By dusk, the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych came out of the basement and stopped at the door. The once clear evening sky was all covered with smoke. And through this smoke a young, high-standing sickle of the moon shone strangely. After the former terrible rumble of guns had fallen silent over the city, silence seemed to be interrupted only by the rustle of steps, groans, distant screams and the crackle of fires, as it were spread throughout the city. The groans of the cook are now quiet. From both sides, black clouds of smoke from fires rose and dispersed. On the street, not in rows, but like ants from a ruined tussock, in different uniforms and in different directions soldiers passed and ran. In the eyes of Alpatych, several of them ran into Ferapontov's yard. Alpatych went to the gate. Some regiment, crowding and hurrying, blocked the street, going back.
“The city is being surrendered, leave, leave,” the officer who noticed his figure said to him and immediately turned to the soldiers with a cry:
- I'll let you run around the yards! he shouted.
Alpatych returned to the hut and, calling the coachman, ordered him to leave. Following Alpatych and the coachman, all Ferapontov's household went out. Seeing the smoke and even the lights of the fires, which were now visible in the beginning twilight, the women, who had been silent until then, suddenly began to wail, looking at the fires. As if echoing them, the same weeping was heard at the other ends of the street. Alpatych with a coachman, with trembling hands, straightened the tangled reins and horses' lines under a canopy.
When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw ten soldiers in the open shop of Ferapontov pouring sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers with a loud voice. At the same time, returning from the street to the shop, Ferapontov entered. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
- Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
- Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I made up my mind ... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers were constantly walking along the street, filling it all up, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The hostess Ferapontova was also sitting on the cart with the children, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and a young moon shone from time to time, shrouded in smoke. On the descent to the Dnieper, the carts of Alpatych and the hostess, slowly moving in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the crossroads where the carts stopped, in an alley, a house and shops were on fire. The fire has already burned out. The flame either died away and was lost in black smoke, then it suddenly flashed brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads. In front of the fire, black figures of people flashed by, and because of the incessant crackle of the fire, voices and screams were heard. Alpatych, who got down from the wagon, seeing that they would not let his wagon through soon, turned to the alley to look at the fire. The soldiers darted incessantly back and forth past the fire, and Alpatych saw how two soldiers and with them a man in a frieze overcoat dragged burning logs from the fire across the street to the neighboring yard; others carried armfuls of hay.
Alpatych approached a large crowd of people standing in front of a high barn burning with full fire. The walls were all on fire, the back collapsed, the boarded roof collapsed, the beams were on fire. Obviously, the crowd was waiting for the moment when the roof would collapse. Alpatych expected the same.
- Alpatych! Suddenly a familiar voice called out to the old man.
“Father, your excellency,” answered Alpatych, instantly recognizing the voice of his young prince.
Prince Andrei, in a raincoat, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych.
– How are you here? - he asked.
- Your ... your Excellency, - Alpatych said and sobbed ... - Yours, yours ... or have we already disappeared? Father…
– How are you here? repeated Prince Andrew.
The flame flared brightly at that moment and illuminated Alpatych's pale and exhausted face of his young master. Alpatych told how he was sent and how he could have left by force.
“Well, Your Excellency, or are we lost?” he asked again.
Prince Andrei, without answering, took out notebook and, raising his knee, he began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “the Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me as soon as you leave, sending a courier to Usvyazh.
Having written and handed over the sheet to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to arrange the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. He had not yet had time to complete these orders, when the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
- Are you a colonel? shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - Houses are lit in your presence, and you are standing? What does this mean? You will answer, - shouted Berg, who was now assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry troops of the first army, - the place is very pleasant and in sight, as Berg said.
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t get the news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to the Bald Mountains.
“I, prince, only say so,” Berg said, recognizing Prince Andrei, “that I must obey orders, because I always fulfill them exactly ... Please excuse me,” Berg justified himself in some way.
Tolstoy began his narrative with the first clashes between the Russian army and the French in 1805, describing the battle of Shengraben and the battle of Austerlitz, where the Russian troops were defeated. But even in the lost battles, Tolstoy shows real heroes, steadfast and firm in the performance of their military duty. We meet here heroic Russian soldiers and courageous commanders. With great sympathy, Tolstoy talks about Bagration, under whose leadership the detachment made a heroic transition to the village of Shengraben.
But another inconspicuous hero is Captain Tushin. It's simple and humble person living the same life with the soldiers. He is completely incapable of observing the ceremonial military regulations, which caused dissatisfaction with his superiors. But in battle, it is Tushin, this small, inconspicuous man, who sets an example of valor, courage and heroism. He, with a handful of soldiers, not knowing fear, held the battery and did not leave his positions under the onslaught of the enemy, who did not expect "the audacity of firing four cannons that were not protected by anyone." Outwardly unsightly, but internally collected and organized, the company commander Timokhin appears in the novel, whose company "one kept in order." Seeing no point in a war on foreign territory, the soldiers do not feel hatred for the enemy. Yes, and the officers are disunited and cannot convey to the soldiers the need to fight for foreign land.
A completely different state of Russian soldiers and officers after the entry of the Napoleonic army into the territory of Russia. Tolstoy portrays this war as a people's war of liberation. The whole country rose up against the enemy. Everyone stood up to support the army: peasants, merchants, craftsmen, nobles. "From Smolensk to Moscow in all the towns and villages of the Russian land" everything and everyone rose up against the enemy. Peasants and merchants refused to supply the French army. Their motto is: "It is better to destroy, but not to give to the enemy."
Let us remember the merchant Ferapontov. At a tragic moment for Russia, the merchant forgets about his goal. Everyday life, about wealth, about hoarding. And the general patriotic feeling makes the merchant related to ordinary people: "Drag everything, guys ... I'll set it on fire myself." The actions of the merchant Ferapontov echo the patriotic act of Natasha Rostova on the eve of the surrender of Moscow. She makes you drop from the cart family good and take the wounded. From Natasha comes the energy of renewal, liberation from the false, false, familiar, leading "to the free light of God." And here her role is tantamount to what gives the searching heroes of Tolstoy communication with the people. Lydia Dmitrievna Opulskaya wrote: “One of the main ideas of the novel is embodied in the image of Natasha: there is no beauty and happiness where there is no goodness, simplicity and truth.” It was a new relationship between people in the face of a national danger.
In the battle of Shengraben, in the battle on the Borodino field, there were many moments of hesitation, fear, and uncertainty. At such moments, the infantry regiments are helped by an inexplicable upsurge, enthusiasm, embracing individual soldiers who are capable of shouting "Hurrah!" to lead an army that had lost hope. This was done by officer Timokhin, a modest man, without any ulterior motives "with one skewer" and "insane determination" rushed at the French. In the same way, the head of the battery, Tushin, with his gunners, who was not afraid to take the initiative, makes a significant contribution to the overall victory.
The reason for the defeats in Austria, Prussia is the lack of purpose and motivation. Now everything is different. The goal of the Patriotic War of 1812 is defined, it is the same for all its participants. The soldier who met Pierre in Mozhaisk speaks of precisely this: “They want to attack with all the people; one word - Moscow. They want to make one end." Revenge for the insults experienced, for the native land, for past failures, everyone is covered. In the "people's battle" - the Battle of Borodino, the victory was ensured by the general "spirit of the army", added to the "hidden warmth of patriotism." The losses were virtually the same, but the victory of the Russians was not measured in them: it was "a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his impotence." “Wonderful, incomparable people” endure everything: troubles, torment, pain, and all for the sake of liberation native land.
novel war world tolstoy
1812 was a year of trials for the Russian people. Patriotic War united people on moral grounds, the main of which was the desire to exterminate the invaders of their native land. Patriotism in the novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy is a majestic force that predetermined victory over the enemy.
Folk thought
When Emperor Alexander played with the lives of millions of people, and Moscow burned in the flames of war, the anger of the peasant masses grew into a rage that destroyed French army. Each person understood the tragic importance of the current moment.
Merchant Ferapontov
Tolstoy mentions many cases, historically confirmed, when different people sacrificed their interests for the good of the Fatherland. episodic character Ferapontov kept an inn in Smolensk, where he also sold flour in his shop.The author paints an unattractive portrait of a man with a fat belly, a red nose from nerves, a blackened face either from anger or envy that a neighbor managed to sell goods to the army. Ferapontov endangers his family with small children, but wants to have time to sell all the goods.
Here explosions of shells thundered, the Russian army retreats, leaving Smolensk. Several soldiers burst into the shop and grab bags of flour. Ferapontov, realizing that soon Napoleon would pass through the streets, laughed hysterically, shouting for everyone to be sorted out, carried away with them for free.
The man, realizing that the enemy is entering the city, decides to set fire to the remaining good, so that it does not fall into the clutches of the unclean, as he considers the emperor of France. The behavior of the greedy merchant at a critical moment for the city suggests that he began to think not about money, but about the struggle. Setting fire to your house so that flour does not turn into a strategic reserve of enemy troops is a feat of a civilian man in the street.
Partisan movement
cudgel popular anger began to take shape after the surrender of Smolensk. The French faced an unprecedented phenomenon when the same men who, together with them, pulled away the remnants of burning Moscow, burned their hay so as not to replenish the reserves of the Napoleonic army. The desire to protect the Motherland unconsciously manifested itself in hatred for the invaders.in a bright way patriot is Tikhon Shcherbaty, who did not see the caress from life and the king. The man brought down on the heads of the enemy all his strength of the peasant fist. He became an example of endurance, skill and courage, he could penetrate the crowd French soldiers, come out unscathed from a dangerous sortie.
Petya Rostov dies in the forest, trying to prove his courage to others. A kind boy who wanted to feed the captive drummer but was ashamed of his kindness. The desire to drive the enemy from their native land prevailed over the fear of being killed by a French bullet.
Most of the heroes of that time remained unknown, some legends have developed. The author mentions a priest who led a partisan detachment. Leo Tolstoy says that at the head of the rebellious peasants, indignant and ruthless, there used to be a woman. History remembers Varvara, the wife of the headman, around whom the whole village united with pitchforks and axes.
Kutuzov
Tolstoy reveres the image of the illustrious general as an example of a Russian patriot who brought victory to Russia. The Commander-in-Chief acted as a part of his people, sometimes without being able to apply his experience.While the government circles of the state were arguing about who was to blame, Kutuzov tried to save the remaining army, because without it there is no state by definition. During the retreat of the French, many generals wanted to organize a battle in order to receive victory and an order at their own expense.
Kutuzov again, by persuasion, orders and ignoring, sought to save the soldiers from death, which in that situation was meaningless.
The death of Bolkonsky
Prince Bolkonsky is an example of officer honor and valor. Under Shangreben, risking his life, Andrey takes the heroic battery of Captain Tushin out of the line of fire. In the battle of Austerlitz, the colonel raises the fallen banner and leads the soldiers into battle, receiving a combat wound.Bolkonsky's regiment stood on the Borodino field, waiting for the order to advance. Shells flew overhead, but Andrei walked to his full height, without bending, so that the soldiers would not doubt the courage of their commanders. So he was wounded, which led to his death, but remained in the memory of his subordinates as a brave commander.
Natasha Rostova
The war became a test for the girl, completely changing her worldview. On the day of departure from Moscow, Natasha lets the wounded into the house. Neither mother nor father resists this. So Prince Bolkonsky gets to them. The old count orders to unload the property in order to seat soldiers and officers who cannot leave the city because of their wounds.And when she finds out that her mother is resisting her father's order, then a tantrum begins:
“This is disgusting! This is an abomination! she screamed. "It can't be what you ordered."
The patriotic image of Natasha is one of thousands of similar cases that actually occurred during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, sending his manager Alpatych to Smolensk, gave him only the usual economic assignments. But Princess Mary, on the advice of Desal, sent a letter with Alpatych to the governor "with a request to inform her about the state of affairs and about the degree of danger to which the Bald Mountains are exposed."
And now Yakov Alpatych is going on his way, "accompanied by his family, in a white downy hat (a princely gift), with a stick, just like the prince ..."
Every time Alpatych appears on the pages of War and Peace, he pronounces the name of Prince Bolkonsky, “proudly raising his head and putting his hand in his bosom,” with this gesture he emphasizes the significance of his master. The whole life of Alpatych is a reflection of the life of the old prince. Going on the road, he, just like the prince, removes his relatives:
“- Well, well, women's fees! Grandmas, women! - puffing, Alpatych spoke in a patter exactly as the prince said, and sat down in the kibitochka.
We have already seen that Tolstoy almost never describes the war from himself, with his own eyes. We saw the battles through the eyes of Nikolai Rostov and Andrei Bolkonsky, we will see Borodino through the eyes of Pierre - so now we are approaching Smolensk, under which the French are already standing, together with Alpatych.
Willy-nilly, he listens to the merchant Ferapontov, with whom he always stops in Smolensk. To the message that “everyone is afraid of the Frenchman,” Alpatych answers like a prince: “Woman's talk, woman's talk!” He is worried about one thing: the weather is good, "an expensive day for harvesting bread" is being missed.
The merchant Ferapontov appears only once on the pages of the novel, but what happens to him will help us understand Natasha, Andrey, and Petya, and all the people who lived yesterday in peace and today live in war.
The owner of a house, an inn and a flour shop, “a fat, black, red forty-year-old man with thick lips, with a thick bump-nose, the same bumps over black, frowning eyebrows and a fat belly” - such is Ferapontov. Isn't it a little pretty man? Tolstoy deliberately draws him like this: he doesn’t have a stomach, but a “belly”, not a nose, but a bump; in three lines the word "fat" is repeated four times; he himself is “black, red”, and his very first words are about money: “The men ask for three rubles from a cart - there is no cross on them!” His wife begs him to leave Smolensk: “Do not ruin me with small children; the people, they say, all left; What does he say we are? - Ferapontov does not want to go for anything, does not want to leave good, he beat his wife for her requests: “He beat me like that, he dragged him like that!”
The only thing that interests Ferapontov is how not to pay seven rubles for a cart (yesterday it was three, today it's already seven!); he is tormented by envy of the merchant Selivanov, who profitably sold flour to the army.
And now Alpatych leaves the Ferapontov yard. “Suddenly, a strange sound of a distant whistle and blow was heard, and then there was a merging rumble of cannon fire, from which the windows trembled.”
It was the beginning. "WITH different sides whistles, shots of cannonballs and the bursting of grenades falling in the city were heard. If we saw all this through the eyes of Prince Andrei or his father, we would immediately understand that the bombardment of the city from many guns had begun. But Alpatych is watching us, and he does not understand anything; around him, people are only curious, even cheerful - until the very second when "something whistled like a bird flying from top to bottom, a fire flashed in the middle of the street, something shot and covered the street with smoke." So saw Alpatych and the women standing at the gate. But this something that looked like a bird crushed the thigh of a curious cook - then only people realized what was happening.
Russian soldiers are already walking along the street, leaving the city; the officer is already shouting to Alpatych: “The city is being surrendered, leave, leave!” - and at this time several soldiers burst into Ferapontov's shop. They “with a loud voice poured sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers. At the same time ... Ferapontov entered the shop. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
Get it all guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street...
Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I decided ... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
He remained the same - black, red, with a thick belly, a cunning merchant who knows how to benefit from everything. But in his cry: "Don't get the devils!", in his sobbing laughter: "I'll set fire to myself" - the future fire of Moscow and the death of Napoleon, because the moment has come when the merchant Ferapontov thinks not about money and goods, but about Russia.
Maybe he does not think about her, but he feels for her - the way everyone feels at this hour.
Houses and shops are already burning, set on fire by the same owners as Ferapontov, and people are carrying “burning logs from the fire across the street to the neighboring yard” to light something else so that the French do not get it.
Nothing surprising can happen at this moment: even the fact that Alpatych is suddenly called out by Prince Andrei, illuminated by the flames of a fire, is not even strange: Prince Andrei should be here, “in a raincoat, riding a black horse”, with a pale and exhausted face ; he should like this, “raising his knee ... write with a pencil” a note to his father. All swept away war is coming across Smolensk, and only one person remains unchanged in this crazy, blazing world.
"Are you a colonel? shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - In your presence, houses are lit, and you are standing? What does this mean? You will answer, - shouted Berg, who was now assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry troops of the first army ... "
From this "assistant chief of staff of the left flank" turns the soul. He did not understand anything, nothing, just as his friend Drubetskoy did not understand either; with Berg in this war "a very pleasant and visible place"; he does not understand why they light houses; where to him - clean and pink - to a thick, red, black Ferapontov!
And Prince Andrei, who seven years ago shouted at Zherkov for stupid jokes, today does not shout at Berg: he does not notice him, does not hear him.
"- Urruru! - Echoing the collapsed ceiling of the barn, from which there was a smell of cakes from burnt bread, the crowd roared. The flame flared up and illuminated the animatedly joyful and exhausted faces of the people standing around the fire...
Prince Andrei is with them, with these people who burn their bread, with the merchant Ferapontov, and he does not care about Berg; his concern is Russia.
After what Prince Andrei saw in Smolensk, he can no longer be surprised by what he notices, retreating with his regiment high road, past the Bald Mountains: “The bread left on the vine burned and spilled out. The swamps have dried up. The cattle roared from hunger, not finding food in the meadows burned by the sun... The sun seemed to be a big crimson ball. There was no wind, and people were suffocating ... ";
This is war. But even in war people are people. Arriving at his devastated estate, Prince Andrei saw two peasant girls stealing plums in the master's greenhouse. They were frightened by the master, and Prince Andrei, too, "hurriedly turned away from them, afraid to let them notice that he had seen them." After meeting with the girls, there was also a pond in which the soldiers bathed "with laughter and a boom" - "this floundering echoed with fun, and therefore it was especially sad." Sad because the war destroys not only houses and barns, it goes through human lives, and all these people merrily floundering in the pond, tomorrow they may die, and girls with plums too, the war will not spare anyone.
But people no longer want mercy. One concern owns these soldiers having fun in a dirty pond, and merchants burning their bread, and the commander Bagration. At the risk of earning the wrath of the king or the all-powerful Arakcheev, after leaving Smolensk, he nevertheless writes a letter to Arakcheev - lovely letter a soldier not familiar with diplomacy: “It hurts, it’s sad, and the whole army is in despair, which is the most important place abandoned in vain ... Rumor has it that you think about the world. In order to make peace, God forbid! .. If it’s gone like that, we must fight while Russia can and while people are on their feet ... Tell me, for God's sake, that our Russia - our mother - will say that we are so afraid and for what such good and we give the zealous Fatherland to the bastards and instill hatred and disgrace in every subject ... "
What is Russia - our mother? A ruined house in the Bald Mountains, girls with plums; Natasha, who betrayed Prince Andrei with Anatole, sister, son, old father - this is the Russia of Prince Bolkonsky. Ferapontov has a different one, Bagration has a third one, but everyone has one, and all of them: Prince Andrei and Alpatych, Nikolai Rostov in his regiment and Pierre in Moscow; a man in a frieze overcoat, rejoicing at the fire of Smolensk, and Petya Rostov squeezed by the Moscow crowd; bathing soldiers and General Bagration - they all know now: the hour has come when only one thing has become important - common destiny all, the fate of the Fatherland.
What, from your point of view, can explain the "strange" behavior of the merchant Ferapontov in the above episode?
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.
By dusk, the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych came out of the basement and stopped at the door. The once clear evening sky was covered in smoke. And through this smoke a young, high-standing sickle of the moon shone strangely. After the former terrible roar of guns had fallen silent over the city, silence seemed to be interrupted only by the rustle of steps, groans, distant screams and the crackling of fires, as it were spread throughout the city. The groans of the cook are now quiet. From both sides, black clouds of smoke from fires rose and dispersed. On the street, not in rows, but like ants from a ruined tussock, soldiers in different uniforms and in different directions passed and ran through. In the eyes of Alpatych, several of them ran into Ferapontov's yard. Alpatych went to the gate. Some regiment, crowding and hurrying, blocked the street, going back.
“The city is being surrendered, leave, leave,” the officer, who noticed his figure, said to him and immediately turned to the soldiers with a cry:
- I'll let you run around the yards! he shouted.
Alpatych returned to the hut and, calling the coachman, ordered him to leave. Following Alpatych and the coachman, all Ferapontov's household went out. Seeing the smoke and even the lights of the fires, which were now visible in the beginning twilight, the women, who had been silent until then, suddenly began to wail, looking at the fires. As if echoing them, the same weeping was heard at the other ends of the street. Alpatych with a coachman, with trembling hands, straightened the tangled reins and horses' lines under a canopy.
When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw ten soldiers in the open shop of Ferapontov pouring sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers with a loud voice. At the same time, returning from the street to the shop, Ferapontov entered. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
— Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
— Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I've made up my mind..." Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers walked continuously along the street, filling it all up, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The hostess Ferapontova with the children was also sitting on the cart, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and a young moon shone from time to time, shrouded in smoke. On the descent to the Dnieper, the carts of Alpatych and the hostess, slowly moving in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the crossroads where the carts had stopped, in an alleyway, a house and shops were on fire. The fire has already burned out. The flame either died away and was lost in black smoke, then it suddenly flashed brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads.
L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Explanation.
The "strange" behavior of the merchant Ferapontov is explained by the fact that the French are on the outskirts of the city. As a true patriot, the merchant Ferapontov does not want to feed the enemy army, preferring to burn his property.
