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What is the full name of the fairy tale about Tsar Saltan. "The Tale of Tsar Saltan": what inspired Pushkin? Green Bird and Princess Belle-Etoile

What is the full name of the fairy tale about Tsar Saltan. "The Tale of Tsar Saltan": what inspired Pushkin? Green Bird and Princess Belle-Etoile

02.04.2019

“What a charm these fairy tales are! - exclaimed Pushkin - Each is a poem. And not only exclaimed, but also wrote a whole cycle, which we today call "Pushkin's Tales".

And one of the pearls not only of this cycle, but of everything poetic heritage Pushkin is "The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty son Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful princess of the Swans." Where did our inspiration come from? great poet, creating this work, in which folklore motifs bizarrely intertwined with his own author's fantasy?

Plot

The Tale of Tsar Saltan was written by Pushkin in 1831. It is believed that the plot was drawn by him from the tales that the nanny Arina Rodionovna told. Indeed, Arina Rodionova (that's right, because the nanny was called by the patronymic, Rodionovna, the nanny) - the serf of the Hannibal family, came from the northern Russian lands, which have preserved many old stories and names in their folklore. According to some reports, she was an Izhorian by origin. But even if so, it is not too important, since she felt herself, apparently, Russian. It was the speech of the nanny, her fairy tales and jokes that became for Pushkin an inexhaustible storehouse of Russian national poetry. It was she who told Alexander Sergeevich fairy tales“Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver”, “Singing tree, living water and a talking bird”, as well as “The Tale of the Three Princesses, Sisters”. The names here are given according to the collections of Russian fairy tales made by Afanasiev and Onchukov. And, of course, we don’t know what Arina Rodionovna called these stories. In these tales, Pushkin drew the main motives of the future masterpiece: the conversation of three sisters, overheard by the tsar, the birth of a wonderful baby, the slander of envious women, as a result of which the queen and her child are thrown into the water in a barrel, the wonderful curiosities of a distant sea island, 30 knights guarding this island and etc. However, Pushkin's sources are not limited to Russian folklore alone. The plot of a slandered mother and wonderful children is very popular and is found in fairy tales all over the world. Often these motifs received literary treatment. So, Pushkin was, of course, familiar with the fairy tale of the French Baroness d'Onoy "Princess Belle-Etoile", which tells of a wonderful maiden with a star, as well as with "The Lawyer's Narrative" from " Canterbury Tales", Where we are talking about the slandered daughter of the emperor, sent in a boat to the will of the waves.

Names

There are few proper names in the fairy tale. These are Saltan, Gvidon, Princess Lebed and the in-law Baba Babarikha. Pushkin calls the rest of the characters simply the queen, the weaver, the cook, etc. What is the origin of the names?

Saltan is, obviously, a popular popular "Tsar-Sultan", a character well known to the Russian people since the endless wars with the Turks. Everyone knew that somewhere far away there was a mighty kingdom ruled by "Tsar Saltan".

Gvidon is a name borrowed from the popular print cycle "About Bova the Prince", which is a reworking of a European chivalric novel. Guidon in this cycle is the name of Bova's father. Apparently, Gvidon is a derivative of the Italian name Guido. Experts see in this pair "Saltan - Gvidon" the opposition "East - West".

The Swan Princess is entirely a child of Pushkin's author's fantasy. In none of the versions of the tales about the slandered wife and her wonderful child is there a word about a beautiful werewolf maiden. Apparently, the image of the Swan Princess was born under the influence of such characters as Vasilisa the Wise or Sophia the Wise and the French princess Belle-Etoile.

Baba Babarikha. This character was taken by the poet, probably from Russian conspiracies, in which a certain Babarikha is present, “who sits on a stone in the blue sea, holding a hot frying pan with ailments to burn and burn.”

Geography

"Kingdom glorious Saltan» does not have any geographic reference. But the island, on which the queen and prince Gvidon find themselves, has a name - Buyan. And regarding its origin, experts have several versions.

First, Buyan Island has common features with a wonderful kingdom located somewhere beyond the sea, which is found in the folklore of almost all European peoples.

Secondly, Buyan Island is sometimes associated with the Solovetsky Islands. The fact is that the famous Solovetsky Monastery arose on the island not overnight, of course, but rather quickly. And it became, according to researchers, the reason for the considerable surprise of sailors. They swam and swam past a deserted island, and suddenly they see on it "A new city with a palace, with golden-domed churches, with towers and gardens."

And, finally, the most popular version connects the folklore island of Buyan with the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. There, on Rügen, on Cape Arkona, in ancient times there was a sanctuary of the Slavic pagan deity Sventovit (Svyatovit). Rügen was inhabited by the Slavs, and this skeleton was probably an important spiritual, sacred center Slavic world. Chalk stones were also in abundance on Rugen, hence, apparently, the image of the Alatyr stone in folk beliefs. Many conspiracies begin with the words: “On the sea-okiya, on the island of Buyan, there is a white-combustible stone Alatyr ...”. Pushkin, of course, heard fairy tales and conspiracies from his nanny, in which Buyan Island is mentioned.

The prince walks by the blue of the sea,
He does not take his eyes off the blue of the sea;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
“Hello, my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
Prince Gvidon answers her:
“Sadness-longing eats me:
People get married; I look
Not married only I go.
- “And who is in mind
You have?" - "Yes, in the world,
They say there is a princess
That you can't take your eyes off.
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Lights up the earth at night
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
He speaks sweetly
It's like a river is babbling.
Only, complete, is it true?
The prince fearfully waits for an answer.
The white swan is silent
And after thinking, he says:
"Yes! there is such a girl.
But the wife is not a mitten:
You can't shake off a white pen
Yes, you can’t shut your belt.
I will serve you with advice -
Listen: about everything about it
Think through the way
Don't repent later."
The prince began to swear before her,
It's time for him to get married
What about it about everything
He changed his mind by;
What is ready with a passionate soul
For the beautiful princess
He walks to go from here
At least for distant lands.
The swan is here, taking a deep breath,
Said: “Why so far?
Know that your fate is near
After all, this princess is me.
Here she flaps her wings
Flew over the waves
And to the shore from above
Dropped into the bushes
Startled, shaken off
And the princess turned around:
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns;
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
And as the speech says,
Like a river murmurs.
The prince embraces the princess,
Presses against a white chest
And leads her quickly
To my dear mother.
Prince at her feet, begging:
“The empress is dear!
I chose my wife
Daughter obedient to you.
We ask both permissions
your blessings:
bless the children
Live in council and love."
Over the head of their obedient
Mother with miraculous icon
Sheds tears and says:
"God will reward you, children."
The prince was not going for a long time,
Married to the princess;
They began to live and live
Yes, wait for the offspring.

The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On swollen sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city;
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests arrive at the outpost.
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit.
He feeds and waters them
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
We traded in vain
unspecified product;
And we have a long way to go:
Come back to the east
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan.
The prince then said to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Yes, remind him
To his sovereign:
He promised to visit us
And so far I have not gathered -
I send him my regards."
The guests are on their way, and Prince Gvidon
Stayed at home this time.
And he did not leave his wife.

The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the kingdom of the glorious Saltan,
And a familiar country
It's visible from afar.
Here come the guests.
Tsar Saltan invites them to visit.
Guests see: in the palace
The king is seated in his crown.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
Four all three look.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? Where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad,
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island,
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens;
Spruce grows in front of the palace,
And below it is a crystal house:
The squirrel lives in it tame,
Yes, what a miracle!
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, the nuts gnaw everything;
And nuts are not simple,
The shells are golden.
The cores are pure emerald;
The squirrel is groomed, protected.
There is another wonder:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a quick run,
And find themselves on the shore
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Thirty-three heroes
All beauties are gone
young giants,
Everyone is equal, as in the selection -
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
And that guard is not more reliable,
Not braver, not more diligent.
And the prince has a wife,
What you can't take your eyes off:
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Illuminates the earth at night;
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
Prince Gvidon rules that city,
Everyone zealously praises him;
He sent you a bow
Yes, he blames you:
He promised to visit us,
And so far I haven’t gathered.”

Here the king could not resist,
He ordered the fleet to be equipped.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let the king go
Wonderful island to visit.
But Saltan does not listen to them
And just calms them down:
"What am I? king or child? -
He says not jokingly -
Now I'm going!" - Here he stomped,
He went out and slammed the door.

Gvidon is sitting under the window,
Silently looks at the sea:
It does not make noise, it does not whip,
Just barely trembles.
And in the azure distance
Ships appeared:
Through the plains of Okiyana
The fleet of Tsar Saltan is coming.
Prince Gvidon then jumped up,
He shouted loudly:
“My dear mother!
You are a young princess!
Look there:
Father is coming here."
The fleet is approaching the island.
Prince Gvidon points the pipe:
The king is on deck
And looks at them through the chimney;
With him is a weaver with a cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha;
They are surprised
unfamiliar side.
The cannons fired at once;
The bell towers rang;
Gvidon himself goes to the sea;
There he meets the king
With a cook and a weaver,
With the matchmaker Babarikha;
He brought the king into the city,
Saying nothing.

Everyone now goes to the wards:
Armor shines at the gate,
And stand in the eyes of the king
Thirty-three heroes
All handsome young
The giants are gone
Everyone is equal, as for selection,
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
The king stepped into the wide courtyard:
There under the high tree
The squirrel sings a song
The golden nut gnaws
Emerald takes out
And lowers it into the bag;
And a large yard is sown
Golden shell.
The guests are far away - hastily
Look - what? princess is amazing
Under the scythe the moon shines,
And in the forehead a star burns:
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava
And she leads her mother-in-law.
The king looks - and finds out ...
Zealousness leaped up in him!
"What I see? what's happened?
How!" - and the spirit in him took up ...
The king burst into tears
He embraces the queen
And the son, and the young woman,
And they all sit down at the table;
And the merry feast went.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They ran to the corners;
They were found hard there.
Here they confessed everything
They confessed, burst into tears;
Such a king for joy
He sent all three home.
The day has passed - Tsar Saltan
They put me to bed drunk.
I was there; honey, drinking beer -
And his mustache just wet.

Full title: The Tale of Tsar Saltan, his glorious and mighty son, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich, and the beautiful Princess Lebed.

Full title:Illustrations for the Tale of Tsar Saltan

Tale of Tsar Saltan and his son

Glorious and mighty hero

PrinceGuidone Saltanovich

And about beautiful swan princess

Three maidens by the window
Were spinning late in the evening.
"If I were a queen, -
One girl says
That is for the whole baptized world
I would prepare a feast."
- "If I were a queen, -
Her sister says,
That would be one for the whole world
I wove canvases.
- "If I were a queen, -
The third sister said, -
I would be for the father-king
She gave birth to a hero."

Just had time to say
The door creaked softly
And the king enters the room,
The sides of that sovereign.
During the entire conversation
He stood behind the fence;
Speech last throughout
Loved him.
"Hello, red girl, -
He says - be a queen
And give birth to a hero
Me by the end of September.
Well, you, dove sisters,
Get out of the lighthouse.
Ride after me
Following me and my sister:
Be one of you weaver
And another cook."

The tsar-father came out into the canopy.
Everyone went to the palace.
The king did not gather for a long time:
Got married the same evening.
Tsar Saltan for an honest feast
Sat down with the young queen;
And then honest guests
On an ivory bed
Laid young
And left alone.
The cook is angry in the kitchen
The weaver is crying at the loom -
And they envy
The sovereign's wife.
And the young queen
Do not put things off in the distance,
Got it from the first night.

At that time there was a war.
Tsar Saltan, saying goodbye to his wife,
Sitting on a good horse,
She punished herself
Save it, love it.
While he is far away
Beats long and hard
The time of birth is coming;
God gave them a son in arshin,
And the queen over the child,
Like an eagle over an eagle;
She sends a letter with a messenger,
To please my father.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They want to let her know
They tell you to take over the messenger;

They themselves send another messenger
Here's what word for word:
"The queen gave birth in the night
Not a son, not a daughter;
Not a mouse, not a frog,
And an unknown little animal.

As the king-father heard,
What did the messenger bring him?
In anger he began to wonder
And he wanted to hang the messenger;
But softened this time
He gave the messenger the following order:
"Waiting for the return of the queen
For a legal solution."

A messenger rides with a diploma
And finally arrived.
And the weaver and the cook
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They tell him to rob him;
Drunk messenger drink
And in his empty bag
Shove another letter -
And brought a drunken messenger
On the same day, the order is:
"The tsar orders his boyars,
Wasting no time,
And the queen and the offspring
Secretly thrown into the abyss of waters.
There is nothing to do: the boyars,
Having mourned about the sovereign
And the young queen
A crowd came to her bedroom.
Declared the royal will -
She and her son have an evil fate,
Read the order aloud
And the queen at the same time
They put me in a barrel with my son,
Prayed, rolled
And they let me into Okiyan -
So ordered de Tsar Saltan.

The stars are shining in the blue sky
In the blue sea the waves are whipping;
A cloud is moving across the sky
The barrel floats on the sea.
Like a bitter widow
Cries, the queen beats in her;
And a child grows there
Not by days, but by hours.
The day has passed - the queen cries ...
And the child hurries the wave:
“You, my wave, wave!
You are playful and free;
You splash wherever you want
You sharpen sea stones
You drown the shore of the earth,
Raise the ships
Do not destroy our soul:
Throw us out on land!"
And the wave listened:
Right there on the shore
The barrel was taken out lightly
And she stepped back slowly.
The mother with the baby is saved;
She feels the earth.
But who will take them out of the barrel?
Will God leave them?
The son rose to his feet
He rested his head on the bottom,
Struggled a little:
“As if there is a window on the yard
Should we do it?" he said
Kick the bottom out and get out.

Mother and son are now free;
They see a hill in a wide field;
The blue sea all around
Oak green over the hill.
Son thought: good dinner
We would, however, need.
He breaks at the oak branch
And in tight bends the bow,
Silk cord from the cross
Pulled on an oak bow,
I broke a thin cane,
I sharpened it with a light arrow
And went to the edge of the valley
Look for game by the sea.

He only comes to the sea
So he hears like a groan ...
It can be seen that the sea is not quiet;
Looks - sees the matter famously:
The swan beats among the swells,
The kite rushes over her;
That poor thing is crying
The water around is muddy and whipping ...
He has spread his claws
The bloody nibble pricked up...
But as soon as the arrow sang,
I hit a kite in the neck -
The kite shed blood in the sea.
The prince lowered his bow;
Looks: the kite is drowning in the sea
And not a bird's cry groans,
The swan swims around
The evil kite pecks,
Death is near,
It beats with a wing and drowns in the sea -
And then to the prince
Says in Russian:
“You are the prince, my savior,
My mighty deliverer
Don't worry about me
You won't eat for three days
That the arrow was lost in the sea;
This grief is not grief.
I will repay you well
I will serve you later:
You did not deliver the swan,
Left the girl alive;
You didn't kill a kite
Shot the sorcerer.
I will never forget you:
You will find me everywhere
And now you come back
Don't worry and go to sleep."

The swan flew away
And the prince and the queen,
Spending the whole day like this
We decided to lie down on an empty stomach.
Here the prince opened his eyes;
Shaking the dreams of the night
And wondering in front of you
He sees a big city
Walls with frequent battlements,
And behind the white walls
Church tops gleam
and holy monasteries.
He soon wakes the queen;
She gasps! .. “Will it be? -
He says, I see:
My swan amuses itself."
Mother and son go to the city.
Just stepped on the fence
deafening chime
Rising from all sides
People are pouring towards them,
The church choir praises God;
In golden carts
A lush courtyard meets them;
Everyone praises them loudly
And the prince is crowned
Princely cap, and the head
They proclaim over themselves;
And in the midst of their capital,
With the permission of the queen,
On the same day he began to reign
And he called himself: Prince Guidon.

The wind is blowing on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On swollen sails.
The sailors marvel
Crowding on the boat
On a familiar island
A miracle is seen in reality:
The new golden-domed city,
Pier with a strong outpost -

Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests come to the outpost;

He feeds and waters them
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
traded sables,
Black-brown foxes;
And now we're out of time
We're going straight east
Past the island of Buyana,

The prince then said to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Kudos to him from me."
The guests are on their way, and Prince Gvidon
From the shore with a sad soul
Accompanies their long-distance run;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.

Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
The prince replies sadly:
"Sadness-longing eats me,
Defeated the young man:
I would like to see my father."
Swan to the prince: “That's the grief!
Well, listen: you want to go to sea
Follow the ship?
Be, prince, you are a mosquito.
And waved its wings
Splashed water noisily
And splashed him
Everything from head to toe.
Here he has shrunk to a point.
Turned into a mosquito
Flew and squeaked
The ship overtook the sea,
Slowly went down
On the ship - and huddled in the gap.

The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the kingdom of the glorious Saltan,
And the desired country
It's visible from afar.
Here the guests came ashore;
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees: all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown
With a sad thought on his face;
And the weaver and the cook.
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
And look into his eyes.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? Where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad,
In the light, what a miracle:
In the sea, the island was steep,
Not private, not residential;
It lay on an empty plain;
A single oak tree grew on it;
And now stands on it
New city with a palace
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens,
And Prince Gvidon sits in it;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle;
He says: “If I live,
I will visit a wonderful island,
I'll stay at Guidon's.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let him go
Wonderful island to visit.
“Already a curiosity, well, right, -
Winking at others slyly,
The cook says -
The city is by the sea!
Know that this is not a trifle:
Spruce in the forest, under the spruce squirrel,
Squirrel sings songs
And the nuts gnaws everything,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
That's what they call a miracle."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle,
And the mosquito is angry, angry -
And the mosquito got stuck
Aunt right in the right eye.
The cook turned pale
Died and crumpled.
Servants, in-laws and sister
With a cry they catch a mosquito.
"You damned moth!
We love you! ..” And he is in the window
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.

Again the prince walks by the sea,
He does not take his eyes off the blue of the sea;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
“Hello, my beautiful prince!

Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
Prince Gvidon answers her:
“Sadness-longing eats me;
Miracle wonderful start
I'd like to. Somewhere there
Spruce in the forest, under the spruce squirrel;
Wonder, right, not a trifle -
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, the nuts gnaw everything,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
But maybe people are lying.
The swan replies to the prince:
“The light tells the truth about the squirrel;
I know this miracle;
Enough, prince, my soul,
Do not worry; happy service
To lend you I am in friendship.
With an uplifted soul
The prince went home;
Just stepped into the wide yard -
Well? under the high tree
Sees the squirrel in front of everyone
Golden gnaws on a nut,
Emerald takes out
And collects the shell
Heaps equal puts
And sings with a whistle
With honesty in front of all the people:
Whether in the garden, in the garden.
Prince Gvidon was amazed.
“Well, thank you,” he said,
Oh yes swan - God forbid,
As for me, the fun is the same.
Prince for the squirrel later
Built a crystal house.
sent a guard to him
And besides, the deacon forced
A strict account of the nuts is news.
Profit to the prince, honor to the squirrel.

The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On raised sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city:
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests come to the outpost;
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit,
They are fed and watered
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
We traded horses
All Don stallions
And now we've got time -
And we have a long way to go:
Past Buyana Island
To the realm of the glorious Saltan..."
Then the prince says to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Yes, tell me: Prince Guidon
He sends his bow to the tsar.”

The guests bowed to the prince,
They got out and hit the road.
To the sea the prince - and the swan is there
Already walking on the waves.
The prince prays: the soul asks,
It pulls and pulls...
Here she is again
Instantly sprinkled everything:
The prince turned into a fly,
Flew and dropped
Between sea and sky
On the ship - and climbed into the gap.

The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
In the kingdom of the glorious Saltan -
And the desired country
It's visible from afar;
Here the guests came ashore;
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees: all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown,
With a sad thought on his face.
And the weaver with Babarikha
Yes, with a crooked cook
They sit around the king.
They look like evil frogs.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? Where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad;
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens;
Spruce grows in front of the palace,
And under it is a crystal house;
The squirrel lives there tame,
Yes, what an entertainer!
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, the nuts gnaw everything,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
Servants guard the squirrel
They serve her as servants of various kinds -
And a clerk was assigned
Strict account of nuts news;
Gives her army honor;
Pour coins from shells
Let them float around the world;

Girls pour emerald
In pantries, but under a bushel;
Everyone in that island is rich
There is no pic, there are wards everywhere;
And Prince Gvidon sits in it;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle.
"If only I'm alive,
I will visit a wonderful island,
I'll stay at Guidon's.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let him go
Wonderful island to visit.
Smiling under the rug,
The weaver says to the king:
"What's so amazing about that? Here you go!
Squirrel gnaws pebbles,
Throws gold and into piles
Rakes emeralds;
This does not surprise us
Are you telling the truth, no?
There is another wonder in the world:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a noisy run,
And find themselves on the shore
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Thirty-three heroes
All beauties are gone
young giants,
Everyone is equal, as for selection,
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
It's a miracle, it's such a miracle
You can be fair!”
Smart guests are silent,
They don't want to argue with her.
Tsar Saltan marvels at the diva,
And Gvidon is angry, angry...
He buzzed and just
Auntie sat on her left eye,
And the weaver turned pale:
"Ai!" - and immediately crooked;
Everyone shouts: "Catch, catch,
Give it up, give it up...
Here already! stay a little
Wait ... "And the prince in the window,
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.

The prince went, forgetting grief,
Sat on the tower and on the sea
He began to look; the sea suddenly
buzzed around,
Splashed in a noisy run
And left on the shore
Thirty-three heroes;
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Knights are coming in couples,
And, shining with gray hair,
Uncle is ahead
And leads them to the city.
Prince Gvidon escapes from the tower,
Meets dear guests;
In a hurry, the people are running;
The uncle speaks to the prince;
"The swan sent us to you
And punished
Your glorious city to keep
And bypass the watch.
We are now daily
We will definitely be together
At your high walls
Come out of the waters of the sea,
So we'll see you soon
And now it's time for us to go to sea;
The air of the earth is heavy for us."
Everyone then went home.

The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On raised sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city;
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests come to the outpost;
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit,
They are fed and watered
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for?
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
We traded bulat
Pure silver and gold
And now we are out of time;
And we have a long way to go
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan.
Then the prince says to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan.
Yes, tell me: Prince Guidon
He sends his bow to the king."

The guests bowed to the prince,
They got out and hit the road.
To the sea the prince, and the swan is there
Already walking on the waves.
The prince again: the soul asks ...
It pulls and pulls...
And again she
Splattered all over.
Here he is greatly reduced.
The prince turned into a bumblebee,
It flew and buzzed;
The ship overtook the sea,
Slowly went down
Aft - and hid in the gap.

The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan,
And the desired country
It's visible from afar.
Here come the guests.
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees, all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown,
With a sad thought on his face.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
Four all three look.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? Where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad;
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island,
Every day there is a miracle:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a quick run -
And stay on the beach
Thirty-three heroes
In scales of golden grief,
All handsome young
The giants are gone
Everyone is equal, as in selection;
Old uncle Chernomor
With them comes out of the sea
And brings them out in pairs,
To keep that island
And bypass the watch -
And that guard is not more reliable,
Not braver, not more diligent.
And Prince Gvidon sits there;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle.
"As long as I'm alive,
I will visit a wonderful island
And I’ll stay with the prince.”
Cook and weaver
Not a gugu - but Babarikha,
Laughing, he says:
“Who will surprise us with this?
People come out of the sea
And they wander around on their own!
Whether they tell the truth or lie,
I don't see the diva here.
Is there such a diva in the world?
Here comes the true rumor:
There is a princess beyond the sea,
What you can't take your eyes off:
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Lights up the earth at night
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
And as the speech says,
Like a river murmurs.
You can speak fairly
It's a miracle, it's a miracle."
Smart guests are silent:
They don't want to argue with a woman.
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle -
And the prince, though angry,
But he regrets
His old grandmother:
He buzzes over her, spinning -
Sits right on her nose,
The nose was stung by the hero:
A blister popped up on my nose.
And again the alarm went:
"Help, for God's sake!
Guard! catch, catch,
Give it up, give it up...
Here already! wait a little
Wait! .. "And the bumblebee in the window,
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious son and mighty bogatyr Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess" (a shortened version of the title - "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" ) - a fairy tale in verse by Alexander Pushkin, written in 1831, and first published the following year in a collection of poems.

The tale is dedicated to the story of the marriage of Tsar Saltan and the birth of his son, Prince Gvidon, who, thanks to the intrigues of his aunts, ends up on a desert island, meets a sorceress there - the Swan Princess, with her help becomes a powerful ruler and reunites with his father.

Plot

Talking among themselves, the three sisters at the spinning wheel dream about what each of them would do if she suddenly became a queen. The first of them promises to arrange a feast for the whole world, the second - to weave canvases, and the third - "for the father-king" to give birth to a hero. At this moment, Tsar Saltan himself enters the room, who even before that had overheard the conversation of the sisters under the window. He proposed marriage to the third of them, and to the other two - the places of a weaver and a cook in the palace.

When the king fights in distant lands, the queen gives birth to a son - Tsarevich Guidon. However, out of envy, the sisters write to him that she gave birth to him "an unknown little animal" and, although the king orders to wait until his return, hiding behind a fake letter with an order, they dump the mother with the newborn into the sea inside the barrel. The barrel takes out to a desert island, and Gvidon comes out of it as an adult young man. To feed his mother, he makes a bow and arrow and goes to the sea to hunt. There he saves white swan from a kite, and she promises to thank him. A city appears on an empty island, whose ruler Gvidon becomes (lines 1-222).

Merchants swim past the island. Upon arrival in the kingdom of Saltan, they tell him about the wonderful city and invite him on behalf of Prince Gvidon to visit. The prince himself, having turned (with the help of a swan) into a mosquito, sails with the merchants to his father and listens to this conversation. But one of the envious sisters, a cook, tells Saltan about a new wonder of the world: a singing squirrel that lives under a spruce and gnaws nuts with emeralds and golden shells. Hearing about a new miracle, the king refuses to go to Guidon. For this, the mosquito stings the cook in the right eye. Guidon tells the swans about the squirrel, and she moves it to his city. For the squirrel, the prince builds a crystal house.

The next time, the merchants tell Saltan about the squirrel and pass on a new invitation from Guidon. The prince in the form of a fly listens to this conversation. The weaver tells about 33 heroes emerging from the sea, led by uncle Chernomor. Saltan, having heard about a new miracle, again refuses to travel, for which the fly stings the weaver in the left eye. Prince Gvidon tells the swans about 33 heroes, and they appear on the island.

And again, the merchants tell Saltan about the miracles and convey a new invitation. Gvidon in the form of a bumblebee overhears. Svatya Baba Babarikha tells about the princess who eclipses "the light of God during the day", with a month under her scythe and a burning star in her forehead. Saltan, having heard about a new miracle, for the third time refuses to travel. For this, the bumblebee stings Babarikha in the nose, taking pity on her eyes. (lines 223-738).

After returning, Gvidon tells the swans about the beautiful princess and says that he wants to marry her. She again fulfills Gvidon's wish, because the princess with a star in her forehead is herself. As a result, Tsar Saltan sets off on his journey to Buyan Island. Upon arrival, he recognizes his wife in the queen, and his son and daughter-in-law in the young prince and princess. To celebrate, he forgives the evil sisters and the matchmaker. A merry feast is arranged for the whole world, and everyone lives happily and richly (lines 739-1004).

Bilibin's illustrations

This is a short schematic note, which is most likely a summary of a literary, probably Western European source (as evidenced by such details as “oracle”, “boat”, “storm”, declaration of war, etc.). It is difficult to understand this schematic record due to the confusion in the characters. (Azadovsky comments: “The king, dying childless, is undoubtedly the king of the country in which the exiled queen arrived with her son,“ The princess gives birth to a son ”is the new wife; the second time under the“ princess ”the first wife of the king is called, and under the“ queen ” - the mother of the prince).

Chisinau record

The king has no children. He listens to the three sisters: if I were a queen, then I would [build a palace] every day, etc. When I was a queen, I would start ... The next day, the wedding. Envy of the first wife; war, king at war; [the princess gives birth to a son], messenger etc. The king dies childless. Oracle, storm, boat. They elect him king - he rules in glory - a ship is sailing - Saltan is talking about a new sovereign. Saltan wants to send ambassadors, the princess sends her trusted messenger, who slanders. The king declares war, the queen recognizes him from the tower

The next brief record of the tale was made by Pushkin in 1824-1825, during his stay in Mikhailovsky. This entry goes back, as it is supposed, to the nanny Arina Rodionovna and is among the entries known under the conditional name “ Tales of Arina Rodionovna».

Synopsis of 1824

“A certain king planned to marry, but did not find anyone to his liking. He once overheard a conversation between three sisters. The eldest boasted that the state would feed with one grain, the second that she would dress with one piece of cloth, the third that from the first year she would give birth to 33 sons. The king married the younger one, and from the first night she suffered.

The king went to fight. His stepmother, jealous of her daughter-in-law, decided to destroy her. After three months, the queen successfully resolved 33 boys, and 34 was born by a miracle - silver legs knee-deep, golden arms to the elbows, a star on her forehead, a month in the clouds; sent to inform the king. The stepmother detained the messenger on the way, made him drunk, and replaced the letter in which she wrote that the queen had resolved not with a mouse, not with a frog - an unknown little animal. The king was very sad, but with the same messenger he ordered to wait for his arrival for permission. The stepmother again changed the order and wrote a command to prepare two barrels: one for 33 princes, and the other for the queen with a wonderful son - and throw them into the sea. That's how it's done.

The queen and the prince swam for a long time in a tarred barrel, and finally the sea threw them to the ground. The son noticed it. “You are my mother, bless me so that the hoops fall apart and we come out into the light.” “God bless you, baby.” - The hoops burst, they went to the island. The son chose a place and, with the blessing of his mother, suddenly built a city and began to live and rule in it. A ship is passing by. The prince stopped the shipbuilders, examined their pass, and, having learned that they were going to Sultan Sultanovich, the Turkish sovereign, turned into a fly and flew after them. The stepmother wants to catch him, he does not give in any way. The guests-shipmen tell the tsar about the new state and about the wonderful boy - silver legs and so on. “Ah,” says the king, “I will go to see this miracle.” “What a miracle,” the stepmother says, “this is a miracle: there is an oak tree by the sea of \u200b\u200blukomoriya, and there are golden chains on that oak tree, and a cat walks along those chains: it goes up - it tells fairy tales, it goes down - it sings songs." - The prince flew home and, with the blessing of his mother, moved a wonderful oak tree in front of the palace.

New ship. The same again. The same conversation with the Sultan. The king wants to go again. “What a miracle this is,” the stepmother says again, “this is what a miracle is: there is a mountain beyond the sea, and on the mountain there are two hogs, hogs are squabbling, and gold and silver are pouring between them,” and so on. Third ship and so on. Also. “What a miracle, but a miracle: 30 youths come out of the sea exactly equal in voice and hair, and in face and height, and they come out of the sea for only one hour.”

The princess grieves about her other children. The prince, with her blessing, undertakes to find them. “Pour your milk, mother, you knead 30 cakes.” - He goes to the sea, the sea stirred up, and 30 young men came out and an old man with them. And the prince hid himself and left one cake, and one of them ate it. “Ah, brothers,” he says, “until now we have not known mother's milk, but now we have.” - The old man drove them into the sea. The next day they went out again, and they all ate a cake, and they knew their brother. On the third day they went out without the old man, and the prince brought all his brothers to his mother. Fourth ship. The same. The stepmother has nothing else to do. Tsar Sultan goes to the island, recognizes his wife and children and returns home with them, and the stepmother dies.

Initially, in 1828, when writing the fairy tale, Pushkin may have wanted to alternate poetry with prose, but this idea was later abandoned. The original edition of the beginning (14 lines of poetry and a prose continuation) dates from this year. (Although there is a version that the prose fragment is material for further work. As a result, the tale was written in four-foot trochaic with paired rhyming (see below).

1828 entry

[Three maidens by the window]
Spinning late at night
If I were a queen
One girl says
That is one for all the people
I would wove canvases -
If I were a queen
Says her ses<трица>
That itself would be for the whole world
I prepared a feast -
If I were a queen
The third girl said
I am for the father of the king
I would give birth to a rich man.

As soon as they had time to utter these words, the door [of the room] opened - and the king entered without a report - the king had a habit of walking late around the city and eavesdropping on the speeches of his subjects. With a pleasant smile, he approached the younger sister, took her by the hand and said: be a queen and give birth to me a prince; then, turning to the eldest and middle, he said: you be a weaver at my court, and you a cook. With this word, not allowing them to come to their senses, the king whistled twice; the courtyard was filled with warriors and courtiers, and the silver carriage drove up to the very porch, the tsar got into it with the new queen, and the brother-in-law<иц>ordered them to be taken to the palace - they were put in carts and everyone galloped.

The tale was completed in the summer-autumn of 1831, when Pushkin lived in Tsarskoye Selo at the dacha of A. Kitaeva. During this period, he was in constant communication with Zhukovsky, with whom he entered into competition, working on the same "Russian folk" material. Zhukovsky suggested that each write a poetic adaptation folk tale. He then worked on fairy tales about the Sleeping Princess and Tsar Berendey, and Pushkin composed The Tale of Tsar Saltan and Baldu.

Several manuscripts have survived. The fairy tale was whitewashed (according to the note in the autograph "PBL" No. 27) on August 29, 1831. The draft for a revision of lines 725-728 was probably made in mid-September. And the clerk's copy of the tale was somewhat revised by Pletnev and Pushkin after reading it by Nicholas I in September - December 1831.

Publication

For the first time, the tale was published by Pushkin in the collection Poems of A. Pushkin (part III, 1832, pp. 130-181).

Some changes, probably of a censorial nature, have been introduced into the text of the first edition of 1832. They are sometimes restored in modern editions - from reading the clerk's copy, as amended by the author and Pletnev, in the censored manuscript.

The note at the end of the 1st edition is curious: “Amendment. IN Tale of Tsar Saltan and so on. instead of a word Okian erroneously printed everywhere Ocean"(that is, when printing, the fabulousness of this okiyan was mistakenly eliminated).

There was no single lifetime publication of this tale.

Text Feature

Perhaps, at first, Pushkin wanted to alternate poetry and prose, but in the end the tale was written in four-foot chorea with a pair of rhymes: in those days, “imitations” of folk poetry were often written in this way.

As Pushkinists note, in this tale “he takes a new approach to the problem of poetic form for the transmission of“ folk tales ”. If "The Bridegroom" (1825) was written in the form of a ballad verse, then "Saltan" was already written in four-foot chorea with adjacent rhymes - with alternation of male and female; size, which has since become firmly established in literary practice for the transmission of works of this kind.

The poem contains 996 lines and is divided typographically into 27 separate parts of unequal length (from 8 to 96 lines each).

The structure of the fairy tale “is distinguished by extreme genre richness. “Tsar Saltan” is a fairy tale doubly, and this duality acts as the main structure-forming principle: two folklore plots are merged, two versions of one of these plots are combined, characters are doubled, functions are paired, parallel motivations are introduced, realities are duplicated. In The Tale of Tsar Saltan, two fairy-tale plots that exist separately in folklore are superimposed on each other: one is about an innocently persecuted wife, the other is about a maiden who contributes to the victory of her betrothed. Pushkin's fairy tale tells about how Tsar Saltan lost and then found his wife and son, and about how young Gvidon met the swan princess, his betrothed. As a result, not just a sum - each of the heroes became happy both “horizontally” (the tsar, despite the machinations of ill-wishers, again finds his wife, Prince Gvidon finds his princess), and “vertically” (father and son find each other, the tsar and the queen gets a daughter-in-law). Joy multiplies with joy.” The principle of doubling used in the construction of the plot as a whole is also valid in the construction of individual images - the actions of the characters (for example, a messenger), mentions of a squirrel, etc.

Folklore and literary sources of the plot

The long title of the tale imitates the titles of lubok narratives common in the 18th century, perhaps primarily “The Tale of the Brave, Glorious and Mighty Knight and Bogatyr Bove”.

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan" - a free adaptation of the folk tale " ” (see below), which is believed to have been written down by Pushkin in various versions (see above). The poet did not follow exactly any of them, freely changed and supplemented the plot, while maintaining the folk character of the content. Bondy writes that Pushkin freed the fairy tale "from plot confusion (the result of spoiling the text in oral transmission), from coarse non-artistic details introduced by narrators." Also notice the influence of the fairy tale " " (see below). First Russian publications of both used varieties fairy story refer to late XVIII century and the beginning of the 19th century. The most interesting variants are in the collections of E. N. Onchukov (“Northern Tales” No. 5) and M. Azadovsky (“Tales of the Verkhnelensky Territory”, No. 2). Some of the recorded texts, in turn, reflect the acquaintance of storytellers with the text of Pushkin's fairy tale. The lubok text of this tale is also known, and the lubok “ The Tale of the Three Queen Sisters' was already very popular in early XIX century. There is no doubt that Pushkin read printed texts of folk and book tales - their small collection of them was preserved in his library, and there is a mention that among them was a fairy tale "", which has the same plot.

Bondi points out that Pushkin used the theme of the fate of the slandered wife and the successful resolution of this fate, traditional in folk tales. The second theme introduced into the tale by Pushkin himself is folk image ideal, happy maritime state. In addition, “the theme of a baby’s journey through the waves, in a basket, chest, box is one of the most common themes of folklore, including Russian. These wanderings are a metaphor for the "afterlife" wanderings of the setting sun in the other world. Another researcher writes that the poet combines the motifs of fairy tales about a slandered wife (wonderful son) and a wise (things) virgin. See above for the structure and doubling of plots.

As Pushkinists point out, the poet adheres very closely to the oral tradition, and only proper names (Saltan, Guidon) are taken from other sources.

Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver

Russian folktale " Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver” was recorded by Alexander Afanasiev in 5 versions. In general, there are many versions of the story about wonderful children in European languages, there are also Indian, Turkish, African and recorded from American Indians. "Russian variants - 78, Ukrainian - 23, Belarusian - 30. The plot is often found in collections of fairy tales of non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in variants close to East Slavic". The fairy tale "" is similar to them.

4 entries of Afanasyev's fairy tale

In the first of these options, the sisters replace the first and second babies, wonderful in appearance (“there is a sun in the forehead, and a moon on the sides of the head”) with a kitten and a puppy, and only the third child turns out to be in the barrel with the mother. Moreover, the queen's eyes are gouged out, and her husband, whose name is Ivan Tsarevich, marries his older sister. The child also grows at an amazing rate, but miracles, including the return of the mother's sight, he performs, saying "according to pike command". The boy carries his brothers magically to the island, and they live wonderfully. Beggar old men passers-by tell their father about wonderful young men, he jumps to visit them, reunites with his family, and new wife(insidious sister) rolls into a barrel and throws into the sea.

In another version, the spouses are called Ivan Tsarevich and Martha Tsarevna (she is also the daughter of the king), she gives birth to three wonderful sons (“knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver”), but the villain in the tale is Baba Yaga, who pretends to be a midwife and replaces children with puppies, taking the boys to her. The next time, the queen gives birth to six sons at once, and manages to hide one from Baba Yaga. A mother with a hidden baby is thrown by her husband in a barrel into the sea; on a wonderful island, everything is arranged according to their desire. The poor old men tell their father-tsarevich about a wonderful island and a young man with golden legs, he wants to go to visit him. However, Baba Yaga says that she has many such youths, there is no need to go for such. Upon learning of this, the queen guesses that these are her sons, and younger son takes them from Baba Yaga's dungeon. Hearing from the beggars that nine wonderful young men now live on the island, the father goes there and the family is reunited.

In the third version, the heroine is the youngest daughter of Tsar Dodon, Marya, who promises to give birth to sons (“knee-deep legs are in silver, but the elbow of the hand is in gold, the sun is red in the forehead, the moon is bright on the back of the head”). Twice she gives birth to three sons, her sister replaces them with puppies and throws them on a distant island. For the third time, the queen manages to hide the only boy, but she and her son are thrown into the sea in a barrel. The barrel sticks to that same island and the mother is reunited with her sons. After that, the family goes to their father and tells how he was deceived.

In the fourth version of three babies born in a row (“knee-deep in silver, chest-deep in gold, the moon is bright on the forehead, stars are frequent on the sides”), with the help of a midwife, the sister turns into doves and releases them into the open field. The fourth child is born without any miraculous signs, and for this the tsar, whose name is Prince Ivan, puts his wife and child in a barrel. They end up on an island where miraculous items (purse, steel, flint, hatchet and club) help them build a city. Merchants passing by tell their father about a wonderful island, but his sister distracts him with a story that somewhere there is “a mill - it grinds itself, it blows itself and throws dust for a hundred miles, a golden pillar stands near the mill, a golden cage hangs on it, and walks along that post scientist cat: goes down - sings songs, rises up - tells fairy tales. Thanks to wonderful helpers, this appears on the island. The merchants tell their father about a new miracle, but his sister distracts him with a story that somewhere there is a “golden pine, birds of paradise sit on it, they sing royal songs.” The prince, who has arrived in the form of a fly, stings his sister on the nose. Then the story repeats itself: the king is distracted by a story that somewhere there are “three brothers relatives - knee-deep in silver, chest-deep in gold, the moon was bright on the forehead, there are often stars on the sides”, and the insidious sister-narrator does not know that these are the older nephews she abducted. The prince in the form of a mosquito bites his aunt on the nose. He finds the brothers, takes them to his island, then the merchants tell the king about them, and as a result, the family is reunited. (The variant was recorded after the publication of Pushkin's fairy tale and bears traces of its influence, and not vice versa).

Singing tree, living water and bird talker

Fairy tale " Singing tree, living water and bird talker”(Aarne-Thompson No. 707) was recorded by Afanasiev in two versions. “The motif of imprisoning a slandered royal wife in a chapel (imprisonment in a tower, walling up in a wall) has a correspondence in Western, and in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Latvian, Estonian, and Lithuanian versions. Just like the version of “Wonderful Children”, which is especially characteristic of East Slavic folklore - “Knee-deep in gold ...”, the version (variant) of “The Singing Tree and the Talking Bird” developed on the basis of the East Slavic fairy tradition, enriched with original details.

2 posts by Afanasiev

In the first version, the king overhears the conversation of three sisters, marries the youngest. The sisters replace the queen's three children born in a row (two boys and a girl) with puppies, and put them in a pond in a box. The husband puts the queen on the porch to beg, having changed his mind about executing her. The children are raised by the royal gardener. The brothers, growing up, go, provoked by a certain old woman, to look for a talking bird for their sister, a melodious tree and living water, and die ("If blood appears on the knife, then I will not be alive!"). The sister goes to look for them and revives them. They plant a wonderful tree in the garden, then the king comes to visit them, the family is reunited, including the queen.

In the second version, the “guilty” queen is imprisoned in a stone pillar, and the children (“two sons - elbow-deep in gold, knee-deep in silver, the moon was bright in the back of the head, and the sun is red in the forehead, and one daughter, who smiles - pink flowers will fall, and when she cries, expensive pearls) is brought up by the general. The brothers are looking for living water, dead water and a talking bird for their sister. Then everything happens the same as in the first version, with the exception that the king arrives at the house of his children to marry a girl, a famous beauty, and the talking bird tells him that this is his daughter.

The same tale was published in the collection "Italian popular fairy tales by Thomas Frederick Crane (see The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird .

Green Bird and Princess Belle-Etoile

This story about a “slandered mother” and “wonderful children” is extremely common throughout the world, and in Russian versions similar to the two described above.

The oldest recorded European texts are Italian. The fairy tale belongs to 1550-1553 "Lovely green bird» ( L'Augel Belverde Straparola's collection "Pleasant Nights" (night IV, tale 3), which played a significant role in the spread of fairy tales about wonderful children in Western Europe until the 18th century.

The Tale of Straparola

The king overhears the conversation of three sisters: one boasts to quench the thirst of the whole court with one glass of wine, the other - to weave shirts on the whole court, the third - to give birth to three wonderful children (two boys and one girl with golden braids, with a pearl necklace around her neck and a star in her forehead) . The king marries the youngest. In the absence of the king, she gives birth, but envious sisters replace the children with puppies. The king orders his wife to be imprisoned and the children to be thrown into the river. The abandoned children are saved by the miller. Having matured, they learn that the miller is not their father, they go to the capital, they get three miracles - dancing water, a singing apple and a green soothsayer bird. During the search for these items, misadventures await them - turning into stones, etc., but their sister saves them. The green bird she got later reveals the whole truth to the king.

The motives of the tale of Straparola are used in the courtly tale of the collection "Fairy Tales" ("Contes de fees") Baroness d'Onoy about Princess Belle Etoile 1688 ( "Princess Beautiful Star"), where the daughter with a wonderful star becomes the main character, as well as in the play by Carlo Gozzi “ green bird» (1765). In France, folk tales about this bird are known under names like "L'oiseau de vérité", "L'oiseau qui dit tout".

In 1712 on French translation was printed «Thousand and one nights», made by Gallan, which contained a similar tale "The story of two sisters who were jealous of the youngest" (« Histoire des deux sœurs jalouses de leur cadette"). At the same time, there is no such text in the Arabic original, although some Asian analogues are found for it. Thanks to this French "translation", the fairy tale about wonderful children was published many times and became well known in Europe.

The motif of imprisoning heroes in a barrel appears in another tale by Straparola - “ Pietro the fool"(Night III, tale 1), as well as in the one belonging to the same type" Peruonto"- one of the fairy tales" Pentameron» (1634) Giambattista Basile (Peruonto, I-3).

Pushkin, according to researchers, was indisputably aware of the tales of Baroness d'Onois and " Thousand and one nights”, and the text of the prose entry of 1828 is very close to the last of them.

The Canterbury Tales

It is also believed that the story resembles the second part "The Lawyer's Tale" ("The Man of Law's Tale") from " Canterbury Tales» (1387) Chaucer. Pushkin could only know it in a French translation.

Constanta, the daughter of the emperor of Rome, becomes the wife of the Syrian sultan, who, for the sake of this marriage, agrees to convert to Christianity. At the wedding feast, the Sultan's mother kills the entire Roman embassy and her own son, as well as all the recently baptized courtiers. Constanta is left alive, but is allowed in an empty boat at the behest of the waves. As a result, her ship docks at a castle in Northumberland, which is run by a butler and his wife, who give her shelter. A certain knight burns with passion for Constanza, but because she refuses him, he kills the butler's wife and puts a knife in Constanza's hands. The owner of the castle, King Allah, administers the court, and when the knight swears his innocence, he is struck by God's wrath. Alla is baptized and marries the beautiful Constance, although his mother Donegilda is against it. When Constanta gives birth to a son, Mauritius, the mother-in-law makes the messenger drunk and replaces the letter - they say, the queen gave birth to a monster. The king orders to wait until his return, but the mother-in-law again makes the messenger drunk, and in a false letter orders Constanza to be put with the child in the same boat. The returned king investigates, tortures the messenger, and executes his mother. Rook with Constance and a child, meanwhile, is found by a Roman senator who takes her to her homeland (moreover, the senator's wife is her own aunt, but she does not recognize her niece). Alla arrives in Rome for repentance, the senator takes a young boy to him for a feast, the resemblance to which catches Alla's eyes. The couple find each other and reconcile, then Constanta opens up to her father, the Roman emperor. Moreover, all the miracles in the story are carried out with the help of prayer.

The borrowing of this plot directly from Chaucer was proved in the work of E. Anichkova. She writes that Pushkin wrote his fairy tale on the basis of his acquaintance with the works of Russian and foreign folklore (Caucasian, Tatar), where there are many plots that are very similar to Chaucer's story of a lawyer, but that, having read it even before it was finished, own work, Pushkin allegedly "recognized in it the plot of his fairy tale and finished it, bringing it closer to the English version of the story about Constance."

However, Anichkova's work caused negative criticism by M. K. Azadovsky and R. M. Volkov, who denied the direct borrowing of the plot from Chaucer, but noted the similarity with him of certain parts of Pushkin's fairy tale.

Sources of character images

Saltan and Gvidon

Pushkin adheres very closely to the oral tradition, and only proper names ( Saltan, Guidon) are taken from other sources. In the preparatory notes of 1822 and 1824, the tsar already appears Saltan: there is a theory that this is the "Syrian Sultan" - the first husband of Chaucer's heroine.

The name of another hero of Pushkin's fairy tale - Guidon- the author borrowed from the lubok cycle about Bova the King, which was a Russian interpretation of the French knightly romance. Bova's father is called Guidon there. In these same popular prints the opponent of Bova, the father of the hero Lukaper, also appears - Saltan, Sometimes Saltan Saltanovich(as in the fairy tale written down by Pushkin). Italian name"Guido" - cf. French guide - means "leader", "leader". “Pushkin could not but pay attention to the meaning of this name, especially since in popular prints about Bova, as in French novel, the opposition of the "Western" Gvidon to the "Eastern" Saltan is of essential importance.

Swan Princess

With the rescue of the girl, Pushkin enriched the plot of the slandered mother and the wonderful son described above - this detail is not found in any folklore or author's version of this tale.

Although in folk tales the story owes a happy ending to a bird - but it is a magical and sometimes green talking bird, and not a werewolf sorceress. The Swan Princess is entirely the author's image. He "absorbed, on the one hand, the features of the Russian Vasilisa the Wise, on the other, Sophia the Wise (the images, however, ascending to the same archetype)". “The Swan Princess possesses not only the divine or magical wisdom of the organizer of the world (Prov. 8-9), she also has ordinary worldly wisdom, an incredible motif for folklore.”

Pushkin could have taken the theme of the “Swans” proper from the well-known to him collection of Kirsha Danilov - in the epic about the hero Potyk there are lines:

And I saw a white swan
She was all gold through the pen,
And her little head is wrapped in red gold
And seated with pitched pearls (...)
And it was a little bit to lower the arrow -
A white swan will be prophesied to him,
Avdotyushka Likhovidievna:
“And you Potok Mikhailo Ivanovich,
Don't shoot me, white swan,
I won't be nice to you anytime."
She went out on a steep bank,
Turned into a soul red maiden

Pushkin conveyed to her appearance some of the features of a wonderful boy from a fairy tale he recorded (“the moon shines under a scythe, and a star burns in her forehead”) or a heroine from the fairy tale of Baroness d’Onois. Plus he made her a sister 33 sea heroes, which in the recording of the tale are the brothers of the hero (see below). The connection with the sea element can also be traced in the fact that in Russian folk tales Vasilisa the Wise is the daughter of the sea king.

"A maiden with a golden star on her forehead" is a favorite image of Western European folklore, which is also found among the Brothers Grimm. The fact that there is some influence of a Western source is evidenced by the fact that in the draft Pushkin uses the word “sorceress” about her.

Thirty-three heroes

33 heroes appear in the second synopsis of the folk tale written down by Pushkin, possibly from Arina Rodionovna. However, there they are the brothers of the main character, the prince, are kept under the supervision of a nameless uncle, and only after tasting mother's milk (mixed into bread) do they remember their relationship.

Babarikha

The weaver and the cook are present in many tales of this typology, but Babarikha appears only in Pushkin. He took it from folklore: Babarikha is a pagan character in Russian conspiracies, who has some sunny features. “Babarikha holds a “hot hot frying pan”, which does not burn her body, does not take it.” Azadovsky points out that Pushkin took this name from the well-known to him collection of Kirsha Danilov, from a playful song about a fool: “ You are a good woman, / Baba-Babarikha, / Mother Lukerya / Sister Chernava!.

Her punishment is a bitten nose, as she turned up her nose, stuck it in other people's business. The weaver and the cook were twisted, “In the Russian language, the word ‘crooked’ not only means one-eyed, but is also opposed to the word ‘straight’, just like the truth is false; this opposition is archetypal. If blindness in myth is a ghost of wisdom (Themis has a bandage on her eyes so that she does not pay attention to the external, vain), good vision- a sign of intelligence, then one-eyedness is a sign of cunning and rapacity (one-eyed pirates, Cyclops, Famously - also one-eyed) ".

It is not clear what exactly her family relationship with Guidon is, although he regrets "his grandmother's eyes." Perhaps she is the mother of Tsar Saltan, then she is the mother-in-law of the two sisters of the queen.

Squirrel

IN folk variants fairy tales and miracles that appear on the island are completely different. The motif of a squirrel gnawing golden nuts with emerald kernels is completely alien to Russian folklore, the source of its appearance is not clear.

In oral editions, there is usually a mention of a cat telling tales or singing songs: this detail is in Pushkin's note, but he used it for the Prologue to Ruslan and Lyudmila (1828).

Buyan Island

The island on which the barrel was thrown is located in the west, in full accordance with numerous mythological traditions, according to which the setting sun was considered the lord of the country of sunset, the islands of the blessed, the wonderful islands of immortality and eternal youth. “And again, on the archetypal basis, Pushkin imposes some other reality. The blessed islands of myths are located at the very end of the world, in the very west, and it is impossible for a mere mortal to return from there - meanwhile, merchant ships regularly cruise past our island, they visit this island on their way back, returning from even more Western countries, and each time they report to Tsar Saltan that "life beyond the sea is not bad." But Gvidon's island lies not just to the west of the kingdom of Saltan: in order to return home, guests should sail "past the island of Buyan" "

A.S. Pushkin

Test yourself 33+3= =30 33*3=99 33:3=11

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Cheerful physical education Well, listen: do you want to fly to the sea to fetch a ship? Be, prince, you are a mosquito. And she waved her wings, Splashed water with a noise And splashed him From head to toe - everything. Then he decreased to a point, Turned like a mosquito, Flew and squeaked, Caught up with the ship at sea, Slowly sank onto the ship and huddled in the crack.