Composition “Pechorin’s bet with Vulich (Analysis of the chapter of the story“ Fatalist ”).

The chapter "The Fatalist" completes Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". At the same time, it is also the last in Pechorin's Journal. Chronologically, the events of this chapter take place after Pechorin visited Taman, Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk, after the episode with Bela, but before the hero's meeting with Maxim Maksimovich in Vladikavkaz. Why does Lermontov place the chapter "The Fatalist" at the end of the novel, and why exactly her?

A peculiar core of the analyzed episode is a bet between lieutenant Vulich and Pechorin. The main character served in one Cossack village, "the officers gathered at each other's place in turn, played cards in the evenings." On one of these evenings, the bet happened. Sitting up for a long game card game, the officers talked about fate and predestination. Unexpectedly, lieutenant Vulich offers to check whether "a person can arbitrarily dispose of his life, or everyone ... a fateful minute is appointed in advance."
No one, except Pechorin, enters into a bet. Vulich loaded the pistol, pulled the trigger, and shot himself in the forehead. The gun misfired. So the lieutenant proved that the already predetermined fate still exists.

The theme of predestination and a player who is trying his luck was developed before Lermontov by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (“Shot” and “ Queen of Spades"). And in the novel A Hero of Our Time, up to the chapter Fatalist, the theme of fate arose repeatedly. Maxim Maksimovich says about Pechorin in "Bel": "After all, there are, really, such people who have a life written, various unusual things must happen to them." In the chapter “Taman”, Pechorin asks himself: “And why did fate throw me into a peaceful circle honest smugglers? In "Princess Mary": "... fate somehow always led me to the denouement of other people's dramas ... what purpose did fate have for this?"

The main philosophical aspect of the novel is the struggle between personality and destiny. In the chapter “The Fatalist”, Lermontov asks the most important, urgent question: to what extent is a person himself the builder of his life? The answer to this question will be able to explain to Pechorin his own soul and destiny, and will also reveal crucial point- the author's decision of the image. We will understand who, according to Lermontov, Pechorin: a victim or a winner?

The whole story is divided into three episodes: a bet with Vulich, Pechorin's reasoning about predestination and Vulich's death, as well as a capture scene. Let's see how Pechorin changes as the episodes progress. At the beginning, we learn that he does not believe in fate at all, and therefore agrees to the bet. But why does he allow himself to play with impunity not his own, but someone else's life?
Grigory Alexandrovich manifests himself as a hopeless cynic: “Everyone dispersed, accusing me of selfishness, as if I had bet with a man who wanted to shoot himself, and without me he seemed unable to find a convenient opportunity!” Despite the fact that Vulich provided Pechorin with evidence of the existence of fate, the latter continues to doubt: “... it became funny to me when I remembered that there were once wise people who thought that the heavenly bodies were taking part in our insignificant disputes for a piece of land or for some some fictitious rights! .. "
Another proof of the existence of fate for the hero was to be the death of Vulich. Indeed, during the bet, it seemed to Pechorin that he “read the seal of death on the pale face” of the lieutenant, and at four in the morning the officers brought the news that Vulich had been killed under strange circumstances: he had been hacked to death by a drunken Cossack. But this circumstance did not convince Pechorin either, he says that instinct told him “on ... the changed face the seal of imminent death” of Vulich.
Then Pechorin decides to try his luck himself and helps to capture the killer of Vulich, who has locked himself in an empty hut. He successfully captures the criminal, but is never convinced that his fate is destined from above: “After all this, how would it seem not to become a fatalist? ... how often do we take for conviction a deception of feelings or a mistake of reason.”

It is amazing how subtly and accurately Pechorin's last confession reveals another facet of his emotional tragedy. The hero confesses to himself terrible vice: disbelief. And it's not just about religious faith, no. The hero does not believe in anything: neither in death, nor in love, nor in truth, nor in lies: “And we ... wandering the earth without conviction and pride, without pleasure and fear ... we are no longer capable of great sacrifices for the good of mankind , not even for our own happiness, because we know its impossibility, and indifferently we pass from doubt to doubt, as our ancestors rushed from one error to another, having, like them, neither hope, nor even that indefinite, although true pleasure, which the soul meets in every struggle with people and fate.
The worst thing is that Pechorin does not believe in life, and, therefore, does not love it: “In my early youth, I was a dreamer: I loved to caress alternately gloomy, then rosy images that my restless and greedy imagination painted for me. But what is left of it? - one fatigue ... I exhausted both the heat of the soul and the constancy of the will necessary for real life; I entered this life, having already experienced it mentally, and I became bored and disgusted, like someone who reads a bad imitation of a book he has known for a long time.

An amazing episode that reveals to us Lermontov's attitude to the fate of Pechorin is the capture scene. In fact, only here, at the end of the story and the entire novel, Grigory Alexandrovich performs an act that benefits people. This act, as the last ray of hope that Pechorin will again feel a taste for life, find his happiness in helping others, will use his composure in situations where a common person cannot pull himself together: “I like to doubt everything: this is the disposition of character - on the contrary, as for me, I always go forward more boldly when I don’t know what awaits me.”
But we learn all this only at the end of the novel, when we already understand that there is no hope left, that Pechorin died without revealing his mighty talents. Here is the author's answer. Man is the master of his own destiny. And there is always a chance to take the reins into your own hands.
The clue to the image of Pechorin is simple. Surprisingly, he, who does not believe in fate, always presented himself and his lack of demand in this life as the tricks of evil Fortune. But it's not. Lermontov, in the last chapter of his novel, answers us that Pechorin himself is to blame for his fate and this is a disease of time. It is this theme and this lesson that the classic taught us that make the novel A Hero of Our Time a book for all ages and for all times.

Pechorin and Bela

The author named one of the stories of his novel after the Circassian girl Bela. This name seems to predetermine the touchingness and some drama of the plot. And indeed, as the story is told on behalf of Staff Captain Maksim Maksimych, we get to know bright, unusual characters.
The protagonist of the story is officer Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, who arrived in the Caucasus for military service.
He immediately appears before us as an unusual person: enthusiastic, courageous, smart: “He was nice, just a little strange. After all, for example, in the rain, in the cold all day hunting; everyone will be cold, tired - but nothing to him ... I went to the wild boar one on one ... ”- this is how Maxim Maksimych characterizes him.
The character of Pechorin is complex and contradictory. Along with his positive qualities, we are soon convinced of his ambition, selfishness, spiritual callousness.
For his own pleasure, out of a thirst for new experiences, he enters into an agreement with the reckless Circassian Azamat, who raved about good horses. In exchange for Kazbich's horse, Pechorin secretly decides to get his sister, the young girl Bela, from the Circassian, without even thinking about her consent.
To Maxim Maksimych’s objections that this is “a bad thing,” Pechorin replies: “A wild Circassian woman should be happy having such a sweet husband like him ...”.
And this unthinkable exchange of a girl for a horse took place. Officer Pechorin became the owner of Bela and tried to accustom her to the idea "that she would not belong to anyone except him ...".
With attention, gifts, persuasion, Pechorin managed to achieve the love of the proud and incredulous Bela. But this love couldn't have happy ending. According to the author: "What began in an extraordinary way, should end the same way.
Very soon, Pechorin's attitude towards the "poor girl changed." Bela quickly got tired of him, and he began to look for every reason to leave her, at least for a while.
Bela is the exact opposite of Pechorin. If he is a nobleman, a secular aristocrat and a heartthrob, then Bela is a girl living according to the laws of the mountains, in accordance with her national traditions and customs. She is ready to love one man all her life, to be completely devoted to him and faithful.
And how much pride and independence there was in this young Chechen woman, although she understood that she had become a prisoner of Pechorin. As a real resident of the mountains, she is ready to accept any turn of fate: "If they stop loving her, she herself will leave, because she is a prince's daughter ...".
In fact, Bela fell in love with Pechorin so much that, despite his coldness, she thought only of him.
Her great unrequited feeling for this officer was the cause of her death at the hands of Kazbich.
Bela accepted death calmly, speaking only of her sincere love for Pechorin. She probably deserved a better fate, but she fell in love with an indifferent and cold person and sacrificed her life for this.
What was Pechorin's reaction to her death? He sat quietly with a face that "expressed nothing in particular." And in response to Maksim Maksimych's words of consolation, "he raised his head and laughed."
Wherever Pechorin appeared, he brought suffering and misfortune to people. Torn from native family and Bela abandoned by him perished. But her love and death became just simple episodes in Pechorin's life.

Creating the novel "", M.Yu. Lermontov tried to reflect in one hero the image of a whole generation of that century, with all its vices, failures and victories. It was the problem of comparing a person and an era that became the main one in the author's work. Mikhail Yuryevich is trying to portray a personality that is not standard, mysterious, rare. The author shows how fate affects a person's life. It is the chapter "The Fatalist" that opens the curtain for readers, shows the true portrait of the protagonist. It is in it that Grigory Pechorin tries to answer the question: "Why does he bring misfortune to the people around him, why does he destroy other people's destinies"?

As soon as he tries to find his happiness, it goes further and further away from him. The hero is simply at a loss, he thinks that he has chosen his wrong life path. All events in Pechorin's life are mostly influenced by society. It puts before him social and moral framework. In various episodes of the novel, we are faced with the opposite actions of the protagonist and absolutely cannot understand who he really is - a cold and indifferent person or a sufferer who is influenced by others? It is these questions that the chapter "Fatalist" answers.

Reading the chapter, we observe the plot of the card game. Lieutenant Vulich makes a controversial bet with Pechorin in order to find out if there is a fate for each of them and whether it is possible to influence it. Gregory deeply doubts this, because he prefers reason. Vulich thinks otherwise. He pulls out a revolver and aims at himself. There is a misfire and the lieutenant remains alive. But, Pechorin foresees his imminent death. It is this action that makes Pechorin doubt his beliefs and believe in fate. After a short time main character learns about the death of Vulich, who was killed by a drunken Cossack. So, the protagonist's prediction came true.

Further, the events in the chapter "" develop completely differently. The Cossack killer does not intend to reproach his fate. He does not give up, hiding in a hut with a hostage, and shouts loudly: "I will not submit!" The Cossack tried to fight his fate to the end. He wanted to take control of his own life. No one dared to enter the hut, except ... Pechorin. It was at this moment that Grigory Alexandrovich decided to test his life path. He boldly and decisively enters the hut, acts prudently and takes the weapon from the hands of the killer.

Pechorin's act is very similar to a duel with fate. It was this decision that first forced Gregory to influence his own destiny on his own.

Such opposite and dual events take place in the chapter "The Fatalist". They leave for each of us the opportunity to reflect on eternal problem doom of fate. The author says that a person, under any circumstances, should not give up. You need to act and fight for your happiness!

Target: understand the causes of the Pechorin tragedy, identify author's attitude to the hero, comprehend the plot-compositional role of the story “The Fatalist”.

Tasks:

1. to determine what is the meaning of life for Pechorin, whether rock can affect it;
2. nurture interest in literature through example classical text;
3. develop oral monologue speech, the ability to analyze and generalize, the ability to work with a lexical range, a landscape.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Today in the lesson we will continue to work on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" We have to analyze the chapter “The Fatalist”, explain the reasons for the tragedy of the protagonist and answer the question: is Pechorin a fatalist?

II. Checking homework.

Let's find out if everyone is familiar with the text. I propose to answer the following questions:

• What do officers do in the evenings? (They play cards.)
• What are the officers talking about? (The fact that the Muslim belief that the fate of a person is written in heaven finds many admirers among us Christians.)
• Who owns the words: “Where are these faithful people who have seen the list on which the hour of our death is marked? (Somebody.)
• Who owns the following description? "He was a Serb by birth, as was evident from his name." (Vulich.)
• Who owns the words: “I suggest you try for yourself, can a person arbitrarily dispose of his life, or is each of us pre-assigned a fateful minute? (Vulich.)
• With whom did Vulich make a bet? (With Pechorin.)
• Name the essence of this bet. (Pechorin claims that there is no predestination.)
• Passion Vulich? (Card game.)
• Who owns the following words: "I read the seal of death on his pale face." (Pechorin.)
• What card was thrown by Pechorin? (Ace of hearts.)
• What does Pechorin stumble upon when he returns home? (On a pig cut in half.)
• To whom does Pechorin tell this story with Vulich? (To Maxim Maksimych.)
• Who informs Pechorin about the death of Vulich? (Z officer.)
• What is the name of the girl from the story “The Fatalist” (Nastya.)
• Who utters the words: “He is right” and when? (Vulich before his death.)
• Identify the character from the description. “... pale, he was lying on the floor, holding right hand gun". (Drunken Cossack Efimych.)
• Identify the character from the description. “Her face expressed insane despair.” (Old woman, mother of a Cossack.)
• Who owns the words: "Vasily Petrovich will not give up - I know him." (Esaul.)
• Who tempts fate like Vulich? (Pechorin.)
• Who owns the following reasoning: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness." (Pechorin.)
• Play the dialogue between the drunken Cossack and Vulich. (- Who are you looking for, brother? - You!)
• Where is the killer locked up? (In an empty hut, at the end of the village.)

III. Chapter analysis.

1) Individual task.

• How does Pechorin appear to us in this story? How is this image different from the previous chapters?
• Give a description of Vulich (portrait, passion for the game). Why didn’t Vulich confide his spiritual and family secrets to anyone?

2) Lexical work.

The rest of the class works with the lexical range, determines the meaning of the words: predestination, fate, fate, fate. Everything is recorded in a notebook. One of the students sums up.

How do you understand the words “predestination” (1. Determine in advance, determine; 2. fate, fate; 3. in religion: the will of a deity that determines human behavior and everything that happens in the world), prescription - order, order; rock is an unfortunate fate.

Conclusion. So, in this chapter we meet such words more than once: predestination - 5 times; fate, inevitability of fate, test of fate - 4; fatal minute, window - 11; will - 1; sanity - 1; fatalist - 1. What do you think this indicates?

The title of this chapter is Fatalist. What is "fatalism"? (Fatalism is the belief in the inevitability of fate, in the fact that everything in the world is predetermined by a mysterious force, fate; a fatalist is a person prone to fatalism, that is, who believes in the predestination of all events in life, in the inevitability of fate, fate.)

3) Listening to students working individually.

4) Reading by roles of the dialogue between Vulich and Pechorin, which completes the episode of the bet. What does Pechorin say?

5) Work with the landscape (color symbolism).
Find a description of the landscape when Pechorin returns home. (“..the moon, full and red, like the glow of a fire, began to appear ...”)
Where else do we meet such color symbols? Read. (“... lay a pig, cut in half with a saber.”)
And then the death of Vulich. Why do you think the author included color symbolism?

6) Thinking about wise people, about the faith of these people.
Does the case with Vulich convince the protagonist that a person is subject to predestination? Yu. I. Aikhenvald, in his note on the "Hero of Our Time" wrote:
Yes, as long as a person believed in his connection with the mountain stars, with nature here on earth and there in heaven, as long as he had strength, will, intense interest in life. And now, when the heavenly lamps in their mystical significance have gone out for him, and when in nature he takes, admiring, only her landscape, he was overtaken by indifference, fatigue, Hamlet's doubts; and poets consider the hero of our time and of all recent times to be a man who brings out only “a few ideas” from the “storm of life”, who is bored, yearning, does not live himself and kills others ... How do these words relate to the fate of the heroes of the chapter “The Fatalist” ?
What is the main idea of ​​Pechorin's thoughts. (Pechorin verbally agrees with the existence of rock, but still continues to resist this idea.)

7) Comparative characteristics Pechorin's words from the chapter "The Fatalist" and the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Duma".
This episode is close to Lermontov's poem "Duma", let's compare what is the similarity.
“And we, their pitiful descendants, wandering the earth without conviction and pride, without pleasure and fear, except for that involuntary fear that squeezes the heart at the thought of an inevitable end, we are no longer capable of great sacrifices either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness, therefore we know its impossibility and indifferently pass from doubt to doubt, as our ancestors rushed from one error to another, having, like them, neither hope, nor even that indefinite, albeit true pleasure that the soul meets in any struggle with people or fate ... "

Sadly, I look at our generation!
His future is either empty or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
It will grow old in inaction.
We are rich, barely from the cradle,
The mistakes of the fathers and their late mind,
And life is already tormenting us, like a smooth path without a goal,
Like a feast at someone else's holiday.
Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,
At the beginning of the race we wither without a fight;
In the face of danger shamefully cowardly
And before the authorities - contemptible slaves.
So skinny fruit, ripe before its time,
Not pleasing our taste, nor our eyes,
Hanging between flowers, an orphaned stranger,
And the hour of their beauty is the hour of its fall!
We dried up the mind with fruitless science,
Taya enviously from neighbors and friends
Better hopes and a noble voice
Unbelief ridiculed passions.
We barely touched the cup of pleasure,
But we did not save our young forces;
From every joy, fearing satiety,
We have extracted the best juice forever.
Dreams of poetry, creation of art
Sweet delight does not stir our mind;
We greedily keep in the chest the rest of the feeling -
Buried by avarice and useless treasure.
And we hate, and we love by chance,
Without sacrificing anything to either malice or love ...

(Pechorin judges a generation, like a poet.)
What distinguishes Pechorin from Vulich in relation to rock? (Pechorin likes to doubt everything, but he refrains from judging whether a higher power exists or not. But the hero comes to the conclusion: under any circumstances, you need to act. “I like to doubt everything: this disposition of the mind does not interfere with the decisiveness of character - on the contrary As for me, I always go forward more boldly when I don’t know what awaits me. After all, nothing worse than death will happen - and you can’t escape death!”)

8. Problematic issue.
There is an opinion that Vulich is a twin of Pechorin. What do you think? Explain with examples from the text. (Vulich - a sad cold smile, no anger at people; passion for the game - like a struggle with unknown facts(please toss a card before the shot); power over others - “he acquired some mysterious power over us). Pechorin - a cold gleam of eyes, a thirst for power - "my first pleasure is to subordinate everything that surrounds me to my will.")

Conclusion. Heroes wander the earth without faith and deep convictions. The struggle with people, with fate, leads to the depletion of the will, the soul, all that without which a person cannot live. Thus, in Pechorin, the person who lives by feelings, experiences, dies, but the person who is able to analyze and observe survives.

IV. Summing up the lesson.

Conclusion. Pechorin is not ready for action, he cannot rebel against the foundations of secular society. He says: "In this struggle I have exhausted both the gift of the soul and the constancy of the will necessary for an active life." Here you need to remember the words spoken by Pechorin before the duel with Grushnitsky “Why did I live ...”. Explain these words. So can Pechorin be called a fatalist?

V. Commenting on grades for the lesson.

VI. Homework.

Answer the question in writing: fate or a matter of chance, what is more important in a person's life? Prove with real life examples.

Lecture, abstract. Pechorin's wager with Vulich in the chapter "Fatalist" of M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.

The novel by M. Yu. Lermontov was created in the era of government reaction, which brought to life a whole gallery of "superfluous people". Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, whom Russian society met in 1839-1840, belonged to this type. This is a man who did not even know why he lived and for what purpose he was born.

"The Fatalist" is one of the most plot-intensive and at the same time ideologically rich chapters of the novel. It consists of three episodes, a kind of experiments that either confirm or deny the existence of predestination, a fate prepared for man.

Vulich is a nature as strong-willed and effective as Pechorin, but unlike him, he does not doubt the existence of predestination. Vulich suggests "to try for yourself whether a person can arbitrarily dispose of his life, or for everyone ... a fateful minute is predetermined." Everyone protests against such a deadly experiment, and only Pechorin supports Vulich and makes a bet with him. The initial misfire, and then the shot that followed, helped Vulich not only save his life, but also win the bet. For some time, Pechorin begins to believe in the existence of predestination, although he is confused why it seemed to him that he saw on Vulich's face before his shot a kind of "seal of death", which he perceived as "an imprint of inevitable fate."

The next episode not only does not refute, but even more confirms, it seemed, the conviction that was growing stronger in Pechorin in the existence of predestination. Having met with a drunken Cossack that same night, Vulich dies. How could one not think again "about the strange predestination that saved him from inevitable death half an hour before death" and fell upon him when it was least expected? In addition, the tragic death of Vulich began to seem now to Pechorin not at all accidental, he, it turns out, was not mistaken: "I involuntarily predicted his fate to the poor; my instinct did not deceive me, I definitely read the seal of imminent death on his changed face."

The third episode seems to mirror Vulich's experience in the test of fate, only now Pechorin himself becomes its main executor. During the discussions and disputes about how to neutralize the distraught murderer, who locked himself in an empty hut with a pistol and a saber, Pechorin suddenly decides, in turn, to check for himself whether predestination exists: “At that moment a strange thought flashed through me: like Vulich, I decided to test fate." He suddenly opens the shutter and throws himself "head down through the window." And although the Cossack managed to shoot, and "the bullet tore off the epaulette" from Pechorin, he managed to grab the killer by the hands; the Cossacks broke in, the criminal was "bound and taken away under escort." "After all this, how would it seem not to become a fatalist?" Pechorin says. But the fact of the matter is that Pechorin does not rush to conclusions, especially in such "metaphysical" questions, as the fundamental philosophical problems of being were then called. Pechorin knows well "how often we take for conviction a deceit of the senses or a mistake of reason."

Vulich, as a true fatalist, completely entrusts himself to fate and, relying on the predestination of his own and every fate, without any preparation pulls the trigger of a pistol put to his temple. Pechorin acts in a completely different way in a similar "trial of fate". It only at first glance seems that he rushes out the window to the Cossack murderer headlong. In fact, he does this extremely prudently, everything in advance, having weighed and foreseen many details and circumstances. It was not Vulich's "blind" risk, but intelligent human courage, carried out with "open eyes".

Thus, if one can speak of Pechorin's fatalism, then as a special, "effective fatalism." Without denying the presence of forces and patterns that largely determine the life and behavior of a person, Pechorin is not inclined on this basis to deprive a person of free will, as if equalizing the rights of both the first and second.

Pechorin, as a spiritually independent, internally sovereign person, relies in his actions primarily on himself, on his feelings, mind and will, and not on Divine "providing", not on heavenly plans, in which "wise people" once believed so much. The account in actions, first of all, before oneself increased not only the measure of the freedom of the individual, but also her responsibility - both for her own destiny and for the destiny of the world,

Works related by title:

• 1. "History of the human soul" in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time"
• 2. Do you feel sorry for Pechorin? (Based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")
• 3. Pechorin's duel with Grushnitsky (analysis of an episode from the chapter "Princess Mary" of M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time"
• 4. Pechorin's duel with Grushnitsky. (Analysis of a fragment of the chapter “Princess Mary” of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”)
• 5. Female images in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" (6)
• 6. Female images in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" (7)
• 7. Female images in M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" (8)
• 8. How does Pechorin relate to the problem of fate? (based on the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")
• 9. The image of Pechorin (based on the novel by Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")
• 10. The image of Pechorin in the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• 11. The image of Pechorin in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (1)
• 12. The image of Pechorin in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (2)
• 13. The image of Pechorin in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (3)
• 14.