western European peoples also a narrative song. The ballad genre was revived and flourished in professional music during the era of romanticism.

BARD (French barde, from Celtic bard) is a wandering poet and singer among the Celts, who lived mainly in what is now Ireland and Scotland.

BOLERO (Spanish bolero) is a Spanish pair dance, the pace is moderately fast, the size is triple. It is performed to the sounds of a guitar, sometimes accompanied by singing.

BLUES (English blues, from blue devils - melancholy, despondency, melancholy, sadness) is a solo song genre of African-American music, formed in the early twentieth century. (samples published since 1912). Possessing his own range of expressive means (the so-called blues form, harmony, mode, intonation, etc.) and plot motifs, he most clearly expressed the spirit and worldview of the US blacks. Having played the most significant role in the formation of jazz at the beginning of the 20th century, it further developed in line with its traditions (including in the form of an instrumental, mainly piano, genre of music). Among the leading performers are B. Smith, E. Fitzgerald. In the 50s - 60s. influenced (also in the form of rhythm and blues) the emergence and development of American and especially British rock music.

Waltz (French valse, through German Walzer, from walzen, here - whirl) - ballroom dance, consisting in a smooth progressive movement in pairs. Musical size 3/4. The pace is usually fast or moderately fast. Appeared in the 2nd half of the XVIII century. in urban life, gradually developing from the folk dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. The Viennese Waltz gained particular popularity. The waltz also became widespread in piano, orchestral, etc. plays, part of a major work and as the basis of a romance, an aria.

VARIATION - 1) Modification of the musical theme, melody or its accompaniment. 2) In ballet, a small solo classical dance, usually technically advanced, performed at a lively, fast pace.

VIENNA CLASSICAL SCHOOL - a direction in music that developed in Vienna in the 2nd half of the 18th century. Its founders are J. Haydn and W. Mozart, whose work is ideologically connected with the advanced ideas of the Enlightenment of the 18th century. H. Gluck, who began his operatic reform in Vienna, adjoins the Vienna Classical School. The last and turning point in the school is the work of L. Beethoven. In the art of the Vienna Classical School, the genres of the classical symphony, sonata, concerto, quartet, etc., the classical sonata and variation forms are finally crystallized, a new type of opera and symphony orchestra is being defined, and a reform of opera genres is being carried out. The Vienna Classical School constituted an era in the history of music.

VIRTUOSIS (Italian virtuoso, from Latin virtus - valor, talent) is a performing musician who is fluent in the technique of his art.

VAUDEVILLE - a light comedy with verses and songs, usually on a domestic plot. Originated in France, actively developed in Russia. Vaudeville of the beginning of the 19th century attracted with its unpretentious joke, cheerful, perky and well-aimed couplet. Relying on the intonations of urban romance, folk songs and popular dances (polka, waltz) gave vaudeville a national, democratic character, and elements of satire received a distinct modern address. The most prominent composers of Russia of that time (A. Alyabyev, A. Verstovsky) act as authors of music for vaudeville.

VOCAL ART is a type of musical performance based on mastery singing voice. Vocal performance can be solo (single), ensemble (group) and choral (mass). VOCAL ART is widely used in concert practice and in the theater (opera, operetta, etc.).

VOCAL MUSIC - music intended for singing (with or without accompaniment on musical instruments).

GALLOP (French galop, from the Gothic hlaupan - to run) is a ballroom dance performed in a rapidly fast jerky movement. The musical size is two-part 2/4. Appeared in French around 1825, became widespread throughout Europe in the 19th century. Used in operas, operettas and ballets.

HARMONY (Greek - connection, harmony, proportion) - the area of ​​expressive means of music, based on the regular combination of tones into consonances and on the connection of consonances in their sequential movement. Harmony embraces not only intratonal relationships, but also the relationships of the keys themselves. The main type of consonance is the chord. There are different types of chords - consonant and dissonant. Harmony is based on modal-functional relations. Depending on the location in the fret, the chord has one or another functional meaning. Harmony arises in the process of movement of voices in polyphonic music of any warehouse - homophony, polyphony. In homophonic music, the melody is accompanied by harmonic accompaniment (other voices). Every melody potentially contains Harmony. This is the basis of Harmonization. The origins of Harmony are in folk music. In the course of the development of musical art, harmony changes, enriched with new means and techniques. Harmony is based on objective laws, determined by acoustic, physiological and psychological prerequisites. The Doctrine of Harmony is one of the most important, widely developed sections of music theory.

URBAN SONG arose in the 18th century. based on the old folk song, uses music. features of an old song, but is simpler in structure, has chordal harmonic accompaniment and is connected with urban life in terms of themes.

DIES IRE (lat. Dies irae - day of wrath) - a medieval Catholic chant (sequence), one of the sections of the requiem. The tune of Dies Ira, which has a gloomy, sinister character, has been used by many composers.

CONDUCTING - the art of managing a collective performance of a piece of music (orchestra, choir, etc.). The art of conducting is based on a specially developed system of gestures and facial expressions, through which the conductor directs the performance of a musical group.

DISSONANCE (French dissonance, from Latin dissono - I sound out of tune) - consonance, causing a feeling of inconsistency and increased ear irritation.

SPIRITUAL MUSIC - music of religious content, performed in the temple, church or at home.

GENRE (French genre) - a kind of musical work. In a broad sense, this term is applied to various branches of music: opera genre, symphonic genre, etc. A narrower understanding of this term, applied to varieties of the main industries, is more correct. Opera genres - comic opera, grand opera, lyric opera, etc.; Genres of symphonic music - symphony, overture, suite, poem, etc.; Genres of chamber music - romance, sonata, quartet, etc. The concept of Genre also defines a particular nature of creativity and the manner of performance associated with it, for example, salon Genre, light Genre (hence - genre songs).

JIG (English jig). – 1) Common name for a medieval stringed bowed musical instrument. 2) English. an old folk dance of Celtic origin (Ireland, Scotland). Gigue - pair dance (for sailors - solo). By the XVII - XVIII centuries. Gigue becomes a salon dance. In the future, it is mainly preserved as a folk dance. As a musical form, Gigue acquires stable features in the instrumental suite of the 17th-18th centuries, usually in the musical time signature 6/8, 9/8 or 12/8.

SINGER - 1) The beginning of a choral song performed by one or more singers (singers), after which the whole choir picks up the song. In some cases - the first phrase or half of the song melody. In folk songs, the chorus often varies in the process of the verse repetition of the melody. 2) The beginning of the epic, usually not associated with its main content.

ZATAKT - an incomplete measure (a weak part of the measure), from which a piece of music or a separate musical phrase, melody often begins. The upbeat forms an inseparable whole with the strong part of the next measure.

SOUND - propagating in elastic media (gases, liquids and solids) mechanical vibrations perceived by the ear. A string, metal, stretched skin, a column of air, etc. can serve as a source of Sound. The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations with frequencies ranging from about 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second. The higher the frequency, the higher the sound. A sound that has a certain pitch (as opposed to noise) and is part of a regularly organized musical system is called a musical Sound. Sound consists of partial tones, on which the timbre depends. Each Sound has a certain loudness (strength).

SINGSHPIEL (German Singspiel, from singen - to sing and Spiel - play) is a German comic opera in which singing and dancing alternate with conversational dialogues. It developed as a national German genre of musical and theatrical art. The Singspiel was usually based on a play of everyday content, often with elements of fabulousness.

Znamenny chant - a system of ancient Orthodox cult chants. The name comes from the ancient Slavic "banner" - a singing sign. Banners (or hooks) were used to record tunes. Znamenny Chant has various options associated with forms of church service. The text could be sung with various melodic devices, which provided a significant creative initiative for church choirs.

IMITATION (from Latin imitatio imitation) - 1) Imitation of someone or something, reproduction; fake. 2) In polyphonic music, the exact or modified repetition in one voice of a melody that had previously sounded in another voice. Many polyphonic forms are based on imitation, including the canon and fugue.

INVENTION - (from Latin invetio - invention, fiction) - a small 2- or 3-voice instrumental piece written in an imitation style. Often close in structure to a fugue or fughetta. They are found in the work of J.S. Bach, who wrote the Inventions for his students as preparatory exercises for mastering the technique of performing fugues on the clavier.

INTERLUDE (from Latin inter - between and ludus - game) - a small intermediate episode between two more important parts of a musical work, most often between separate variations.

INTERMEDIA (from Latin intermedius, located in the middle) - 1) A small, mostly comedic play, performed between the actions of a dramatic performance (often includes musical and ballet numbers), musical drama or opera. 2) A musical episode between the performances of the theme in the fugue.

INTONATION (from Latin intono - I pronounce it loudly) - in a broad sense: the embodiment of an artistic image in musical sounds. In a narrow sense: 1) melodic turn, the smallest part of a melody that has an expressive meaning. 2) reproduction of a musical sound or interval in one of its pitch intervals or when a melody is performed in a singing voice or on instruments with a non-fixed sound frequency. 3) accuracy, evenness of the sound of each tone of the scale of a musical instrument in relation to pitch, timbre and volume.

INTRODUCTION (from Latin introductio - introduction) - 1) A small introduction, an introduction, usually at a slow pace, sometimes preceding the presentation of the main part in large-scale instrumental works. 2) Type of opera overture. 3) Vocal ensemble or choral stage at the beginning of the opera.

CAVATINA (Italian cavatina, from cavare, lit. - to extract) is a small opera aria, usually of a lyric-narrative nature, distinguished by its relative simplicity of form and song structure. A small instrumental piece with a melodic melody is also sometimes called a cavatina.

CADENCE (Italian cadenza, from Latin cado - I fall, I end) - 1) Cadence, a harmonic or melodic turnover that completes a piece of music, its part or a separate construction. 2) Free improvisation of a virtuoso nature, performed solo and included in a major piece of music, mainly an instrumental concerto.

CACOPHONIA (from Greek - a bad sound) - a chaotic, chaotic pile of sounds.

CANON (Greek - norm, rule) - a musical form based on strict, continuous imitation - the consistent performance of the same melody in all voices of a polyphonic work. The voices participating in the Canon repeat the melody of the leading voice, entering before this melody ends in the previous one.

CANTATA (Italian cantata, from cantare - to sing) is a work of a solemn or lyric-epic warehouse, consisting of several completed numbers and performed by solo singers, as well as by a choir accompanied by an orchestra.

KANTUS FIRMUS (lat. cantus firmus, literally - a strong, unchanging melody) - the leading melody of a polyphonic work, performed repeatedly in an unchanged form.

CAPELLA (late Latin capella) - 1) Catholic or Anglican chapel: a small separate building or room in the temple (in the side nave, bypassing the choir) for prayers of one family, storage of relics, etc .; 2) chorus of singers (from the name of the chapel or church aisle where the choir sang); a group of instrumental performers. Since the 18th century also mixed ensemble of singers and performers on musical instruments.

KAPELMEISTER (German Kapellmeister) - 1) In the XVI-XVIII centuries. - leader of a choir, vocal or instrumental choir. 2) In the XIX century. conductor of theatrical, military, symphony orchestras. 3) modern. K. - the head of the military band.

QUARTET from lat. quartus fourth) - a musical ensemble of 4 performers, as well as a piece of music for this ensemble.

QUINTET (from Latin quintus fifth) - a musical ensemble of 5 performers, as well as musical works for this ensemble.

CLASSICS (from lat. classicus - exemplary) - exemplary, classical works, the golden fund of world musical culture. Classical music (classical music) includes the works of outstanding composers, mainly of the past (the best examples of musical heritage), but also of modern times.

CODA (Italian coda, lit. tail) is an additional final section of a piece of music, fixing the main key and summarizing the previous musical development.

COMPOSITION (from Latin compositio - composition) - 1) The structure of a musical work, a musical form. 2) A piece of music, in a certain sense, is a product of creativity.

CONSONANCE (French consonance, from Latin consono according to sound) is a harmonious, coordinated combination of sounds at the same time. The opposite concept is dissonance.

COUNTERPOINT (lat. punctum contra punctum - lit.: dot against dot) - a polyphonic combination of 2 or more independent melodic voices that form a single artistic whole.

COUPLET (French couplet) - a section (part) of a song, consisting of one passage of the entire melody and one stanza of poetic text. During the performance of the subsequent stanzas of the couplet song, the melody is repeated exactly or with variational changes. A verse often begins with a chorus and ends with a chorus.

LAD - a system of interrelations of musical sounds, determined by the dependence of unstable sounds on stable reference ones). Fret organization is one of the most important foundations of musical art. According to the modal patterns, a melody is built, sounds are combined in harmony, voices are coordinated in polyphony, tonal relationships are formed between sections of the musical form.

LEITMOTIV (from German Leitmotiv, lit. - leading motive) - a bright, figurative melodic turn, sometimes a whole theme), used in music to characterize a person, idea, phenomenon, experience and repeated many times in a work in the course of plot development.

LENDLER (German: Landler, from Landl - an area in western Austria) is a peasant paired circular dance in Germany and Austria. Musical time signature 3/4 and 3/8. Until the 19th century danced in slow motion. One of the dances from which the waltz originated.

LIBRETTO (Italian libretto, literally - a little book) - 1) The verbal text of a vocal musical and dramatic work, mainly a stage one. 2) Literary script for ballet, pantomime. 3) Summary the plot of an opera, ballet, drama, film, published as a separate booklet or placed in a theater program.

CHANT - a vocal melody performed by the singer.

MAJOR (from lat. major - larger) - a mode, the stable sounds of which (1, 3, 5, steps) form a large (major) triad. The dominant importance of the major triad in music is explained not only by its consonance, but also by the greatest correspondence to the acoustic nature of the sound.

MAZURKA (Polish mazur) is a Polish folk dance. It originated among the Masurians (an ethnographic group of Poles); later became a favorite Polish dance. Musical time signature 3/4 or 3/8. The melodies of the mazurka are distinguished by a sharp rhythmic pattern, often sharp accents, passing from a strong beat to a weak beat of the measure. They dance in pairs in a circle.

MELODY (from Greek - singing, song, chant) - an artistically meaningful sequential series of sounds of different heights, organized rhythmically and in a mode-intentional way. The melody largely determines the harmony, texture, voice leading, instrumentation of the work.

MINUET (French menuet, from menu - small, small) - French dance. Musical size 3/4. Derived from the folk round dance of the province of Poitou. At the end of the XVII century. became one of the main ballroom dances of court circles; entered opera and ballet performances.

MASS (French messe, from late Latin missa) is a polyphonic cyclic work based on the text of the Catholic liturgy. In the process of development, the Mass acquired a concert, oratorio character, approaching the style of an opera. The funeral Mass is called the Requiem.

METER (French metre, from Greek - measure) - the order of alternation of reference and non-reference equal-length time shares; rhythm organization system. Rhythm expresses the relationship of sounds in time. The meter serves as a measure of these ratios, creates a norm for counting rhythmic movement.

MINOR (Italian minore, from lat. minor - smaller) - a mode, stable sounds of which (1, 3, 5 steps) form a small (minor) triad. The minor triad, together with the major one, is the basis of harmony. These triads are equivalent in consonant and modal terms, since they consist of the same consonant intervals (but in reverse combination) and are of equal importance as tonics of the corresponding mode.

POLYPHONY - a harmonic warehouse of music based on a combination of several independent voices or on a combination of a melody with accompaniment or chord accompaniment. Often there is also a mixed polyphonic-homophonic warehouse.

THE POWERFUL PICK - a creative community of Russian composers, formed in the late 1850s and early 1860s; also known as the Balakirev Circle, the New Russian Music School. The name "Mighty Handful" was given to the mug by its ideologist - critic V.V. Stasov. The Mighty Handful included: M.A. Balakirev (head), A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, Ts.A. Cui and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. K ser. 70s The "Mighty Handful" as a close-knit group ceased to exist. The activities of the "Mighty Handful" became an era in the development of Russian and world musical art.

MOTET (French motet, from the word mot) is a genre of polyphonic vocal music. Originated in France in the 12th century. An early motet is based on a liturgical chant in one of the voices, to which other voices join, often with a variant of the same text or with a different text. The highest examples belong to Guillaume de Machaux, Josquin Despres, Palestrina, G. Schutz, J.S. Bahu.

MUSICAL FORM - a complex of expressive means embodying a certain ideological and artistic content in a musical work.

Structure, structure of a musical work. In each work, the musical form is individual, but there are relatively stable types of it of various scales: period, simple and complex two-part, simple and complex three-part forms, variations, rondo, sonata form, etc. The smallest semantic and structural unit of the musical form is the motive; two or more motives form a phrase, a sentence is formed from phrases; two sentences often form a period (usually 8 or 16 bars). In the form of a period, the themes of a musical work are usually stated. The basic principles of form formation are the presentation of thematic material (exposition), its exact or varied repetition, development, comparison with new topics; repetition of previously presented material after a section that develops it or is based on new material (reprise). These principles often interact.

NOCTURNE (French nocturne, literally - night) - 1) In the XVIII century. a chain of small pieces for an ensemble of wind instruments or in combination with strings; performed in the evening or at night like a serenade. 2) From the XIX century. - a piece of music of a melodious nature, as if inspired by the silence of the night, night images.

OVERTONS (German Oberton, from ober - upper and tone) - partial tones that make up the sound, except for the main tone; otherwise, the components of a complex sound vibration, which were identified during its analysis and which have higher frequencies than the main component (which has the lowest frequency). The composition of the overtones of a complex sound determines its qualitative coloring, or timbre.

OPERA (Italian opera, literally - composition, work, from Latin opera - work, product) - a type of synthetic art; a work of art, the content of which is embodied in stage musical and poetic images. The opera combines vocal and instrumental music, dramaturgy, visual arts, and often choreography in a single theatrical action. Various forms of opera music find a diverse embodiment in the Opera - solo singing numbers (aria, song, etc.), recitatives, ensembles, choral scenes, dances, orchestral numbers.

OPERA-BUFFA ("jester's opera") - Italian. the opera is predominantly based on an everyday realistic plot. Originated in Naples in the first half of the 18th century. Her salient feature- continuous musical development, in contrast to the French comic opera or the German Singspiel, in which musical numbers alternate with spoken dialogues.

OPERA-SERIA ("serious opera") - formed in the 18th century. genre in Italy grand opera sublime character on heroic-mythological, legendary-historical and pastoral subjects, which met the requirements and conventions of the courtly-aristocratic aesthetics. A characteristic feature is the “numbered” structure, i.e. alternation of solo musical numbers connected by recitatives, with no or minimal use of choir and ballet.

ORATORIA (Italian oratoria, from Latin oro - I say, I pray) is a large musical work for the choir, solo singers and symphony orchestra, usually written for a dramatic plot, but intended not for stage, but for concert performance.

OSTINATO (Italian: ostinato) is a melodic or rhythmic turn repeated many times in a row.

Rhapsody (from Greek - singing or recitation of epic songs) - an instrumental work, most often free-form, written to folk tunes (song or dance). It differs from fantasy by greater freedom in the presentation of topics and their processing.

PANTOMIME (from Greek - reproducing everything by imitation) - 1) The art of expressing feelings and thoughts through facial expressions and gestures. 2) A type of theatrical performance accompanied by music, in which an artistic image is created without the help of a word, by means of expressive movement, gesture, facial expressions. 3) One of the main elements of ballet art. Pantomime is included in a ballet performance in an organic combination with dance or as a plot game scene.

PARTS SINGING - singing by parties, by voices. Each voice freely leads its own line. This style of polyphonic singing replaced the medieval Znamenny style. The works of this style are distinguished by their light major sound, harmonic fullness and saturation, liveliness of melody and rhythm. Partes parts were written for 8, 12, 24 and sometimes even 48 voices.

PARTITA (Italian partita, literally divided into parts) - in the music of the 17th-18th centuries. a kind of organ variations on a choral melody, as well as a kind of suite.

SCORE (Italian partitura, lit. - division, distribution) - a musical notation of a polyphonic musical work for an orchestra, choir, chamber ensemble, etc., in which the parts of all individual voices (instruments) are combined.

PASSACALLIA (from Spanish pasar - to pass and calle - street) - 1) Ancient (17th - 18th centuries) dance of Spanish origin. 2) A musical piece for organ, clavier in the form of variations, with a melody constantly repeating in the bass. The character of Passacaglia is majestically focused, often tragic. Size 3/4 or 3/2. The passacaglia is related to the chaconne.

PERIOD (from Greek - bypass, a certain circle of time) - a construction in which a more or less complete musical idea is presented. Sometimes a whole work (some romances, preludes, etc.) small pieces are built in the form of a Period.

SONG is the simplest and most common form of vocal music, combining a poetic image with a musical one.

POLYRHYTHM (from Greek - a lot and rhythm) - a simultaneous combination in music of two or more rhythms with a non-uniform number of temporary beats in a measure or with an unequal subdivision of these beats.

POLYPHONY (from poly... and Greek. phone sound, voice) - a type of polyphony, based on the simultaneous combination of 2 or more independent melodies (as opposed to homophony). The types of polyphony are imitation (Imitation), contrast (counterpuncture of different melodies) and subvocal (combination of a melody and its subvocal variants, characteristic of some genres of Russian folk songs). There are 3 periods in the history of European polyphony. The main genres of the early polyphonic period (IX-XIV centuries) are organum, motet. Renaissance polyphony, or choral polyphony of a strict style, is characterized by reliance on diatonic, smooth melody, non-dynamic, smoothed rhythmic pulsation; the main genres are mass, motet, madrigal, chanson. Free-style polyphony (XVII-XX centuries) is predominantly instrumental with a focus on the secular genres of toccata, ricercara, fugia, etc. Its features are associated with the evolution of harmony, tonality, in the XX century. also with dodecaphony and other types of compositional technique.

POLKA (Czech - half) is an old Czech folk dance. Performed in pairs in a circle. Musical size 2/4. Lively and cheerful in nature.

PRELUDE, Prelude (Late Latin preludium, from Latin praeludo - I play in advance, I make an introduction) - an instrumental piece. Initially, a small introduction of an improvisational nature. From the 15th century has become widespread in the performing practice of harpsichordists and organists. The character and structure were freely determined by the composer.

COURT SINGING CAPELLA, ST. PETERSBURG ACADEMIC CAPELLA them. M. I. Glinka, originates from the so-called choir founded in Moscow in 1479. from 1701 the Court Choir (in 1703 transferred to St. Petersburg), from 1763 the Court Choir, from 1922 the State Academic Choir.

CHORUS, refrain - part of the song, performed with the same text at the end of each verse.

PIECES (from late Latin pecia - piece, part) - 1) A dramatic work intended to be presented in a theater. 2) A solo or ensemble piece of music, usually of a small size.

REFRAIN (French refrain - to break) - 1) In the couplet song - refrain. 2) In rondo - the main theme, repeated many times in alternation with various episodes.

REPRISE (French reprise, from reprendre to resume, repeat) - repetition of a section of a musical work (for example, in sonata form).

RECITATIVE (from Italian recitare - to recite, Latin recito - read aloud) - a kind of vocal music, close to melodious recitation. Recitative is based on expressive, emotionally colored speech intonations, rises and falls in the voice, accents, pauses, etc. The recitative melody does not form a closed musical form and is largely subject to the syntactic division of the text.

RHYTHM (from Greek - proportionality, harmony) - a regular alternation of musical sounds, one of the main expressive and formative means of music. Musical intonation as the smallest expressive turn of a melody, it necessarily includes a rhythmic element. Sometimes Rhythm acts as the most striking element of the theme, acquiring a special expressive meaning.

RICHECAR (from Italian ricercare - to look for) is a genre of instrumental music that arose in the 16th century. in Zap. Europe. Initially, improvisational pieces predominantly chordal, later polyphonic multi-themed (in form close to motet) and single-dark (prepared the form of a fugue). Among the authors: A. Gabrieli, Ya.P. Sweelinck, J. Frescobaldi, I.Ya. Froberger, I. Pachelbel, I.S. Bach, in the twentieth century. I.F. Stravinsky.

ROMANCE (Spanish romance, from late Latin romanice, lit. - "in Romance", i.e. in Spanish) - a musical and poetic work for voice accompanied by piano or guitar, harp, etc. Initially, Romance is an everyday song in the native "Romance" language. The poetic text of the Romance finds a variety of musical incarnations. Romance is the main genre of vocal chamber music.

RONDO (from the French rondeau, from rond - circle) is a musical form based on the repeated repetition of the main theme, alternating with episodes of various content.

RUSSIAN MUSICAL SOCIETY (RMO) is a concert organization created by A. Rubinstein in 1859 for the purpose of wide promotion of musical art.

SYMPHONY (from Greek symphonia consonance) - a piece of music for a symphony orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form; the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classical type of symphony took shape in con. 18 early 19th centuries (J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven). Among romantic composers, lyrical symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn), software symphony(G. Berlioz, F. Liszt). An important contribution to the development of symphonies was made by Western European composers of the 19th-20th centuries. (I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius and others). A significant place of the symphony in Russia (A.P. Borodin, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Skryabin, S.V. Rakhmaninov, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, A. I. Khachaturian and others) to music.

SCHERZO (Italian scherzo, lit. joke) - 1) In the XVI-XVII centuries. the designation of a vocal-instrumental work for playful texts, as well as various instrumental pieces (by C. Monteverdi and others). 2) Part of a suite (for example, by J.S. Bach). 3) Part of the sonata-symphony cycle, from the end of the 18th century. gradually replacing the minuet (symphonies by L. Beethoven, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, D. D. Shostakovich, etc.). Characterized by sharp changes in contrasting images, fast pace, 3-meter. 4) From the XIX century. an independent instrumental work close to capriccio (Piano suites by F. Chopin, R. Schumann, etc.).

SONATA (Italian sonata, from sonare to sound) is a musical genre, a work for one or more instruments, written in the form of a sonata cycle (see Cyclic forms). The classical type of sonata (movements 2-4) took shape at the end of the 18th century. in the work of J. Haydn and V.A. Mozart; high examples of sonatas, diverse in figurative structure and compositional principles, were created by L. Beethoven. The genre received significant development in Western European music of romanticism (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, etc.), Russian music (P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rakhmaninov, A.N. Skryabin, N. K. Medtner, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich and others).

SONATA FORM is the most developed non-cyclic form of instrumental music. The sonata form is based on a contrasting juxtaposition of various themes (exposition), their motive and tonal development (development), repetition of the main themes more often in the main key (reprise). The main sections of the sonata form can be joined by an introduction and a coda. The sonata form can be used in any part of the cyclic form (in the sonata, more often in the 1st), as well as in one-movement works.

SUITE (French suite, lit. series, sequence) is an instrumental cyclic piece of music from several contrasting parts. The suite is distinguished from the sonata and symphony by the lack of strict regulation of the number, nature and order of the parts, and by the close connection with the song and dance. Suite XVII-XVIII centuries. consisted of allemande, chimes, sarabande, gigi and other dances. In the XIX-XX centuries. orchestral non-dance suites are created (P.I. Tchaikovsky), sometimes program ones (Scheherazade by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suites made up of music from operas, ballets, as well as music for theatrical productions.

TACT (from Latin tactus, literally - touch) - a unit of meter.

DANCE (from German Tanz) is a kind of art in which artistic images are created by means of plastic movements and rhythmically clear and continuous change in the expressive positions of the human body. Dance is inextricably linked with music, the emotional and figurative content of which is embodied in its choreographic composition, movements, and figures.

TAPER (French tapeur, from taper, literally - to clap, knock) - a pianist who accompanies dances at evenings, balls. A pianist who illustrated silent films with music was also called a taper.

THEME - a musical structure that expresses the main idea of ​​a work or part of it and usually serves as the subject of further development. Sometimes, however, different musical images arise on the basis of significant transformations of one Theme, which occurs in the so-called characteristic variations, as well as in some major forms.

TEMBER (French timbre) is the “color” or “character” of sound, the quality by which sounds of the same pitch differ and due to which the sound of one instrument or voice differs from another. The timbre depends on the form of sound vibrations and is determined by the number and intensity of harmonics (partial tones).

TOCCATA (Italian toccata, from toccare - touch, touch) - a virtuoso piece of music for piano or organ, sustained in a fast, measured, clearly rhythmic movement, most often with a predominance of percussion chordal technique. In the XVI - XVIII centuries. Toccata was written in a free improvisational form, close to a prelude or a fantasy.

TONALITY - the height of the sounds of the fret, determined by the position of the main tone (tonic) at one or another level of the scale music system. The concept of mode expresses only the ratio of steps of a given scale in height and their functional relationship; the concept of tonality determines the specific height of the sounds of the mode.

TONIC - 1) The main stable sound of the mode, causing a feeling of completeness when the melody or its part ends on it. 2) The main chord of the mode (usually a major or minor triad built on the 1st degree of the scale), which causes a similar feeling in polyphonic music.

SOBRIOUS - the main type of chord, formed from three different sounds, which are located or can be located on thirds.

TREPAK (from other Russian tropat - stomp your feet) - an old Russian dance. Musical size 2/4. The pace is alive. The main movements of the dance are improvised by the performers. Trepak is characterized by fractional steps and stamping. It is performed cheerfully, with daring and enthusiasm.

TUTTI (Italian tutti - all) - the performance of music by the entire orchestra.

OVERTURE (French ouverture, from ouvrir - to open) - an orchestral piece, which is an introduction to opera, ballet, oratorio, drama, etc .; also an independent concert work in sonata form. The overture prepares the listener for the upcoming action, concentrates his attention, introduces him into the emotional sphere of the performance. As a rule, the Overture conveys in a generalized form the ideological concept, the dramatic conflict, the most important images, or the general character, coloring of the work.

UNISON (Italian unisono, from Latin unis - one and sonus - sound) - the simultaneous sounding of two or more sounds of the same pitch, as well as the same sounds in different octaves.

FACTORY (lat. factura - processing) - a set of means of musical presentation (melody, chords, polyphonic voices, etc.), which forms the technical warehouse of the work. The texture is determined by the content of the work, the compositional principles, as well as the expressive possibilities and technical features of musical instruments or voices.

FANTASY (Greek - imagination) - a piece of music in free form. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Fantasies for organ, clavier were written in a polyphonic warehouse and were close to toccata. Since the 19th century many Fantasies are based on a free, more than variational development of melodies from songs, dances, romances, operas, ballets.

FUGA (from Latin fuga - running, flight) is a form of polyphonic works based on the imitative presentation of one, less often two or more themes in all voices according to a certain tonal-harmonic plan. Fugue is the highest form of polyphony. There are simple fugues (on one topic) and complex fugues (on two, three or more topics). A theme in Fugue is usually an expressive, catchy short melody. In the process of development of the Fugue, its original artistic image is enriched with new shades, although only in rare cases does this lead to a specific rethinking. The fugue was formed in the 17th century. on the basis of the polyphonic forms that preceded it (canzona, ricercara, motet) and acquired especially great importance in the first half of the 18th century. in Bach and Handel. Fugue samples from I.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, V.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, P. Hindemith, D.D. Shostakovich and others

FUGATO (Italian fugato, literally - like a fugue) - an episode in a piece of music, built according to the type of exposition of a fugue, occasionally an independent play.

HABANERA (Spanish habanera, from Habana - Havana) - Spanish folk dance - song; originated on the island of Cuba, later spread to Spain. The musical time signature is 2/4, with a characteristic rhythmic figure, an emphasis on the last beat of the measure, the tempo is slow. The habanera is accompanied by singing, the movements are improvisational in nature.

CYCLIC FORMS (from the Greek - circle, cycle) - musical forms that combine in a single plan several more or less independent parts, different in figurative content and structure. The most important cyclic musical forms are the suite and the sonata form.

CHAKONA (Spanish: chacona) is an ancient dance known in Spain since the end of the 16th century. It was performed at a live pace, accompanied by singing and playing the castanets. Musical size 3/4. Chaconne was most widely used in the 17th-18th centuries. like a piece built in the form of variations on a small theme, invariably repeated in the bass. The character of the instrumental Chaconne is majestic, the tempo is slow, the time signature is usually 3/4. In its character and structure, the Chaconne is close to the passacillie.

Impromptu (from lat. expromtus - always ready) - a piano piece that arose, as it were, suddenly, as a result of improvisation. Usually distinguished by direct lyricism, impetuosity.

ELEGY (from Greek - mournful song) - a play of a thoughtful, sad, mournful nature.

EPISODE (from Greek - insert) - a section of a major musical form, built in a special key on a new theme, sometimes at a different pace. In a rondo, each of the sections alternating with the main section (refrain).

ETUDE (French etude, literally - study, exercise) is an instrumental piece based on the use of a certain technical technique of playing and intended to improve the performer's skills.

HUMORESKE (German: Humoreske, from Humor - humor) is a small musical piece of an intricate, usually playful, humorous nature.

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BRIEF GLOSSARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment(French accompagnement - accompaniment) - musical background to the main melodies, which is of secondary importance in the work.

Chord(it. accordo, fr. accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see. consonance and dissonance).

Act(lat. actus - action) - a relatively completed part of the theatrical performance ( operas, ballet etc.), separated from another of the same part by a break - intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into paintings.

Ensemble(fr. ensemble - together) - 1. The name of a relatively independent musical episodes in opera, representing the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, vocal parts which are not identical; according to the number of participants A. are divided into duets, trio or tercetes, quartets, quintets, sextets etc. 2. Play, intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.

Intermission(French entr'acte - letters, interaction) - 1. Break between acts theatrical performance or branches concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except for the first (cf. overture)

Arietta(it. arietta) - small aria.

Arioso(it. arioso - like an aria) - a variety arias, characterized by a freer construction, more closely connected with the previous and subsequent musical episodes.

Aria(it. aria - song) - developed vocal episode in opera, oratorios or cantata sung by one singer accompanied by orchestra, which has a wide range melody and completeness of the musical forms. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting(see) sections. Varieties A. - arietta, arioso, cavatina, cabaletta, canzone, monologue etc.

Ballet(fr. ballet from it. ballo - dance, dance) - a major musical choreographic(cm.) genre, in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of operas.

Ballad(French ballade, Italian ballare - to dance) - originally the name of the Provencal (France) dance songs; then - literary and poetic genre connected with folk legends or telling about the events of the past. From the beginning of the XIX century. - designation vocal and instrumental plays narrative warehouse.

Baritone(Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - male voice of the middle between bass and register tenor; Another name is high bass.

Barcarolle(from it. barca - boat, barcaruola - song of the boatman) - genus songs, common in Venice, and also the name vocal and instrumental plays contemplative melodious character with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is a gondolier (from the Italian gondola, a Venetian boat).

Bass(it. basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. Common name for low register of orchestral instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).

Bolero(Spanish bolero) - Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, moderately fast movement, accompanied by castanets; size 3/4.

Bylina- a work of Russian folk epic, a story about the old days, about the exploits of folk heroes-bogatyrs. B. has the character of a leisurely smooth recitative like a sung speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.

Waltz(French valse, German Walzer) is a dance that originated from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, pace varying from very slow to very fast. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive possibilities, dance became widespread from the middle of the 19th century not only as a dance and concert(cm.) genre but also as an important component of music operas, ballet, symphonies and even chamber — solo and ensemble(see) works.

Variations(lat. variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change set out at the beginning Topics, during which the original image is developed and enriched without losing its essential features.

Virtuoso(it. virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) - a performing musician who is fluent in his instrument or voice, easily, brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music replete with technical difficulties, requiring brilliant, spectacular performance.

Vocal music(from it. vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral(see) with accompaniment or without it.

Introduction- the initial section, directly introducing into any vocal or an instrumental piece, painting or Act musical and theatrical performance.

Gavotte(fr. gavotte) - an old French dance of folk origin; subsequently, from the 17th century, it entered into court use, in the 18th century it took its place in the dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast movement, meter 4/4 with a characteristic two-quarter upbeat.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chordal(see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. The science of chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. The general designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style(“Mussorgsky's harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a solemn laudatory chant.

Grotesque(French grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) - an artistic device associated with a deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.

Gusli(from Old Russian gusel - string) - an old Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. was usually accompanied by the performance of epics. The performer in G. is a harpist.

Declamation— artistic reading poems or prose in an emotionally uplifting manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - expressive human speech.

woodwind instruments- the general name of a group of instruments that includes a flute (with varieties of flute-piccolo and alto flute), oboe (with varieties of alto oboe, or English horn), clarinet (with varieties of clarinet-piccolo and bass clarinet), bassoon (with variety of contrabassoon). D. d. i. are also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles And How soloists(see) tools. In the orchestral score group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the above order.

Decimet(from lat. decimus - tenth) - operatic or chamber ensemble ten participants.

Dialog(Greek dialogos - a conversation between two) - scene- a conversation between two characters operas; roll call of alternating short musical phrases as if responding to each other.

Divertissement(French divertissement - entertainment, entertainment) - a piece of music built like suites, consisting of several diverse, mainly dance, rooms. D. is also called a separate instrumental play entertaining character.

Dynamics(from the Greek dynamikos - power) - 1. Strength, loudness of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, the effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“the dynamics of development”).

Dramaturgy- Literature that involves the stage incarnation; the science of the laws of the construction of a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to the musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works that were not connected with the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for the construction and development of music operas, ballet, symphonies etc. with the aim of the most logical, consistent and effective embodiment of the chosen plot, ideological concept.

Thought, thought— narrative Ukrainian folk song free recitative-improvisational warehouse with tool support. Usually D. is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it acquires the features of a sincere, sad song of a purely lyrical content.

Brass band— orchestra, consisting of copper and woodwinds and percussion tools. Before. has a powerful, bright sonority.

Wind instruments- instruments, different in shape, size and material, which are a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of the air column enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound extraction D. and. divided into copper and wooden. Among D. and. belongs also organ.

Duet(from lat. duo - two) - operatic or chamber ensemble two participants.

duetino(it. duettino) - small duet.

Genre(French genre - type, manner) - 1. The type of musical work, determined by various criteria: by the nature of the subject (for example, J. epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, J. historical, mythological), the composition of the performers (e.g., F - operatic, ballet, symphonic, vocal(see), instrumental), the circumstances of the performance (for example, J. concert, chamber(see), household), features of the form (for example, Zh. romance, songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures), etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with the characteristic features of folk everyday musical genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.

Chorus- Start choral song, performed by one singer - the lead singer.

Singspiel(German Singspiel from singen - to sing and Spiel - game) - kind comic opera, which combined colloquial dialogues with singing and dancing; Z. received the greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th and early. XIX centuries.

Improvisation(from lat. improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of execution, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain kind of musical works or their individual episodes, characterized by whimsical freedom of presentation.

Instrumentation- the same as orchestration.

Sideshow(lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. A small musical play, placed between the more important parts of a large work. 2. Plug-in episode or scene in a major theatrical work, suspending the development of the action and not directly related to it. 3. Binder episode between two Topics in fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(it. intermezzo - pause, intermission) - play linking more important sections; also the name of individual, mostly instrumental, pieces different nature and content.

Introduction(lat. introductio - introduction) - 1. Small size opera overture, directly put into action. 2. Initial section any plays, which has its own pace and the nature of the music.

cabaletta(from it. cabalare - fantasize) - a small opera aria, often of a heroically upbeat nature.

Cavatina(it. cavatina) - a kind of opera arias, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melody, lack of tempo(see) contrasts.

Chamber music(from it. camera - room) - music for soloists(see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles designed for performance in small concert halls.

Canon(Greek kanon - rule, pattern) - a kind of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices from the same melody.

Kant(from lat. cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-part choir without accompaniment; in the era of Peter I, greetings to K. vigorous marching(cm. march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Cantata(from it. cantare - to sing) - a great work for singers - soloists, chora and orchestra, consisting of a number of numbers - aria, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.

Cantilena(lat. cantilena - chanting) - wide melodious melody.

Canzona(it. canzone - song) - the old name of the Italian lyric songs with instrumental accompaniment; later - the name of the instrumental plays melodious lyric.

canzonetta(it. canzonetta - song) - small canzone, melodious vocal or instrumental play small size.

Painting- 1. In a musical and theatrical work, a part act, separable not intermission, but a brief pause during which the curtain falls briefly. 2. The designation of instrumental-symphonic works, which are characterized by a special concreteness, visualization of musical images; sometimes such works belong to genre of program music.

Quartet(from lat. quartus - fourth) - opera-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble four participants.

Quintet(from lat. quintus - fifth) - opera-vocal or instrumental ensemble five participants.

Clavier(abbr. German Klavierauszug - piano extract) - processing, arrangement for piano work written for orchestra or ensemble, as well as operas, cantatas or oratorios(with preservation vocal parties).

Koda(it. coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, impetuous nature, asserting its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(it. coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, variation vocal melodies in a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuosic decorations.

Coloring(from lat. color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of an episode, achieved using various registers, timbres, harmonic(see) and other expressive means.

Carol- the general name of the Slavic folk ritual songs pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (new year's eve).

Composer(Latin compositor - composer, compiler, creator) - the author of a musical work.

Composition(lat. compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work, the same as a musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.

Contralto(it. contralto) - the lowest female voice, the same as in choir viola.

Counterpoint(from Latin punctumcontrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. The simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of the combination of simultaneously sounding melodies, the same as polyphony.

Contrast(fr. contraste - opposite) - a bright expressive means of music, which consists in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar, sharply differing in character musical episodes. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help of tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbre(see) and other oppositions.

Concert(from lat. concertare - to compete, it. concerto - consent) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for soloist(see) tool with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, with developed elements virtuosity, in some cases approaching in richness and significance of the ideological and artistic content to symphonies.

climax(from lat. culmen - top, top) - the moment of highest tension in the musical development.

couplet(fr. couplet - stanza) - repeated part songs.

banknote(fr. coupure - clipping, reduction) - reduction of a piece of music by removing, skipping any episode, in opera — scenes, paintings or act.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Leitmotif(German Leitmotiv - leading motive) - musical thought, melody associated in opera with a certain character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept that arises in music when it appears or is mentioned in the course of a stage action.

Landler(German: Ländler) is a German and Austrian dance of folk origin, the predecessor of waltz, lively, but not fast movement; size 3/4.

Libretto(it. libretto - notebook, little book) - full literary text operas, operettas; verbal presentation of content ballet. The author L. is a librettist.

Madrigal(it. madrigale) - a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite nature, usually of love content.

Mazurka(from Polish mazur - a resident of Mazovia) - a Polish dance of folk origin, lively, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated(cm.) rhythm; size 3/4.

March(fr. marche - walking, procession) - genre, Related to rhythm walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. is marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.

Brass instruments— wind instruments, made of copper and other metals, forming a special group in the symphony orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M. d. and. are the basis brass band. In the symphony score group M. d. and. written under the group woodwind instruments, placed in the above order.

Meistersingers(German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) shop musicians.

Melodeclamation(from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading (most often poetry), accompanied by music.

Melody(Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) - the main idea of ​​a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expression.

Melodrama(from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part of a dramatic work, accompanied by music. 2. A negative characterization of works or episodes, characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, bad taste.

Minuet(fr. menuet) - an old French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphony cycle(cm. symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.

Mass(fr. messe, lat. missa) - a large multi-part work for chora with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of singers- soloists written in religious latin text. M. - the same as the Catholic mass, liturgy.

mezzo-soprano(from it. mezzo - median and soprano) - a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano and contralto. mezzo soprano in chore- the same as alt.

Miniature(it. miniatura) - small orchestral, vocal(see) or an instrumental piece.

Monologue(from the Greek monos - one, speech uttered by one person) in music - one of the most effective solo vocal forms in opera, which usually captures the process of intense experience or reflection, leading to a decision. M., as a rule, is built from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.

Motive(from it. motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part melodies, which has an independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds is a melody united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common sense - a melody, a melody.

musical drama- originally the same as opera. In common sense, one of genres opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action that unfolds on the stage and determines the principles of musical embodiment.

Musical comedy- cm. operetta.

Nocturne(fr. nocturne - night) - the name of relatively small instrumental instruments that spread in the 19th century (rarely - vocal) plays lyrical-contemplative character with expressive melodious melody.

Number- the smallest, relatively complete, allowing separate, independent execution opera episode, ballet or operettas.

But no(from lat. nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of opera or chamber ensemble for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a piece of music borrowed from literature (more often - vocal) solemn laudatory character.

Octet(from lat. octo - eight) - ensemble eight participants.

Opera(it. opera - action, work, from lat. opus - labor, creation) - synthetic genre musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as pictorial and decorative design. The opera is made up of solo episodes — aria, recitatives, as well as ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and paintings. O. as an independent genre spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia from the middle of the 18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see. O. big french, O.-buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.-series, O. epic, singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of its diverse historical development, music became the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.

Grand Opera French(fr. grandopéra) - a variety that has become widespread in mid-nineteenth century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in effective moments.

opera buffa(it. opera-buffa) - Italian comic opera that emerged in the first half of the 18th century. About. based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical coloring. Developed from the Italian folk "comedy of masks" (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic tendencies of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

Opera comic- the general specific name of the opera genre that arose in Europe from the middle of the 18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O. to. in different countries had different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad song opera. O. c. is the generally accepted name for the proper French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of colloquial dialogues.

Opera lyrical-dramatic- a variety that developed in the operatic art of the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. characteristic is the foreground of dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful life background, in-depth attention composer to the mental life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.

French lyric opera- own name French lyric-dramatic opera.

Beggar's Opera(English beggarsopera) - English variety comic opera, in which folk songs were widely used - ballads.

Opera series(Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the court-aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. distinguished by the splendor of the production, masterly glitter vocal parts, but in its development was constrained by the conventions of plots, situations and characters.

Opera epic- a kind of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from the folk epos - legends, legends and examples of folk songwriting. Stage action and music of O. e. maintained in the spirit of a majestic, unhurried narrative. To genre O. e. adjoins also an opera-fairy tale.

Operetta(it. operetta - small opera) - a theatrical performance that combines singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestra with conversational scenes, deriving from comic opera XVIII century. European O. of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often referred to as musical comedy.

Oratorio(from lat. oratoria - eloquence) - a large vocal and symphonic genre musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed chorus, soloists-singers and orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot that generally tells about the historical or legendary events of folk life, usually with a sublime, heroic coloring. The plot of O. is embodied in a number of completed solo, choral and orchestral(see) numbers sometimes shared recitatives.

Organ(from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) - the largest of modern musical instruments that has existed and improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a jet of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of different sizes and shapes allows you to extract sounds of different heights and timbre. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous switches registers. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, the O. competes with the symphonic orchestra.

Orchestra(from the Greek. orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage, which housed the choir) - a large group of musicians-performers, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike ensemble, some parties in O. are performed simultaneously by several musicians like a monophonic chora. According to the composition of instruments, orchestras are divided into symphonic, brass, folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc. Opera opera, as well as symphony, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups woodwinds, brass, percussion, strings bowed, and also includes some single instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).

Orchestration- creating an orchestral scores, the embodiment of musical thought by means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing vice versa) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Score(it. partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation ensemble, orchestral, operatic, oratorio-cantata(see) and other music that requires many performers. The number of P. lines is determined by the number of parties included in it - instrumental, solo vocal and choral, which are in a certain order.

The consignment(from lat. pars - part) - part of the music ensemble, operas etc. performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.

Pastoral(from lat. pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, drawing calm pictures of nature and an idealized serene rural life(cf. idyll).

Song- basic vocal genre popular musical creativity and the related genre of vocal music in general. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and slender melodies, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts of not an individual, but a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songwriting as a special means of musical expression, a special warehouse of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting the most diverse aspects of the life of the people in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres, is the main source of musical art. In the development of folk P. and its highly artistic refraction national characteristics the greatest merit belongs to the Russians classical composers. P. is widely represented in their works as an everyday genre, at the same time song, the song beginning was the leading one for them. artistic technique. In the narrow sense, P. is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, distinguished by its simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in couplet form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.

subvoice- more or less independent melody accompanying the main tune in polyphonic music. The presence of developed P. is a characteristic feature of the Russian folk choral(see) music.

Polyphony(from Greek poly - many and phone - voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies having independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of polyphonic music, the same as counterpoint.

prelude, prelude(from lat. prae - before and ludus - game) - 1. Introduction, introduction to the play or completed musical episode, opera stage, ballet etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of various content, character and structure.

Premiere- first show operas, ballet, operettas at the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Chorus- part songs, invariably, together with the same verbal text, repeated after each of its couplet.

Lamentations, lamentations— song- crying, one of the most common in pre-revolutionary Russia genres folk songs; usually has the character of a mournfully agitated recitative.

Prologue(from lat. prae - before and Greek. logos - word, speech) - introductory part in drama, novel, opera etc., introducing into the story; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded the depicted.

musical development- the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical and theatrical performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. is an important factor in the musical dramaturgy, directing the listener's attention to the most significant parts of the story. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression are involved in it.

Requiem(from lat. requiem - peace) - a monumental work for chora, soloists-singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a mourning Catholic mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual and religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre animated by deep universal human feelings and great thoughts.

Recitative(from lat. recitare - read, recite) - musical speech, the most flexible solo form singing in opera, characterized by a large rhythmic(see) diversity and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces into aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. R. often reproduces the characteristic intonations of living human speech, making it an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of the character. The main varieties of R. - R.-secco ("dry", accompanied by rare jerky orchestra chords or chembalo), R.-accompagnato ("accompanied", sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato ("mandatory", which indicates the need for an independent melodic thought in the orchestral accompaniment).

Rigaudon(fr. rigodon, rigaudon) - an old Provencal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, a lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter advance.

Rhythm(from the Greek rythmos - dimensional flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak parts. A periodically repeating group of strong and weak beats is called a measure. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, reaching a special richness and variety in dance music associated with the plasticity of the movement of the human body.

Romance(fr. romance) - solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and expressive variety accompaniment. Vocal melody R. often includes elements recitative.

Rondo(French rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an old French choral song) - the form building a musical plays, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).

Sarabande(Spanish zarabanda) - an old Spanish dance in the nature of a slow majestic procession; size 3/4. Genre S. was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection, a funeral procession.

Seguidilla(Spanish seguidilla) - fast Spanish dance, accompanied by whimsical rhythm castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.

Sextet(from lat. sextus - sixth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble seven participants.

Serenade(from Italian sera - evening, letters, "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy, a love song sung with accompaniment guitars or mandolins under the sweetheart's window. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles and orchestra. Subsequently, S. is the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of a guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of the lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.

Symphony(from the Greek symphonia - consonance) - a monumental work for the orchestra, genre which took shape in the second half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large diverse, contrasting parts, in which a wide range of life phenomena is reflected, a wealth of moods and conflicts is embodied. The first part of S. usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is sustained in fast movement; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. Third - minuet, scherzo or waltz— in a lively dance move. Fourth - the final, the fastest, often festive, upbeat character. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.

Scherzo(it. scherzo - joke) - a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, perky character, which has a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring a dramatic coloring. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphony cycle, taking place in it minuet.

buffoons- carriers of Russian folk art in the XI-XVII centuries, itinerant actors, musicians and dancers.

Solo(it. solo - one, only) - an independent performance of one performer with a whole play or in a separate episode if the play is written for ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.

Sonata(from it. sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, in contrast to the vocal one. 2. Since the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four parts of a certain nature, which form a sonata cycle, in in general terms similar to the symphony (cf. symphony).

Sonata Allegro- the form in which the first parts are written sonatas and symphonies, - sustained in fast (allegro) tempe. S.'s form and. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and reprise. The exposition is a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parties; development - development topics the main and side parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - a repetition of the exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. S.'s form and. the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the spiritual life of a person in their internal inconsistency and ongoing development. S.'s form and. developed by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan's aria in Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila).

Soprano(from it. sopra - above, above) - the highest female voice. S. is subdivided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.

Style(in music) - a set of features that characterize the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, an individual composer.

Stringed instruments- instruments in which sound occurs as a result of vibration (vibration) stretched strings. According to the method of sound extraction S. and. are divided into bowed (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboard ( piano and his predecessors, cf. chembalo) and plucked (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).

Scene(Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). - 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of theatrical performance, separate episode act or paintings.

Scenario(it. scenario) - a more or less detailed presentation of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet and operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. On the basis of S. is created libretto operas.

Suite(French suite - series, sequence) - the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which parts are compared according to the principle contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in the symphonic cycle (cf. symphony). Usually S. is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative pieces of a program nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work ( operas, ballet, operettas, motion picture).

Tarantella(it. tarantella) - very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.

The theme is musical(Greek thema - the subject of the story) - the main, subject development a musical thought expressed in a relatively small, complete, embossed, vividly expressive and memorable melody (see also keynote).

Timbre(fr. timbre) - a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.

Pace(from it. tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of the movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is determined by reference to the well-known nature of the movement: “at the pace waltz"," at the pace march". From the middle of the 19th century, t. was also designated by the metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a play or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle- allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).

Tenor(from lat. tenere - to hold, direct) - a high male voice. T is subdivided into lyrical and dramatic.

Tercet(from lat. tertius - third) - operatic and vocal ensemble three participants. Another name for T. - trio, also used to denote instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.

Trio(it. trio from tre - three) - 1. In vocal music, the same as tercet. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. Middle section in march, waltz, minuet, scherzo smoother and more melodious character; this meaning of the term originated in the ancient instrumental music, in whose works the middle section was performed by three instruments.

Troubadours, trouvers- knights-poets and singers in medieval France.

Overture(French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. Orchestral piece performed before the start operas or ballet, usually based on the themes of the work it precedes, and succinctly embodying it main idea. 2. The name of an independent one-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.

Percussion instruments- musical instruments from which sound is extracted by striking. U. and. there are: 1) with a certain pitch - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tam-tom, big and snare drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.

Texture(lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including melody accompanying her echoes or polyphonic vote, accompaniment etc.

Fandango(Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing the castanets; size 3/4.

Fantasy(Greek phantasia - imagination, fiction in general, fiction) - masterly free forms. 1. In the 17th century improvisational nature of the introduction to fugue or sonata. 2. Virtuoso composition on Topics any operas, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrase). 3. An instrumental piece with a whimsical, fantastic character of music.

Fanfare(it. fanfara) - a trumpet signal, usually of a festive solemn nature.

The final(it. finale - final) - the final part of a multi-part work, operas or ballet.

Folklore(from English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) - a collection of works of oral literary and musical folk art.

Musical form(Latin forma— appearance, outlines) - 1. Means of embodying the ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, invoice, as well as compositional principles of construction or F. in a narrow sense. 2. F. in the narrow sense - the historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, the layout and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are F. tripartite, couplet, variational, rondo, sonata, as well as F. construction suite, sonata and symphonic(cm.) cycles.

piano(from it. forte-piano - loud-quietly) - the general name of the keyboard string instrument (piano, piano), which allows, unlike its predecessors - the harpsichord, chembalo, clavichord, receive sounds of various strengths. sound range and speakers, expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, great virtuosic and technical capabilities made F. predominantly solo and concert performers (cf. concert) an instrument, as well as a participant in many chamber-instrumental ensembles.

Fragment(from lat. fragmentum - fragment, piece) - a fragment of something.

Phrase(Greek phrasis - turn of speech, expression) - in music, a short relatively complete passage, part melodies, framed by pauses (caesuras).

Fugue(it. and lat. fuga - running) - a one-part work, which is polyphonic(see) exposition and subsequent development one melodies, Topics.

Fugato(from fuga) - polyphonic episode in an instrumental or vocal play, built like fugues, but not finished and turning into music of the usual, non-polyphonic warehouse.

fugetta(it. fugetta - small fugue) - fugue small sizes, with a reduced development section.

Furiant(Czech, lit. - proud, arrogant) - impetuous temperamental Czech folk dance; variable size - 2/4, 3/4.

Habanera(Spanish habanera - letters, Havana, from Havana) - Spanish folk song-dance, characterized by a restrained clear rhythm; size 2/4.

choir(from Greek choros) - 1. A large singing group, consisting of several groups, each of which performs its own party. 2. Compositions for the choir, independent or included in an operatic work, in which they are one of the most important forms often used in the creation of mass folk scenes.

Chorale(from Greek choros) - 1. Church choral singing to a religious text, common in the Middle Ages. 2. A choral or other work or episode based on a uniform, unhurried movement chords, characterized by a sublimely contemplative character.

Hota(Spanish jota) - Spanish folk dance of temperamental live movement, accompanied by a song; size 3/4.

Music cycle(from the Greek. kyklos - circle, circuit) - a set of parts of a multi-part work, following one after another in a certain order. C. is based on the principle of contrast. The main varieties are the sonata-symphony ts., suite ts. (see. symphony, suite); cyclic also include the forms masses and requiem.

Chembalo(it. cembalo, claviecembalo) is the Italian name for the harpsichord, the forerunner of the modern piano. In the 17th and 18th centuries Ch. was part of operatic or oratorio orchestra accompanying the performance recitatives.

Ecossaise(fr. écossaise - "Scottish") - Scottish folk dance of fast movement; size 2/4.

Expression(from lat. expressio - expression) in music - increased expressiveness.

Elegy(Greek elegia from elegos - complaint) - play sad, thoughtful character.

Epigraph(Greek epigraphe - letters. inscription on the monument) - a figurative name of the initial musical phrase borrowed from literature, Topics or a passage that defines the predominant character, the leading thought of the entire work.

Episode(Greek epeisodion - incident, event) - a small part of the musical and theatrical action; sometimes a section introduced into a piece of music that has the character of a digression.

Epilogue(Greek epilogos from epi - after and logos - word, speech) - the final part of the work, summing up the events, sometimes talking about events that occurred after some time.

Epitaph(Greek epitaphios) - grave word.

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