MEANS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION
Music is the language of sounds. Different elements of the musical language (pitch, longitude, loudness, sound coloring, etc.) help composers express different moods and create different musical images. These elements of the musical language are also called means musical expressiveness. There are 10 in total:
register 6. meter
timbre 7. fret
pace 8. harmony
dynamics 9. invoice
rhythm 10. melody
1. REGISTER
A register is a part of a range, a certain pitch of a voice or a musical instrument.
Distinguish - high register (light, airy, transparent sound),
Low register (serious, dark or humorous sound).
2. timbre
Timbre - a special coloring of sounds, the nature of the sound different voices or musical instruments. Voices of people, musical instruments have different colors
Sounds. One instrument's timbre is transparent, another's is warm and soft, and the third's is bright and piercing.
mezzo-soprano
^ A choir is a large group of singers (at least 12 people), similar to an orchestra in instrumental music.
Chorus types:
male (dense, bright timbre),
female (warm, transparent timbre),
mixed (full-sounding, rich, bright timbre),
children's choir (light, light timbre).
Symphony Orchestra Instruments.
Instruments in an orchestra are distributed among their families - the musicians call them orchestral groups. There are four of them in the orchestra:
Stun instruments
woodwind instruments
Brass instruments
^ Percussion instruments
Violin
French horn
Cello
double bass
Bells, etc.
Tempo is the speed at which the music moves during the performance of the piece.
Metronome - a device for counting durations in desired speed(e.g. 108 quarter notes per minute). Indicates to the performers the exact tempo of the piece. Invented by the Austrian mechanic Melzel.
Main tempo groups:
Slow pace
They express peace, restraint, meditation, pain in music.
Moderate pace
Associated with leisurely movement, moderate activity.
3.
^ Fast pace
They represent joy, excitement, energy, playfulness, humor.
Main types of rates:
Slow pace
Moderate pace
^ Fast pace
Largo - wide
Andantino - slightly faster than Andanto
allegro - fast
Lento - drawn out
Adagio - slowly
Moderato - moderately
Vivace - lively
Grave - hard
Presto - very fast
Andante - rather slowly, calmly
Allegretto - Slightly slower than Allegro
Prestissimo-in the highest degree fast
Tempo changes in the piece:
^ Gradual slowdown in tempo (usually at the end of a piece, a feeling of calm)
Gradual acceleration of the tempo (usually in the middle sections of the work, an increase in excitement)
^ Ritenuto - holding Accelerando - accelerating
Ritardando - being late
Animando - getting inspired
Allargando - expanding
Stringendo - speeding up, hurrying up
Return to the original tempo - a tempo, Tempo primo
Clarifying concepts:
Piu - more
meno - less
non troppo - not too much
molto assai - very, very
subito - suddenly, unexpectedly
poco - a little
poco a poco - little by little, little by little
4. DYNAMICS
Dynamics is the degree of loudness of the performance of a piece of music.
Muted dynamics are associated with calm, light or poignantly sad moods.
Strong dynamics expresses energetic, active or intense images.
Basic designations of dynamic shades:
Piano pianissimo
extremely quiet
very quiet
not very quiet
not very loud
loud
very loud
Forte fortissimo
extremely loud
Designations for changing the strength of the sound:
Crescendo - cresc. - reinforcing
Sforzando - sforc., sfc., sf. - suddenly intensifying
Subito forte - sub.f. - suddenly loud
Diminuendo - dim. - reducing, weakening the sound
Decrescendo -decresc. - weakening
Smorzando - smorc. - freezing
Morendo - morendo - freezing
The increase in dynamics is associated with increased tension, preparation
K u l m and n a c and i. Dynamic culmination is the peak of the growth of dynamics, the highest point of tension in the work.
The weakening of the dynamics gives rise to a feeling of relaxation, calm.
Rhythm is a sequence of sounds of the same or different duration.
Sounds of different duration are combined into rhythm groups that form the rhythmic pattern of the piece.
^ Types of rhythmic patterns:
The repetition of the same durations in works of slow or moderate tempo creates a calm, balanced image.
In fast-tempo works - etudes, toccatas, preludes - the repetition of identical durations (sixteenth durations are often found) gives the music an energetic, active character.
More often there are rhythmic groups united by notes of different duration. They form a variety of rhythmic patterns.
The following rhythmic figures are less common:
Dotted rhythm (characteristic of a march, dance) - sharpens, activates the movement.
Syncopation - shifting the accent from a strong beat to a weak one. Syncopation creates an effect of surprise.
Triol - dividing the duration into three equal parts. Triplets give ease of movement.
Ostinato is the repeated repetition of one rhythmic figure.
Meter is a uniform alternation of strong and weak beats of a measure (pulsation).
IN music notation the meter is expressed in size (the upper number of the time signature indicates how many beats are in a measure, and the bottom number indicates how long a fraction of a meter is expressed in a given measure), and measures (so to t is the length of time from one strong beat to the next beat of equal strength), separated between themselves with barlines.
^ Main types of meter:
Strict meter
strong and weak beats alternate
evenly
free meter
accents are distributed unevenly, in modern music there may be no time signature or no division into measures
^ Two beat meter - one strong and one weak beat (/-) eg polka or march.
Triple meter - one strong and two weak beats (/--), for example, waltz.
Polymetry is a simultaneous combination of two-part and three-part meter.
Variable meter - changes throughout the work.
Depending on the number of strong parts, meters are:
Simple - having only one strong beat (two-part, for example 24 or three-part, for example 34 or 38).
Complex - a combination of simple identical meters (only two-part, for example 44 \u003d 24 + 24 or only three-part, for example 68 \u003d 38 + 38).
Mixed - a combination of meters of different (two-part and three-part) types (for example, 54 \u003d 24 + 34, or 34 + 24, or 74 \u003d 24 + 24 +34, etc.).
The language of poetry is also metrically organized. The combination of strong and weak syllables in poetic meter is called a stop.
Poetic feet:
^ D in u x lobed feet
Trilobal foot
Chorey (/-)
Yamb (-/)
Dactyl (/ - -)
^ Storm haze
no-bo cro-et.
The Forest Raised a Christmas Tree
Do I hear your voice
ringing and lac-to-vy
Characteristic metrorhythmic features of some dances:
Polka - 24, rhythmic groups with sixteenth notes.
Waltz - 34, accompaniment with an emphasis on the first beat.
March - 44, dotted rhythm.
Tasks and questions:
1. Find and write out examples of poetic feet from poems!
Iambic: Trochee: Dactyl:
2. What types of meter and what special metric technique did the Latvian composer Romualds Kalsons use when processing the Latvian folk song “Ar meitām dancot gāju”?
..................................................................................................................................................
^ R. Kalsons. Latin processing. nar. songs “Ar meitam dancot gāju”
3. Divide the following musical examples into bars in meter 24 and 34, then play or sing:
4. Complete the text!
Lullabies are usually sung in ................................. tempo and ......... ............................... dynamics, and marches - in .............. ................................. tempo and .............. ............................... dynamics. The exception is funeral marches, the pace of which is always .......................................................... .., and dynamics - ............................... .
5. What words in Russian are pronounced with these endings:
..............………….jo, ...................... che, ....................... shendo?
Think:
if non troppo = not too much, then Allegro non troppo = ....................... .........................
if marcia (read: marcha) = march, then Marciale = ..................................... .........................
if assai, = very, then Lento assai =........................................ ................................................. ....
7. Anti-anxiety drugs are called tranquilizers, what could Tranquillo mean? ................................................. .....
8. Brio is the name of a cleaning agent, what can Con brio mean? ................................................. .........
9. What can mean Tempo di marcia, Tempo di valse, Tempa di polca?
.................................................................................................................................................................
10. What can mean Brillante, Grazioso, Energico? .................
....................................................................................................................................................................
11. Using a dictionary musical terms translate from Italian words in this little story!
The pause before the Mathmatics lesson will soon end. Molto agitato class. At first
piano, then poco a poco crescendo the voices of the students sound. New maestro of mathematics
energico e risoluto told one of our classmates that we were now expecting
piccolo test. So subito!
"I didn't even open my libretto yesterday," drawled our A student doloroso e lacrimoso.
"Well, the assignments will be non troppo pesante," her classmate soothes.
"Nonsense," grazioso e scherzoso chirped the prima donna of our class. "I will smile at him so dolce e amoroso that he will even forget about the test!"
"Well, bravo!" furioso e feroce is minted by the head of the class. "Teachers have no right to such
subito checklists! Let's run away! Prima volta, - it will cost! Well - Vivo, Presto, accelerando..."
Ah, too late! Fermata! Already alla marcia step festivo enters our
Maestro. "Please tutti in your seats," deciso e marcato sounds his voice. And a lesson
begins... Oh, mamma mia, with a test...
Lad is a system of sounds, different in height and gravitating towards each other.
Tonic is the main stable sound of the mode, to which all the others gravitate. The stable sounds of the mode form a tonic triad - the main stable chord of the mode.
^ Gamma are the sounds of the mode, arranged in stepwise - ascending or descending - order from the tonic within an octave.
Tonality is a mode with a specific tonic.
Frets can consist of a different number of sounds:
trichord - a mode consisting of three sounds.
tetrachord - a mode consisting of four sounds.
pentatonic scale - a mode consisting of five sounds.
seven-step frets (major, minor, old frets).
Main frets:
^ Frets without semitones
Seven-step frets
Frets with two or more semitones in a row
A trichord is a scale in the fourth range, consisting of a major second and a minor third.
The pentatonic scale is a scale of five sounds arranged in major seconds and minor thirds. Another name for this mode is “Chinese scale”, because. it is often found in oriental music).
Whole-tone, or increased mode - a mode of 6 sounds, each of which is one (whole) tone apart from the next one. They do not create mutual gravity and therefore produce a strange, fantastic impression. In Russian music, M.I. Glinka in the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" to characterize Chernomor. Hence the other name of this mode is “Chernomor scale”.
Major is a mode, stable sounds of which form a major triad. Fret of light, joyful coloring.
^ Minor - a mode, stable sounds of which form a minor triad. Mode of dark, sad coloring.
Variable mode (mode in which there are two stable triads):
parallel (eg.
C major - A minor)
Same name (ex.
G major - G minor) frets.
Ancient frets - similar to modern major or minor, but differing from them in separate steps -
Mixolydian, Lydian, Phrygian, Dorian)
Chromatic mode - a mode in which, along with the main steps, there are steps raised or lowered by half a tone (found in music of the 20th century).
8. HARMONY
Translated from the Greek harmonia means consonance.
^ Harmony is the combination of sounds into various consonances (chords) and their sequences.
The main element of harmony is a chord - a simultaneous combination of three or more sounds of different pitch.
Types of chords:
^ By number of sounds:
According to the interval structure:
Triads are chords made up of three sounds. Types of triads: major, minor, diminished, increased.
Seventh chords - chords from
four sounds, etc.
Secondary chords (clusters)
Tertsy chords (triad, seventh chord)
Quarter Chords (Quarter Chords)
Fifth structure chords (quint chords).
IN classical music harmony is euphonious (based on consonances), chords of the tertian structure are mainly used.
In modern music, harmony can sound sharp (such sharp consonances are called dissonances), it can be very complex, unusual consonances are widely used - a simultaneous combination of seconds, quarts, fifths and other intervals.
Tasks!
Sign these chords!
2. Based on the key signs, determine the possible keys and, using the pattern of the first measure, write both triads (major and parallel minor)!
3. Find in the notes (for example, in a solfeggio textbook) and write out musical examples in various modes:
In major scale:
In minor scale:
4. Determine the tonality and type of fret!
5. Determine the tonality of these melodies (write in the box), write stable sounds in brackets, note where there is a) gradual movement along sounds, b) movement along stable sounds, c) singing stable steps!
6. Play and sing an old Latvian folk song and write the name of its mode!
7. Write out the scale of this melody! Mark the step that distinguishes this mode
(Mixolydian) from natural G major!
9. INVOICE
Faktura is a warehouse, a type of presentation of a musical work (Latin fakturo - processing).
The main elements of texture: melody, accompaniment (accompaniment), bass (lower voice), middle voices.
Any monophonic melody (solo or unison), e.g. a folk song.
Homophony Polyphony
A polyphonic warehouse of music in which one voice is the main one (melody), and the rest (accompaniment) accompany it. A kind of homophonic texture is the chordal warehouse of music, in which the melody is rhythmically combined with the accompaniment.
Polyphony (Greek poly-many, phone-sound) is a simultaneous combination of several independent voices (melodies).
^ Main types of polyphony
Imitation p. - (lat. Imitatio - imitation) repetition in another voice or another instrument of a melody (theme) that has just sounded.
e.g. canon, fugue or invention
Contrast p. - simultaneous sounding of different types of melodies. For example, in the Middle Ages, three different melodies with different texts were combined.
^ Main types of texture:
Forms of imitation polyphony:
Canon - musical form, in which all voices perform the same melody, entering in turn.
Fughetta (it. fughetta - small fugue) - a simple, smaller fugue for organ or piano
^ Questions and tasks!
1. Study these musical examples and determine the type of texture - write in the boxes the letters of the correct answers: A - melody with accompaniment, B - polyphonic texture or C - chord texture!
A) Play this famous song with accompaniment, listening carefully to the harmony, and then find and correct the wrong harmony!
........ ......... ............. .... ........ ............. ..... .... .......
b) Determine the functions of the chords in the accompaniment (T, S or D), sign them and learn the melody with accompaniment in four different types of texture!
Robert Schumann
piano cycle"Album for Youth"
^ FIRST LOSS
1. a) Listen carefully to the piece and describe the nature of the music! .................................
................................................................................................................................................
b) Describe the various elements of the musical language:
Lad - ................................................ ................................................. .......................
Temp - ................................................ ................................................. ......................
Dynamics - ................................................ ................................................. ............
Harmonies (consonances or dissonances) - .................................................. ................
Invoice - ................................................ ................................................. .............
^ BOLD RIDER
Listen to the play and describe the nature of the music! ................................................. ...........
.............................................................................................................................................................
The play has three sections (A B A). Listen and decide which way
a) at the beginning of the piece (in the first section A) – ........................................... .................................
B) in the middle of the piece (C) .......................................... .........................
B) in the final section (A) .......................................... .........................
What else has changed in the middle section of the play? ................................................. .........
Choose and circle the correct answer to the question "What texture was used by the composer in this work?"
A) polyphonic texture,
B) chord texture,
C) melody with accompaniment.
Listen to music and dream! Describe your dream!
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Learn the theme of the play by heart!
10. MELODY
Melody is a musical idea expressed in one voice. Translated from Greek means "singing, song."
Melody is the basis of music, the “soul of music”, the most important means of musical expression.
Melody elements:
Melodic line (or drawing of a melody). This is the main component of the melody. The repetition of one sound cannot be considered a melody, it is formed from sounds of different pitches.
Range (melody volume)
Intonation (special sequences of sounds)
Other features of the melody are independent elements of the musical language: rhythm, meter, mode, harmony, dynamics, etc.
Types of melodic line:
Rising melodic line
It creates the impression of a rise, an increase in tension.
descending melodic line
It creates the impression of a recession, stress relief - discharge.
Wavy melodic line
Movement in one direction does not happen for a long time. Usually there is a change in direction of movement. A wave-like pattern of the melody is formed.
Smooth (sedentary) melodic line
characteristic of vocal music. It is based on second intonations. At a fast pace, it creates the impression of fluidity, an increase in energy; in slow - a feeling of stiffness, sorrow.
Jumpy melodic line
Characteristic for instrumental music. Leap - the movement of the melody over a wide interval. Ascending leaps give the melody a restless character. Further smooth movement, filling the jump, creates the impression of calm.
These main types of melodic line usually replace each other, forming a variety of melodies.
D i a p a z o n, i.e. The volume of the melody is also of great importance for the expressiveness of the melody:
Melodies of a narrow range (do not exceed a fourth) - balanced, restrained.
Melodies of a wide range - emotional, intense.
The melodic peak is the highest sound of a melody. There are three types:
Top - climax
The point, the moment of the highest tension in the development of the melody. The climax is usually followed by a weakening of tension, a recession, which is expressed in the downward direction of the melody.
The top is the source
The melody starts from the very alt. The tense melody gradually becomes calmer.
summit - horizon
The melody ends with the highest sustained sound. Such melodies seem to melt, dissolve in the air.
Intonation in melody.
The intonation in the breath (the interval of the descending second) gives the melody a sad, plaintive character.
Question intonation (upward leap).
An exclamatory fanfare intonation (a steady fourth or the movement of a melody along the sounds of a triad) gives the melody energy, activity, vivacity.
The intonation of the lyrical sex (usually this is a jump from V to III stage) gives the melody breadth, melody of sound (large sixth in major) or a mournful, poignant character (small sixth in minor).
The expressiveness of the melody is largely associated with harmony and harmony.
Fret basis of the melody:
The melody in major sounds light.
The melody in m and n o r e sounds sad.
The melody in the old and new way sounds unusual - archaic.
The melody in pentatonics sounds calm, often associated with images of nature.
Frets with an increased second give the melody an oriental flavor.
The harmonic basis of the melody:
Repeating a tune with new harmonies can change its mood.
The reliance on the sounds of the tonic triad emphasizes the stability and stability of the melody.
The use of dissonant intervals adds tension to the melody.
The melody formed from chord sounds has a restrained, balanced character.
Melody formed from non-chord sounds- sounds that are not part of the chord. These sounds form a scale-like, gradual movement, give the melody a vocal character, melodiousness.
The main methods of sound extraction of a melody are sh tr and x and:
Legato (connectedly) makes the melody melodious, expressive, smooth.
2. Non legato (not connected) makes the melody calm, restrained.
^ 3. Staccato (staccato) makes the melody mischievous, funny.
Determine the type of melodic line in these melodies!
Find, emphasize the characteristic intonations in these melodies and sign their names!
A) ................................................ .........................
Allegretto L. van Beethoven. 6 symphony. Theme 5 parts
b) ................................................ ......... ^ F.Chopin. Nocturne
V) ................................................ ......... W.A. Mozart. Requiem. Lacrimosa
P.I. Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)
Piano cycle "Seasons"
June (Barcarolle)
Barcarolle (from the Italian word barca - boat) is a boatman's song.
Find and identify by musical example
Tempo designation - ............................................... .....
Size -................................................ ...
Tonality - ...............................................
Dynamic Shades - ..................................................
Listen to the play and answer the questions!
A) only at the top
B) in the upper and middle
.........................................................................................................................................................
Emphasize the three elements of the musical language that, in your opinion, best help create the mood of music: size, mode, register, timbre, tempo, dynamics, texture!
Describe the selected items! ................................................. ......................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Learn the opening melody of the piece! Complete the tasks!
The range of this melody is from sound............ to sound.................
In the melodic line of this melody (choose the correct answer!)
A) only progressive movement in one direction
B) a lot of jumps
B) undulating movement
October (Autumn Song)
characterize general mood music! ................................................. ....................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Note the most characteristic intonation in the melody!
A) fanfare intonation
B) sigh intonation
B) no characteristic intonations
What elements of the musical language do you think contribute the most to creating mood in music? Describe them! ................................................. ...
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Learn start topic plays!
Define the range of this melody! ................................................. .................................
The melodic line of this melody (tick the correct answer!)
A) inactive, even, there are no wide jumps in it,
B) stepwise downward movement prevails, which alternates with jumps,
C) unbalanced, broken.
Draw a drawing of the melody with a line and mark with some bright color climax!
Sign the names of the instruments in Russian!
Groups of musical instruments
string group -
The basis of a symphony orchestra is made up of four bowed instruments of different sizes, but of a similar design. Each of them has four strings.
The violin is the highest and most virtuoso instrument in its group. Appeared in Italy in the 16th century, replacing the viola. Famous families of Italian violin makers from the city of Cremona - Stradivari, Amati and Guarneri.
Alto is a little more than a violin, has a less bright timbre and sounds a little lower. Only since the 19th century has it been used as a solo instrument.
Cello - instrument big size, which is played while sitting, holding it between the knees, while it rests on a special metal spire. The sound of the cello is thick, melodious. Reminds me of tone human voice. Therefore, cellos are often entrusted with the performance of wide melodic melodies, although they can sound virtuoso as well.
The double bass is the lowest instrument, it sounds muffled an octave lower than the cellos and twice as large as them. The double bass is played either standing or sitting on a special high stool.
The woodwind group includes:
The flute is the tallest and most agile of these instruments. She can climb into the highest, "bird" register. Sometimes composers depict birdsong with a flute. Flute - piccolo - high variety flutes]
The oboe is also a high instrument of a peculiar "nasal" timbre. Slow, melodious melodies sound very beautiful on it, but in fast passages it will not keep up with the flute. The timbre of the oboe is a bit similar to the timbre of the zurna, an oriental wind instrument. Sometimes composers use the oboe to imitate oriental music.
^ Cor anglais - low, alto oboe
The clarinet is an instrument of the alto register. He is “with character”: he can be soft and “velvet”, and sometimes he suddenly breaks into a sharp cry. He also knows how to play fast passages, they “murmur” with him. This "murmur" is often used in "sea" and "river" musical "pictures".
There is also a piccolo clarinet - a high variety of clarinet and
bass clarinet - a low variety of the clarinet
The bassoon is the lowest and "sluggish" instrument in this family. Like the oboe, he is good at singing beautiful melodies, but only in a "male" voice and only in the middle of his range. The higher he climbs, the more hoarse and "ripped" his voice becomes. And in deep basses, it gains power, but loses beauty and sounds comical. The bassoon is used both in sad slow music and in funny musical jokes.
The contrabassoon is the lowest instrument of this group.
The saxophone is similar in design to the clarinet, but is made of metal. Designed in the 19th century French master Sax. It comes in various sizes from high soprano to low bass. It has a specific timbre - melodious, full. Mainly used in jazz music.
Brass group:
French horn - derived from a hunting horn. For a louder sound, they began to lengthen it, and for convenience when playing, they twisted it. Gradually, the number of turns grew - this is how the horn appeared. A very important instrument in an orchestra. The soft, noble sound of the French horn can convey various moods. The French horn is often assigned solo episodes.
The trumpet is the highest instrument in its group. It has a bright, sonorous, brilliant timbre. Often solo. The trumpet entered the symphony orchestra in the 18th century.
Trombone - known since the 16th century, but entered the orchestra only in the 18th century. It has a retractable thin curved tube - the wings - with the help of which the pitch changes. The timbre is bright - bright and masculine in the high register, and gloomy, even ominous in the low notes. A technically very agile instrument, its special glissando (gliding) effect - unperceivable on any other wind instrument - is achieved by the smooth movement of the wings.
The tuba is the largest and lowest instrument of the copper group. Plays the role of bass - the basis of the entire sound of the orchestra. The timbre is massive, harsh. The sonority can be very strong and menacing.
Percussion group:
No defined pitch:
With a certain pitch:
big drum
snare drum
bells
xylophone
triangle
vibraphone
castanets
tom-tom, etc.
bells, etc.
Among the percussion instruments, the timpani dominate. Like the horns in copper family, the timpani are the oldest in the percussion family. Unlike drums, cymbals, they have a certain pitch. The skin stretched over the cauldron is tuned to a specific note. The orchestra uses several timpani, tuned differently. Most often three. Timpani are used only occasionally, in special places - very loud or especially colorful. And in the pauses, the timpani player can slowly rearrange his instruments.
In most classical symphonies, the percussion family is limited to timpani. Other drums were sometimes introduced for special purposes. For example, in military symphony Haydn's drums and cymbals imitate a military band. But already in the 19th century, military orchestra percussion - big and snare drums, cymbals, tambourine (tambourine), triangle - became permanent members of the symphony orchestra. They are also joined by a huge tom-tom - a huge bronze disc, which is suspended from the frame, and hit with a beater covered with felt. These are all instruments without a specific pitch.
Numerous percussion instruments, long known in folk music different countries and continents, became part of the symphony orchestra of the XX century. These are Spanish castanets, Latin American maracas, African tom-toms and many others. In some modern symphonic scores, the percussion group is almost the most numerous.
In addition to the timpani, sometimes other percussion instruments with a certain pitch are included in the orchestra. For example, orchestral bells, which look like a children's metallophone. Only the bells play all the sounds chromatic scale, and the plates on them are arranged in two rows - like white and black piano keys. And there are also large tubular bells. The same metal tubes of different lengths are suspended on a metal frame. If you hit such a tube with a hammer, you will hear a thick ringing, very similar to a bell. Each pipe has its own height, so you can play a melody on such bells. The gong, unlike the tam-tam, also makes a sound of a certain pitch. In the 20th century, these tools were added:
Xylophone - consists of wooden blocks of different sizes, which make up a scale of several octaves. It is played with two small mallets. Its timbre is piercing - dry and clicking.
Vibraphone - made like a xylophone, but not with wooden, but with metal plates and has resonator tubes suspended downwards. The vibrating (oscillating) nature of its sound is achieved by an electric motor. Invented in the 20th century in America.
The marimba is a lower range xylophone variation. The marimba is native to Africa. Only there it has no metallic
The ideological emotional content of the composer's musical work is conveyed using the means of musical expression: melody, tempo, rhythm, harmony. The combination of all these means creates musical images that the choreographer uses.
the main task - the unity of the image of the audible and visible.
Melody(from Greek singing, melody) is a monophonic expression of musical thought, it is the basis of music and it primarily expresses the composer's intention. It is a monophonic sequence of musical sounds that are in a certain ratio in height and have a certain tempo and rhythm.
The melody itself is independent, unlike other expressive means, it is able to embody certain thoughts and emotions, to convey the mood. The melody always carries artistic image. The melody has its own laws, the main of which is undulation, the melodic line has curves of rise and fall. The combination of the movement of a melody up, down and in place is called a melodic pattern.
Important Species melodic pattern
1. An upward movement in the melody, i.e. transition to higher sounds.
2. Downward movement in the melody, i.e. transition to lower sounds.
3. Wave-like movement of the melody, i.e. sequence of ascending and descending transitions.
Every melody exists in time, it lasts with the temporal nature of music and is closely connected with it. One of her most notable means of expression is TEMP.
Pace is the speed of the music. The tempo is indicated at the beginning of the piece.
Basic terminology:
Adagio - slowly
Andante - moderately
allegro - fast
For greater expressiveness of a piece of music, a gradual acceleration or deceleration of the tempo is applied.
Ashelerando - acceleration
Ritardando - slow down
The tempo largely determines the mood of the music. A slow pace expresses a state of rest, stillness, contemplation. The average tempo is quite neutral and is found in music in different moods. A fast pace is found in the transmission of continuous striving of movements, it can express a feeling of seething energy, joy, and a bright festive mood. Or it can be dramatic.
It is impossible to arbitrarily change the speed of the music of the work.
Where does the sense of tempo in a melody come from?
For a sense of tempo, not all sounds are important, but only some, stronger and heavier. Usually in a melody, accents periodically appear on individual sounds, and between them the following sounds are weaker.
The feeling of the tempo depends on how much time passes between them by adjacent accented sounds, i.e. How long does a beat take in music? The tempo of a piece of music is measured by the number of measures per unit of time (for example, per minute). Viennese waltz - 60 beats per minute.
Organization in music is based on a certain alternation of accents, shock beats, this is the metro-rhythmic organization of music (meter - measure) - this is an alternation of strong and weak beats in a measure, uniform. The digital designation of the meter is called the size and is placed at the beginning of the musical notation. The top number (or the first one) shows the number of beats in a measure, the bottom or second number shows how long the beat is expressed in this time signature. The sizes are two-part (even) alternation of one part of the percussion and one non-impact; tripartite (odd) alternation of one stressed beat and two non-stressed beats. And also from combinations simple sizes complex sizes are formed, for example, quadruple (strong share, weak, relatively strong and weak).
The sound that is stressed (stress) together with subsequent beats, unstressed form tact is the length of time from one strong beat to another. In sheet music, measures are defined from each other by vertical lines.
Rhythm is one of the main means of expression in music. This is a consistent combination of musical sounds of various durations, i.e. the ratio of long and short sounds.
Relative to each other, there are not so many sizes 2/4; 3\4; 4\4; 6\8.
And the ratio of musical durations is countless, sounds are recorded with signs (i.e., notes that have different durations in sound). To indicate the duration of sounds, sticks, stems, tails are added to the circles.
whole note " 1&2&3&4&»
Half " 1i2i»
Quarter " 1i»
Eighth " And»
Sixteenth on " And» - two strokes
The alternation of sounds of different durations form the rhythmic pattern of the melody. By itself, it can characterize some genres of music.
dynamic shades is a change in the volume of the sound during the performance of a piece of music.
Dynamic nuances are very important for conveying images in music (for example, a lullaby is played quietly, the content of such music contradicts loud sounding, and quiet sounding contradicts a celebratory march).
Dynamic shades are associated with a melodic pattern; accordingly, the upward movement of the melody is accompanied by an increase in sound, and a downward movement is accompanied by weakening. Depending on the dynamism of the shades of a piece of music, movements can be strong and energetic or soft and gentle, sharply accentuated or continuous or smooth.
Dynamic shades of music include:
1. changing the strength of the sound
2. gradual slowing down or speeding up the pace
3. smooth or intermittent sound of the melody
The listed shades are indicated by the Italian term:
Forte - loud
piano - quiet
Crescendo - Gain
Diminuendo - weakening
There are also such concepts: "Major" music is solemn, festive, joyful, cheerful or calm. "Minor" music is dramatic, sad.
Music and dance
1. Music has a metrical organization, this makes it possible to organize a choreographic work into certain choreographic segments.
2. Music carries imagery, which we can reveal by means of choreography.
3. A piece of music has its own dramaturgy. The choreography follows musical dramaturgy and focuses on it.
4. Music determines the genre of a choreographic work, its language, form.
On the metro-rhythmic organization of music, the national color is based (the originality of something).
The tempo in a choreographic work is subject to the tempo of the music, but may not match. It is necessary to achieve the image of the visible and heard intention of the composer and choreographer, the combination of words and action.
Relationship between music and dance.
1. Dance around music is when the music has its own content, and the choreography has its own. Misuse musical material.
2. Dance to music. The music is simple in terms of dramaturgy, and the choreography is of high quality. Choreography above music.
3. Dance to the music. The music is meaningful, and the choreography is poor. Music above choreography.
4. Dance to music is when the content and quality of the music matches the content and quality of the choreography. Gently strive for it.
Music, according to ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and fun to everything that exists in the world, is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that is on earth.
Like any other art form, music has its specific features and expressive means. For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey the experiences of a person, his emotional condition. Its content lies in the artistic and intonational images formed in the mind of a musician, whether he is a composer, performer or listener.
Each art form has its own language. In music, the language of sounds acts as such a language.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
- The basis of any piece of music, its leading beginning is melody. The melody is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
- In music, the melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “dimensionality”, that is, a uniform, coordinated alternation of short and long sounds. It is the rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of the music. For example, lyricism is given to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, some excitement - an intermittent rhythm.
- No less important fret as a means of expression. There are two types: major and minor. Their difference from each other is that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while minor music a little sad and dreamy.
- Pace- expresses the speed with which this or that is performed musical composition. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante).
- A special means of musical expression is timbre. It represents the coloring of the sound, characteristic of any voice and instruments. It is thanks to the timbre that one can distinguish the human or “voice” of a musical instrument.
Additional means of musical expression include invoice- how a certain material is processed, strokes or ways to extract sounds, dynamics- the power of sound.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
"Means of musical expression as a reflection of the nature of a musical work"
Purpose of the lesson - development of an active, conscious perception of music based on the identification of musical images, determination of their nature, content and construction, translation through performance.
Lesson objectives:
To consolidate the concepts of expressive means and their influence on the emotional and figurative tone of the work;
To form a stable listener's attention, mental concentration as the origins of the ways of becoming artistic taste;
To develop the ability to analyze the content and means of expressiveness of a musical work.
Formation of universal learning activities:
1. Personal UUD
Formation: motivation for learning and knowledge; adequate self-esteem; readiness to openly express their position in the classroom, an adequate understanding of the reasons for success (failure) in the educational process.
2. Regulatory UUD
Formation: the ability to keep the goal of the activity until its result is obtained; the ability to see the error; the ability to evaluate the result of one’s activity, to argue one’s opinion and position, self-control of the process and results of activity.
3. Cognitive UUD
Formation:the ability to emotionally perform musical works,speak about music
Listen to a piece of music.
4. Communicative UUD
Formation: the ability to listen and hear the teacher, members of the ensemble; the ability to cooperate in a group in solving educational problems.
Equipment:
puzzles, stave, prepared notes;
Laptop;
felt-tip pens;
Musical recordings of works: E. Grieg "In the cave of the mountain king" from the suite "Peer Gynt", Y. Giraud "Under the sky of Paris", M. P. Mussorgsky "Hopak" from the opera " Sorochinskaya Fair”, N. Rimsky-Korsakov “Flight of the Bumblebee”
Lesson progress
Organizing time(setting tools, greeting, message of the topic of the lesson)
Talk about the expressive means of music:
- listening to musical examples;
- analysis of the work of K. Gardel " Por una caveza »
Control performance of the work by K. Gardel "Porunacaveza»
Reflection "Means of musical expression"
Teacher: Hello guys. The theme of the lesson is "Means of musical expression as a reflection of the nature of a musical work." Each art has its own special language, its own means of expression. In painting, for example, such means are drawing and paint. Skillfully using them, the artist creates a picture. The poet, writing poetry, speaks to us in the language of words, he uses poetic speech, rhymes. basis dance art is movement, dramatic - acting. Music has its own special language, the language of sounds. And she also has her own means of expression.
Before starting a conversation about the means of musical expression, let us recall the reference information with which we always begin the study of a new piece of music. This will help us in the analysis of musical material in order to reveal its artistic and figurative content, character.
Message "K. Jeer. Tango"
Teacher: So, what expressive means of music do you know?
Answer: Tempo, melody, dynamics, strokes, playing techniques, rhythm, etc.
Teacher: What is the main element of musical speech? Name the definition.
Answer: Melody (from Greek - “singing”, “singing”) - this is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It is the basis of any piece of music.
Teacher: Let's determine which instrument or instruments lead the melody to 2 digits?
( play up to 2 numbers)
Answer: Button accordions, metallophone, domras
Teacher: Can we say that the melody in the performed passage was unchanged? Does the theme of button accordions differ from the theme of domras? What changed?
Answer: Has changedfret , so the melodies differ: the first is rather joyful, enthusiastic, inspired; the second is tense, a little melancholic. The first is major, the second is minor.
Teacher: If you pay attention, the entire text of the work is represented by the alternation of two main melodic lines (beginning, 2nd digit - 1,3,4 digits). This deviation is calledmodulation - transition from one tone to another. This is the peculiarity of the work, its character. After all, tango is an emotional dance, a contrasting change of smooth, calm movements with impetuous, clear, sensual ones. Tell me, guys, what means of musical expression is noted when it comes to dance music? Give it a definition.
Answer: Thisrhythm . Translated from Greek, it means "dimension" - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.
Teacher: Everyone understands what kind of rhythm they are talking about when they say: in the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango. Listen musical passages, name the dance and the piece of music.
Listen to musical excerpts:
Waltz - Y. Giro "Under the sky of Paris"
UNT Hopak - M. Mussorgsky "Gopak" from the opera "Sorochinsky Fair"
Tango - E. Petersburgsky "Tired Sun"
Teacher: Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds, not a melody. It affects the character of the music. But not only music has rhythm. Our heart has a rhythm - heart rate; there are brain rhythms, there is a daily rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet. In an ensemble performance important role plays an accompaniment that sets the rhythm of the dance. For example, the balalaika part is represented by a variety of rhythmic pattern of each part. I ask you to perform the 2nd figure from the beat.
( play number 2 )
Teacher: What is the difficulty of the rhythmic pattern of the balalaika part?
Answer: Short durations.
Teacher: Now, listen to the example and answer what means of musical expression creates the character of music.
An excerpt sounds: N. Rimsky - Korsakov "Flight of the Bumblebee"
Answer:
In this piece of music, the fast tempo plays an important role (allegro or presto
).
Teacher: What is called tempo?
Answer:
Pace
is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is fast, slow and moderate. To indicate the tempo, Italian words are used that are understood by all musicians in the world. For example, fast pace - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow - adagio.
Teacher:
We are always guided by the composer's instructions on the meaning of tempo, in particular tango is performed at a moderate, restrained tempo Moderato.
Teacher: Timbre and register(puzzles)
Timbre is the color of sound. Each human voice has its own coloring, its own timbre; Every musical instrument has its own timbre. Our instrumental ensemble is a multi-colored palette of all kinds of timbres (soft). The various timbre changes of the tango melody are like the emotional collisions of a dance. We play number 3.
(play number 3)
Teacher: What does the alternation of timbres of instruments resemble?
Answer: The alternation of domra and button accordion timbres is presented in the form of a dialogue.
Teacher: Please note that the theme of the first domra in the second sentence of 3 digits sounds in an octave. What is changing? What do you know about this medium of expression?(rebus register)
Answer: Register is the location of sounds. The register is low, medium, high.
Teacher: Listen to a musical example, where the register is the most important element in creating an artistic and emotional image of a work. Describe your impressions, ideas about what you heard. Name the piece of music.
An excerpt from E. Grieg's suite "Peer Gynt" "In the cave of the mountain king" sounds
Teacher: Another means of expression- strokes. What do you know about them? What strokes are used to reflect the character of "Tango"? What can you compare them to in dance?
Answer: Stroke - (from German line, dash) the quality of sound extraction on musical instrument having an expressive meaning (legato, staccato, detail, marcato). In the work of K. Gardel "Tango" strokes of legato, marcato, detache are used.The variety of strokes and tricks of the game is comparable to the change dance moves- sometimes soft smooth, sometimes unexpectedly sharp, short.
Teacher: Guys, let's digress for a moment and imagine that we are in the forest. How far have we come! Seem to be lost? What do we do?
Answer: Scream, call for help. Shout "Ay"
Teacher: And the “echo” will talk to you, because there is no one around. Let's play.
Echo game
I read a poem, and you listen carefully to last words each line and answer for the "echo".
I screamed loudly in the forest.
A hollow echo answered.
"Will it get cold soon?"
The echo answered: “Yes, yes, yes, yes!”
“How many Christmas trees, look!”
The echo answered... Three-three-three-three!
"The old oak is completely dry!"
Echo answered... Oh-oh-oh-oh!
"Well, goodbye, I'm going home!"
The echo was distressed... Oh-oh-oh-oh!
What is the means of musical expression? Give a definition.
Answer: Dynamics - the power of sound. There are two main dynamic shades: forte, which means loud, and piano, which means quiet. Sometimes these shades are enhanced. For example, very loudly (fortissimo) or very softly (pianissimo). The dynamics of the tango is distinguished by contrast: a calm theme sounds mezzo forte; the theme of unrest is forte.
Teacher: What is called a climax? Determine the climax in the performance.
Answer: The climax is the highest point of emotional, semantic tension, as a rule, is indicated dynamically as the loudest place in the work. The climax is number 3.
Play number 3
Teacher: Today we remembered what means of musical expression are, called the main ones, on musical examples found out their importance in creating the image of a musical work. And all for what? All in order to learn to understand and compose from these integral musical elements a picture, an image of a piece of music and embody it in your performance brightly, accurately, evoking sincere emotions in the audience.K. Gardel "Tango" is played in full
And now I propose once again to recall the means of musical expression, write down one by one on the notes and fill in the staff.
teacher : This lesson is over. I am very pleased with your active participation. Well done! Thanks to all!
Means of musical expression.
Music, according to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and fun to everything that exists in the world, is the embodiment of that beautiful and sublime that is on earth.
Like any other art form, music has its specific features and expressive means. For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey the experiences of a person, his emotional state. Its content lies in the artistic and intonational images formed in the mind of a musician, whether he is a composer, performer or listener.
Each art form has its own language. In music, the language of sounds acts as such a language.
So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?
The basis of any piece of music, its leading beginning is the melody. Melody represents a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It can be very different - both smooth and jerky, calm and cheerful, etc.
In music, the melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm without which it cannot exist. Translated from Greek, rhythm is “measurement”; this is the ratio of the durations of sounds (notes) in their sequence. It is the rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of the music. For example, lyricism is given to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, some excitement - an intermittent rhythm.
Lad- a system that connects sounds of different heights, based on stable sounds - tonic. There are two types of it: major and minor. Their difference from each other is that major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in listeners, while minor music a little sad and dreamy.
Timbre(French "bell", "distinguishing mark") - coloristic (overtone) coloring of sound.
Pace is the speed of metric counting units. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio) or moderate (andante). For accurate tempo measurement metronome.
A special means of musical expressiveness is timbre. It is a sound coloring characteristic of any voice and instrument. It is thanks to the timbre that one can distinguish the human voice or the "voice" of a musical instrument.
Texture- this is a device, organization, structure of the musical fabric, a set of its elements. And the texture elements are what it consists of - melody, accompaniment, bass, middle voices and undertones.
Stroke - a way (reception and method) of playing notes, a group of notes that form a sound - (translated from German - “line”, “line”). Types of strokes: Legato - connected, Staccato - jerky, Nonlegato - not connected.
Dynamics- varying degrees of sound strength, loudness and their changes. Designations: Forte - loud, Piano - quiet, mf - not very loud, mp - not very quiet.
Thanks to the harmonious combination of all the above expressive means or part of them, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.
musical sound.
Music is built from musical sounds. They have a certain pitch (the pitch of the main tone is usually from before subcontract to before - re fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 - 4500 Hz). Timbre musical sound determined by the presence of overtones and depends on the sound source. The volume of the musical sound does not exceed the pain threshold. Musical sound has a certain duration. The physical feature of musical sound is that the sound pressure in it is periodic function time.
Musical sounds are organized into a musical system. The basis for building music is the scale. Dynamic shades are subject to a loudness scale that has no absolute values. In the most common duration scale, neighboring sounds are in the ratio 1:2 (eighths are related to quarters as quarters are to halves, etc.).
musical scale.
A musical system is a system of relations of sounds in height, adopted in a particular practice of tuning musical instruments, which is characterized by setting the frequencies of the sounds of notes. There are many different musical scales, such as Pythagorean or midtone. Modern fixed-pitched musical instruments generally use equal temperament.
Consonance and harmonyI. The vast majority of modern musical trends make extensive use of the simultaneous sounding of tones, which is called consonance. The consonance of two sounds is called a musical interval, and of three or more sounds - a chord, while the regularity of the combination of tones in consonance is called harmony. The term "harmony" can refer to both a single consonance and the general patterns of their use. The branch of musicology that studies these regularities is also called harmony.
Many musical cultures have developed their own systems for fixing music with the help of written signs. The predominance of seven-step diatonic modes in European music was the reason that in the process of evolution seven notes were singled out, the names of which come from the Latin hymn of St. John - before, re, mi, F, salt, la, si. These notes form a seven-step diatonic scale, the sounds of which can be arranged in fifths, and the intervals between adjacent steps are a major or minor second. Note names apply to all octaves of the scale.
