Material for conversations in a circle

Before you start working with paper and cardboard, tell the members of the circle " Skillful hands» about the wide application of paper in life, from what and how it is made.

Books and newspapers are printed on paper, it has long been used for writing. This is the main purpose of paper. In the Soviet Union, where science and culture have reached an unprecedented flourishing, more than half of all paper produced is used for printing, newspapers and writing.

A lot of paper is also spent on packing and wrapping all kinds of goods. Now even heavy-duty bags are often made from paper. For example, cement is transported in large bags made of six to eight layers of strong paper. Cardboard boxes withstand the weight of radios packed in them, various other devices.

Special grades of paper and cardboard are widely used in engineering.

Bobbins wound from narrow paper tape are inserted into self-recording machines. The tape moves in the apparatus, and the necessary entries are made on it with letters, signs of the telegraphic alphabet (dots and dashes) or holes punched by a puncher. This is how they receive, for example, telegrams sent from afar. On paper tape, covered with iron rust, record sound - human speech or music. The recording is made by magnetizing the tape in a special apparatus - a tape recorder.

In photography, light-sensitive paper coated with special compounds is used. On it, with the help of light, you can print any picture taken by the camera on film or on a glass plate. Blueprint paper is produced for reproduction of drawings different varieties. And in order to print a drawing or drawing in a book, it is first transferred to a zinc plate (cliches are made) or to a lithographic stone. This requires a special transfer paper. It is very thin, several times thinner than cigarette.

Electrical wires, telephone cables, and coils in electrical appliances are often wrapped in paper that does not carry current. It's called electrical insulation. This paper is also used in the manufacture important details radio receivers - capacitors.

in cars, looms and other machines, some parts are made of paper. In the construction of residential buildings, cornices, shades and slabs for partitions made of paper pulp are sometimes used. Asbestos fire-resistant cardboard is made from a mixture of such a mass with asbestos, and sheets of dry plaster are made from a mixture with gypsum.

Plain paper easily soaks in water and tears. And fiber made from paper pulp is stronger than plywood. Parts of some devices, various cases and suitcases are made from fiber.

do not get wet and paper cups for ice cream, which the guys often use. Milk bottles and cheap plates are made from the same paper. In stores you can buy beautiful napkins and tablecloths made of soft but durable paper. Many toys and room decorations are made from paper pulp.

If we look at any kind of paper under a strong microscope, we will find that it consists of many tiny fibers - very thin threads, closely intertwined with each other. These are plant fibers. For the production of paper, they are obtained in various ways from wood.

Wrapping paper and newsprint are mainly made from wood pulp. The tree trunks, peeled from the bark and sawn into logs, are rubbed into fibers with round rotating stones in grinding machines - defibrers. Streams of water wash the fibers from the stone and carry them into large tanks. The resulting mass is pumped from one pool to another with pumps and at the same time it is cleaned of small chips, sorted by the size of the fibers, some of the water is removed, and mixed thoroughly. In the end, a so-called half-mass is obtained, which consists of fibers of the same size mixed with water. Such a half-mass is sometimes prepared from straw.

More durable and best quality paper - printed (for books) and writing - is made from cellulose. This is the name of the substance of which plant cells are composed. Cellulose is obtained by complex chemical processing of wood in special factories. Cooking l straw cellulose.

Paper semi-mass is also prepared from waste paper - old, unusable paper. Pioneers sometimes collect waste paper. In this way they help supply the paper industry with raw materials. The collected waste paper at the factories is cleaned and separated into fibers.

A small part of all paper, especially strong paper, is made from rag half-mass. On such paper, for example, money is printed. Unnecessary scraps of cotton and linen fabrics, worn clothes and other rags, scraps of ropes and fishing nets are cleaned of dirt and paint, crushed and turned into fibers.

To obtain the desired grade of paper, different semi-masses are often mixed. For example, cellulose is added to wood pulp, rag semi-mass is added to cellulose, etc.

Any semi-mass consists of pure fibers separated from each other. But you can't make paper out of it yet. The half-mass is subjected to further processing.

First of all, it is passed through the grinding apparatus. They are called rolls or mills. In such an apparatus, the half-mass passes between rows of sharp steel knives. Some knives are fixed in the roll, while others are fixed on rotating drums or disks. Knives can be rearranged closer or farther apart. This is necessary in order for the fibers to be of the required length and thickness. Several hours, sometimes almost a whole day, the grinding of the half-mass in the roll lasts. The shorter and thinner the fibers, the more time they are ground, the stronger and better quality paper is obtained. In the finished paper pulp, the fibers are most often 0.1 to 1 mm long, and 300 times less thick.

But even after such grinding, the paper pulp is not quite ready. It's still being processed chemicals so that the paper is clean and white. In order to get colored paper, mineral or aniline paints are added to the mass. Other additives are also required.

No matter how small the fibers in the pulp and no matter how closely they are intertwined later, there will be gaps between them that are invisible to the eye. To fill these gaps and improve the color of the paper, kaolin (white clay), chalk or other substances are added to the mass. Writing and printing paper, in addition, needs to be glued - to make it less wet and more durable. To do this, a little wood resin is added to the paper pulp - rosin glue.

Each type of paper has its own recipe for making paper pulp.

The finished mass is sent through pipes to the mixing pools. Along the way, special devices check the density of the mass, if necessary, add water. The mass mixed in the pools is passed through several more machines. They check its composition, add the missing substances, last time grind, catch the remaining unground lumps of fibers, grains of sand and rubbish, dilute with water. Only now the mass enters the box of the paper machine.

Paper is produced on very complex, large machines. For example, a newsprint machine is 120 meters long. It has 50 powerful electric motors and many different devices. Such a machine can work non-stop for days. It produces up to 200 tons and more paper per day. The machine operates automatically, it is served by only four or five workers.

Fast, at a speed of up to 500 meters per minute, an endless metal mesh with very small holes moves on the rollers of the machine. Here, from the box, a wide, even stream of paper pulp pours. It spreads in a strip, the width of which reaches 7.2 meters, and is quickly carried forward by the net. Here, on the grid, the transformation of mass into paper begins. Water flows down through the mesh, the mass becomes thicker, its fibers intertwine. A light roller smoothes and levels the thickening mass from above. And from below, under the grid, devices come into action that continue to suck out water. The new roller presses the wet strip of mass together with the mesh against a large shaft with holes, inside which the pump pumps out air all the time. Therefore, here the mass loses its moisture especially quickly. The paper strip is still damp, but it no longer spreads, it can be separated from the mesh. A jet of compressed air transfers it to a new litter - to a moving cloth. This is the name of a wide strip made of wool. The felt draws the paper into the gap between the two rollers, which continue to wring out the moisture and at the same time smooth the surface of the paper strip. Coming out of this press, the strip falls on a new cloth, along with it - to the second press, then to the third, fourth.

Further and further the paper moves in the machine. Now the felt presses her against two long rows of hot cylinders. The paper strip snakes between the cylinders (up and down, down and up), becoming lighter and stronger. Sixty, eighty or even more drying cylinders filled with steam dry the paper.

Dry hot paper slides over a copper refrigeration cylinder (it flows cold water), and then, like a ladder, descends to the floor along several cast-iron shafts. This part of the machine is called the glazer. In the glazer, the paper acquires a smooth surface that is easy to print and write on.

At the bottom, at the rear end of the machine, the paper strip is wound on a rod - a huge roll 7.2 meters wide is obtained. When it reaches the required thickness, the strip is cut off, a crane picks up the roll and transfers it to an automatic paper cutting machine. Here, a wide paper strip is cut into narrow strips, rolled into rolls or cut into separate sheets.

There are many wood pulp and pulp mills in the Soviet Union, and many paper mills. They are located for the most part in forested areas where sufficient wood is available. And in order not to transport wood pulp and cellulose over long distances, factories for their production are usually built next to paper mills, forming powerful pulp and paper mills. The largest of them, the largest in Europe, is the Balakhna Pulp and Paper Mill named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky in the Gorky region.

Materials and tools

Paper and cardboard are the most accessible materials for the Skillful Hands circle. You can make a lot of different things from paper and cardboard: visual aids and school supplies, models and toys, other useful and interesting things. All pioneers can do cardboard work, starting with students in the 3rd grade.

There are many types of paper. They differ from each other in strength and density, thickness, smooth or rough surface, color and other qualities. in a circle greatest application find the following types of paper:

Newsprint- the cheapest and most common. It has a slightly rough surface, wears out quickly and rubs on bends, strongly absorbs glue and any moisture. But for many jobs by young technicians, newsprint has the advantage that it sticks together firmly in several layers. Therefore, for example, paper tubes are best made from newsprint, the same paper is most suitable for papier-mâché products.

writing paper in products, the mug is most often used. It is glued, therefore it is stronger than newspaper, it is well painted, it is less afraid of moisture, it has a smooth (glazed) surface. Various models can be made from writing paper, it is good to paste over cardboard with it. It is also needed for binding work.

Drawing paper- the most durable and dense. Its surface is rough, it is more difficult to glue it than writing paper, but it is better and easier to paint.

Colored landscape paper especially necessary for work in a circle. It can almost always replace writing. Album paper is smooth and rough, different weights and colors. This type of paper is often used to paste over homemade book bindings and other cardboard products. However, for pasting it is still better to use special binding paper, which is painted on only one side and has a glossy surface.

Colored glossy paper more suitable for pasting boxes, and for pasting book bindings - marble, with a colorful patterned or striped pattern.

Cigarette paper, thin, transparent, a mug will also be useful for some work.

Thick paper, if 1 square meter weighs more than 250 grams, is called cardboard.

Cardboard grades can be distinguished by its color.

white cardboard easy to cut, but it is very fragile, brittle, often delaminates. Products from it for strength are usually pasted over with paper. This cardboard strongly absorbs glue and warps. It should only be used for small items and for binding small brochures.

yellow cardboard much stronger than white, flexible, cuts well, does not warp from glue. It is used for all kinds of work.

gray cardboard stronger than white and yellow, but it is difficult to cut, as the knife quickly becomes dull on the grains of sand, which are many in the mass of this cardboard. Gray cardboard is good for making big things when special strength is required.

colored cardboard- thin, flexible and with a glossy surface in different colors, easy to process and has beautiful view. It is good for making neat little things, folders and brochure bindings. It is not necessary to paste over such cardboard.

It is desirable that the circle has several grades of paper and cardboard for its work.

For cardboard work in a mug, tools will be required very simple. The main tool is a knife. The most convenient is a special bookbinding or shoe knife, tightly mounted on the handle, not folding. The blade of the knife, and especially the end of it, must be well sharpened. A good knife for working with cardboard can be made from a fragment of a hacksaw blade. Such a fragment is allowed to be sharpened in the form of a bookbinding knife to a grinder; the blunt end is turned into a handle, wrapped tightly with paper or a flap, and on top with twine or strong braid. In the same way, you can sharpen a broken kitchen knife. For pioneers, the length of a working knife blade of 3-4 centimeters is quite sufficient and convenient. You can also use penknives without any protrusions on the handle. Sheets of paper and thin cardboard can also be cut with a safety razor blade inserted into a metal pencil holder.

In addition to the knife, you will need scissors - ordinary sewing or curved; a ruler - metal, in extreme cases, made of plastic. A wooden ruler is suitable for marking, but inconvenient when cutting paper or cardboard.

Members of the circle can themselves make a useful device for smoothing out wrinkles on the folds of paper - a trowel, or a bone. Figure 4 (7) trowels are shown different shapes. The ironer is cut with a knife from an oak or beech plank, or it is turned with a file from a piece of organic glass, from the handle of an old toothbrush, a broken comb, or thick celluloid. The surface of the trowel is made on both sides slightly convex in the middle, the edges are thin, but not sharp, but slightly rounded. The finished trowel is cleaned with sandpaper and on a whetstone.

In order not to spoil the table top when cutting paper and cardboard, a cutting board is placed on it. The length of the board is at least 45 centimeters, the width is 30-35 centimeters. It is best to take a cutting board not pine, but birch or linden. The surface of the board is carefully planed, made smooth and even. At one long edge, a low stop is nailed - a smoothly planed lath. The cutting board can be replaced with a rectangular piece of plywood.

Having such tools and devices, members of the circle can start any cartoning work. Additional devices will be required only for bookbinding, which will be discussed later.

How to cut and fold paper and cardboard

Paper and cardboard are cut with a knife, as it is difficult to get a straight line with scissors. Scissors are used only when cutting curved lines.

The easiest way is to cut a sheet of paper into two parts in a straight line. The paper is folded in the right place in half, the fold line is smoothed with a trowel or a soft pencil eraser, then a knife blade is inserted into the fold and cut. However, in this case, the cut edges are slightly fuzzy.

A perfectly even cut line is obtained only when using a ruler. A sheet of paper is placed on a cutting board, a ruler is laid along the cut line, pressing it strongly with your left hand. The knife is taken with the right hand so that forefinger lay on the blunt side of the blade. Strongly tilting the knife towards you, cut the paper with the sharp end of the blade, pressing it against the edge of the ruler. The knife is only led in one direction, towards you. You can’t drive them back and forth, “saw” the paper, as this causes it to wrinkle and tear. In the same way, the margins of the book are cut off when binding.

When cutting cardboard, the knife is held differently. He is taken by the handle with all five fingers, clamped into a fist and held almost vertically, only slightly tilted towards him. To cut cardboard, you have to draw a knife along the cut line several times - all the time in one direction, towards you. You should avoid using a folding penknife to cut cardboard, as if tilted slightly, it can close and cut your fingers.

To cut a circle with even edges from cardboard, use a simple device - circle cutter. A ruler is cut out of plywood, for example, 30 centimeters long and 1.5-2 centimeters wide. At one end of the ruler, along its length, several small holes are drilled or pierced, and at the other end, along the width of the ruler, a cut is made of such a size that the pointed tip of the knife enters it.

The ruler is placed on cardboard and through one of the holes (closer or farther from the end - depending on the required size of the circle) is fixed with an awl, pinning the cardboard to the cutting board. Insert the tip of the knife into the slot at the free end of the ruler and begin to cut the cardboard. The knife, held by the ruler, moves in a circle, cutting out the correct circle.

Paper and cardboard often have to be bent at an angle. The paper is folded by folding it by hand and smoothing the fold with a trowel. To bend the cardboard, it must first be cut with a knife along the ruler - approximately to half the thickness. After that, the cardboard is bent by hand in the direction opposite to the incision. The fold line is smooth and neat. It is only necessary to ensure that the incision is of the same depth along the entire length: when cutting, the knife must be pressed with the same force.

During an excursion to the binding shop of some printing house or to the cardboard workshop, the members of the circle will see how paper and cardboard are cut with the help of special machines.

Paper cutters usually cut not individual sheets of paper and cardboard, but whole bundles of them at once. The simplest machine, which can be found in a small print shop or carton shop, is operated by hand. The worker places a stack of paper on the smooth table of the machine, clamps it with a press and lowers a heavy long knife onto it, holding it by the handle and pressing the blade against the paper. The knife acts like a scissor blade: one end is hinged in the machine, while the other is free to move up and down.

Most often, the knife of the paper cutter is driven by an electric motor. On such a machine, a pack of paper up to 10-15 centimeters high is cut at a time.

Large printers have interesting stop cutters. With their help, printed sheets or bound sheets of a book are cut off on three sides. As soon as the machine cuts off the bundle (stack) of paper placed in it on one side, the machine table automatically turns and substitutes the other side of the bundle under the knife, then the third. There are other automatic self-cutting machines in printing houses that cut rolls of paper into separate sheets. Workers only need to insert the roll into the machine and turn on the motor. Then the machine itself unwinds the roll. A knife, mounted on a rotating drum or lowered from above, cuts the paper strip into sheets of the desired size. The sheets fall onto a moving belt and are brought by it to the table, where they are stacked in bundles.

Homemade boxes and figures

Many products made of paper and cardboard are not glued from separate parts, but are folded from a whole sheet, cutting it out accordingly and making the necessary cuts. To do this, a scan is preliminarily drawn on a sheet of paper or cardboard. This is done, for example, in the manufacture of boxes and geometric shapes. They are glued in three ways.

First way. A rectangle of the required size is cut from a sheet of cardboard. At an equal distance from the edge along all four sides, draw a line with a pencil along the ruler. The corners formed by the intersection of the lines are cut off. Cuts are made along the lines, the sides of the box are folded over and they are glued at the corners with strips of paper or thin fabric. So that the sides do not part, the box is tied with a thread until the glue dries.

Second way. In this case, the corners are not cut off, but bent inside the box. To do this, a cut is made on one side of each corner, and a light incision on the other. Then the corners are glued to the sides, sewn with a thread or attached with a thin wire pin. To do this, you can use wire pins from old notebooks.

Third way most often used when gluing geometric shapes made of thick paper or thin cardboard. In Figure 6, for example, the development of a trihedral prism is shown. Along the edges of some sides of the scan, narrow strips with cut corners are left - allowances. Having folded the figure along the dotted lines, these allowances are bent and glued to the inner walls of the prism.

Pasting cardboard with paper

Most cardboard products are covered with colored or white paper to give them good looks and great strength. You need to glue the paper with a paste. But it is better to glue colored glossy paper with liquid carpentry glue, as it gets wet from the paste and spots appear on its glossy surface. Joiner's glue is also recommended for gluing thick thick paper 1 .

Paste or glue is always smeared on paper to be glued, not cardboard. Having covered the table with a newspaper, a sheet of paper cut to the desired size is placed on it. Using a brush, smear it with a paste from the middle to the edges - first the right side, then the left. You should work with a brush quickly, drawing straight stripes one after another without gaps, trying to apply the paste in an even thin layer, without leaving any lumps on the paper. The paper is held with the fingers of the left hand, moistened with clean water. Having covered the paper with a paste, a clean brush is drawn across the sheet to smooth the borders of the stripes.

The paper smeared with paste is left to lie down for one or two minutes so that the paste is better absorbed. Then the paper is taken with both hands by the edges and carefully placed on the cardboard. Immediately after that, the paper is smoothed with a clean cloth, with fingers from the middle to the edges, so that no wrinkles remain on the surface. Dry the pasted thing in a warm, dry place, but away from a radiator or a hot stove: the cardboard will warp from strong heat. If paper is pasted over not a voluminous thing, but flat pieces of cardboard (for example, a table or book binding covers), then it is best to dry them under pressure, placing them between two boards and pressing down with some kind of load.

After drying, the glued paper shrinks, its fibers shrink. Pasted on one side, the cardboard warps, bends in the direction of pasting. To avoid this, cardboard and products made from it are pasted over with paper of the same density on both sides.

In double-sided pasting, the edges of the paper pasted to the outer surface are usually folded over to the inside and glued so that the sharp edges look neater.

Here, for example, is how a simple cardboard box is pasted over. Measure the length of all four sides of the box (its perimeter). Cut a strip of paper a little longer and 2-4 centimeters wider than the height of the sides. The edges of the strip are bent along the entire length on both sides so that its width is equal to the height of the box. This strip is pasted over all the sides of the box, leaving free borders at the top and bottom. Cutouts are made at the corners of the borders - the corners are cut off. Then the upper strips are wrapped inside the box and glued to the sides with reverse side; the bottom strips are glued to the bottom of the box. To paste over the box from the inside, draw a pattern of the bottom and sides on paper, reducing their height by 2-3 millimeters. Paper cut out according to such a pattern is pasted over the inside of the box. The edges of the paper partially cover the bent stripes of the outer pasting, leaving an even narrow edging on top. The same edging is left at the bottom of the box (bottom), if it is pasted over. But the bottom can not be pasted over from below.

Usually the boxes are covered with colored paper on the outside, and white paper on the inside. Consequently, the edging inside the box turns out to be colored.

edging

The circle will do useful work for the school if it pastes on cardboard all kinds of tables on geography, history, natural science and other visual aids printed on paper. To decorate the pioneer room, you can stick colorful reproductions from paintings, photographs on cardboard. At home, each member of the circle can also draw up a lesson schedule, a report card, a portrait of a favorite writer. At the same time, the edges of the cardboard substrate are pasted over with colored paper to make edging. This method is called - edging.

A rectangle is cut out of a sheet of cardboard a little larger than the table being pasted - by 3-10 millimeters on all sides, depending on the size of the table. Four strips of dark colored paper are cut out - along the length of the sides of the rectangle and approximately three times wider than the edging (that is, 10-30 millimeters wide). The strips are bent in half in length, the corners are cut so that when sticking the ends of the two strips - vertical and horizontal - do not overlap. These strips paste over the edges of the rectangle, inserting cardboard into the folds.

On the back side of the cardboard substrate, a wire ring is strengthened for hanging the table on the wall: they take a narrow ribbon, put a wire ring on it, spread the ends of the ribbon to the sides and glue it to the cardboard. The ring is fixed exactly in the middle of the top edge of the cardboard and should protrude above this edge. For strength, the ends of the ribbon can be glued on top with a paper rectangle. The ring will hold on even stronger if you make a cut in the cardboard below the ring, thread the ribbon into it on the front side, make two more cuts below and thread the ends of the ribbon back to the back. In this case, the ribbon is glued on both sides of the substrate, and its ends are also fixed with paper circles. For tables big size it is better to make two rings, placing them at the same distance from the sides of the substrate. A string is attached to the rings, for which the table is hung on the wall.

Having fixed the ring, the back side of the cardboard substrate is pasted over with paper of approximately the same density as the table. A table is pasted on the front side. It turns out bordered with a colored edging. The edged table is dried under pressure.

Colored edging paper is often replaced with strips of thick but not thick fabric, most often calico. The working methods remain the same.

Photographs and art postcards are usually designed without edging. They are simply glued onto a backing made of cardboard or thick paper, leaving wide brim. Such a substrate is called a passe-partout. Around the picture, at a short distance from it, with the blunt side of the tip of a knife or a trowel, lines are squeezed out, forming a kind of frame.

In any design of photographic images, they should not be glued with paste or so-called office glue: in this case, spots may appear on the image. It is best to use photoglue, and in the absence of it, dextrin.

paper tubes

For the telescope, periscope, and some of the other crafts described in this book, the mug will need tubes. They are best glued out of paper.

A round wooden stick of the required diameter is selected and slightly longer than the required tube. The surface of the stick, if it is not smooth enough, is sanded and rubbed with chalk or talc. The stick is wrapped once with thick (you can write) paper. The free edge of its slash is glued to the other, but so that the paper does not stick anywhere to the tree. One end of the tube should protrude slightly beyond the end of the stick.

Then, spreading a newspaper, a long sheet of paper is laid out on the table as wide as the length of the tube is required. It is best to take unglued newsprint or wrapping paper. Having lubricated the paper with a liquid paste, a stick is placed on one edge of it so that the paper sticks to the paper tube on the stick, and then it is wound in several layers. The larger the diameter and the longer the tube, the more layers of paper should be. A strong tube is already obtained from 5-7 layers. When winding the paper, make sure that it stretches well and fits without wrinkles.

The finished pipe, without removing it from the stick, is dried in a dry, but not hot place, and only after drying is removed from the stick.

A homemade microscope or spyglass requires two tubes, one of which would fit freely into the other. In this case, having made and dried the first tube, it is not removed from the stick, but the second tube is wound onto it - the first layer without paste, and subsequent layers smeared with paste. When the second tube dries, both tubes are removed from the stick.

If a round pencil case is made, the hole at one end of the tube is covered with a bottom. To do this, a cardboard circle is cut out along the diameter of the tube and placed on the edge of the tube. A strip of paper is folded in half along the length, teeth are cut out on one half of it, as shown in Figure 7 (4) . A solid half of the strip is glued to the edge of the tube, and the teeth are bent and glued to the bottom. To cover the teeth, you can stick a paper circle on top of the bottom.

Shredded paper and pulp products

Impregnated with paste or some other glue and pressed into several layers, the paper becomes very strong. From such paper in a mug, you can make not only tubes, but also more complex things: dummies of fruits and vegetables, relief geographical maps, all kinds of layouts, models and toys.

However, things that have a complex convex surface cannot be glued out of whole sheets of paper, such as a tube. The paper must first be crushed: torn into small pieces or turned into a liquid mass. Such crushed and then glued in several layers paper or paper pulp impregnated with glue is called papier mache.

Work with shredded paper like this.

First of all, they cut it out of wood, cast it in plaster, or, most often, mold a model of the thing that they want to glue out of paper from plasticine or oily clay. Clay is crushed into pieces, poured for several hours with a small amount of water, and then kneaded. Clay prepared for modeling should not stick to fingers and have lumps. They mold the model with their hands, and finally finish it with the help of wooden spatulas - stacks. To keep the unfinished model and the remaining clay from drying out, keep it wrapped in a damp cloth.

If the object that they want to glue out of paper consists of two symmetrical halves, then the model can be molded not entirely, but only one half of it. It will be easier to remove the product from such a model. You can also use some ready-made thing as a model: a plaster figurine, a vase, a wooden figure, etc.

After the model is ready, it is pasted over with paper. In this case, the model serves as a form.

For pasting the model, paper is taken loose, unglued, white or colored (newsprint, wrapping, poster). It is cut into narrow strips and into small pieces, poured with warm water for several minutes, then the water is drained. Paste is also prepared in advance. Then the dried model is carefully lubricated with some vegetable oil or other fat and begin to paste over with pieces of paper. The first layer is laid out with wet pieces and strips of paper without glue. Pieces of paper are placed on the model so that the edges of one piece cover the edges of the neighboring ones, leaving no gaps. When the whole model is covered with one layer of paper, a second layer is applied to it. Each piece or strip of paper is now smeared with a paste .. Then the third layer is glued in the same way, etc. The number of layers depends on the size of the product, on its required strength, on the thickness of the paper. For example, for small products it is enough to stick five to eight layers. If the body of a yacht or another model is glued out of paper, then the number of glued layers is adjusted to twelve to fifteen. In this case, gluing is best done in several steps. Having glued the model with four or five layers, they are left to dry for a day, then another four or five layers are laid, dried again, etc. In order for each layer to be glued over the entire surface of the model, without gaps, it is recommended to paste with paper in two colors: the first layer glue, for example, with white paper, the second with blue, the third with white again, etc. In this case, every gap immediately catches the eye, gaps are easy to avoid.

Many products, especially those with an uneven surface, are more convenient to manufacture in another way - from paper pulp.

To do this, some loose, unglued paper is torn into small pieces, placed in metal or earthenware and poured hot water. The vessel with paper is closed, wrapped in rags and placed for a day in a warm place. The next day, the soaked paper is heated over a fire until the water boils, and during heating it is stirred with a wooden stick.

Then the boiled paper is placed in a bag, the water is squeezed out of it and dipped with fingers into small balls, which are well dried. Dry balls are ground into powder.

To get paper pulp, they take some amount of paper powder and add to it about the same amount (by weight) of crushed and well-sifted chalk, four to five times less potato flour and about ten times less wood glue.

Pour paper powder and chalk together and mix thoroughly. A paste is prepared from potato flour, diluted wood glue is added to it. This mixture is poured into a vessel with powder and stirred: a not very thick dough is obtained. If necessary, add hot water.

You can cook the mass without a paste, only on carpentry glue, increasing its amount. Sometimes gypsum, ash, a little flour, talc are added to the mass. In order to prepare the paper pulp faster at the right time, you can grind the paper in advance and always have a supply of dry paper powder.

The model is now covered with the prepared mass. To lay the mass in an even layer, you can first roll it out with a rolling pin into thin layers. It is especially convenient to use paper pulp in those cases when they want to get not a hollow, but a solid thing. This requires concave shapes. They are greased from the inside and filled with mass. It is useful to mix soap solution with fat.

Concave molds for filling with paper stock are best cast on plaster models. Convenient, for example, this way. A box is selected or made of cardboard, into which half of the model freely enters. The model is prepared in advance: exactly half of it is marked and this half is lubricated with soap. Then gypsum is diluted in some dish: it is quickly poured into water and continuously stirred with a stick. When the gypsum solution reaches the density of sour cream, it is poured into the prepared box.

Next, take the model and press it into the liquid plaster to half. After 5-10 minutes, the plaster will harden. The model is taken out, the cardboard box is torn off from the plaster, tearing the cardboard into pieces. The form is ready. In the event that the model has an asymmetric surface, not one, but two or three forms of various parts of the model are made. A flat model can simply be poured with plaster from above.

Plaster molds should also be made in cases where it is required that the shredded paper product accurately convey all the bends, depressions and bulges on the surface of the model. When pasting the model with paper pulp on top, this can be difficult to achieve.

For casting molds, the so-called burnt molding plaster is used. It is obtained from natural crystalline gypsum by heating and crushing it. It should be borne in mind that gypsum diluted with water and hardened gypsum cannot be diluted again.

Concave shapes of complex outlines are also easy to make from plasticine and paraffin.

The finished product, glued from pieces of paper or laid out from paper pulp, is left to dry on the model or in the form, putting it in a dry and warm, but not hot place. When the paper dries, the product is cut into two halves with a safety razor blade, removed from the model, dried, and then the cut halves are glued together. If two halves of the product were glued separately, then the edges of each half are leveled with scissors or a knife and cleaned with sandpaper, precisely fitting to the other half. It is best to glue with wood glue.

A valuable feature of paper is the ability to produce practically useful, necessary things from the very first steps of learning. When working with paper, fine motor skills of the hands, precise movements of the fingers are improved, and the eye develops. Along with this, creative experience is enriched, imagination is formed. Students focus on the process of making crafts to get the desired result, which helps to focus.

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Application No. 1

Materials and tools

Paper can be of different quality: from thin transparent - cigarette, to dense, which is very difficult even to tear - metallized.

• To create the volume of some crafts, you need thin and soft paper (cigarette paper, paper napkins).
• You will also need a plain white or colored paper, newspaper type, for paper mosaic.
• Thicker paper that absorbs moisture without getting wet (most colored paper sets) can be used for appliqués.
• To make origami toys, you need paper that is moderately thick, giving clear lines when bent (glossy notebook sheets, coated paper).
• Cardboard is necessary for the basis of bulk products, toys.
• Cardboard boxes, candy wrappers, foil, wallpaper scraps - everything a real master will need.

Two types of glue are needed for work: liquid (PVA) and glue stick.

The glue stick is used in the manufacture of applications, for gluing small parts.

PVA glue is necessary for gluing various parts when greater strength is required.

When working with glue, do not forget about the rules that must be followed so that there are no troubles.

1. The working surface was covered with newspapers, wrapping paper or oilcloth - after work, you do not have to wash the table from droplets of hardened glue.
2. If the glue is stored in a fairly large container, pour it little by little into a small flat jar or lid to work - then you will not be threatened with glue lakes on paper or on the floor.
3. To apply glue, use a special brush or a tube of thick folded paper.

It takes two pairs to work. One pair of scissors should be of medium length with rounded tips. They cut paper. The second ones are small with straight blades. They are used for cutting internal parts and notches.

brushes

A wide brush is needed to quickly apply glue to the base. A small glue brush is needed for lubricating small parts with glue.

Ruler, pencil

Using a ruler, you can not only draw a straight line, but also evenly tear off the desired strip of paper. To do this, attach the ruler to the sheet in the right place so that the paper protrudes slightly from under the sheet. Hold the ruler firmly with your left hand. With your right hand, take a sheet of paper by the upper right corner and lift it up to the ruler. Then, with a strong movement, pull the sheet towards you. The cut will go along the ruler.

With a pencil, you can not only draw, but also give a piece of paper the desired shape.

To get a straw, wrap a pencil with a strip of paper and iron it between your palms. Remove the pencil and the paper will remain curled.

To give a convex shape small details(button, flower) place the cut out figure on the palm of your left hand, and press the end of the pencil on its middle. Get a convex detail.

A paper spiral can be made with scissors or a ruler. Take the tip of the paper in your left hand. thumb right hand press a strip of paper to the tip of the open scissors or the end of the ruler. With a sliding motion, stretch the paper along the entire length.

Compass

It will help to draw a circle on paper of any size.

Paper handling rules

1. All fold lines are made clearly, ironing well. So that there are no dirty spots on the paper, the place of the fold is ironed with closed scissors or a sheet of paper is placed on the place of the intended fold and ironed from above. Moreover, if the fold is single, then the sheet is conveniently positioned so that the fold is on the right or on top.
2. If you need to tear the paper into strips, you must consider in which direction the fibers are located in it. If you tear along the fibers, the gap will be long and fairly even. And if across, then a long strip will not work. To feel it, practice on newsprint.
3. If it is necessary to stick a part on a flat sheet, the part to be glued is smeared with glue. If you smear the contour of the part on the base sheet, and then attach the part itself, it will not be even and smooth, wrinkles and folds will appear on it.
4. The part to be glued must be firmly pressed. To do this, use a blank sheet of white paper and a piece of flannel. The part is smeared with glue, placed on the base sheet, lightly pressed in the center, straightened and put clean paper on it. After that, with a flannel cloth, carefully iron the part from the center to the edges.

Arrangement of the workplace

Before you start making paper crafts, you need to prepare workplace. There should not be anything superfluous on the table. All tools and materials should be at hand.

Lighting also has great importance. If you work in the evening, then there must be a table lamp. Light should fall from the left side.

Since paper involves waste, it is good to put a bin or box nearby where you can throw out the scraps.

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Application No. 3

History of paper

Paper is one of the most common materials. It acts not only as an information carrier, but also as a packaging, hygiene product, means of payment, building material, filter, etc. Nowadays it is difficult to imagine our life without paper.

But paper as we know it now did not appear immediately. Initially, they wrote on birch bark, leather, wood, etc.

The history of paper begins in Ancient Egypt about 3,500 years ago, when papyrus was being made there. Reed served as raw material for it. Making papyrus was a rather laborious process, so it was expensive and not available to everyone. But papyrus was short-lived and required careful handling.

In parallel with papyrus, another material arose - parchment, which appeared in Asia Minor in the 2nd century BC. It got its name from the place where its production began - the city of Pergamum of the Kingdom of Pergamon. To obtain parchment, they used the skin of young animals - lambs, donkeys, calves and goats - subjecting it to special processing. The main advantages of parchment are strength, elasticity, and therefore durability. And you can write on it on both sides. The disadvantages were the laborious process of making parchment, in addition, the skin was a very expensive material.

The real history of paper began in China around 105 AD. Cai Lun, a Chinese dignitary of the Han Dynasty and the inventor of paper, summarized and improved the ways of making paper that were already known, and also proposed technological process paper production. Any vegetable raw material and waste could be used for paper production, including bamboo shoots, willow and mulberry bast fibers, as well as grass, moss, straw, algae, tow, etc.

In China at the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, paper made from vegetable fibers was no longer a rarity. Paper began to be made desired colors, size and thickness, it was impregnated with special substances for long-term storage.

The first paper-making center outside of China was Samarkand in 751. In 800, paper appeared in Baghdad, in 1100 - in Cairo, in 1300 - in Venice. It took about 300 years for paper to reach Egypt from Iraq.

In Europe, the first paper appeared in the 10th century in Spain. At the beginning of the 12th century, the works of some Italian poets were already written on excellent white paper. Next, the Italians compete with the French. From France, paper production penetrates to England, then to Holland and then moves to Eastern Europe, namely to Germany and Poland, and then to the east, to Muscovite Rus'.

Today, the use of paper is so diverse that it will not be possible to talk about the end of its history very soon. There are about 5,000 thousand grades of paper, which can be divided into three types:

1. paper itself: hygienic, wrapping and printing;
2. cardboard;
3. building board: for cladding and insulation.

Paper can be used in a variety of ways. Folding, writing, handing over to waste paper, using in construction - this is not a complete list. New way Using paper will be especially useful if you have nothing to do or if you have a special paper that you want to do something interesting with. Read this article and you will learn how you can use a sheet of paper lying on your desk in an unusual way.

Steps

Make something out of paper

Get into origami. Origami - japanese art folding paper figures. Knowing the origami technique, you can make countless things from a simple sheet of paper (cranes, butterflies, a fox's head, and much more). Try doing:

• classic swan;
• a rose for a loved one;
• cute rabbit;
• photo frames;
• samurai helmet;
• a regular paper box or a star-shaped box for small gifts to friends and family members;
• paper claws for halloween costume.

1. Get into decoupage and make a diary or memorabilia box. If you have paper items that mean a lot to you (brochures, tickets, notes, photos, invoices, and letters), you can make a box for them, where you could also store jewelry and other things that are important to you. Find a suitable blank, figure out how you design it with paper, and start decoupage.

   • You can use additional tools: paint, glitter, etc. (buttons, artificial flowers) - so the box will become even more interesting. Some decorations will need to be fixed with hot glue.
   • You can collect all the memorabilia in an album if you don't want to ruin it. Look for an album that has a lot of plastic pockets. Keep the album away from moisture because condensation on the plastic can damage the paper.

2. Start making papier-mâché. Papier-mâché is the imposition of pieces of paper with glue on top of each other and gluing them to a specific object or forming a special shape from this material. When all this dries, it hardens and can be used for various purposes. Be aware, however, that making papier-mâché is not the neatest process, so be prepared for a bit of a mess. Many things can be made from papier-mâché:

   • vases;
   • rims for switches;
   • shells;
   • masks;
   • glasses for pencils;
   • caskets.

3. Make a greeting card as a unique alternative to premade cards. Can be used original techniques, such as the 3D effect.

   • The easiest way is to take a regular sheet of paper and fold it in half. The resulting blank can be painted with paint, pencils, markers, or decorated in some other way.

4. Make paper toys. There are entire books on making complex paper toys (like robots), but you can also make simple toys from a regular sheet of paper:

   • fortune teller;
   • soccer ball;
   • airplanes and boats.

5. Create an art object out of paper. You can make it in 2D or 3D. Here we are talking not about origami! We mean complex work, which can be compared to painting, only paper figures are used here, and not lines drawn with a brush or pencil.

   • If you are working in 2D, cut out the shapes you want from paper using different colors of paper. If you want to draw a face, you will need to cut out the eyes (possibly from different sheets of paper), nose, mouth, skin, hair (best from multi-colored paper) and other elements. The more fragments you have, the more detailed the image will be.
   • If you want to make something in 3D, cut thin strips (like 2-3 pieces of spaghetti as wide) and stick them on one or two sheets of paper. Fold, bend, wrap them, and you get a voluminous figure.

   Keep yourself busy

   1. Start drawing! Grab a pencil or colored pens and just start sketching. Express yourself and draw what inspires you. You can try drawing less realistic things - cartoon characters or comic book characters - or some objects in the room. Draw friends, family members. Go to Fresh air and draw what you see there. When you're done, you'll be proud to showcase your work (perhaps even in an origami frame)!

      Play football. You can play football with paper. Just fold the paper into a pyramid or roll up a ball and start passing it to each other. You can even make paper gates if you have enough sheets.

      Play sea battle. In this game, all you need is a pen, a piece of paper and a partner. Draw a grid and place letters on one side and numbers on the other. Arrange the ships and start playing. Just play fair!

      Play with sticks. Draw a grid of dots spaced at the same distance from each other (for example, 20 by 20 dots). Each player takes turns connecting two dots. The one who can connect four dots in a square gets this square. Whoever has the most squares wins.

      Make a gun out of paper and start a war with your friends. The gun can be made using paper, scissors and tape. Armed with such a pistol, you can start a war in the office or play with friends. Be careful - don't hit anyone in the eye!

   Make good use of paper

   Recycle paper. Did you know that every ton of paper costs the lives of 17 trees? Just because you're not going to use any paper anymore doesn't mean you should just throw it away. If you turn it into waste paper, it will be given a second life - a variety of things can be made from it. From waste paper, you can make another paper, or you can make beads.

   1. Write stories. Paper is meant to be written on! Chances are you already know this, so pick up a pen and let your imagination run wild! Come up with a story and think about the characters. Make sure you have something to start and finish with, and decide what happens in the middle. Have fun with the process and don't overexert your arm! When you're done, show the result to your friends and family for their opinion. Hooray!

      • Don't want to write stories? There are other genres in which you can try yourself:
        • poetry or haiku;
        • short stories;
        • own magazine;
        • comics.

Natalia Bogdanova
Non-traditional paperwork techniques (consultation for educators ...)

USAGE NON-TRADITIONAL PAPER WORKING TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S ARTISTIC CREATIVITY

It is known that children's creativity is a unique phenomenon. Children's creativity can be developed in a variety of ways, including work With different materials, which includes different kinds creating images of objects from paper, natural and waste material. Paper technique May be various: broken and cut, voluminous applications, mosaic, origami crafts, creating various volumes using paper-plastic techniques, paper rolling, trimming on plasticine.

Educators and psychologists dealing with the problem of development artistic creativity and abilities of children, note that various types of productive activities, Job with different materials affects the development of the ability to creative activity. What methods can be used to develop the creative activity of children?

The application is one of the simplest and effective ways paper handling. This technique, based on cutting out details, superimposing them on the background and fixing them, especially suitable for activities with children preschool age, since their activity during this period is of a substantive nature, that is, it is based on active interaction with various objects. Paper technique May be various: cut-off and cut-out appliqué, mosaic technique, crafts in technique"origami", creating different volumes using technology« paper plastics» , paper rolling. In creating crafts in integration with non-traditional paper techniques gives children great pleasure when they succeed, and great chagrin if the image does not work out. In the same time brought up the child has a desire to achieve a positive result.

Origami - Japanese art of folding paper. It attracted the attention of many residents of Russia, including teachers, as it is not only an exciting way to spend leisure time, but also a means of solving many pedagogical problems, in particular the development of fine motor skills. By perfecting and coordinating the movements of the fingers and hands, origami affects the overall intellectual development child, including the development of speech. The Japanese believe that the art of ORIGAMI brings peace of mind and physical recovery. It is very useful for the creative and spiritual development of children.

Origami looks like a trick - from an ordinary piece of paper paper in a few minutes a wonderful figure is born! Origami does not require large material costs, origami classes are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, a whole world can be easily and quickly created that you can play with! No special skills required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami it is easy to make unusual and Original gifts and decorate rooms.

Age: from 4 years

paper rolling(quilling)- based on the ability to twist strips paper different widths and lengths, modify their shape and make volumetric and planar compositions from the obtained parts. During the course paper rolling you can use double sided paper for origami or color for the printer, as well as multi-colored napkins.

Lessons in use non-traditional techniques paper handling:

Increase sensory sensitivity, i.e. form a more subtle form perception, texture, color, volume;

Develop imagination, spatial thinking;

Develop general manual skill, fine motor skills, synchronize work of both hands:

Build planning skills work to implement the plan, to foresee the result and achieve it;

If necessary, make adjustments to the original plan.

But the most important and valuable thing is that paper rolling, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can, in his activity, consciously choose the type of material and the method of transforming it, depending on the specifics of the conceived craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, choose means to implement aesthetic requirements for the result. work.

Norigami is a unique author's format paper design technique, which makes it possible to make paper, anything. Think - and it will be done. If you want - learn to invent crafts yourself, if you want - learn to make them after the master. No other paper design technique not to do so quickly, simply and recognizably even Carlson, even a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle.

Norigami - relative origami: also without patterns, also according to the schemes, also from standard sheets with simple folding. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. Because nori is Japanese for "glue" - and fold, and cut, and glue. Children are very fond of work with paper- it is available as a material and easy to handle. Working with paper the child masters various techniques and methods - bending the sheet, gluing, notching. Simple manipulations available to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. Such an unusual handmade toy will be a wonderful decoration for your home. Boys having fun construct their favorite cars out of paper, tanks and planes and even dinosaurs. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. Age of children from 5 years to infinity.

kirigami

Age: from 6 years

This is the art of folding figures from paper. IN in a certain sense kirigami is a variety origami techniques, but, unlike the latter, the use of scissors and glue is permissible in kirigami.

The name itself tech says it: it comes from two Japanese words:kiru - cut and kami - paper.

The basis of crafts in technique kirigami is leaf paper. As a rule, the creation of crafts begins with folding a sheet paper halved and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut as symmetrically:

as well as asymmetrical:

IN technique kirigami make beautiful voluminous folding cards (in English they are called pop-up,

as well as entire architectural structures from paper.

Volumetric application of color or white paper:

Age: from 5 years

means of expression: silhouette, texture, color, volume.

Equipment: double-sided color and solid white paper, PVA glue.

Image Acquisition Method: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crushes them or twists them, and then glues them onto the sheet with a dense paper. work must be done on a large sheet paper.

Volumetric application from paper napkins painted with gouache

Age: from 4 years.

means of expression: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.

Equipment: white napkins, sponges, dense color paper, PVA glue, gouache.

Image Acquisition Method: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of dense paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with folded flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.

Facing one of the types paper needlework. This technology can be attributed both to the method of application and to the type of quilling. With the help of facing, you can create amazing three-dimensional paintings, mosaics, panels, decorative interior elements, postcards. This technology is quite popular., interest in it is explained by the unusual effect of "fluffiness" and the easy way to perform it.

You can also use other materials: straw, birch bark, fur, Poplar fluff, paper, plasticine. For example, an application can also be made on a cardboard covered with a layer of plasticine. And then press a wide variety of shapes from different cereals: peas, beans, rice, vermicelli, etc. It is possible to pour sand, tinted semolina, buckwheat, etc. on a sheet smeared with plasticine or paste with a funnel. eggshell, skin trimmings, cotton wool and much more, everything that you have enough imagination for.

Making toys, various crafts from natural and waste materials is painstaking, interesting and very pleasant work. Try it and you won't regret it!