Since the time of the Empire, Russia has been famous for its writers and poets. Unsurpassed works that have become classics not only in our country, but throughout the world allow us to be proud of our cultural heritage. And the uniqueness of the presentation of thoughts helps not only to develop spiritually, but also to improve in the Russian language. It is competent speech that distinguishes an educated and thinking person.
That's probably why school program taking care of our diversified development, includes required reading works of Russian geniuses of the word. These include the work, the author of which was a Russian publicist, master historical prose- Aldanov - "Devil's Bridge". The summary of the novel, which students love to use so much, is unlikely to convey the author’s characteristic manner of captivating presentation of events and original presentation of material framed by philosophical reasoning on historical themes. However, first things first.
Biographical information
It's no secret that Aldanov's real name is Mark Landau.
He was born in 1886 in Kyiv, which at that time was part of Russian Empire. Having received a versatile education in the field of physical, mathematical and legal sciences, Aldanov begins to be interested in history. Later, technical education and analytical will help him turn a boring historical work filled with dry facts into a fascinating journey through past events. What is the novel that Aldanov wrote - "Devil's Bridge" worth!
Creativity of the author
The first volume of his work "Tolstoy and Rolland" he published only in 1915. However, the work was not successful, and was subsequently rewritten and released under a new title - "The Riddle of Tolstoy".
Two years later, success still comes to the author, thanks to the book Armageddon. And even later comes the tetralogy "The Thinker". It includes Aldanov Mark "Devil's Bridge", "The Ninth Thermidor", the story "St. Helena, a small island" and "Conspiracy". The tetralogy tells about the events taking place during the reign of Napoleon.
After that, Aldanov's activity does not end, and he writes 12 more historical works, one philosophical work and two books in the field of chemistry.
Influence on creativity
The dedication of the first book to another great writer, Leo Tolstoy, is not accidental.
Mark Aldanov did not hide that he was his great admirer, despite the differences in the vision of some philosophical aspects. Perhaps that is why in his own writings one can trace the influence of Tolstoy and the borrowing of his style of writing. For example, in one of the novels included in the "Thinker" tetralogy - "Devil's Bridge" - the description of events passes through the prism of perception ordinary person which has nothing to do with politics or history. There is an obvious parallel in this with Tolstoy's War and Peace.
Writing style
However, Aldanov does not forget about his own style of writing. Using skeptical irony and starting from the rich historical experience, he describes state activity, hostilities, the moral side of mankind, recognizing the will of chance in accepting important decisions. By sending the protagonist to the very heart of historical events, the author rewards himself with the opportunity to tell the story using his own perception.
Aldanov, "Devil's Bridge": a summary
The great publicist does not change his manner in this work either.
So, main theme The narrative is the heroic deed of Suvorov, who ferried his army across the Alps. Sending to the center of what is happening a young nobleman named Staal, who becomes an unwitting witness to history, the author tells about past events in an original way. Thanks to this technique, the reader is completely immersed in what happened and is given a chance to get to the point. historical event as close as possible.
Read the entire novel written by Aldanov - "Devil's Bridge". Brief content on the background original text seems like a meager parody that does not convey all the nuances of the work.
The great commander, the winner of many battles, Suvorov is embroiled in the intrigues of the Austrian staff officers. Now his goal is to save his own army. To do this, Suvorov is forced to cross Italy with her and get to Switzerland. No one believed in the victory of the brave commander, and all his actions were doomed to failure. However, Suvorov not only successfully transferred the army, but also founded his own state - the Swiss Federation. Shading it heroic deed life of the Neapolitan court, Aldanov talks about their cowardice and self-interest, reflecting these qualities in the escape during the offensive of the French troops.
Conclusion
Any creation of the author is a masterpiece that deserves full reading. Each line of the story is endowed with a special meaning, telling about events that took place long before our birth, but somehow influenced our destiny. great opportunity to get acquainted with the era of the 19th century will be the reading of the novel written by Aldanov - "Devil's Bridge". The brief content literally deprives him of subtleties, dooming readers to ignorance of the history of their own state. Undoubtedly, this is the choice of everyone, but, having freed a couple of hours from less important matters, it is much more pleasant to culturally enrich your life by reading one or another quality work.
In many ways following the practice of Napoleon, Joubert believed that pomp was necessary for prestige. He gathered the soldiers and gave them speeches that not everyone understood, but inspired everyone. The news of his unselfishness also helped to set up the troops. Each seemingly random detail that attracted the soldiers to the personality of the commander set up the troops, prepared them for the upcoming battle.
Suddenly, while Joubert was watching the field of the upcoming battle, someone's surprised voice said that he saw Suvarov (Suvorov). This surprised the commander-in-chief. He also noticed Suvorov far ahead of the advanced line of Russian rangers. The general confusion among the French was quickly replaced by an attempt to shoot and hit this man. Guns and cannons were also used. The excitement of the French did not pass on to the Russian troops. Suvorov himself remained calm, and the shots never reached the target.
The landscape in this chapter is depicted as the background of events. Even the participants in the events themselves partly perceive it as decoration. Here a group of French officers stopped, and they “thought about how spectacular historical picture represents their brilliant equestrian group, stopping on a wonderful hill above the century-old Italian town. And one more scene - Joubert stands on the balcony of a house located on a hill, and looks at the forthcoming battlefield. Observations are interspersed with reflections, which are replaced by spiritual fatigue.
Reflections of Joubert on the night before the fight, of course, internal monologue. His reasoning, memories and doubts are constantly invaded by the considerations of a strategist who organizes these thoughts, planning the upcoming battle. So, an internal monologue helps to imagine the spiritual life of the commander on the eve of important battle and his possible death, a premonition of which is also contained in his judgments about the coming day.
Suvorov traveled all over the regiments in a day without dismounting from his horse. He stopped in front of each regiment and talked to the soldiers. After ten hours in the saddle, he received reports and talked with the senior officers, who numbered almost twenty people.
Then he lay down on the hay in the corner of the hut and fell asleep for two hours. When he woke up, he knew that “nothing more can be done,” because this would change the mood that had been created. Being confident in tomorrow's victory, he thought with sympathy of his opponent Zhuber and decided to write a letter to his daughter. At the same time, in the letter, he also composed poems: “neither content nor meaning was required for poetry.” He also wrote German poems to create the right mood among the gentlemen of the Austrian generals. Then he is forced to listen to the advice of the Austrian general Belgard, who sought to reshape the disposition for the upcoming battle.
The night passed in worries. Last words Chapter III: “The field marshal ran up to his horse and easily jumped onto the Cossack saddle. Prokhor Dubasov, who knew what this lightness cost the old man, imperceptibly helped him, kissing the master on the hand and knee and with difficulty restraining himself from sobbing.
Suvorov's orderly, Prokhor Dubasov, was a simple and rude man, for whom there were no secrets and secrets in the behavior of his master. But, knowing everything, understanding all the petty weaknesses of his master, being rude to him and even more so to his visitors, he knew exactly the value of this old man. His devotion is the devotion of that high standard, which is generated not by unreasonable adoration, but accurate knowledge all the characteristics of a person, his strengths and weaknesses. This type of servant was loved and appreciated by all generations of Russian enlightened people, it is also embodied in literature. Everyone remembers and loves Savelich, who was devoted to his young and not always sensible master Grinev. You will also meet Firs in the play " The Cherry Orchard» A. P. Chekhov.
Waking up after two hours of sleep, Su-vorov knew for sure that he needed to be constantly busy so as not to lose the formation he created and needed to lead the battle, and he fills the four hours left before dawn with a variety of things mi. First, he runs out of the tent and looks to see if the French have left their positions. Then he thinks of Joubert. Having gone over in his mind everything that needed to be done, and making sure that nothing was missed, he comes up with an occupation for the rest of the time. At first it was a letter to his daughter, which he wrote, even providing it with poems and very carefully sealing the envelope with sealing wax. Then he suddenly decided to write poems in German in honor of the Austrian generals subordinate to him. At the same time, he listens to the judgments of the Austrian general Belgard about possible changes in the disposition of the upcoming battle, then offers him the poems he has just composed. This is how the last hours of the marvelous (as he was often called in the army) commander formed before the battle of Novi.
Suvorov's worries about the next award are emphasized by the author in many chapters. The field marshal even uses his reputation for eccentricities to hint at another possible award: he pulls up his stockings to "suggest" the possibility of awarding him the Order of the Garter. It is unlikely that this desire to receive all kinds of awards was just a whim of man. More reason to think that having a reward made it possible to be more actively involved in the decision important issues and public affairs and was practically a business necessity. Obviously, this is precisely why the commander’s clumsy attempts to draw attention to himself in order to increase the number of awards do not cause irritation and ridicule, but a sad and even aching feeling of pity and sympathy from the reader.
In Aldanov's story, the character of Suvorov, a man and commander, is described quite fully. Before us is a talented military leader and an insightful person who not only knows how to be both a strategist and tactician, solving military problems, but also brilliantly overcomes the difficulties that life puts before him. In the story, you can see how he actively uses his shortcomings and legends about his behavior to achieve military and even strategic goals. We watch how he carefully cherishes the legend that he is not afraid of a bullet, going far ahead of the positions of his troops. It is obvious that he knew how to include in the register of his findings and use any trifle, any random incident, for tactical or strategic decisions.
So, not to mention the personal courage, even the fearlessness of this old man, we see them in practical manifestation. Don't call them like essential qualities because they are not the main thing in the character of Suvorov. The talent of a commander presupposes personal courage and bravery as one of necessary conditions. And his dignity is the ability to see the whole, to control the movement of troops and events, to foresee and measure these events, to evaluate their actions and consequences.
But we will not forget his peculiar sense of humor, and democracy, and keen interest in people, and the desire to overcome their own weaknesses.
The victory of the Russian army near Novi brought the liberation of Italy from the French and raised the glory of Suvorov to extraordinary heights. But real results victories largely depended on politicians and rulers, who never managed to take advantage of the victory achieved.
The narrator Julius Staal is a fictitious person and at the same time very important in the story. It is from his name that the story is being told. At the same time, he is a rather active participant in the events and at the same time a detailed depiction of the character. Thus, the story is told on behalf of an ordinary participant in the events, quite freely smart person, whose character and ambitions are also consistently traced in the work. It also helps us, readers, to see events at a fairly close distance, to understand them, to almost participate in their accomplishment.
When answering, use the text:
a) “Suvorov rode all the way ahead, in an old raincoat, which in the army was called parental. In the most terrible places, the field marshal rode over the abysses as calmly as the tavern mules passed over them ”;
b) “The sloping green mountains ... were replaced by a terrible chain of bare sheer impenetrable rocks ... At the bottom of the wall, in the very place where the road rested against it, a hole was blackened. "Hole of Death!" - turning pale, said the officer next to Staal. A waterfall roared ahead ... At that moment, across the meadow behind, not far from the place where Staal was, a Cossack detachment slowly rode out at a small trot ...
Why, this is madness! You can’t thief there on horseback, they will smash their heads against the rocks! - he said…
The trot accelerated and went into a gallop ... medieval people, standing in stirrups, bent over, merged with the horses. Suddenly, at the first three Cossacks, the pikes seemed to break out of their own bushmets, behind them the checkers flashed in the air, the gallop turned into wild quarry, and at the same second there was a terrible inhuman squeal ... The Centaurs rushed with a howl to the Urn underground ... And immediately, covering the roar of the waterfall, the howl of the Cossacks, rushing behind "Hurrah!", Something with a terrible crash swept through the gorge. The echo picked up and carried between the mountains the sound of buckshot and the quick chatter of rifle fire.
Staal later could hardly connect and explain his memories”;
c) “The terrible gorge suddenly lit up. sheer cliffs flashed gold ... Su-vorov suddenly stopped and cried out: - Where the deer passes, we will pass there too! ..
An icy wind howled in the Devil's Valley.
The events are described by their ordinary participant - Staal. Of course, this is not only a description of events, but also a description of the feelings that worried this witness and at the same time a participant. In this way, the author helps us, the readers, to get closer to their perception, and makes us almost their accomplices.
Mark Aldanov
FUCKING BRIDGE
FOREWORD
The historical series The Thinker, according to my original plan, was to consist of three novels. The first of them "The ninth Thermidor" and the final "St. Helena, a small island" appeared in 1920-1923. The central part of the series, covering last period French Revolution and the reign of Paul I, I have divided into two books (the second will soon follow the "Devil's Bridge"). They are especially closely related to each other - I am very annoyed that I cannot offer the entire series to the attention of readers at the same time.
In a purely historical sense, "Devil's Bridge" required more work than "The Ninth Thermidor" or "Saint Helena". Scientific literature The events covered in this book are quantitatively just as extensive, but qualitatively immeasurably lower. The Neapolitan revolution was especially unlucky in this regard: as if on purpose, it was mainly mediocre or unscrupulous historians who were specially engaged in it (there are, however, several exceptions). Eyewitness accounts of that era also had to be taken with great care. The history of the Suvorov campaign also contains many ambiguities. Experts will notice that Gryazev's story is not taken into account very much in the historical part of the novel. This source, in my opinion, is not very reliable, despite some semblance of plausibility, which is given to it by Venancourt's note and the diary of Colonel Weyrother (only relatively recently published by Guffer and remained unknown to the vast majority of historians). The authentic reports of General Lecourbe Massenet, kept in the archives of the French Ministry of War, leave no doubt that Gryazev did not see much.
Let me make one more remark. Critics (especially foreign ones), who even received my novels very favorably, reproached me for exaggerating the similarity of the events of the late 18th century with the current ones (as a curiosity, I note that two critics indicated which politicians I wrote Pitt, Talleyrand, Robespierre, etc.). In my conscience, I cannot agree with this reproach. I am not a historian, but even a novelist should not engage in perverting historical figures and events. I wrote Pitt from Pitt, Talleyrand from Talleyrand and did not invent any analogies. The epoch taken in the series "The Thinker" is probably interesting because almost everything that occupies the people of our time came from there. Some pages historical novel may seem like an echo of recent events. But the writer is not responsible for the repetition and length of the story.
St. Gothard Hospiz
August 1925
PART ONE
Lieutenant Julius Staal entered the guardhouse and settled down on duty. He unfastened his sword, although it was not supposed to, and put it on a stool, stretched, yawned. He went to the window - there was nothing interesting outside the window, looked around for a mirror - there was no mirror in the guardhouse. He sat comfortably in a hard armchair with tattered calico lining, from under which something gray, dirty was crawling, and unbuttoned his uniform, lined not with serge, but with half-cloth: the lieutenant was dressed in fashion; under his uniform he wore a waistcoat embroidered on the canopy with multicolored silks; and his shirt was an English shawl with narrow stripes, with three buttons.
He took out notebooks of newspapers from his pocket and began to read from the ads: “A gray parrot is being sold along Sergievskaya Street at number 1617, which speaks Russian and French and laughs, as well as an eyelet with a sable edge for 170 rubles ...” - Expensive ... “In The Betskov house is given quarters for the nobility, with precious furniture, without bugs and other insects ... "- Not required ... That is, perhaps, it is required, but not affordable ... "Some blind man wants to decide in the master's house to tell old stories and different stories, with stories and amazing adventures, ask on Hillock in the house of the merchant Oparin ... "- God bless him, with some blind ..." A glorious girl, 18 years old, who knows how to scratch her hair, likewise her heels, is trained in everything necessary, sews in a vestibule and in gold and is very good in herself , as an assurance, it is given to the buyer for three days to consider, about which on the Petersburg side near Sytnago Market, opposite the Piskunov drinking house, on the corner, ask the janitor Sendyukov ... ”Staal thought. He, in fact, did not intend to buy a girl, but for quite a long time he imagined what a glorious girl he was and whether he really could take her for three days to examine, and then we would see? In case I wrote down a long address. Then I read about an inventor who, for five rubles, made a dance master out of a cat and taught her to write in four languages ... “Fu, what nonsense! ..”
The lieutenant threw down the newspaper and unfolded another - a German, serious one: "Berlinische Zeitung von Staats-und gelehrten Sachen". As an educated person, he followed the policy of foreign statements. I admired the vignette - it depicted two bearded men with clubs girded with wreaths - what kind of people? - ran through the “Publicandum” department - very small print, boring to read, - looked through the political news ... The Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the emperor, the Neapolitan king and other monarchs ... General Buonaparte defeated Wurmser new victoria... The newspaper wrote carefully, but it was clear from everything that Victoria was real - there were 1,100 prisoners alone and five guns were taken. The general is serious. Staal felt annoyed when he read about the victory of the pickpockets; it was especially annoying that the general with a difficult surname is very young, only four years older than he, Staal. The lieutenant was frowning, but he did not want to tune in badly. He again went to the window: a detachment of soldiers in marching ammunition was passing along the street. The soldiers were out of step and out of order; an officer rode behind on a droshky, called a guitar, - discipline and uniform in Catherine's time were observed very loosely. Staal thought that the detachment must be heading north; there was talk of a new war with Sweden. He wanted to start a war - he was very tired of pulling the strap - but not with Sweden: who cares? - A real war, with the French, under the command of Field Marshal Suvorov. That's the only way to make a career.
The lieutenant yawned, opened the window, although November was rather cold; grimacing and holding his mouth, he leaned far to one side to see if Barataev's carriage was coming. The card was not visible. On the opposite side of the street was either a lady or a woman- he could not make out from a distance. It turned out to be a lady, but not beautiful, and Staal felt that naive disappointment that men experience in such cases. He closed the window, sighed, returned to his chair, then lazily reached for the shelf above the chair, on which empty bottles moreover, several books lay in disarray - the library of the guardhouse, intended for the entertainment of officers on duty. He began to look through the books one by one. “Unfortunate Lovers, or the True Adventures of Count Kominzh, filled with very pitiful events and extremely touching tender hearts” ... “A newly appeared sorcerer who tells divination of spirits; an innocent exercise during boredom for people who do not want to do the best "... "Gulliver's Travels 4 parts, containing a journey to Brodinyaga, to Laputa, to Balnibary, to Glubdubryda, to Lugnaga, to Japan and to the Guingm country" ... No, decisively he didn't want to read. And after all once read voraciously.
Staal did not long, for a moment, feel sorry for the past: life in the Shklov school, and the first visit to St. Petersburg, and even adventures in revolutionary Paris now seemed to him joyful and amusing in his memory. Military service, which he entered upon his return to Russia, soon got tired of young man. The beautiful horse guard uniform pleased his heart for only two days; on the third day he got used to it, and the discipline, though light, weighed heavily on him. “The day is occupied by the service - where can one read books? Yes, and there is no extra money to buy books ”... He really did not have much money. Meanwhile, Staal did not want wealth, he needed wealth. Others did not need it, or, in any case, much less. “Why does the old fool Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov need his palace and lands? Why does Count Bezborodko need piles of gold?
Staal thought about how he would live if he were a rich man. If I had a house in St. Petersburg - yes, it’s good to buy Stroganov Palace on Nevsky, - would have a summer residence on the Peterhof road, would have, of course, near Moscow (he liked this word). He would have dozens Beautiful girls- the manager would select from the serfs ... or not, he would have selected better himself. And of course, I would immediately buy Nastenka from Barataev. He would have started his own theater - Nastenka would have been his first actress ... “Yes ... only you can’t buy a Stroganov house with my funds ... Death is tired of poverty ... And there are no hopes for wealth. In peacetime, there is only one way to make a career with us ... ”Staal suddenly smiled, remembering how Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, not very long ago, accidentally in the Tauride Palace took the Empress by surprise with the young Count Valeriana Zubov. This adventure greatly amused the fifteen-year-old Grand Duke, and he told about it in various details to anyone who wanted to listen (and many wanted to listen): “Grandmother, grandmother! repeated the Grand Duke with a laugh. - Will Platon Alexandrovich say something about his brother, eh? No one, like his own ... "Staal smiled, recalling the story of the eccentric Grand Duke, envied Valeryan Zubov (poor, what is it like for him now without a leg!) And together he was surprised, imagining the 67-year-old Empress:" How can he? I couldn't! Again, how to reach people in a noble way? To serve honestly, to marry honestly, to be faithful to your wife, to rise to the rank of general at fifty years old - a humble servant, to live well in boredom for a German ... Yes ... But an eccentric, however, this Barataev ... You won’t understand him ... Rosicrucian, or something, or freemason? He hates the revolution, but he doesn’t seem to favor the empress either… The alchemist… And how funny he says when he speaks in Russian: under Elizabeth Petrovna, or under Peter… And Nastenka is terribly sweet… Does he live with her or not? No other way than to live. Or maybe not?
Mark Aldanov
FUCKING BRIDGE
FOREWORD
The historical series The Thinker, according to my original plan, was to consist of three novels. The first of them "The ninth Thermidor" and the final "St. Helena, a small island" appeared in 1920-1923. The central part of the series, covering the last period of the French Revolution and the reign of Paul I, is divided by me into two books (the second will soon follow the Devil's Bridge). They are especially closely related to each other - I am very annoyed that I cannot offer the entire series to the attention of readers at the same time.
In a purely historical sense, "Devil's Bridge" required more work than "The Ninth Thermidor" or "Saint Helena". The scientific literature on the events covered in this book is just as extensive quantitatively, but immeasurably lower in quality. The Neapolitan revolution was especially unlucky in this regard: as if on purpose, it was mainly mediocre or unscrupulous historians who were specially engaged in it (there are, however, several exceptions). Eyewitness accounts of that era also had to be taken with great care. The history of the Suvorov campaign also contains many ambiguities. Experts will notice that Gryazev's story is not taken into account very much in the historical part of the novel. This source, in my opinion, is not very reliable, despite some semblance of plausibility, which is given to it by Venancourt's note and the diary of Colonel Weyrother (only relatively recently published by Guffer and remained unknown to the vast majority of historians). The authentic reports of General Lecourbe Massenet, kept in the archives of the French Ministry of War, leave no doubt that Gryazev did not see much.
Let me make one more remark. Critics (especially foreign ones), who even very favorably accepted my novels, reproached me for exaggerating the similarity of the events of the late 18th century with the current ones (as a curiosity, I note that two critics indicated which of the contemporary political figures I wrote Pitt, Talleyrand, Robespierre, etc.). In my conscience, I cannot agree with this reproach. I am not a historian, but even a novelist should not engage in perverting historical figures and events. I wrote Pitt from Pitt, Talleyrand from Talleyrand and did not invent any analogies. The epoch taken in the series "The Thinker" is probably interesting because almost everything that occupies the people of our time came from there. Some pages of a historical novel may seem like an echo of recent events. But the writer is not responsible for the repetition and length of the story.
St. Gothard Hospiz
August 1925
PART ONE
Lieutenant Julius Staal entered the guardhouse and settled down on duty. He unfastened his sword, although it was not supposed to, and put it on a stool, stretched, yawned. He went to the window - there was nothing interesting outside the window, looked around for a mirror - there was no mirror in the guardhouse. He sat comfortably in a hard armchair with tattered calico lining, from under which something gray, dirty was crawling, and unbuttoned his uniform, lined not with serge, but with half-cloth: the lieutenant was dressed in fashion; under his uniform he wore a waistcoat embroidered on the canopy with multicolored silks; and his shirt was an English shawl with narrow stripes, with three buttons.
He took out notebooks of newspapers from his pocket and began to read from the ads: “A gray parrot is being sold along Sergievskaya Street at number 1617, which speaks Russian and French and laughs, as well as an eyelet with a sable edge for 170 rubles ...” - Expensive ... “In The Betskov house is given quarters for the nobility, with precious furniture, without bugs and other insects ... "- Not required ... That is, perhaps, it is required, but not affordable ... "Some blind man wants to decide in the master's house to tell old stories and different stories , with stories and amazing adventures, ask on the Hillock in the house of the merchant Oparin ... "- God bless him, with some blind ..." A glorious girl, 18 years old, who knows how to comb her hair, likewise her heels, is trained in everything necessary, sews in a vestibule and is very good in gold and in itself, but as an assurance, it is given to the buyer to examine for three days, about which on the Petersburg side near Sytnago Market, opposite the Piskunov drinking house, on the corner, ask the janitor Sendyukov ... He, in fact, did not intend to buy a girl, but for quite a long time he imagined what a glorious girl he was and whether he really could take her for three days to examine, and then we would see? In case I wrote down a long address. Then I read about an inventor who, for five rubles, made a dance master out of a cat and taught her to write in four languages ... “Fu, what nonsense! ..”
The lieutenant threw down the newspaper and unfolded another - a German, serious one: "Berlinische Zeitung von Staats-und gelehrten Sachen". As an educated person, he followed the policy of foreign statements. I admired the vignette - it depicted two bearded men with clubs girded with wreaths - what kind of people? - ran through the “Publicandum” department - very small print, boring to read, - looked through the political news ... The Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the emperor, the Neapolitan king and other monarchs ... General Buonaparte won a new victory over Wurmser ... The newspaper wrote carefully, but everything was visible that Victoria is real - 1,100 prisoners alone and five guns were taken. The general is serious. Staal felt annoyed when he read about the victory of the pickpockets; it was especially annoying that the general with a difficult surname is very young, only four years older than he, Staal. The lieutenant was frowning, but he did not want to tune in badly. He again went to the window: a detachment of soldiers in marching ammunition was passing along the street. The soldiers were out of step and out of order; an officer rode behind on a droshky, called a guitar, - discipline and uniform in Catherine's time were observed very loosely. Staal thought that the detachment must be heading north; there was talk of a new war with Sweden. He wanted to start a war - he was very tired of pulling the strap - but not with Sweden: who cares? - but a real war, with the French, under the command of Field Marshal Suvorov. That's the only way to make a career.
The lieutenant yawned, opened the window, although November was rather cold; grimacing and holding his mouth, he leaned far to one side to see if Barataev's carriage was coming. The card was not visible. On the opposite side of the street was either a lady or a woman- he could not make out from a distance. It turned out to be a lady, but not beautiful, and Staal felt that naive disappointment that men experience in such cases. He closed the window, sighed, returned to his chair, then lazily reached for the shelf above the chair, on which were empty bottles from previous duties and a few books in disarray - the library of the guardhouse, intended for the entertainment of officers on duty. He began to look through the books one by one. “Unfortunate Lovers, or the True Adventures of Count Kominzh, filled with very pitiful events and extremely touching tender hearts” ... “A newly appeared sorcerer who tells divination of spirits; an innocent exercise during boredom for people who do not want to do the best "... "Gulliver's Travels 4 parts, containing a journey to Brodinyaga, to Laputa, to Balnibary, to Glubdubryda, to Lugnaga, to Japan and to the Guingm country" ... No, decisively he didn't want to read. And after all once read voraciously.
- Outline Chapter I (Part Four), which could be titled "The Night Before the Fight."
- Night before the fight
- General Jubert on the eve of the Battle of Novi.
- The battle plan developed by Joubert.
- Appearance of Suvorov (Suvarov, as the French used to say) on the forthcoming battlefield.
- The military council of Joubert before the battle.
- Joubert's thoughts about his fate and a premonition of death.
- What techniques does the French commander-in-chief Joubert use to prepare his army for a decisive battle?
- Describe the scene of the sudden appearance of Su-thief in front of the French. How was it perceived by the French and Russian soldiers?
- What role does the landscape play in describing the night before the battle?
- Tell me about Joubert's reflections tonight. Can we call them the inner monologue of the hero?
- Describe the main concerns of Suvorov before the battle (fourth part, chapter III).
- Describe Suvorov's orderly Prokho-ra Dubasov.
- What occupations did Suvorov find for himself that night? Why was he trying so hard to keep himself busy?
- How is Suvorov's concern for the next award depicted? Why does the story about Suvorov's desire to receive another award cause such an aching feeling?
- Try to characterize the features of Suvorov's character.
- Chapter IV (part four) describes the events after the victory of the Russian army near Novi. How is this victory and its real results evaluated?
- In the novel, the narrator is the fictitious person Julius Staal. How do you imagine his role in the story?
- Describe the successive scenes of the most crucial moment in the victory on the Devil's Bridge:a) Suvorov on the way to the Devil's Bridge;b) a description of the events of the battle through the eyes of Staal;c) short ending.
- By what means does the author achieve the brightness and drama of the description of the decisive battle - the culmination of the novel?
In many ways following the practice of Napoleon, Joubert believed that pomp was necessary for prestige. He gathered the soldiers and gave them speeches that not everyone understood, but inspired everyone. The news of his unselfishness also helped to set up the troops. Each seemingly random detail that attracted the soldiers to the personality of the commander set up the troops, prepared them for the upcoming battle.
Suddenly, while Joubert was watching the field of the upcoming battle, someone's surprised voice said that he saw Suvarov (Suvorov). This surprised the commander-in-chief. He also noticed Suvorov far ahead of the advanced line of Russian rangers. The general confusion among the French was quickly replaced by an attempt to shoot and hit this man. Guns and cannons were also used. The excitement of the French did not pass on to the Russian troops. Suvorov himself remained calm, and the shots never reached the target.
The landscape in this chapter is depicted as the background of events. Even the participants in the events themselves partly perceive it as decoration. Here a group of French officers stopped, and they "thought about what a spectacular historical picture their brilliant equestrian group is, stopping on a wonderful hill above a century-old Italian town." And one more scene - Joubert stands on the balcony of a house located on a hill, and looks at the forthcoming battlefield. Observations are interspersed with reflections, which are replaced by spiritual fatigue.
Joubert's reflections on the night before the fight are, of course, an internal monologue. His reasoning, memories and doubts are constantly invaded by the considerations of a strategist who organizes these thoughts, planning the upcoming battle. Thus, the internal monologue helps to imagine the spiritual life of the commander on the eve of an important battle and his possible death, a premonition of which is also contained in his judgments about the coming day.
Suvorov traveled all over the regiments in a day without dismounting from his horse. He stopped in front of each regiment and talked to the soldiers. After ten hours in the saddle, he received reports and talked with the senior officers, who numbered almost twenty people.
Then he lay down on the hay in the corner of the hut and fell asleep for two hours. When he woke up, he knew that “nothing more can be done,” because this would change the mood that had been created. Being confident in tomorrow's victory, he thought with sympathy of his opponent Zhuber and decided to write a letter to his daughter. At the same time, in the letter, he also composed poems: “neither content nor meaning was required for poetry.” He also wrote German poems to create the right mood among the gentlemen of the Austrian generals. Then he is forced to listen to the advice of the Austrian general Belgard, who sought to reshape the disposition for the upcoming battle.
The night passed in worries. The last words of chapter III: “The field marshal ran up to his horse and easily jumped onto the Cossack saddle. Prokhor Dubasov, who knew what this lightness cost the old man, imperceptibly helped him, kissing the master on the hand and knee and with difficulty restraining himself from sobbing.
Suvorov's orderly, Prokhor Dubasov, was a simple and rude man, for whom there were no secrets and secrets in the behavior of his master. But, knowing everything, understanding all the petty weaknesses of his master, being rude to him and even more so to his visitors, he knew exactly the value of this old man. His devotion is the devotion of that high standard, which is generated not by unreasonable adoration, but by an accurate knowledge of all the characteristics of a person, his strengths and weaknesses. This type of servant was loved and appreciated by all generations of Russian enlightened people, it is also embodied in literature. Everyone remembers and loves Savelich, who was devoted to his young and not always sensible master Grinev. You will also meet Firs in the play "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov.
Waking up after two hours of sleep, Su-vorov knew for sure that he needed to be constantly busy so as not to lose the formation he created and needed to lead the battle, and he fills the four hours left before dawn with a variety of things mi. First, he runs out of the tent and looks to see if the French have left their positions. Then he thinks of Joubert. Having gone over in his mind everything that needed to be done, and making sure that nothing was missed, he comes up with an occupation for the rest of the time. At first it was a letter to his daughter, which he wrote, even providing it with poems and very carefully sealing the envelope with sealing wax. Then he suddenly decided to write poems in German in honor of the Austrian generals subordinate to him. At the same time, he listens to the judgments of the Austrian general Belgard about possible changes in the disposition of the upcoming battle, then offers him the poems he has just composed. This is how the last hours of the marvelous (as he was often called in the army) commander formed before the battle of Novi.
Suvorov's worries about the next award are emphasized by the author in many chapters. The field marshal even uses his reputation for eccentricities to hint at another possible award: he pulls up his stockings to "suggest" the possibility of awarding him the Order of the Garter. It is unlikely that this desire to receive all kinds of awards was just a whim of man. There is more reason to think that the presence of an award made it possible to be more actively involved in solving important issues and state affairs and was practically a business necessity. Obviously, this is precisely why the commander’s clumsy attempts to draw attention to himself in order to increase the number of awards do not cause irritation and ridicule, but a sad and even aching feeling of pity and sympathy from the reader.
In Aldanov's story, the character of Suvorov, a man and commander, is described quite fully. Before us is a talented military leader and an insightful person who not only knows how to be both a strategist and tactician, solving military problems, but also brilliantly overcomes the difficulties that life puts before him. In the story, you can see how he actively uses his shortcomings and legends about his behavior to achieve military and even strategic goals. We watch how he carefully cherishes the legend that he is not afraid of a bullet, going far ahead of the positions of his troops. It is obvious that he knew how to include in the register of his findings and use any trifle, any random incident, for tactical or strategic decisions.
So, not to mention the personal courage, even the fearlessness of this old man, we see them in practical manifestation. We do not call them as the most important qualities, because they are not the main thing in the character of Suvorov. The talent of a commander presupposes personal courage and courage as one of the necessary conditions. And his dignity is the ability to see the whole, to control the movement of troops and events, to foresee and measure these events, to evaluate their actions and consequences.
But we will not forget his peculiar sense of humor, and democracy, and keen interest in people, and the desire to overcome their own weaknesses.
The victory of the Russian army near Novi brought the liberation of Italy from the French and raised the glory of Suvorov to extraordinary heights. But the real results of the victory largely depended on politicians and rulers, who never managed to take advantage of the victory achieved.
The narrator Julius Staal is a fictitious person and at the same time very important in the story. It is from his name that the story is being told. At the same time, he is a rather active participant in the events and at the same time a detailed depiction of the character. Thus, the story is told on behalf of an ordinary participant in the events, a rather intelligent person, whose character and ambitions are also consistently traced in the work. It also helps us, readers, to see events at a fairly close distance, to understand them, to almost participate in their accomplishment.
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a) “Suvorov rode all the way ahead, in an old raincoat, which in the army was called parental. In the most terrible places, the field marshal rode over the abysses as calmly as the tavern mules passed over them ”;
b) “The sloping green mountains ... were replaced by a terrible chain of bare sheer impenetrable rocks ... At the bottom of the wall, in the very place where the road rested against it, a hole was blackened. "Hole of Death!" - turning pale, said the officer next to Staal. A waterfall roared ahead ... At that moment, across the meadow behind, not far from the place where Staal was, a Cossack detachment slowly rode out at a small trot ...
Why, this is madness! You can’t thief there on horseback, they will smash their heads against the rocks! - he said…
The lynx accelerated and went into a gallop ... Medieval people, standing in stirrups, bent over, merged with the horses. Suddenly, the pikes of the first three Cossacks seemed to burst out of their bushmets on their own, behind them the sabers flashed in the air, the gallop turned into a wild quarry, and at the same second a terrible inhuman screech was heard ... The Centaurs rushed with a howl to the Urn underground ... And immediately, covering the roar of the waterfall, the howl of the Cossacks, rushing from behind "Hurrah!", Something with a terrible crash swept through the gorge. The echo picked up and carried between the mountains the sound of buckshot and the quick chatter of rifle fire.
Staal later could hardly connect and explain his memories”;
c) “The terrible gorge suddenly lit up. Sheer cliffs flashed with gold ... Su-vorov suddenly stopped and cried out: - Where a deer passes, we will pass there too! ..
An icy wind howled in the Devil's Valley.
The events are described by their ordinary participant - Staal. Of course, this is not only a description of events, but also a description of the feelings that worried this witness and at the same time a participant. In this way, the author helps us, the readers, to get closer to their perception, and makes us almost their accomplices.
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