At first glance, this statement may seem paradoxical, but still science fiction is one of the most realistic genres of literature and cinema. science fiction writers - amazing people that inspire humanity to realize their dreams. Countless times, the idea formulated in the text sooner or later, through the efforts of engineers and scientists, was embodied in real life.
Almost all devices, vehicles and Appliances, which have become an integral part of our lives, were once (often very recently) described in books as incredible achievements of the future. Don't believe? Then let's look at the most striking examples.
Computers
The very concept of "computer" appeared in the 19th century and had little in common with what we used to call this word. Machines that help (or hinder) a person from performing certain functions are so frequent guests in science fiction novels that it is not easy to find the first mention of them. If you narrow down the search area, then everything becomes much simpler and more interesting.
Take at least a compact form factor computer - a tablet that is popular today. A similar device can be seen in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, the script of which was worked on by the guru science fiction Arthur Clark. A couple of years ago, Samsung Corporation even referred to the film, trying to prove the absurdity of Apple's claims: they say that the “prototype” of the iPad was invented 40 years ago.
If you have read The Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny, then you will probably remember the decks playing cards, whose trump cards could be used to communicate with certain people. It is enough to look at the portrait depicted on the map to call its "owner" to the link. The latter, if desired and with certain abilities, can block the call. Why not a smartphone? True, with the help of cards it was still possible to move in space, so the invention of teleportation would have to wait a little longer.
And here is how Kir Bulychev described the newspaper of the future in 1978: “Kolya looked askance at the old man who pressed some button on the side of the cigarette case, the cigarette case turned into a multi-colored screen, and various frames ran across it. It was inconvenient for Kolya to look from the side, he only heard how melodic female voice said: "... The festival on the Moon promises to be the most interesting sight of this year ... A discussion has begun at the UN ... ". Not otherwise than the old man decided to look last news on your Galaxy or iPhone!
In one form or another about the prototypes of modern mobile phones Written by Ray Bradbury and Robert Heinlein. Polish writer Stanisław Lem in the early 1960s, in his novel Return from the Stars, quite accurately described the reader as electronic means for reading, reminiscent of a real book, but with one "page", the contents of which change when touched.
What is the great and mighty Internet? In the first quarter of the last century, Velimir Khlebnikov wrote about it, only he called it not the World Wide Web or the Web, but Radio - like this, with capital letter: “The radio of the future - the main tree of consciousness - will open up the management of endless tasks and unite humanity ... There is a web of paths in the air, a cloud of lightning, then fading, then igniting again, transferred from one end of the building to the other ... From this point the globe every day, flocks of news from the life of the spirit are carried, similar to the spring migration of birds ... Advice from simple everyday life will alternate with articles by citizens of the snowy peaks of the human spirit.
Do you think social media invented by Mark Zuckerberg, Pavel Durov and their comrades? No matter how! Almost 200 years ago, Prince Vladimir Odoevsky in his novel “4338” talked about “home newspapers”, in which all information about a person would be recorded and sent using a special device to everyone who was interested in “notifications about the health or illness of the owners and other home news, different thoughts, remarks, small inventions, as well as invitations.
Laziness made science fiction writers come up with online stores more than 100 years ago. H. G. Wells at one time he dreamed how it would be possible to order anything by phone “and they will send you any product at least a hundred miles from London, in one day everything ordered will be delivered to your home, inspected and, if unsuitable, sent back.” In the same way, in his opinion, people will call a taxi, a doctor, buy theater tickets, etc.
The videophone, aka Skype, has become one of the favorite devices of science fiction writers. One of the first to describe this method of communication was the American Hugo Gernsbeck, after whom the prize awarded was later named. the best fiction Hugo Award. In the books of Kir Bulychev, a videophone also constantly appears.
Ray Bradbury's creepy short story "The Veld" introduces the reader to 3D with surprising accuracy. Those who have read remember the story of the children's journey to virtual world cruel Africa, into which an ordinary room turned.
Transport
In the predictions of everything related to vehicles, Jules Verne has no equal. Helicopter? Please: "Albatross" from the novel "Robur the Conqueror" almost 130 years ago almost completely corresponds to the modern "helicopter". The device moves through the air with the help of horizontal and vertical propellers, which are driven by electricity.
Helicopter Sikorsky VS-300, 1939
Even earlier, in the 1860s, the same Jules Verne spoke about interplanetary travel by rocket, bullet trains, and vertical take-off aircraft. The Frenchman is often credited with predicting the appearance of submarines. In fact, submarines already existed, another thing is that neither in terms of technical capabilities, nor in terms of comfort, they could be compared with the Nautilus. However, modern submarines are also far from Captain Nemo's ship.
Only relatively recently began testing cars that can do without drivers while driving. It is likely that Google employees, while working on such a machine, re-read Robert Heinlein's novel The Children of Methuselah more than once: “Going out into the street, she called her car from the robopark, got into it and dialed the North Coast combination. After waiting for a gap in the endless stream of cars moving along the road, the car taxied into the fast lane and sped north. Mary leaned back in her seat. Having reached a predetermined area, the machine slowed down and gave a signal, demanding additional instructions. It turns out that the “Googlemobile” existed in fantasies famous science fiction writer even 60 years ago.
In order to independently deliver the owner from point A to point B, it would be nice to be guided by some maps. In the 30s of the last century, Jack Williamson's Comet Men could be found mentioning a device like a GPS navigator capable of tracking the route of a car.
Few people know about the writer John Jacob Astor IV. In 1894, 18 years before he drowned aboard the Titanic, he published Journey to Other Worlds, which, among other things, shared his ideas about the Earth of the 21st century. In particular, he wrote about electric vehicles and flying machines that surf the air.
The gloomy HG Wells predicted not only the appearance of tanks, but also the widespread use of automobiles, which as a means of transportation would become more popular than rail transport. In addition to passenger cars, internal combustion engines should also be equipped with “carts” for transporting a large number people (buses) and goods (trucks). In fairness, it should be noted that at the dawn of the 20th century, the development of the automotive era was not difficult to predict - just at that time the first automobile companies were gaining momentum.
Some more fantasy in real life
Far-sighted Herbert Wells paid much attention to the life of the next generations of earthlings, that is, ours. Instead of coal for heating houses, in his opinion, “heating pipes” (central heating) should be used in the walls, special mechanisms will ventilate the air in the premises (air conditioning), dirty dishes can be washed in machines with a special solvent (dishwasher), and "cooking will turn into pleasant fun" thanks to the electric stove.
The great Ray Bradbury, in his novel Fahrenheit 451, which turns 60 years old in 2013, wrote about "TV walls", in fact, about the current plasma panels and flat LCD TVs. There you can also find a description of in-ear headphones, which appeared only in the late 1970s: “She has miniature shells tightly inserted in her ears, tiny thimble-sized in-ear radios, and an electronic ocean of sounds - music and voices, music and voices - washes the shores of her waking brain in waves.
A native of Belarus, Isaac Asimov, is now being thanked for the "invention" of a travel ticket in the form of a plastic card, which we now constantly use on the subway. The author of The Three Laws of Robotics paid much attention to robots and believed that already in early XXI centuries of people will be surrounded by intelligent artificial beings. So far, however, things have not gone further than “smart” phones and TVs, and even those do not shine with special ingenuity.
One of central themes creativity of science fiction writers of the last century - medicine. Human cloning, organ transplants, cybernetic prosthetics, Genetic Engineering, nanotechnology - much of this can be read from Alexander Belyaev (for example, Professor Dowell's Head and Amphibian Man), Larry Niven, or at least from the same Arthur Clark and Robert Heinlein. Perhaps, the development of this direction today is at the fastest pace. Robotic prostheses are increasingly being written about in the news, organ transplantation, although a complicated, but already quite common operation, the results of experiments with gene modification are available in almost every store, and human cloning is still restrained only by moral, ethical and legislative norms.
We have listed only a small part of the predictions of science fiction writers that have come true. Unfulfilled predictions - even more. This does not mean that they will remain someone's fantasies on paper. Who knows, maybe someday it will really be possible to flip to the spaceport in no time, save eternal youth and teleport a distance of thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second. Everything has its time.
On November 10, the world celebrates the International Day of Science for Peace and Development. The very name of the holiday indicates that the work of scientists should be aimed at improving people's lives and preserving natural resources, and not at developing weapons or technologies that are destructive to nature.
Science can do a lot, and today's dreams come true thanks to the work of scientists - sometimes recognized and titled, but much more often unknown, modestly contributing to the common cause. The scientific community does not get tired to amaze our imagination with hitherto unheard of inventions.
Is it really unheard of? It turns out that not all inventions can be called inventions in the full sense of the word. Many advances in science were predicted by science fiction writers decades and even centuries before they came to the minds of pundits.
“Easy Useful” will tell about such amazing predictions. Maybe you yourself have already noticed them on the pages of your favorite books? Let's see if our observations match.
Submarine
This predicted invention is heard by many. Indeed, in his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, the Frenchman Jules Verne described the submarine almost 100 years before the submarines were adopted by the armies of the world. Particularly striking is the fact that the writer also indicated the type of engines - electric, the same as in modern submarines. However, in others technical details the author made mistakes. For example, Captain Nemo's ship could sink 16 km deep. Modern submarines do not dive so deeply, and this is not necessary, given that the deepest point under water - the bottom of the Mariana Trench - is “only” 11 km away from the surface. Jules Verne also underestimated the military potential of submarines. The Nautilus crew had only one weapon at their disposal - a ram. Rumor has it that just a few days after the publication of the book, news came about the invention of torpedoes, and the annoyed writer rushed around the bookstores, trying to buy up the entire circulation, in order to later release a new one, “arming” Captain Nemo with torpedoes.
They also say that Jules Verne did not "invent" the submarine at all, but learned about the secret developments of scientists. Be that as it may, the public first learned about the ship plowing sea depths, it is from the writer’s work, and therefore it is the great Frenchman who is considered the “father” of submarines.
Two moons of Mars
Englishman Jonathan Swift in 1726 predicted not an invention, but scientific discovery: the presence of two satellites in Martian orbit. 
The satellites of Mars at Swift were seen by astronomers of the flying island of Laputa from Gulliver's Travels, but in reality Phobos and Deimos were discovered almost 150 years later.
A virtual reality
Back in 1956, science fiction writer Arthur Clark told the world about "sagas" - games with the effect of complete immersion:
In the sagas, you are not just passively watching what is happening, as in those primitive entertainments of the infinitely distant past. Did you become an active participant in the action and enjoy – or did it just seem? - complete free will. The events and scenes that formed the basis of the adventures may have been invented by long-forgotten masters of illusion, but enough flexibility was built into this basis to make the most unexpected variations possible. Go to these ghostly worlds - in search of those thrill that were not available in Diaspar - you could even with friends, and as long as the fictional existence lasted, there was no way that would allow you to distinguish it from reality.
Today high tech made this entertainment available to anyone who can afford to buy special virtual reality glasses.
Credit cards
Back in 1888, Edward Bellamy created the utopia "Looking Back", but it turned out to be a look into the future. As conceived by Bellamy, all Americans will be in the industrial army and receive a salary on special cards. With these cards, you will need to come to giant stores, where the cardholder can choose and buy everything they need. 
Does this picture remind you of anything? Yes, this is exactly what we do almost every day, coming to the supermarket and paying with a card by bank transfer. But it was predicted more than 100 years ago!
Robotic prostheses
The idea to combine living matter with non-living matter scared our ancestors. Only science fiction writers dared to dream of being able to create controlled prostheses. For example, Stanislav Lem in the 1955 play Do You Exist, Mr. Jones? first described a creature consisting of both living flesh and mechanical parts. And two decades later, Martin Caidin wrote the science fiction novel Cyborg, where he spoke about the life of a man whose damaged body parts are replaced with artificial counterparts. 
And only almost half a century later, in 2013, medicine reached a level at which it became possible to create bionic prostheses.
Solar panels, radar, video communication
It is not for nothing that we combined these three inventions in one paragraph: they were all predicted in 1911 by science fiction writer Hugo Gernsbeck. His novel "Ralph 124C 41+" is not as well known to a wide audience as the works of Ray Bradbury or HG Wells, but it was in it that many modern inventions. Here is how the now popular video chat function, called “telephot” by the author, is described in the novel:
Ralph went to a telephoto attached to the wall, pressed several buttons, and after a while the screen of the device lit up. A clean-shaven and rather attractive face of a man in his thirties appeared on it.
Recognizing Ralph in his telephoto, he greeted him with a smile:
— Hey, Ralph!
— Hello, Edward. Come to my lab tomorrow morning. I'll show you something extremely interesting. And yet, take a better look now!
Surprising, especially when you consider that in 1911 even a simple telephone was a luxury that only a few could afford. 
And here is how Gernsbeck describes a device that any high school student today recognizes as a radar:
If pulses of polarized electromagnetic waves are directed at a metal object, they will be reflected from it, as a light beam is reflected from a shiny surface or from a mirror. However, the reflectance of different metals is not the same. Therefore, if the radiation of the generator is directed into space, then when using the parabolic reflector shown in the drawing, the waves will go in the direction indicated by the arrow in the diagram. If you turn the device like a searchlight, the waves will cover a huge area. Sooner or later they will meet with an interplanetary ship. A small part of these waves, reflected from the metal case, will return back to the device. Here they will be intercepted by an actinoscope, which reacts only to reflected waves and is insensitive to direct ones. The actinoscope allows you to determine the reflection coefficient, and from it - the type of metal that reflected the waves.
But the science fiction writer did not stop there and with no less accuracy described the process of obtaining energy from the sun's rays. 
Today, a solar-powered device is in every home - a calculator. And much more powerful panels are installed in solar power plants, as well as on spacecraft.
Writers vs Scientists - Who's First?
I wonder why the technologies and mechanisms of the future arose in the imagination of writers much earlier than in the drawings of scientists? Perhaps the issue is creativity. Any invention is always a break in the pattern, going beyond the familiar and familiar. Often the efforts of scientists are aimed at improving the usual devices. No wonder the "father" of the car, Henry Ford, once remarked:
If I asked people what they want, they would ask for a faster horse.
Scientists are conservative not only in themselves, but also because of the demands of society. Rarely are investors and authorities ready to sponsor cutting-edge ideas on the verge of fantasy - they are much more willing to invest in what is familiar and proven. And writers for a flight of fancy do not need any funding or support from the authorities. Therefore, they think more freely and often “invent” technologies before scientists. 
We have brought far full list amazing discoveries that writers made on the pages of their works. Perhaps now you will look at science fiction with different eyes and find many other inventions in your favorite books that were ahead of their time.
Harry Harrison. Photo: harry-harrison.ru
On March 11, American science fiction writer Harry Harrison would have turned 90 years old. During his life he wrote more than two hundred short stories and novels. His works have become classics. science fiction, and books from the series "Steel Rat" gained particular fame.
We have collected excerpts from interviews of the writer from different years, in which he talks about Russian roots and attitudes towards Russia, science fiction friends, a premonition of death, and how he once saved Boris Strugatsky from starvation.
On Russia and the Humanity of Socialism
"Russia is a very cultured country. America is also a cultured country, but in our country everything is subordinated to commerce. Russia, unfortunately, has also taken this path. Your politicians are not entirely right when they refuse what was good under socialism. Capitalism does not a man has no idea but money.This is wrong.Socialism is much more humane.
I have read Solzhenitsyn, but he is not quite right, because he himself suffered. Believe me, capitalism has killed many more innocent people.
My mother was born in Riga, then lived in St. Petersburg, but even under the tsar, her family moved to America. Her dad was an anarchist. She was very small when she ended up in the States, so she knew only a few words in Russian: nuzhnik, bread, beer ... So my lexicon small. We spoke English in the family. My father is Irish by nationality: you see how much different blood is mixed in me.
I remember my first trip to the USSR, I think it was either 1977 or 1978. They settled me in a gigantic hotel called "Cosmos". First of all, they took me to Star City, to introduce me to your astronauts. Serious, healthy men were. I tortured them all, how they can eat from tubes - it's tasteless.
I hope that Russia has a great future. In addition, my books are sold here much more than in other countries. Russians are very friendly. Russia is a superpower, and stop worrying about it. You can relax"
About fantasy
"I hate it! Fantasy is written by stupid writers for very stupid readers. I don't understand how this can be read... Critics think my Hammer and Cross trilogy is fantasy, but it's more of a historical fantasy"
About Russian science fiction writers
“I personally met and even made friends with some of your science fiction writers. For example, with the Strugatsky brothers. They are very good guys.
Once Boris came to the Congress of Science Fiction Writers in the USA - it was, in my opinion, his first trip abroad. Fans in America paid for the flight, hotel accommodation, but somehow forgot about food. And he, a man of great build, went hungry. When I found out about this, I invited him to dinner: we ordered fish, meat, wine. I remember Boris was always trying to wash down the meat with white wine, and I kept stopping him in Russian: "This is uncivilized" - and poured some red wine.
Your books are almost never translated into English, but I really like Ivan Efremov. In addition, we have common problems that we talk about at joint conferences. It's very difficult to be a fantasy artist in the US, it's almost impossible to live on, so I first moved to Mexico, where I could buy tequila for only 25 cents, and then to Italy"
Harry Harrison. Photo: wikimedia.org
About fantasy friends
“With Isaac Asimov, we practically grew up together. I remember when he divorced first his first wife, a very good woman, and then his second wife, worse, he fell into depression. We came to him with a friend, poured vodka and said: “Drink !" Isaac, who did not take alcohol in his mouth, resisted for a long time, but succumbed to our persuasion and waved vodka. Then he thanked me for getting rid of stress.
It's a pity that these wonderful people no longer alive. Like the science fiction I grew up with is gone."
About the future of mankind
"We all need to think about what leads to environmental issues. There is less and less oil, and people do not produce, but consume. I have always tried to study science. The fantast must orient himself in it. We all need to listen more to scientists than to politicians."
About writing skills
"Writing is my life. Its whole meaning lies precisely in writing and giving people faith in something supernatural, something extraordinary. First of all, main goal any writer is to convey not so much his worldview as the transmission of his innermost meaning, his searches and discoveries, even if they are a thousand times failed and not true. But this is my own - copyright "
About dreams
“I dream of immortality, of course, because then I wouldn’t have to live life anew. Immortality gives us eternity, where no one should rush anywhere. A person can sit on a hill for years and contemplate the transience of time. He can go to any planet, to His soul will, of course, be in eternal search, but immortality guarantees him a calm path and the achievement of his goals.After all, we do not achieve them for only one reason, you know what?
It seems to me that the universe is immortal, since the movement in it is cyclical, and the spirituality of the relationships in it leaves no doubt that the idea of the cosmos is universal and there can be a great many such galaxies as ours. Hundreds of thousands or even millions
About death
“This is something opposite of immortality. For example, I know that I will die before the age of 89. That is, more than a year before my 90th birthday, I will sink into the Summer of my personal immortality. For me, death is something concrete, tangible and uncomplaining. what will happen to everyone, exactly what equalizes us before the Universal laws...
But this is not the end. Rather, the beginning, the beginning of something calm and peaceful"
Harry Harrison passed away on August 15, 2012. He was 87 years old. "Rest in peace, my friend. Your exciting adventures have touched the lives of millions of people. Your works were filled with unlikely, but always fun and exciting adventures," webmaster Michael Carroll wrote on the writer's website at the time.
About Harrison
The writer was born on March 12, 1925 in Connecticut, USA. He studied at art school in New York, served in the US Air Force, where he was promoted to sergeant. IN different years worked as an artist and editor, after which he took up professional literary activity. Garrison loved to travel - he traveled to more than 50 countries. For a long time lived in Mexico, Denmark, Italy and other European countries. IN last years settled in Ireland, where he lived in a nursing home. Garrison was a member of the British Science Fiction Association, a Knight of the Order of Saint Fanton, founder and president of the international organization of science fiction writers "World SF".
Imagination and dream are the engine of world progress. Great thinkers and talented science fiction writers had the power to see far beyond the horizon. Leonardo da Vinci, Jules Verne in their works described technical inventions in sufficient detail, which became available only after many centuries.
What did you think about the future ordinary people who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries? How did they envision the world we live in today?
The German confectionery "Theodor Hildebrand and Son" in early 1900 issued 12 cards, which flaunted scenes from the life of the twenty-first century. Each such card was a gift when buying chocolate in the factory's stores. These are some sweet stories.
- People of the 21st century will be able to walk on water, as if on dry land. Biblical motives.
- Fly with Aeroflot! The sky has always attracted dreamers...
- Weekend underwater excursions.
- Homes on wheels. Motorhome project for 300 inhabitants.
- Wings made to order. A good option for dates and casual conversations away from the hustle and bustle.
- Watching through walls. Actively used by special services.
- Development North Pole. Development tourism business. Well, who refuses to see white bears and Eskimos.
- Looks like an underwater subway.
- A protective dome over the city will protect against tornadoes and tornadoes.
- Dolby digital 5.1 home theater and television could be like that.
- An escalator is a ground vehicle.
Russian science fiction writer Andrey Kruz has died at the age of 53. The author of the novels has been battling cancer for the past few months, but has never been able to win. After himself, he left several cycles of works popular with fans of Russian science fiction. How Andrey Cruz lived and where he took inspiration - in the material "360".
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Strong and fearless man
Russian science fiction writer Andrei Khamidulin, known under the pseudonym Andrei Cruz, died of liver cancer. He was diagnosed in December. The death of the writer was announced by his wife Maria in Facebook. "With a heavy heart and deep sadness forced to report that Andrei left this world. We all hoped for a miracle and believed that we would defeat the disease. But, unfortunately, the fight was initially unequal,” she wrote.
Maria noted that her husband was a strong and fearless person who never complained. She thanked for the support of everyone who has been around for the past few months.
I always knew that he was a strong and fearless person. He stayed that way until the very end! Bedridden, he never complained or showed his suffering. Fearless, brave, proud, kind, generous, cheerful and with feeling dignity… that’s how he was 22 years ago when I first saw him, until he passed away this morning
— Maria Cruz.
Entrepreneur and writer
Andrei Cruz spent his childhood in Tver, his youth in Moscow. He served in the army and got an education. From the 1990s he was engaged in entrepreneurship, by the beginning of the 2000s he was already the CEO of his own company. However, in 2005 he emigrated to Spain - in Russia, a criminal case was opened against a businessman on charges of fraud. IN European country Cruz wasted no time and opened a few gun shops and shooting club. In recent years, he lived permanently in Marbella.
He began writing in 2006 - he published his first books in the Samizdat online magazine. His fantasy novels the publishing house Alfa-kniga became interested. Since 2008, the works began to be published. Cruise wrote several cycles of novels, including "The Land of the Superfluous", "By the Great River", "The Age of the Dead" and others.
"There were real heroes in his books"
According to Russian science fiction writer Alexander Bushkov, the work of Andrei Cruz had a strong influence on a generation of young authors. This is due to the fact that he was able to masterfully create heroes - strong, courageous and very real. He said this in a conversation with 360.
A lot of people try to write books and make films about strong and determined people, but not everyone succeeds. Cruz did it. There were living people in his books, real heroes - strong and courageous. This is perhaps the most important thing in his books.
— Alexander Bushkov.
He emphasized that such an early departure talented people who had a lot of plans and ideas - it's really scary and sad. "It is sad. It is especially sad when people leave so early with a lot of plans. It's the scariest thing when you leave talented person with great promise for the future. No one will ever do that again,” he said.
"My heroes are ready to fight for justice"
In one of the interviews, Cruise was asked why, being successful and wealthy man, suddenly "took up the pen." And why did he turn not to reality, but began to invent unprecedented fantasy worlds? He replied that he always felt a vague longing for the second half of the 19th century - the time of discoveries and expeditions, when people explored the world and found something new in it all the time. In modern times, there is nothing to discover, so he invented his own fantasy worlds and gave his heroes the opportunity to explore them.
The universe itself appeared first in the writer's imagination. He thought it through to the smallest detail, and only then immersed the characters in it and developed plot twists.
First, not heroes are born, but the world in which they will act. The first idea that comes up is: “What if this happens…”. Then I start building a model of this world, creating its design in order to understand for myself what life will be like there.
— Andrew Cruz.
He added that usually main character- a projection of himself, other characters were often also written off from relatives, friends, just acquaintances. The writer noted that he gives the characters to express themselves - to accept complex decisions make an informed choice, defend your point of view and fight for justice.
Almost all the characters are able to deftly handle weapons, which are described in books very accurately, with the smallest details. And this is not surprising - Cruz himself, as the owner of weapons stores, was well versed in the topic.
Good must be with fists. I didn't say it, but I'm ready to vote for it. My heroes are also ready to fight for this very justice, for their ideals, for their friends and their people, not expecting that someone will come and fight for it all instead of them, since they pay taxes
— Andrew Cruz.
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