The melody is the soul of the composition, it allows you to understand the mood of the work and convey feelings of sadness or fun, the melody can be abrupt, smooth or jerky. It all depends on how the author sees it. Pace
The tempo determines the speed of the performance, which is expressed in three speeds: slow, fast and moderate. For their designation, terms are used that came to us from Italian. So, for slow - adagio, for fast - presto and allegro, and for moderate - andante. In addition, the pace can be brisk, calm, etc.
Rhythm and meter as means of musical expression determine the mood and movement of music. The rhythm can be different, calm, even, jerky, syncopated, clear, etc. Just like the rhythms that surround us in life. Size is for musicians who determine how to play music. They are written as fractions in the form of quarters.
The mode in music determines its direction. If it is a minor, then it is sad, melancholy or thoughtfully dreamy, maybe nostalgic. Major corresponds to cheerful, joyful, clear music. The fret can be variable when the minor is replaced
Timbre colors music, so music can be characterized as sonorous, dark, light, etc. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, as well as a voice specific person
The register of music is divided into low, medium and high, but this is important directly to the musicians who perform the melody, or to the experts who analyze the work. Tools such as intonation, accent and pause make it possible to clearly understand what the composer wants to say.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEANS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION,
THEIR ROLE IN CREATING THE ARTISTIC IMAGE OF A MUSICAL WORK.
Music is specific form artistic reflection reality in music. There is a hypothesis that music originated from expressive human speech. The musical image is created using the means of musical expression:
TEMP - the speed of the music.
timbre is the color of sound. When determining the timbre, words of associative meaning predominate (transparent, glassy, juicy, velvet music).
INTONATION - carries the main semantic core in music, therefore it is the most important. Intonation in a broad sense is the deployment of the entire musical work from beginning to end, the intonation of a musical work. The intonation of the second determines the direction of the piece of music.
Rhythm is a sequence of sounds of different lengths.
LAD - emotional coloring of sounds, a combination of sounds in height (major, minor)
REGISTERS - high, medium, low.
GENRE - type artistic creativity associated with the historical reality that gave rise to it, the life and way of life of people (song, dance, march - "3 whales" - Kobalevsky).
Music is close to the emotional nature of the child. Under the influence of music, it develops artistic perception experiences become richer.
Music - greatest source aesthetic and spiritual pleasure. It accompanies a person throughout his life, causes an emotional response, excitement, desire for action. It is able to inspire, ignite a person, instill in him the spirit of vivacity and energy, but it can also lead to a state of melancholy, grief or quiet sadness.
Considering the huge impact of music on emotions and the child's desire to understand and feel its content, it is especially important to use musical works that artistically specifically reflect the reality that is close and accessible to him. It is known that one of the sources of musical images are the real sounds of nature and human speech - everything that the human ear perceives in the surrounding world.
Developing in the process of sound communication, music was initially inseparable from speech and dance. It adapted to the rhythm of labor movements, facilitated them, united people with a common desire. As a painter imitates the forms and colors of nature, so a musician imitates sound - intonations, timbre, voice modulations. However, the essence of music is not in onomatopoeia and visual moments. The musical image is devoid of direct, concrete visibility, but it is dynamic in nature and generalized, sound means expresses the essential processes of life. "Emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonation of human speech - such is the nature of the musical image." (Boreev Yu.B.)
By influencing the feelings and thoughts of people, music promotes emotional cognition. surrounding reality and helps its transformation, change. With the help of its emotional language, music affects feelings, thinking, influences the worldview of a person, directs and changes it.
One of the main means of creating a musical image is a melody, organized rhythmically, enriched with dynamics, timbre, etc., supported by accompanying voices.
Musical images are created using a complex of musical expressiveness and are an emotional reflection of the images of the real world.
The peculiarity of music, its emotional power lies in the ability to show the rich world of human feelings that have arisen under the influence of the surrounding life. “Music, through the disclosure of human experiences, reflects the life that gave birth to them.” (Vanslov V.V.)
The nature of the impact musical composition depends on how specific the content is. From this point of view, there is a distinction between music with verbal text, program and non-program purely instrumental music (program music is provided with a verbal program that reveals its content).
Non-program music expresses only emotional content. But the content is there. It defines the special cognitive possibilities of musical art.
Music does not provide new specific factual knowledge, but it can deepen the existing ones by emotionally saturating them.
3. Concept
A couplet (fr. couplet) is a part of a song that includes one stanza of text and one melody (melody).
The verse is repeated throughout the song with new stanzas of poetic text, while the melody may remain unchanged or vary slightly. The result is what is called couplet form, underlying the structure of most musical works of the song genre.
1) The beginning of singing; singing.
2) The beginning of a choral song or each of its verses, performed by a soloist.
3) The beginning of the epic, usually not related to its main content, necessary to attract the attention of listeners; start.
part of a verse song, performed at the end of the verse, in a choral song - by the choir after the solo Song. Unlike the solo, the text of which is updated in each verse, P. is usually sung to the same text. P. is characterized by simplicity of melody and rhythmic clarity. Often the text P. represents the expression common idea, slogan, appeal (especially in revolutionary and mass songs). In many cases, P. is performed twice each time, which gives it special weight. The ratio "chorus - chorus" is also transferred to instrumental music - a two-part form arises, the second part of which is often also repeated, Rondo or rondo-like form (see Musical form).
No. 4. The concept of unwritten and written musical culture. Features of folklore musical art as a phenomenon, its features as a specific layer musical culture: oralness, variance and variability, the presence of typical tunes, syncretism, etc.
The essence and specificity of folklore as a phenomenon, features musical language Formation problem national consciousness as the basis of conservation national identity culture in modern conditions world globalization undoubtedly deserves close attention already at the initial stage of comprehension of culture by a person - in the period of preschool childhood. And folklore folk wisdom), and author's works of art are indispensable means of influencing the feelings and consciousness of a preschooler, therefore, any sphere of education, including musical and aesthetic education, involves the use of samples national culture and, above all, musical folklore. Musical folklore is a combination of song, dance, instrumental creativity of the people. Folklore is a more ancient layer of musical culture than composer music. This is a non-literate musical culture, which differs significantly from the written one. Folklore has a number of features, the consideration of which makes it possible to effectively use it in musical development children preschool age. 1. For folklore tradition characterized by oral transmission from person to person, from generation to generation. In connection with the oral nature in the works of folklore, frequent repetitions of melodic turns and texts are used (based on the limited possibilities of human memory), concise musical form. These features make musical folklore accessible to preschool children. 2. As a result of orality, such features as variability and variance have developed in folklore. Variance implies the existence of many similar variants of the same sample in space (different regions) and in time. Variability - changing the sample during its execution (depending on the capabilities of the performer). These features of folklore make it possible to use his works as an invaluable material for the development musical and creative abilities of preschoolers. The folklore sample studied with preschoolers is a model on the basis of which the child can improvise, create his own versions, without conflicting with the very nature of folklore. 3. As a result of oral use in folklore, typical melodies, rhythms, texts that are transferred from one sample of folklore to another, are often signs of the genre (terts fret in lullabies, the fifth syllable in the phrases of carol songs, text refrains “Shchodra vechar, good vechar”, “Kalyada”, “Agu, vyasna!” etc.). Preschoolers, getting acquainted with a number of traditional tunes, learn the "vocabulary" and "grammar" of the national musical (as well as verbal) language. In this process, the musical intonation vocabulary of the child is enriched, and folklore becomes recognizable for him (as a result of frequent repetition) and a close phenomenon. 4. Folklore (especially the early layer) is characterized by syncretism - the fusion of all its elements (singing, movement, use of instruments, playing beginning). The worldview of the child is also syncretic, types musical activity preschooler are closely related. Thus, the folklore repertoire corresponds to age opportunities and needs of the preschool child
4. Concept
Instrumental music - music performed on instruments without participation human voice. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music. Widespread in classical music, jazz, electronic music, new age, post-rock, etc.
Means of musical expression: how to analyze a piece of music
Each art has its own techniques and mechanisms for conveying emotions, and so music has its own own language. The means of musical expression are represented by timbre, tempo, mode, rhythm, size, register, dynamics and melody. In addition, when analyzing a piece of music, accent and pause, intonation or harmony are taken into account.
Melody
The melody is the soul of the composition, it allows you to understand the mood of the work and convey feelings of sadness or fun, the melody can be abrupt, smooth or jerky. It all depends on how the author sees it.
Pace
The tempo determines the speed of the performance, which is expressed in three speeds: slow, fast and moderate. For their designation, terms are used that came to us from the Italian language. So, for slow - adagio, for fast - presto and allegro, and for moderate - andante. In addition, the pace can be brisk, calm, etc.
Rhythm and time signature
Rhythm and meter as means of musical expression determine the mood and movement of music. The rhythm can be different, calm, even, jerky, syncopated, clear, etc. Just like the rhythms that surround us in life. Size is for musicians who determine how to play music. They are written as fractions in the form of quarters.
Lad
The mode in music determines its direction. If it is a minor, then it is sad, melancholy or thoughtfully dreamy, maybe nostalgic. Major corresponds to cheerful, joyful, clear music. The mode can also be variable when a minor is replaced by a major and vice versa.
Timbre
Timbre colors music, so music can be characterized as sonorous, dark, light, etc. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, as well as the voice of a particular person.
Register
The register of music is divided into low, medium and high, but this is important directly to the musicians who perform the melody, or to experts who analyze the work.
Means such as intonation, accent and pause make it possible to clearly understand what the composer wants to say.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Topic: "The nature of music and means of musical expression" Objectives: To consolidate the ability of students to distinguish between auditory-visual and auditory music different nature, determine the available means of music ...
presentation "Means of musical expression"
Music makes you think, helps you relax, teaches... Can we talk about it in more detail? Let's try....
slide 2
MEANS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION (MSV) IS THAT WITH THE HELP OF WHICH THE COMPOSER CREATES A MUSICAL WORK AND EXPRESSES HIS THOUGHT
slide 3
BASIC MEANS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION
1. MELODY
2. RHYTHM
3. TEMP
4. timbre
5. DYNAMICS
6. LAD
7. REGISTER
8. GENRE, TYPE
9. STROKE
10. FORM
slide 4
slide 5
melody "Morning" from the suite "Peer Gynt"
Suns - shko rises - dit and not - more light - le - et, at -
ro - yes about - slept - and y - tro came - it came.
slide 6
RHYTHM - (from the Greek "MEASURABLE FLOW") Alternation of long and short sounds
Slide 7
There are a huge number of musical tempos, as well as rhythms. There are slow, medium and fast
- Slow: adagio
- Middle: moderato
- Fast: allegro
TEMP - (from the Latin "TIME") THE SPEED OF A MUSICAL WORK
Slide 8
The same work, performed on different instruments will sound different.
Slide 9
Recognize an instrument by its tone
Slide 10
For bright performance a piece of music distinguish 2 main types of dynamics (f and p) and 2 auxiliary (cres and dimin)
DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS - (from the Greek "POWER") VOLUME IN MUSIC
slide 11
- dynamic shades
- f (forte) - LOUD
- r (piano) - QUIET
MAIN TYPES OF DYNAMICS
slide 12
dynamic shades
- CRESCENDO (cres) - STRENGTHENING
- DIMINUENDO (dimin) - WEAKENING
ADDITIONAL DYNAMICS
slide 13
- LAD
- MAJOR (dur) - LIGHT, JOYFUL, BRIGHT
- MINOR (moll) - SAD, SAD
- The word "LAD" is Slavic. The ancient Slavs called Lada the golden-haired goddess of peace, beauty and love.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN MODES:
Slide 14
REGISTER - HIGH, MIDDLE OR LOW SOUNDS
slide 15
slide 16
STROKES - MUSIC PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTIATE TWO BASIC MUSIC PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES:
- LEGATO (legato) - CONNECTED
- STACCATO (staccato) - JERKLY
Slide 17
Slide 18
- LEGATO
- STACCATO
Slide 19
FORM - CONSTRUCTION OF A MUSICAL WORK
Slide 20
The simplest forms of musical works:
- I - PRIVATE FORM
- II - PARTICULAR FORM
- III - PARTICULAR FORM
- RONDO
- VARIATIONAL
slide 22
II - private form
Most often, this form is called "song", because. it is in this scheme that most of the songs are written (singal-chorus). Parts of the work are pronounced and differ from each other.
slide 23
III - private form
This form of works is most often used by composers in large musical works. It also has 2 themes, but they form a “puff” scheme
1 melody (A)
2 melody (B)
(A-B-A) or (A-B-C)
3 melody (C)
slide 24
Rondo is translated from Italian as “moving in a circle.” This form of music arose a very long time ago and was first used in poetry. Gradually, it began to be used in music. In a rondo, the main melody may be repeated many times, but completely different melodies are inserted between its repetitions.
Main melody (refrain)
Additional tunes (episodes)
Slide 25
Variations
Variation is change. most original and unusual shape music. In this form, there is also only 1 melody, which is constantly changing.
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Means of musical expression
Music originated in ancient times. This is evidenced by the many found objects with images. musical instruments, performers, although the musical works of distant eras have not reached us.
Since ancient times, music has been recognized as an important and indispensable means of shaping personal qualities person, his spiritual world. IN Ancient Greece there was even a doctrine that substantiated the effect of music on human emotions. It was proved that some melodies strengthen courage and stamina, while others, on the contrary, pamper.
What is the uniqueness of music as an art? Compare it with painting, sculpture, literature.
Music cannot depict or describe life phenomena with the same degree of concreteness as these types of art (although it has some possibilities of representation).
Is it possible to convey certain content with the help of sounds? What do we call the content of music?
Prominent psychologist B.M. Teplov wrote: "In the most direct and immediate sense, the content of music is feelings, emotions, moods." (Psychology of musical abilities. - M .; L., 1947. - S. 7.)
The peculiarity of music is that it can convey with great immediacy and power the emotional state of a person, all the richness of feelings and shades that exist in real life.
Due to the fact that music is a temporary art form (unlike painting, sculpture), it has the ability to convey changes in moods, experiences, dynamics of emotional and psychological states. Each piece of music thus has a certain “sensory program” (the term of the psychologist V. G. Razhnikov), which unfolds in time.
Music can also depict any specific phenomena of reality - the sound of waves, the howling of the wind, the splashing of a stream, the singing of birds through onomatopoeia.
There is so-called program music, in which the composer either indicates the title of the work, i.e., implies the presence of some generalized program, or writes music for a certain literary text. In program music, various kinds of pictorial moments are more common, but it is important to note that even bright pictorial works always have an emotional connotation: the chirping of a bird can be friendly, cheerful, or it can be alarmed; the sound of the waves - peaceful or formidable.
Therefore, expressiveness is always inherent in music, and representationalism has an auxiliary value. Figurativeness is not present in every work, but even brightly visual music always expresses moods, emotional and psychological states.
Music, including music not connected with the word, expresses certain thoughts and evokes generalizations. But they arise through the emotional perception of sounds, melodies, when the listener traces the development, clash of characters, themes, compares various images in parts of the work.
Another feature of music in comparison with painting, sculpture is the need for an intermediary to reproduce it.
A prominent musicologist composer B.V. Asafiev noted that music exists in the trinity of the processes of its creation by the composer, reproduction by the performer and perception by the listener.
The performer, being the composer's intermediary, must revive, voice the musical work, creatively comprehend it and express those thoughts and feelings that the author sought to convey.
Generally expressive possibilities music have sufficient constancy. So, for example, mourning music is perceived by all people as mourning, and tender music is perceived as tender. Listening to music is creative process, since the same product gives rise to different people various musical and non-musical performances depending on life experience, the experience of perceiving music.
What is the expressiveness of the language of music based on? What are the means of musical expression?
These include tempo, dynamics, register, timbre, rhythm, harmony, mode, melody, intonation, etc.
The musical image is created by a certain combination! means of musical expression. For example, a formidable character can be conveyed by rather loud dynamics, a low register, combined with a restrained tempo. Gentle character - calm pace, soft dynamics and measured rhythm. The role of individual musical means in creating an image; happens to be uneven. Every musical image is dominated by certain means expressiveness.
The expressiveness of the language of music is in many respects similar to the expressiveness of speech. There is a hypothesis about the origin of music from speech intonations, which are always emotionally colored.
There are many similarities between music and speech. musical sounds^ as well as speech, are perceived by hearing. Transmitted by voice emotional states a person: laughter, crying, anxiety, joy, tenderness, etc. Intonation coloring in speech is transmitted using timbre, pitch, voice power, speech tempo, accents, pauses. Musical intonation has the same expressive possibilities.
B. V. Asafiev scientifically substantiated the view on musical art as intonational art, the specificity of which lies in the fact that it embodies the emotional and semantic content of music, just as internal state person is embodied in the intonations of speech. Speech intonation expresses, first of all, the feelings, moods, thoughts of the speaker, as well as musical intonation. So, a person's excited speech is distinguished by a fast pace, continuity or the presence of small pauses, an increase in pitch, and the presence of accents. Music that conveys confusion usually has the same traits. The mournful speech of a man, as well as mournful music(quiet, slow), interrupted by pauses, exclamations. I
BV Asafiev used the term intonation in two meanings. The first is the smallest expressive and semantic particle, "grain-intonation", "cell" of the image. For example, the intonation of two descending sounds with an emphasis on the first (minor second interval) usually expresses pain, sigh, crying, and an upward jump in the melody by four sounds (per fourth) with an emphasis on the second sound is an active beginning.
The second meaning of the term is used in a broad sense: as an intonation equal to the length of a musical work. In this sense, music does not exist outside of intonation. Musical form is the process of changing intonations.
Musical form in a broad sense is the totality of all musical means expressing content. In a narrower sense, the structure of a musical work, the ratio of its separate parts and sections within the part, i.e. the structure of the work.
The temporal nature of music makes it possible to convey the processes of development, all kinds of changes. To understand the meaning of the work, to feel it, it is necessary to follow the development of musical images.
Three principles are important in creating a form: repetition, contrast, development (variation).
Repeat may vary. A musical phrase repeated twice in a row replaces a stop, this helps to listen more deeply, to remember the melody. In another case, a contrasting theme sounds between repetitions. The role of such repetitions is very great: they form the basis of musical dramaturgy, as they allow to assert the primacy of the image.
If there is a contrasting episode between the repeated sections, a simple tripartite form is formed. Schematically, it can be depicted as follows: ABA.
The expressive value of the repetition of a theme increases if, after the appearance of a new image (B), it itself changes. Conventionally, her “second appearance is designated as A1. In this case, the tripartite form can be represented by the ABA1 scheme.
Repetition is associated with another principle - contrast, which allows repetition to be shaded. Contrast helps to express a change of mood in music, it can sound like opposition. So, for example, if the first part was full of carelessness, fun, middle part introduces a contrasting image (anxiety, evil, etc.). In the third part, depending on whether the repetition is exact or modified, one can follow the development of the image, musical dramaturgy.
The contrast is associated with another principle of shaping - development. If the topic itself consists of two (or more) contrasting elements, or if a section of the form consists of several topics, this gives rise to conflict, the possibility of their collision, development. This principle has a variety - variational development, which originates from folk improvisations.
These three principles of shaping often occur together. More complex musical forms are formed using the same principles.
Let's characterize some types of music - musical genres. music expressiveness form
Broadly, music can be divided into vocal and instrumental. Vocal music is associated with the word, poetic text. Its varieties are solo, ensemble and choral music. In instrumental music, the content is expressed more generally. Its varieties include solo, ensemble and orchestral music.
But the division of music only into vocal and instrumental is very conditional. There is a wide variety of genres of folk and classical music.
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Music Reference
Types of music:
By way of execution
Vocal, choral
Instrumental music- music which, unlike song, is performed without words. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music.
Chamber music- instrumental or vocal music for a small group of performers: solo compositions. Symphonic music.
Styles:
Antique
Medieval (polyphony appears from the 11th to the 18th century. Polyphony- a type of polyphony (fugue, canon - polyphonic genres)
Baroque, classical, romantic, impressionism, modern, contemporary
Means of musical expression
Lad- a sound-altitude system, where each stage is at its own level. The mode determines the color of the melody. The most famous modes are major and minor.
Rhythm the ratio of the durations of sounds in their sequence
Pace- the speed of the music:
slowly
calmly
lively
Timbre - coloration of the sound of instruments or voices
Register - height
Dynamics- volume (forte, piano)
Intonation- semantic expressiveness
Form- the plan of the piece of music.
Variations (A., A1, A2, A3 ...)
Rondo (AVACADA…)
sonata form.
Variations- (change) is a musical form based on a theme and its variations
Rondo- French dance song - dance. The refrain is one, the tunes change.
Sonata- a piece of music for one or two instruments. For example: sonata for violin and piano.
The structure of the I part of the sonata, symphony, overture, quartet.
Introduction. First section sonata form- Exposure.
Exposition is a display of topics. Typically, there are two main themes. Often they are in contrast with each other, which determines further development works. The exposition consists of 4 themes: main, connecting, secondary and final. Semantic load falls precisely on the main and side parties.
Development (based on the motives of the exposition).
Reprise (repetition of the themes of the exposition with changes).
Coda (epilogue, afterword). Symphony- piece of music for symphony orchestra. Consists of four parts: Fast, Slow, Cheerful, Solemn.
Genres:(from French - view). Each genre has its own characteristic means of musical expression.
Dance - art form in which artistic image is created through rhythmic plastic movements and a change in the expressive positions of the human body.
March- - music the genre that has developed in instr. music in connection with the problem of motion synchronization a large number of people…
Song is a form of vocal music. Words and melody are important in a song.
Vocalise- singing without words
Romance- genre of vocal music; Musically - poetic work for voice with guitar accompaniment.
Ballad- A song or play of a narrative nature with dramatic and lyrical content.
Play- small piece of music
musical moments and impromptu, nocturnes and ballads, piano transcriptions of orchestral works and songs without words, fantasies, rhapsodies, suites, concertinos.
Special Genre instrumental music - concert with orchestra where the virtuosic features of the piano or other instruments come out with particular brilliance.
Overture- an instrumental (usually orchestral) piece performed before the start of any performance - opera, ballet, film, etc., or a one-part orchestral piece, often belonging to program music.
Opera(from Italian letters - work, composition) - a genre of vocal musical and dramatic art based on the synthesis of the word, stage action and music. Examples: M. Glinka "Ivan Susanin", J. Bizet "Carmen", M. Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov".
(Overture, aria, cavatina, recitative, libretto - Short text, leitmotif - a bright, figurative melodic theme. The leitmotif changes as the image develops)
Ballet- a type of synthetic musical and theatrical art that combines dramaturgy, music, choreography and art, view performing arts, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.
Oratorio(lat. oratorium, ital. oratorio) - a major piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only for plots from Holy Scripture. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.
Cantata a multi-part vocal-symphonic work of a solemn or narrative-epic nature (the term “cantata” comes from the Italian cantare - to sing)
Quartet- an ensemble of four people
Quintet- ensemble of five people
musical image- these are the thoughts and feelings of the composer, expressed in sounds. They are lyrical, dramatic, epic, etc. Imaginary pictures of the environment and inner world man, created by means of musical expressiveness. ("Morning", "In the cave of the mountain king" by E. Grieg. "Sad waltz" by J. Sibelius.)
Musical dramaturgy is the process of developing a piece of music. Musical thought, developing by changing the means of musical expression, and forms the dynamics musical sound called musical dramaturgy. Dramaturgy is the embodiment of the idea, the idea of the composer in piece of music through the development of one or more musical images. There are two types of dramaturgy: conflict dramaturgy and dramaturgy of comparisons. (for example, Beethoven overture "Egmont" and Glinka's overture to the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila") One of the most common ways of developing music are: repetition, variation, sequence, imitation.
2. Musical scenario that determines the relationship of images in the work
Program music is music that has a specific content. Such works have a certain title or literary preface(epigraph), created or chosen by the composer himself. Example: Beethoven Overture to Goethe's Egmont.
Introduction. Spaniards. People.
Exposure. Egmont. Clerchen.
Development. Spaniards. Clerchen.
Reprise. Clerchen. Death of Egmont.
Code. The victory of the insurgent people.
