Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
Edward Mane.
Olympia. 1863 Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Edward Mane. Bar in the Folies Bergère. 1882 Courtauld Institute, London.
IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism - artistic direction originated in France in the last third of the 19th century. At the exhibition of the "Anonymous Society of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers and Lithographers", arranged in a Parisian photo studio in 1874, Claude Monet's painting "Impression. Sunrise ”(1872) - a view of the harbor, shrouded in pink fog, through which the morning sun appears through the veil. WITH light hand criticism of the newspaper "Sharivari" word "impression"(French impression) gave a name to the work of the artists participating in the exhibition.
The Impressionist exhibition was the first collective challenge to official academic art, the Salon, criticism and the conservative public. Claude Oscar Monet (1840-1926), Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841 - 1919), Alfred Sisley (1839-1899), Edgar Degas (1834-1917) and some other artists were well known to the Parisian public : for about fifteen years they have been demonstrating their art.
Contemporaries called these artists "rebels", and the Salon jury constantly rejected their works.
One of the most important rules followed by the Impressionists was the work in the open air. Going out into the street towards the light and air, the artist finds himself in a situation that is completely different from the conditions of the workshop. Clear contours disappear here, the color is constantly changing. Consequently, it is possible to depict only an instantaneous impression of the color and shape of an object.
Solving this problem, the Impressionists came to a completely new method of painting. They abandoned mixed colors, began to write with pure bright colors, thickly applying them in separate strokes. The desired tone was achieved by optical mixing of colors while contemplating the picture.
Following in the footsteps of the Impressionists was the next generation of artists: neo-impressionists and post-impressionists, whose talent was fully manifested in the last two decades of the 19th century.
Claude Monet. Paddling pool. 1869 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Alfred Sisley. Flooding in Port-Marly. 1876 Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
Edgar Degas.
Blue dancers. 1875
Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
August Renoir.
Portrait of Mademoiselle S. (Portrait of the actress Jeanne Samary). 1878 State Museum of Fine Arts. A. S. Pushkin, Moscow.
Claude Monet. Field of poppies. 80s XIX V. State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg.
Camille Pissarro.
Boulevard Montmartre in Paris. 1897 State Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
In the 80s. 19th century the situation in French art has changed a lot.
The last three exhibitions of the Impressionists showed the highest achievements of this direction and at the same time testified that it had already exhausted itself.
At the end of the century, four artists made a loud statement, summing up the art of the 19th century and paving the way for the future. These were Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890), Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Bright individuals, they did not unite into a group, but from different sides they moved towards the same goal - the knowledge of the true essence of things, hidden under their appearance. Thus was born post-impressionism (from lat. post - "after"). This trend was closely associated with impressionism and could manifest itself only at the time of its decline.
The post-impressionists were close to the impressionists in their attitude to bourgeois society. But if the latter only contrasted their art with that of the salon, the former denied the bourgeois way of life. Cezanne, the son of a banker from the city of Aix, portrayed a declassed artist all his life. Gauguin, a successful stock trader, father of five children, gave up his career for the sake of painting. He lived in poverty on the islands of Tahiti and Hiva Oa, studying the customs of the natives and considering them higher than the achievements of European civilization. Van Gogh, who came from a family of a Dutch pastor, studied theology in Amsterdam, then was a preacher in the coal mines in Belgium. Turning to painting, he went to Paris, and then to Arles, where, exhausted by loneliness, he went crazy and committed suicide.
Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin, not finding harmony in modern society, turned to nature, seeking solace in it. However, unlike the Impressionists, they sought to capture not moments, but eternity. Post-Impressionists seemed to see not only explicit, but also hidden powers, the secret laws of the universe. They turned their backs on the small world of the Impressionists, expanding their world to the scale of the universe.
The main features of Cezanne's work appeared in the works of the 80-90s. The artist was looking for ways to convey the material structure of things - shape, density, texture, color. Carefully choosing color ratios, he often emphasized the contours of objects with a sharp line, deliberately deforming the image.
On the canvases of Van Gogh, everyday objects, people, landscapes become carriers of the artist's innermost thoughts and feelings, convey his emotional state. Nature appears here in a spiritual form.
Paul Gauguin, who was friends with Van Gogh, combined reality and myth in his works, creating a different reality - direct and pure.
The discoveries made by the post-impressionists in painting had an impact on the development of some trends in Western European art of the 20th century. Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, etc.
While photos from the next race are being uploaded, I'll tell you about another one. scandalous picture Edouard Manet "Breakfast on the Grass"
The painting was first exhibited in the famous Salon of the Rejected, which was opened on May 15, 1863 in Paris by Emperor Napoleon III, who wished to be known as a defender of freedom and creativity. Then the jury rejected many works by artists who were not allowed to participate in the exhibition. Edouard Manet offered his "Breakfast on the Grass" for dessert to the "Salon of the Outcasts", which caused a storm of emotions, harshest criticism and the unanimous verdict that this "breakfast" is absolutely "inedible".
The plot of the picture - two men with a completely naked woman - caused a real scandal, besides, the characters were easily recognizable. On the canvas, the artist depicted his own brother Gustav (the one on the right) and the brother of his wife Ferdinand Leenhof. In the image of a woman, the artist combined the features of a permanent model, Victorine Meuran, and his own wife, Suzanne (body). The quiz was Manet's favorite model and is depicted in many of his works, in particular in the famous Olympia. She herself painted good pictures, many of which were later lost. She suffered from alcoholism and in her advanced years begged on the street, playing the guitar. Known for her love relationships with women. In 1863, "Breakfast on the Grass" became the symbol of the Salon of the Outcasts and later a source of inspiration for many generations of artists.
1866 Claude Monet.
In 1865, Claude Monet, who would later be called the founder of Impressionism, painted a large painting en plein air at Chailly and called it "Breakfast on the Grass" - a curtsey in honor of the famous work of Edouard Manet. Leaving for Paris, the artist left the finished canvas as a pledge to the owner of the Golden Lion Hotel, where he lived. The painting was kept in a damp basement and was significantly damaged. Monet cut it into pieces and threw away the moldy fragments. Now preserved parts of the painting can be seen in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. A year later, the artist returns to this topic again and creates a reduced version of the composition. This picture is painted more softly, it lacks the sharp contrasts inherent in the surviving fragments of "Breakfast on the Grass". The painting depicts a company of 12 people, but the artist used only two models to paint them. For the female figures, the artist's beloved and his future wife Camille Donsier posed, and for the male figures, Claude Monet's friend, the painter Frederic Bazille, who died four years later in battle during the Franco-Prussian War at the age of 29.
"Breakfast on the grass" 1959-62 After Manet Pablo Picasso.
Between 1959 and 1962, Picasso performed a series of works in painting, graphics, lithography, sculpture and ceramics, inspired by Edouard Manet's 1863 painting Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner Sur l "Herbe, today at the Musée d" Orsay).
Picasso first met her in 1900, on world exhibition in Paris, and in 1907 she inspired him when he wrote his Avignon maidens. He was under great impression from the innovation of Manet.
Sometime in 1929, Picasso remarked: "When I see Déjeuner Sur l" Herbe, I say to myself, this is my problem for the future. "And in fact, half a century later, he would make dozens of variations of the picture. Manet, in turn, wrote Breakfast on the grass as a stylization of Giorgione's work (now considered early work Titian) Rural Concert, 1509 (Giorgione, Pastoral Concert, Louvre, larger here), and in part, on an engraving by Raimondi based on a drawing by Raphael. Thus, Picasso with his series conducts his "dialogue through the ages" with several great masters of European art at once.
Breakfast on the grass. Edward Mane.
Painting french artist Edouard Manet's 19th century "Breakfast on the Grass" is considered
a masterpiece of impressionism, and in 1863 the canvas became a real shock for the Parisian public.
The painting was refused to be exhibited at the Paris Salon, and Manet himself gained a reputation
reckless rebel.
The Parisian creative elite mocked the canvas
On the second floor of this building, the *Salon of the Outcasts* was opened.
Manet attempted to exhibit the painting at the Paris Salon in 1863, but the nudity of the women
among dressed men so stunned the critics of the organizers of the salon that they refused
artist. Thus, Manet's painting was among the 3,000 paintings not admitted to
participation in the Paris Salon. For them, Emperor Napoleon III ordered
a separate exhibition, called "The Salon of the Outcasts". There the public saw
Manet's masterpiece.
Manet became the sensation of the "Salon of the Rejected"
Edward Mane.
Artists whose names are familiar to everyone today took part in the "Salon of the Outcasts"
art connoisseur. Among the paintings of such masters as Pizarro, Whistler and Cezanne,
Manet's painting made a splash. With an unconventional presentation
The nudity of the canvas became the main attraction of the exhibition. But that doesn't mean at all
that the picture was to the taste of the audience. They say that men as fast as possible
they walked their wives past the canvas, and then returned back to stare for themselves.
In critics, Manet's work caused ridicule and outrage.
The context of the painting caused controversy
Fragment of a painting by Manet.
It is worth noting that the nude women in the paintings have become the subject of a classic
art long before Manet, but as a rule, goddesses were depicted naked. in the picture
Manet "Breakfast on the Grass" main character was not a goddess at all. In the foreground
a naked woman is visible, and next to her are two engaged in conversation. people in modern
attire emphasize Manet's intention to show real people and real events.
Critics were also outraged by the fact that the woman in the foreground "shamelessly looks at the audience,
not at all embarrassed by their nakedness."
Manet originally titled his painting "The Bath", probably to give a more "soft"
explanation of female nudity. But when the picture caused a storm of hype with its frank
sexuality, the artist jokingly nicknamed her "picnic for four". It is the second
The name, although slightly changed, stuck.
Engraving from a painting by Raphael *The Judgment of Paris*.
In 1515, the Renaissance artist Raphael created the painting "The Judgment of Paris". More
300 years later, Manet, inspired by the work of Raphael, depicted a nude
a woman and men in poses identical to the seated group in the lower right corner of the Court
Paris."
The concept of the painting was also borrowed from the Renaissance.
Village concert. Tiitian.
The combination of dressed men and naked women caused quite a stir in Paris,
but it was by no means new theme. In 1510, the painting "Rural
concert" (which was previously considered a painting by Giorgione, but now art critics
suggest that this is the work of early Titian). It featured a similar
scene.
The dressed men are relatives of Manet. One of them is his brother Eugene Manet. And the other
- future brother-in-law, Dutch sculptor Ferdinand Leenhoff.
Nude woman - Manet's favorite model
Quiz-Louise Meuran by Manet *Woman with a parrot*
Nude woman in Manet's painting by Quiz-Louise Meuran. She was a popular muse
Parisian painters of the late 1800s. The quiz was given the nickname "Shrimp" because of
petite build, pink face and red hair. She posed for Manet not only
for "Breakfast on the Grass", but also for other canvases: "Portrait of Quiz Myoran", "Street
singer, "Mademoiselle. Quiz dressed as a matador", "Olympia", "Woman with a Parrot",
"Guitarist" and "Railroad".
Manet and Meuran shocked the audience with another picture - "Olympia"
In the same year, the artist painted another painting with a naked woman, for which
Myoran posed again. It depicts a red-haired reclining lady lying on
white pillow. At the Paris Salon in 1865, the painting caused one of
most big scandals in the history of art, because main character was
completely far from the classic nude goddesses, but showed sexuality
ordinary woman.
Nudity in Manet's paintings damaged Myoran's reputation
Due to the frankness of the paintings, many assumed that Manet and Myoran were lovers,
but that was just the tip of the gossip iceberg. Popular interpretation of "Breakfast
on the grass" and "Olympia" assumed that these impudent naked women should be ladies
free behaviour. This was fueled by rumors that Myoran was a prostitute and loved
drink up. In fact, she lived to be 83 years old and achieved recognition.
Myoran herself later became an artist
Palm Sunday. Myoran.
In 1876, Meuran first submitted a self-portrait to the Paris Salon, but she was
denied. She then exhibited her paintings in this prestigious venue in 1879, 1885
and 1904, as well as in 1903, Meuran was included in the respected "Community of French
artists". Unfortunately, only one of her paintings has survived - "Palm Sunday",
which was discovered in 2004 and is now in historical museum Colombe.
"Breakfast on the Grass" is larger than is usually supposed - Dimensions of the painting - 208 × 264.5 cm.
Manet's painting in the gallery.
There is a small still life in the scandalous painting
Still life painting by Manet.
In the lower left corner of the picture on the removed dress with polka dots, you can see a basket with
fruit and round bread.
Manet stunned the art world once again 20 years later
Bar in the Folies Bergère. Manet.
In 1882, the Parisian artist presented his last major work - "Bar in
Folies Bergère". As in "Breakfast on the Grass" and "Olympia" in this picture was
a red-haired woman is depicted looking at the viewer. This time the model
was not Myoran, but confused.
These works made Manet the father of impressionism
In "Lunch on the Grass" not only cultural elements from different times collided. Mane
also rejected the rules of proportion, which is most noticeable in the woman in the background,
that washes in the river. She is disproportionately large compared to men in front of
her. Over time, Manet's rebellious style has inspired many artists such as
like James Tissot, Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne and Pablo Picasso.
They challenged bourgeois morality, and he himself came from a prosperous wealthy family, and his father's opinion was very important to him.
He copied the masterpieces of old masters in the Louvre for a long time and was very eager to exhibit in the official Salon, and his works shocked with unusual plots and a free painting style.
Biography. Stormy start
Born in Paris in 1832. Father is a high-ranking official of the Ministry of Justice, mother is the daughter of a prominent diplomat. He was given every opportunity to get an education and start a solid career. But studying at prestigious boarding houses and colleges is not for him. Fifteen-year-old Eduard tries to enter the sailor, fails and goes to sea as a cabin boy to try out the next year. During the voyage, he draws a lot, since then Manet's paintings often contain marine motifs.
He fails his exams again. The father sees his son's work and resigns himself to the fact that he will not be an official or a prosperous bourgeois. Edward becomes a pretty student famous master academic direction of Thomas Couture, studies picturesque classic masterpieces V different cities Europe, spends a lot of time in the Louvre. But the style of Manet's first significant works is not traditional.
First exhibitions
To exhibit at the Paris Salon of Painting means to receive professional recognition. It is visited by up to half a million spectators. The works, selected by a commission specially appointed by the government, guarantee the artist fame, and, consequently, orders and income.
Manet's painting "Absinthe Drinker" (1858-59) was rejected by the jury of the Salon, the realistic theme turned out to be too unusual, the artist handled perspective and halftones too freely - sacred concepts for the academic school.
But in 1861, two paintings by Manet at once - "Portrait of Parents" and "Guitarero" are exhibited at the Salon. The recognition of specialists and lovers of painting was especially important for the artist's father.
"Breakfast on the Grass"
For the Salon of 1863, Manet wrote amazing picture. The composition and plot were inspired by Raphael's Judgment of Paris and Giorgione's Country Concert. At first, the artist called the canvas "Bathing", but then it became known as "Breakfast on the Grass". Manet's painting became an event.
The canvas has quite big sizes, which at that time involved the use of battle or multi-figure biblical story. And we see a picnic scene of two men and two women, one of whom, in the background, is swimming in the lake. The men, dressed in evening costumes, are carried away by a conversation among themselves, and do not seem to notice the defiant nakedness of a woman nearby. Her clothes are casually thrown off on the grass, her body is dazzling under the bright frontal light, and there is no escape from her defiant gaze directed at the viewer.
Each viewer saw his "Breakfast on the Grass". Manet's painting is enigmatic. The surrounding landscape is written without perspective and shadows, like scenery in provincial theater. The bather is clearly out of scale with her surroundings. A bird, frozen above those sitting, like a target in a shooting range, looks like a bullfinch, but a bullfinch in summer? Obviously there is some kind of story, but the artist does not try to explain it, leaving the viewer to speculate his own.
The characters of the outrageous picnic had a portrait resemblance to specific people from the environment of the artist: his brother Gustav and brother-in-law Ferdinand Leenhof. The female model also had a name - Quiz Meran, and a specific fame, which was hinted at by a frog in the lower left corner of the picture - a symbol of voluptuousness. The scandal was huge.
Outcast Salon
The jury of the Salon of 1863 was stricter than ever. Manet's paintings were rejected. Less than half of the five thousand submitted works were selected, and the artists complained to the emperor himself. Napoleon III, then ruling, personally examined the rejected paintings and did not find big difference with accepted. He recommended that an alternative exhibition be arranged. The salon of the outcasts was visited by no less spectators than the official one.
Manet's painting became a sensation. They admired her, but the majority scolded her, laughed at her, parodied her, there were not only indifferent ones. This was repeated in 1865 with another masterpiece by Manet.
"Olympia"
Again, the master was inspired by a masterpiece of the past. This time it was Titian's Venus of Urbino. Venus Manet has the body of Quiz Meran, far from ancient proportions. It was she who made the visitors of the Salon resent - faithful spouses and respectable ascetics. I had to put a policeman to protect the canvas from the pricks of umbrellas and spitting.
Venus became known as Olympia. Manet's painting evoked direct associations among contemporaries with the courtesan from Dumas' novel The Lady of the Camellias. Only those who did not think about moral principles were able to immediately appreciate the master's magnificent pictorial skill, the expressiveness of the composition, and the exquisite palette.
Manet Impressionist
Around the artist, a society of those who would become the personification of the brightest artistic movement in painting - impressionism. Edouard Manet is an artist whose paintings were not exhibited at exhibitions along with Degas, Renoir, Cezanne. He considered himself independent of any unions and associations, but he was friends and worked together with other representatives of the style.
And most importantly, he shared their views on painting, when the ability to see and express the finest nuances in nature and in man becomes the main thing for an artist.
The French impressionist took revenge on his abandoned mistress
A meal in the open air is one of the most popular subjects in world painting. He is so May! Especially loved by artists are breakfasts on the grass - a trend set by French Impressionists Edouard MANET and Claude MONET. Recognition did not come to the masters immediately. It was especially difficult for the first one, Edward. But he himself is good: every picture is a scandal and a provocation.
Some naked street girl shamelessly positioned herself between two dandies in ties and urban suits. They look like schoolchildren on vacation, imitating the revelry of adults, and I try in vain to understand what is the meaning of this obscene riddle, one of the critics wrote, when the canvas under the innocent title "Luncheon on the Grass" was first put on public display in 1863 .
Lesbian on the background of a couple of asexuals
Edouard Manet was in a hurry to finish his work for the opening Paris Salon. The picture came out very impressive: 2.5 by 2 meters. But the jury turned it down. Together with 3,000 uncensored paintings by other artists, Manet's creation was shown in an exhibition called the Salon of the Rejected. Even in this context, many considered Manet's work a mockery of public morality. The artist seemed to tease the audience with oddities and inconsistencies.
With the illogicality of the picture, the artist said that there are topics much more important than the generally accepted ones - such as sexuality or inequality between men and women. The figure of a naked lady looks too bright. The woman defiantly looks directly at the viewer. At the same time, men do not look either at her or at the viewer, and the absence of sexuality is read in this. There is evidence that Quiz Myoran was gay. Perhaps the artist tried to touch upon the topic of forbidden sexuality condemned by society, the art critic notes. Maria Revyakina.
Interpretation of the theme from Claude MONET (1866). In the role of all the women on the canvas - the bride of the painter Camille DONSIER Cut into pieces
Manet's painting has repeatedly inspired artists of the 19th century and later to create their own pictorial interpretations. In 1865, a friend of Edward, 25 years old Claude Monet, made sketches for the huge picture he had conceived - 6 by 4.6 meters. There was no nudity on it - only elegant ladies under umbrellas and men in redingotes. Claude was interested in studying the lighting in the forest - he painted near Paris.
Leaving for the capital, the artist left his “Breakfast on the Grass” on bail to the owner of the hotel where he lived. And he threw the canvas into the basement, where he almost rotted. Having bought the painting six years later, Monet cut it into pieces, throwing out the moldy fragments.
In 1869 and in 1876 - 1877 he writes his "breakfasts on the grass" Paul Cezanne. Later, the embodiment of a common plot is connected Pablo Picasso- He has a dozen fantasies on the same topic. The topic of breakfasts in nature did not go unnoticed by other, less eminent, authors. True, most of the “masterpieces” that came out from under their brush very vaguely resemble the original source.
LIFE HACK. To remember in which case the names of Manet and Monet are written through "a", and in which through "o", remember the name of the artist. What letter is there, this will be in the surname: Edouard Manet, Claude Monet.
Where to look
- "Breakfast on the Grass" by Edouard Manet is kept in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, and a sketch for it is in the Courtauld Gallery in London.
- The surviving fragments of the creation of Claude Monet can also be seen at the Musée d'Orsay. A smaller version of the picture - in the GMMI them. Pushkin in Moscow.
The most famous remakes of "Breakfast on the Grass"
