Already in early Taoism, Lao Tzu becomes a legendary figure and the process of his deification. Legends tell of him miraculous birth. His first name was Li Er. The words "Lao Tzu", meaning "old philosopher" or "old child", were first uttered by his mother when she gave birth as a son under a plum tree. The mother carried him in the womb for several decades (according to legend, 81 years), and he was born from her thigh. The newborn had gray hair, which made him look like an old man. Seeing such a miracle, the mother was very surprised.
Many modern researchers question the very existence of Lao Tzu. Some suggest he may have been an older contemporary confucius, about which - unlike Confucius - there is no reliable information of either historical or biographical nature in the sources. There is even a version that Lao Tzu and Confucius are the same person. There are suggestions that Lao Tzu could be the author of the Tao Te Ching if he lived in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e.
| Taoism |
|---|
| Story |
| People |
| Schools |
| temples |
| Terminology |
| Gods |
| Medicine |
| Astrology |
| Immortality |
| Feng Shui |
| Portal |
Most famous variant biography of Laozi is described by a Chinese historian Sima Qian in his work historical narratives". According to him, Laozi was born in Quren village, Li volost, county Hu, in the kingdom Chu on South China. For most of his life he served as custodian of the imperial archives and librarian V state library during the dynasty Zhou. A fact that speaks of his high education. In 517 there was a famous meeting with Confucius. Lao Tzu then said to him: - “Abandon, O friend, your arrogance, various aspirations and mythical plans: all this has no value for your own self. I have nothing more to say to you!" Confucius walked away and said to his disciples: “I know how birds can fly, fish can swim, game can run… But how a dragon rushes through the wind and clouds and rises to the sky, I don’t comprehend. Now I have seen Lao Tzu and I think that he is like a dragon. IN old age he went out of the country to the west. When he reached the border outpost, its chief Yin Xi asked Lao Tzu to tell him about his teachings. Lao Tzu complied with his request by writing the text of the Dao Te Ching (The Canon of the Way and its Good Power). After which he left, and it is not known how and where he died.
According to another legend, Master Lao Tzu came to China from India, discarding his history, he appeared before the Chinese completely clean, without his past, as if reborn.
Lao Tzu's journey to the West became a concept developed in a treatise Huahujing for the purpose of anti-Buddhist controversy.
Dao Te Ching
... All people hold on to their "I",
I alone chose to refuse it.
My heart is like a heart stupid person, -
so dark, so obscure!
The everyday world of people is clear and obvious,
I alone live in a vague world,
like evening twilight.
The everyday world of people is painted to the smallest detail,
I alone live in an incomprehensible and mysterious world.
Like a lake, I am calm and quiet.
Unstoppable like the breath of the wind!
People always have something to do
I alone live like an ignorant savage.
Only I alone differ from others in that,
that above all I value the root of life, the mother of all living things.
Philosophy
Lao Tzu on Truth
- “The truth spoken out loud ceases to be such, for it has already lost its primary connection with the moment of truth.”
- "He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know."
Available written sources it is clear that Lao Tzu was mystic And quietist V modern understanding who taught a completely unofficial doctrine that relied solely on internal contemplation. A person acquires the truth by liberation from everything false in himself. The mystical experience completes the search for reality. Lao Tzu wrote: “There is an Infinite Being who was before Heaven and Earth. How serene, how calm! It lives alone and does not change. It moves everything, but does not worry. We may consider him the universal Mother. I don't know his name. I call it Tao."
Dialectics
The philosophy of Lao Tzu is permeated and peculiar dialectics :
- “From being and non-being everything came; from the impossible and possible - execution; from long and short - form. The high subjugates the low; higher voices together with the lower they produce harmony, the former subjugates the subsequent.
However, Lao Tzu understood it not as a struggle of opposites, but as their reconciliation. And from here practical conclusions were drawn:
- "When a person reaches not-doing then there is nothing that has not been done.”
- "He who loves the people and governs them must be inactive."
From these thoughts one can see the main idea of Lao Tzu's philosophy or ethics: it is the principle of non-doing, inaction. Anything violent the desire to do something, to change something in nature or in people's lives is condemned.
- “Many mountain rivers flow into the deep sea. The reason is that the seas are located below the mountains. Therefore, they are able to rule over all streams. So the sage, wanting to be above people, he becomes lower than them, wanting to be in front, he becomes behind. Therefore, although his place is above the people, they do not feel his weight, although his place is in front of them, they do not consider this an injustice.
- “The “holy man,” who rules the country, tries to prevent the wise from daring to do anything. When everyone becomes inactive, then (on earth) there will be complete calm.
- "He who is free from all kinds of knowledge will never get sick."
- “There is no knowledge; that's why I don't know anything."
The power of the king among the people Lao Tzu put very high, but he understood it as purely patriarchal power. In the understanding of Lao Tzu, the king is sacred and inactive leader. To modern him state power Lao Tzu was negative.
- “The people are starving because the state taxes are too high and heavy. This is precisely the cause of the misery of the people.”
- Sima Qian brings together the biographies of Laozi and Han Fei, legalist philosopher of the end era of the Warring States who opposed Confucianism. The treatise Han Fei Tzu, which contains the latter's teachings, devotes two full chapters to the interpretation of Lao Tzu.
Cult of Laozi
Process deification Laozi begins to take shape in Taoism, apparently at the end III- early 2nd century BC e., but it took shape only in the era of the dynasty Han to 2nd century n. e. In 165 the emperor Huan-di ordered to make sacrifice to him in the homeland of Lao Tzu in Ku County, and a year later he ordered to perform it in his palace. Creator of the leading Taoist school heavenly guides Zhang Daoling announced the appearance in the world in 142 of the divine Lao Tzu, who gave him his miraculous abilities. The leaders of this school compiled their own commentary on the Tao Te Ching treatise, called the Xiang Er Zhu, and established the worship of Laozi in the BC they created at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd century. theocratic state in the province Sichuan. In the era six dynasties(220-589 years) Lao Tzu began to be revered as one of the Three Pure (English)Russian (san qing) - higher deities Taoist pantheon. Worship of Laozi acquired a special scope during the dynasty Tan(618-907 years), the emperors of this dynasty revered him as their ancestor, built sanctuaries for him and gave him high ranks and titles.
see also
List of works
Write a review on the article "Lao Tzu"
Notes
Literature
- Yang Hingshun. Ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu and his teachings. M.-L., 1950
- Mull L. To Understanding "Tao Te Ching" // Learned Notes of Tartu state university. Tartu, 1981. Issue. 558. S. 115-126.
- Spirin V.S. Harmony of bow and lyre through the eyes of Lao Tzu // Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. XIV.Part 1. M., 1981.
- Spirin V.S. Structure, semantics, context of the 14th paragraph of the "Tao Te Ching" // Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. XX.P.1. M., 1986.
- Golovacheva L.I. Who is the author of the famous text of the treatise Lao Tzu? // Abstracts of the All-Union Conference VAKIT. November 22-24, 1988. M., 1988. S.31-33
- Lukyanov A. E. The First Philosopher of China: Fragments of Lao Tzu's Philosophical Autobiography. // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 7: Philosophy. 1989. N 5. S. 43-54.
- Spirin V.S."Glory" and "shame" in § 28 "Tao de jing" // Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. XXII.P.1. M., 1989.
- Lukyanov A.E. Laozi (philosophy of early Taoism). M., 1991.
- Lukyanov A.E. Rational characteristics of Tao in the system "Tao de jing" // Rationalistic tradition and modernity. China. M., 1993. S. 24-48.
- Maslov A. A. The Mystery of Tao. The World of Tao Te Ching. M., 1996.
- Viktor Kalinke : Studien zu Laozi, Daodejing. Band 1: Text und Übersetzung / Zeichenlexikon. Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-934015-15-8
- Viktor Kalinke: Studien zu Laozi, Daodejing. Band 2: Anmerkungen und Commentare. Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-934015-18-2
- Viktor Kalinke: Studien zu Laozi, Daodejing. Band 3: Nichtstun als Handlungsmaxime. Essay, Leipzig 2011, ISBN 978-3-86660-115-4
- Kychanov E. I. Tangut apocrypha about the meeting of Confucius and Lao Tzu // XIX scientific conference on historiography and source study of the history of Asian and African countries. SPb., 1997. S.82-84.
- Karapetyants A. M., Krushinsky A. A. Modern achievements in the formal analysis of the "Tao Te Ching" // From magical power to the moral imperative: the category de in Chinese culture. M., 1998.
- Ksenzov, P.V. Quotations from Lao Tzu in the treatise "Han Fei Tzu" and their relationship with full versions"Tao Te Ching" // Moscow University Bulletin: Ser. 13: Oriental Studies. – 07/2003 . – N3. - P.95-102.
- Martynenko N. P. Studying the semantics of ancient forms of writing the text "Tao de jing" as a necessary component of studying the history of Taoism // Moscow University Bulletin. Series 7. Philosophy. No. 3. 1999.S.31-50
- Reho Kim "Not Doing": Leo Tolstoy and Lao Tzu Problems Far East. 2000.-№ 6. P.152-163.
- Lukyanov A.E. Lao Tzu and Confucius: The Philosophy of Tao. M., 2001. 384 p.
- Maslov A. A. Riddles, secrets and codes of the Tao de jing. Rostov-on-Don, 2005. 272 p.
- Stepanova L. M. The problem of personality in Lao-tzu's doctrine of perfect wisdom. // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. 2008. No. 6. S. 24-29.
- Surovtseva M. E. Leo Tolstoy and the philosophy of Lao Tzu // Bulletin of the Center international education Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. M., 2010. No. 1. S. 85-90.
- Kobzev A.I.// Society and State in China: XXXIX Scientific Conference / Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. - M., 2009. -S.221-225 ISBN 978-5-02-036391-5(in the region)
- Guo Xiao-li. The transcendent world and the real world: comparative analysis cultural thinking through the prism of the works of Dostoevsky, Confucius and Lao Tzu // Questions of Philosophy. No. 3. 2013. P.103-111.
- (an article on traditional iconography Lao Tzu)
- Shien Gi-Ming, "Nothingness in the philosophy of Lao-Tzu," Philosophy East and West 1 (3): 58-63 (1951).
- Chad Hansen, Linguistic Skepticism in the Lao Tzu // Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, no. 3 (Jul., 1981), pp. 321–336
- Lao Xi, "TAO-TE-KING, or Scripture on Morality". Under the editorship of L. N. Tolstoy, translated from the Chinese University Professor in Kyoto by D. P. Konissi, with notes supplied by S. N. Durylin. Moscow - 1913
Links
| Lao Tzu at Wikiquote |
An excerpt characterizing Lao Tzu
This simple, modest and therefore truly majestic figure could not fit into that deceitful form of a European hero, supposedly controlling people, which history invented.For a lackey there can be no great person, because the lackey has his own idea of greatness.
November 5 was the first day of the so-called Krasnensky battle. Before evening, when, after many disputes and mistakes of the generals, who went to the wrong place; after sending out adjutants with counter-orders, when it had already become clear that the enemy was fleeing everywhere and that there could not be and would not be a battle, Kutuzov left Krasnoye and went to Dobroe, where the main apartment had been transferred that day.
The day was clear and frosty. Kutuzov, with a huge retinue of generals who were dissatisfied with him, whispering after him, rode on his fat white horse to Good. All along the road crowded, warming themselves by the fires, lots of French prisoners taken this day (there were seven thousand of them taken that day). Not far from Dobry, a huge crowd of ragged, bandaged and wrapped with whatever prisoners buzzed in conversation, standing on the road near a long line of unharnessed French guns. As the commander-in-chief approached, the conversation fell silent, and all eyes stared at Kutuzov, who, in his white hat with a red band and a wadded overcoat, sitting with a hump on his stooped shoulders, slowly moved along the road. One of the generals reported to Kutuzov where the guns and prisoners were taken.
Kutuzov seemed to be preoccupied with something and did not hear the words of the general. He screwed up his eyes in displeasure and peered attentively and intently into those figures of prisoners who presented a particularly pitiful appearance. Most of persons French soldiers were disfigured by frostbitten noses and cheeks, and nearly all had red, swollen, and festering eyes.
One group of Frenchmen stood close by the road, and two soldiers - the face of one of them was covered with sores - were tearing a piece of raw meat. There was something terrible and animal in that cursory glance that they threw at the passers-by, and in that vicious expression with which the soldier with sores, glancing at Kutuzov, immediately turned away and continued his work.
Kutuzov looked at these two soldiers for a long time; Wrinkling even more, he narrowed his eyes and shook his head thoughtfully. In another place, he noticed a Russian soldier, who, laughing and patting the Frenchman on the shoulder, said something affectionately to him. Kutuzov again shook his head with the same expression.
- What are you saying? What? he asked the general, who continued to report and drew the attention of the commander-in-chief to the French taken banners that stood in front of the front of the Preobrazhensky regiment.
- Ah, banners! - said Kutuzov, apparently with difficulty breaking away from the subject that occupied his thoughts. He looked around absently. Thousands of eyes from all sides, waiting for his word, looked at him.
In front of the Preobrazhensky Regiment he stopped, sighed heavily and closed his eyes. Someone from the retinue waved for the soldiers holding the banners to come up and place them around the commander-in-chief with flagpoles. Kutuzov was silent for several seconds and, apparently reluctantly, obeying the necessity of his position, raised his head and began to speak. Crowds of officers surrounded him. He scanned the circle of officers with a keen eye, recognizing some of them.
– Thank you all! he said, addressing the soldiers and again to the officers. In the silence that reigned around him, his slowly spoken words were clearly audible. “Thank you all for your hard and faithful service. The victory is perfect, and Russia will not forget you. Glory to you forever! He paused, looking around.
“Bend down, bend down his head,” he said to the soldier who held the French eagle and accidentally lowered it in front of the banner of the Transfiguration. “Lower, lower, that’s it. Hooray! guys, - with a quick movement of your chin, turn to the soldiers, he said.
- Hooray ra ra! roared thousands of voices. While the soldiers were shouting, Kutuzov, bent over in his saddle, bowed his head, and his eye lit up with a meek, as if mocking, gleam.
“That’s what, brothers,” he said when the voices fell silent ...
And suddenly his voice and facial expression changed: the commander-in-chief stopped talking, and a simple one spoke, an old man, it is obvious that he now wanted to inform his comrades of the most necessary thing.
There was a movement in the crowd of officers and in the ranks of the soldiers in order to hear more clearly what he would say now.
“Here’s the thing, brethren. I know it's hard for you, but what can you do! Be patient; not long left. We'll send the guests out, then we'll have a rest. For your service, the king will not forget you. It is difficult for you, but you are still at home; and they - see what they have come to, ”he said, pointing to the prisoners. - Worse than the last beggars. While they were strong, we did not feel sorry for ourselves, but now you can feel sorry for them. They are also people. So guys?
He looked around him, and in the stubborn, respectfully bewildered glances fixed on him, he read sympathy for his words: his face became brighter and brighter from the senile meek smile, puckering up in stars at the corners of his lips and eyes. He paused and lowered his head as if in bewilderment.
- And then say, who called them to us? Serves them right, m ... and ... in g .... he suddenly said, raising his head. And, waving his whip, he galloped, for the first time in the whole campaign, away from the joyfully laughing and roaring cheers, upsetting the ranks of the soldiers.
The words spoken by Kutuzov were hardly understood by the troops. No one would have been able to convey the contents of the first solemn and at the end of the ingenuously old man's speech of the field marshal; but the heartfelt meaning of this speech was not only understood, but that same, that same feeling of majestic triumph, combined with pity for the enemies and the consciousness of one’s rightness, expressed by this, precisely this old man’s, good-natured curse, is the very (feeling lay in the soul of every soldier and was expressed in a joyful, long-lasting cry.When after that one of the generals turned to him with the question of whether the commander-in-chief would order the carriage to arrive, Kutuzov, answering, suddenly sobbed, apparently being in great agitation.
November 8 is the last day of the Krasnensky battles; it was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night. The whole day was quiet, frosty, with light, rare snow falling; By evening it became clear. A black-purple starry sky was visible through the snowflakes, and the frost began to intensify.
The musketeer regiment, which had left Tarutino at the number of three thousand, now, at the number of nine hundred men, was one of the first to arrive at the appointed place of lodging for the night, in the village on high road. The quartermasters, who met the regiment, announced that all the huts were occupied by sick and dead Frenchmen, cavalrymen and headquarters. There was only one hut for the regimental commander.
The regimental commander drove up to his hut. The regiment passed through the village and at the outermost huts on the road put the guns in the goats.
Like a huge, multi-membered animal, the regiment set to work arranging its lair and food. One part of the soldiers dispersed, knee-deep in snow, into the birch forest, which was to the right of the village, and immediately the sound of axes, cleavers, the crack of breaking branches and cheerful voices was heard in the forest; another part busied about the center of the regimental carts and horses, put in a pile, taking out boilers, crackers and giving food to the horses; the third part scattered in the village, arranging quarters for headquarters, picking out the dead bodies of the French that lay in the huts, and taking away boards, dry firewood and straw from the roofs for fires and wattle for protection.
About fifteen soldiers behind the huts, from the edge of the village, with a cheerful cry, were swinging the high wattle fence of the shed, from which the roof had already been removed.
- Well, well, at once, lean on! shouted voices, and in the darkness of the night a huge wattle fence covered with snow swayed with a frosty crack. The lower stakes cracked more and more often, and finally the wattle fence collapsed along with the soldiers pressing on it. There was a loud rudely joyful cry and laughter.
- Take two! give the rocha here! like this. Where are you going then?
- Well, at once ... Yes, stop, guys! .. With a shout!
All fell silent, and quiet, velvety a pleasant voice sang a song. At the end of the third stanza, right at the end of the last sound, twenty voices cried out in unison: “Uuuu! Goes! Together! Come on, kids!..” But, despite the united efforts, the wattle fence did not move much, and heavy panting was heard in the established silence.
- Hey you, the sixth company! Damn, devils! Help ... we will also come in handy.
The sixth company of about twenty, walking to the village, joined the dragging; and the wattle fence, five sazhens long and a sazhen wide, bent, pressing and cutting the shoulders of the puffing soldiers, moved forward along the village street.
- Go, or something ... Fall, eka ... What have you become? That's it ... Cheerful, ugly curses did not stop.
- What's wrong? - suddenly I heard the commanding voice of a soldier who ran into the carriers.
- The Lord is here; in the hut the anaral himself, and you, devils, devils, swindlers. I'll! - shouted the sergeant major and with a swing hit the first soldier who turned up in the back. - Can't it be quiet?
The soldiers fell silent. The soldier, who had been hit by the sergeant-major, began, groaning, to wipe his face, which he had torn into blood when he stumbled upon the wattle fence.
“Look, damn it, how he fights!” I’ve already bloodied my whole face, ”he said in a timid whisper, when the sergeant-major walked away.
- You don't like Ali? said a laughing voice; and, moderating the sounds of the voices, the soldiers went on. Having got out of the village, they again spoke just as loudly, sprinkling the conversation with the same aimless curses.
In the hut, past which the soldiers were passing, the highest authorities gathered, and over tea there was a lively conversation about the past day and the proposed maneuvers of the future. It was supposed to make a flank march to the left, cut off the Viceroy and capture him.
When the soldiers dragged the wattle fence, already with different parties kitchen fires were lit. Firewood crackled, snow melted, and the black shadows of the soldiers scurried back and forth across the entire occupied, trampled in the snow space.
Axes, cleavers worked from all sides. Everything was done without any order. Firewood was dragged in reserve for the night, huts for the authorities were fenced in, pots were boiled, guns and ammunition were handled.
The wattle fence brought by the eighth company was placed in a semicircle from the north side, supported by bipods, and a fire was laid out in front of it. They struck the dawn, made a calculation, had dinner and settled down for the night by the fires - some repairing shoes, some smoking a pipe, some naked, evaporating lice.
It would seem that in those almost unimaginably difficult conditions of existence in which Russian soldiers were at that time - without warm boots, without sheepskin coats, without a roof over their heads, in snow at 18 ° below zero, without even a full amount of provisions, not always keeping up with the army - it seemed that the soldiers should have presented the saddest and most depressing sight.
On the contrary, never, in the best material conditions, did the army present a more cheerful, lively spectacle. This was due to the fact that every day everything that began to lose heart or weaken was thrown out of the army. Everything that was physically and morally weak has long been left behind: there was only one color of the army - according to the strength of spirit and body.
The eighth company, which was blocking the wattle fence, gathered most of the people. Two sergeant majors sat down beside them, and their fire burned brighter than the others. They demanded an offering of firewood for the right to sit under the wattle fence.
- Hey, Makeev, what are you .... disappeared or wolves ate you? Bring some wood, - shouted one red-haired red-haired soldier, squinting and blinking from the smoke, but not moving away from the fire. “Come at least you, crow, carry firewood,” this soldier turned to another. The redhead was not a non-commissioned officer and not a corporal, but was a healthy soldier, and therefore commanded those who were weaker than him. A thin, small, pointed-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, obediently got up and went to carry out the order, but at that moment a thin woman stepped into the firelight. beautiful figure a young soldier carrying firewood.
- Come here. That's important!
Firewood was broken, pressed, blown with mouths and the floors of overcoats, and the flame hissed and crackled. The soldiers moved closer and lit their pipes. A young, handsome soldier, who had brought firewood, leaned his hands on his hips and began to quickly and deftly stomp his chilled feet in place.
“Ah, mother, cold dew, yes good, but in a musketeer ...” he sang, as if hiccuping on every syllable of the song.
- Hey, the soles will fly off! shouted the redhead, noticing that the dancer's sole was dangling. - What a poison to dance!
The dancer stopped, tore off the dangling skin and threw it into the fire.
“And that, brother,” he said; and, sitting down, he took from his knapsack a piece of blue French cloth and began to wrap it around his leg. “A couple of them went in,” he added, stretching his legs towards the fire.
“The new ones will be released soon. They say we'll kill to the end, then everyone will get double goods.
- And you see, the son of a bitch Petrov, lagged behind, - said the sergeant major.
“I've been noticing it for a long time,” said another.
Yes, soldier...
- And in the third company, they said, nine people were missing yesterday.
- Yes, just judge how you chill your legs, where will you go?
- Oh, empty talk! - said the sergeant major.
- Ali and you want the same? - said the old soldier, reproachfully addressing the one who said that his legs were shivering.
– What do you think? - suddenly rising from behind the fire, a sharp-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, spoke in a squeaky and trembling voice. - He who is smooth will lose weight, and death to the thin. At least here I am. I have no urine,” he said suddenly decisively, turning to the sergeant-major, “they were sent to the hospital, the aches had overcome; and then you stay behind...
“Well, you will, you will,” the sergeant-major said calmly. The soldier fell silent, and the conversation continued.
- Today, you never know these Frenchmen were taken; and, frankly, there are no real boots, so, one name, - one of the soldiers began a new conversation.
- All the Cossacks were amazed. They cleaned the hut for the colonel, carried them out. It's a pity to watch, guys, - said the dancer. - They tore them apart: so alive alone, do you believe it, mutters something in its own way.
- A pure people Guys, said the first one. - White, like a white birch, and there are brave ones, say, noble ones.
– How do you think? He has been recruited from all ranks.
“But they don’t know anything in our language,” the dancer said with a smile of bewilderment. - I tell him: “Whose crown?”, And he mumbles his own. Wonderful people!
“After all, it’s tricky, my brothers,” continued the one who was surprised at their whiteness, “the peasants near Mozhaisk said how they began to clean up the beaten ones, where there were guards, so what, he says, their dead lay there for a month. Well, he says, he lies, he says, theirs is how the paper is white, clean, it doesn’t smell like gunpowder blue.
- Well, from the cold, or what? one asked.
- Eka you're smart! By cold! It was hot. If it were from the cold, ours would not be rotten either. And then, he says, you will come to ours, all, he says, is rotten in worms. So, he says, we will tie ourselves with scarves, yes, turning our faces away, and dragging; no urine. And theirs, he says, is white as paper; does not smell of gunpowder blue.
Everyone was silent.
- It must be from food, - said the sergeant major, - they ate the master's food.
Nobody objected.
- Said this man, near Mozhaisk, where there were guards, they were driven from ten villages, they drove twenty days, they didn’t take everyone, then the dead. These wolves that, he says ...
“That guard was real,” said the old soldier. - There was only something to remember; and then everything after that ... So, only torment for the people.
- And that, uncle. The day before yesterday we ran, so where they do not allow themselves. They left the guns alive. On your knees. Sorry, he says. So, just one example. They said that Platov took Polion himself twice. Doesn't know the word. He will take it: he will pretend to be a bird in his hands, fly away, and fly away. And there's no way to kill either.
- Eka lie, you're healthy, Kiselev, I'll look at you.
- What a lie, the truth is true.
- And if it were my custom, if I caught him, I would bury him in the ground. Yes, with an aspen stake. And what ruined the people.
“We’ll do everything in one end, he won’t walk,” the old soldier said, yawning.
The conversation fell silent, the soldiers began to pack.
- Look, the stars, passion, are burning like that! Say, the women laid out the canvases, - said the soldier, admiring the Milky Way.
- This, guys, is for the harvest year.
- Drovets will still be needed.
“You’ll warm your back, but your belly will freeze.” Here is a miracle.
- Oh my God!
- Why are you pushing - about you alone fire, or what? You see... collapsed.
From behind the silence that was being established, the snoring of some of the sleepers was heard; the rest turned and warmed themselves, occasionally speaking. A friendly, cheerful laughter was heard from a distant, about a hundred paces, fire.
“Look, they’re rattling in the fifth company,” said one soldier. - And the people that - passion!
One soldier got up and went to the fifth company.
“That’s laughter,” he said, returning. “Two keepers have landed. One is frozen at all, and the other is so courageous, byada! Songs are playing.
- Oh oh? go see…” Several soldiers moved towards the fifth company.
The fifth company stood near the forest itself. A huge fire burned brightly in the middle of the snow, illuminating the branches of trees weighed down with frost.
In the middle of the night, the soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the forest in the snow and the squawking of branches.
“Guys, witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and from the forest, into bright light bonfire, two strangely dressed human figures, holding each other, stepped forward.
They were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. One was taller, in an officer's hat, and seemed completely weakened. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. Another, small, stocky, soldier tied with a handkerchief around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought both porridge and vodka.
The weakened French officer was Rambal; tied with a handkerchief was his batman Morel.
When Morel drank vodka and finished the bowl of porridge, he suddenly became painfully amused and began to say something to the soldiers who did not understand him. Rambal refused to eat and silently lay on his elbow by the fire, looking with meaningless red eyes at the Russian soldiers. From time to time he let out a long groan and fell silent again. Morel, pointing to his shoulders, inspired the soldiers that it was an officer and that he needed to be warmed up. A Russian officer, approaching the fire, sent to ask the colonel if he would take a French officer to warm him up; and when they returned and said that the colonel had ordered the officer to be brought in, Rambal was told to go. He got up and wanted to go, but staggered and would have fallen if a soldier standing nearby had not supported him.
- What? You will not? one soldier said with a mocking wink, addressing Rambal.
- Hey, fool! What a lie! That is a peasant, really, a peasant, - reproaches were heard from different sides to the joking soldier. They surrounded Rambal, lifted the two in their arms, intercepted by them, and carried them to the hut. Rambal hugged the necks of the soldiers and, when they carried him, spoke plaintively:
– Oh, nies braves, oh, mes bons, mes bons amis! Voila des hommes! oh, mes braves, mes bons amis! [Oh well done! O my good, good friends! Here are the people! O my good friends!] - and, like a child, he bowed his head on the shoulder of one soldier.
Meanwhile Morel was sitting on the best place surrounded by soldiers.
Morel, a small stocky Frenchman, with inflamed, watery eyes, tied around with a woman's handkerchief over his cap, was dressed in a woman's fur coat. He, apparently drunk, put his arm around the soldier who was sitting beside him, and sang a French song in a hoarse, broken voice. The soldiers held their sides, looking at him.
- Come on, come on, teach me how? I will pass quickly. How? .. - said the joker songwriter, whom Morel was embracing.
Vive Henri Quatre,
Vive ce roi vaillanti -
[Long live Henry the Fourth!
Long live this brave king!
etc. (French song)]
sang Morel, winking his eye.
Ce diable a quatre…
There are people who have turned the minds not only of their generation, but also influencing those who will live many, many centuries after. They came from nowhere, but did not leave without a trace, but left behind the Way. The narrow path hurries itself and takes away everyone who decides to step on it, following the sound words of the pioneer. This is how the quotes of Lao Tzu once, like birds, flew out and managed to fly around the whole world, giving rise to followers of True Wisdom. Who is Lao Tzu? What is this Wisdom and how does it help to manage life?
The old man is a legend. Majestic mountains with lonely pine trees on them, the sky that stretches upwards like a dome and silence, which is heard by a lingering melody. All this gave opportunities and unhurried, but deep plans. It was here that philosophers were born who helped people see the beauty of life and the true vocation of man.
Where did he come from, and how did the man, the philosopher, who took the name Lao Tzu appear? There is no single version. One of his contemporaries insisted that he, 81-year-old, was born by a mother who had been carrying a child under her heart all this time. And he appeared already gray-haired and wise.
In another version, this man came from India, but he did not bring any teachings with him, as if Blank sheet, he went to China to study and learn. And therefore, his statements fully reflect the Eastern philosophy of world perception.
But, like any other legendary person, Lao Tzu is fighting for "life". Some historians even dispute the existence of this philosopher. And all his quotes and aphorisms are distributed between Confucius and his lesser-known contemporaries.
So did a man really live, whose wisdom formed the basis of one of the grandest teachings? Was the one whom Confucius called similar to the Dragon, and recognized his wisdom as unattainable? We will leave this behind the scenes, focusing on simple, but wise aphorisms Lao Tzu.
He who talks a lot often fails.
Never judge a person until you pass long haul in his boots.
Be attentive to your thoughts, they are the beginning of actions!
Whoever takes - fills the palms, who gives - fills the heart.
There is nothing in the world weaker and softer than water, but it can destroy the hardest object!
A pot is made of clay, but only for the sake of the emptiness that is inside...
He who knows how to manage others is strong, who knows how to control himself is powerful.
It is necessary to restore order when there is still no turmoil.
The path of wisdom. These quotes are almost 14 centuries old, but each of us willingly recognizes their practicality for modern man. They seem to get wiser with age. What is their secret? Everything is simple. The philosopher spoke not of temporal concepts, not of fashion trends, he based his teaching on eternal concepts such as: love, simplicity of thought, common sense and harmony with the environment.
All this was the beginning of the Path. Where does it lead? To the unity of nature and man. Nature makes people strong and perfect; a person takes care of everything that surrounds him. And he does it not for his own benefit, but in justice, considering everything a part of himself. Is there meaning and wisdom here? Without a doubt! The sayings of the philosopher are deep and precise. And most importantly, they touch the life of every person.
Overcoming the difficult begins with the easy, the realization of the great begins with the small, because in the world the difficult is formed from the easy, and the great from the small.
There is no greater misfortune than the inability to be content with what you have.
The one who neglects his life, thereby does not value his life.
He who forces himself will not succeed. One who pities himself cannot cultivate.
Climbing up the mountain, do not hit under the feet of those whom you pass along the way. You will meet them again when you go down.
Smart every day replenishes their knowledge. A wise man erases the excess every day.
Turbid water, if allowed to stand, becomes clear.
There are thirty spokes in one wheel, but only the emptiness between them makes movement possible. Vases are made of clay, but they take advantage of the void in the vase. Windows and doors are pierced in the house, but they take advantage of the emptiness in the house. This is the benefit of being and non-being.
We all want to get so much from life that sometimes we are in a hurry and in a hurry, passing by important and actually necessary things. In pursuit of material things or pleasures, we forget about the eternal: about love and friendship, about what really matters and brings true joy and meaning to our lives.
The wise words of Lao Tzu put everything in its place. He, slowly, calmly shows what a person really needs for the fullness and harmony of his existence. Making no distinction between young and old, noble or common man who have achieved and are striving to achieve something really important, the thinker shows what kind of environment surrounds us. beautiful life. His phrases help to see and evaluate all the possibilities that we have. And strive no longer for empty and weak goals, but for your own happiness.
On our site we have collected a worthy collection of sayings of the sage. All these aphorisms are free to download and share with your friends.
The original teaching of Taoism is contained in the book "Tao Te Ching". It consists of two aspects: political and philosophical. In terms of politics, Lao Tzu taught that the less the government interferes in people's lives, the better. This is also told by the legend about the life of Lao Tzu himself. The main thing in the existence of man, Lao Tzu considered the philosophical side of his being.
The philosophy of Lao Tzu accepts the ideas of Tao, Yin and Yang as reliable and, proceeding from them, builds a philosophy of human life. Tao is an incomprehensible, all-encompassing and invincible force, on the basis of which everything in the world exists and moves, and a person must coordinate his life with it. If every creature, including birds, fish and animals, lives according to the Tao, then there is no reason for a person not to live in harmony with this “way of all things” and to allow the natural principles of yin and yang to freely operate his life.
Lao Tzu called this approach wuwei(inactivity or inactive life) and saw the cause of a person's troubles in neglecting the power of the Tao, or in trying to improve it, or in actively resisting it. Everything Taoism says must happen naturally. Nothing to click on and nothing to manage.
According to this theory, the difficulties of the government arise because it often resorts to dictatorial methods, forcing people to act in a way that is unnatural for them. In life, you need to be harmonious and calm, like Tao. Even if it suddenly seems to a person that he has achieved success, despite the fact that he went against the establishment of the Tao, it must be remembered that this is only an apparent, temporary well-being. In the end, he will suffer from his self-will, because Tao is invincible. Only a person who lives in harmony with the power of Tao will achieve success - and not only in relationships with people, but even predatory animals and poisonous creatures will not harm him.
If all people follow the Tao and give up the desire to improve the natural course of development with the help of the laws they create, there will be harmony in human relations in the world. So, if property is not considered valuable, then there will be no theft;
if there are no marriage laws, there will be no adultery. In other words, a person who follows the Tao is humble and unselfish: he knows the path of heaven and follows only it. Thus, he is moral without observing the laws and virtuous without being recognized as virtuous.
In this regard, we should also pay attention to the following explanation contained in the teachings of Lao Tzu. If the positive force lies in a calm, inactive existence from the position of wu wei (in people's lives this is expressed by the manifestation of signs of kindness, sincerity and humility), if no one interferes in the affairs of others, human relationships will naturally and simply enter into the channel where the Tao leads them. And then there will be a spontaneous birth true love, real goodness and simplicity in the relationship between people, there will be a feeling of satisfaction with life. The power of good (de), being a component of wuwei, prevents the birth of anger and ambition, does not allow uninvited interference in someone else's life. Violent abstention from the manifestation of human aspirations cannot but entail negative consequences.
In the monistic system of Lao Tzu there is no place for a Creator God incarnated in person to be prayed to and from whom a response can be expected. A person must solve his own problems and save himself from troubles. The original Taoism differs little from pantheism; atheism is not alien to it. Death, according to this teaching, is as natural a phenomenon as birth. In death, a person passes only into another form of the existence of Tao. In the end, the same Tao that created harmony out of chaos can again bring the Universe into a state of chaos. There is nothing strange about this, and it should not be taken as unwelcome. The path of Tao, according to Lao Tzu, is the only correct path open to man.
