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Their location, biological and Chemical properties differ depending on the class. The fatty origin of lipids causes a high level of hydrophobicity, that is, insolubility in water.

Lipid metabolism is a complex of various processes:

• splitting, digestion and absorption by the organs of the PT;
• transport of fats from the intestines;
• individual species exchanges;
• lipogenesis;
• lipolysis;
• interconversion of fatty acids and ketone bodies;
• fatty acid catabolism.

Major groups of lipids

These organic compounds are part of the surface membranes of all cells of a living organism, without exception. They are necessary for steroid and bile connections, are needed for the construction of myelin sheaths of nerve pathways, and are required for the production and accumulation of energy.

Fat metabolism scheme

A complete lipid metabolism is also provided by:

• lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) of high, medium, low density;
• chylomicrons that perform transport logistics lipids throughout the body.

Violations are determined by failures in the synthesis of some lipids, increased production of others, which leads to their overabundance. Further, all kinds of pathological processes appear in the body, some of which turn into acute and chronic forms. In this case, serious consequences cannot be avoided.

Causes of failure

Dyslipidemia, in which abnormal lipid metabolism is observed, can occur with a primary or secondary origin of disorders. So the causes of the primary nature are hereditary-genetic factors. The causes of the secondary nature are the wrong way of life and a number of pathological processes. More specific reasons are:

• single or multiple mutations of the corresponding genes, with a violation of the production and utilization of lipids;
• atherosclerosis (including hereditary predisposition);
• sedentary lifestyle;
• abuse of cholesterol-containing and fatty acid-rich foods;
• smoking;
• alcoholism;
• diabetes;
• chronic liver failure;
• hyperthyroidism;
• primary biliary cirrhosis;
• side effect from taking a number of drugs;
• thyroid hyperfunction.

Chronic liver failure can cause lipid metabolism disorders

Moreover the most important factors influences are called cardiovascular disease and overweight. Impaired lipid metabolism, causing atherosclerosis, is characterized by the formation of cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels, which can result in complete blockage of the vessel - angina pectoris, myocardial infarction. Among all cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis accounts for the largest number of cases of early death of a patient.

Risk factors and influences

Fat metabolism disorders are primarily characterized by an increase in the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lipid metabolism and its condition is an important aspect of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Preventive treatment of blood vessels is required for patients with diabetes mellitus.

There are two main influence factors that cause a violation in lipid metabolism:

1. Change in the state of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. They are uncontrollably captured by macrophages. At some stage, lipid supersaturation sets in, and macrophages change their structure, turning into foam cells. Lingering in the wall of the vessel, they contribute to the acceleration of the process of cell division, including atherosclerotic proliferation.
2. Inefficiency of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Because of this, disturbances occur in the release of cholesterol from the endothelium of the vascular wall.

Risk factors are:

• gender: men and women after menopause;
• the aging process of the body;
• a diet rich in fats;
• a diet that excludes the normal consumption of coarse fiber foods;
• excessive consumption of cholesterol food;
• alcoholism;
• smoking;
• pregnancy;
• obesity;
• diabetes;
• nephrosis;
• uremia;
• hypothyroidism;
• Cushing's disease;
• hypo- and hyperlipidemia (including hereditary).

Dyslipidemia "diabetic"

A pronounced abnormal lipid metabolism is observed in diabetes mellitus. Although the basis of the disease is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism (pancreatic dysfunction), lipid metabolism is also unstable. Observed:

• increased lipid breakdown;
• an increase in the number of ketone bodies;
• weakening the synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

In a healthy person, at least half of the incoming glucose normally breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. But diabetes mellitus does not allow the processes to proceed correctly, and instead of 50%, only 5% will get into “processing”. Excess sugar is reflected in the composition of the blood and urine.

In diabetes mellitus, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is disturbed.

Therefore, in diabetes mellitus, a special diet and special treatment are prescribed to stimulate the pancreas. The absence of treatment is fraught with an increase in the blood serum of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons. Such plasma is called "lipemic". The process of lipolysis is reduced: insufficient breakdown of fats - their accumulation in the body.

Symptoms

Dyslipidemia has the following manifestations:

1. External signs:

• xanthomas on the skin;
• overweight;
• fatty deposits in the inner corners of the eyes;
• xanthomas on tendons;
• enlarged liver;
• enlarged spleen;
• kidney damage;
• endocrine disease;
• high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

With dyslipidemia, there is an enlargement of the spleen

1. Internal signs (detected during examination):

Symptoms of disorders vary depending on what exactly is observed - an excess or a deficiency. Excess is more often provoked by: diabetes mellitus and other endocrine pathologies, congenital metabolic defects, malnutrition. In excess, the following symptoms appear:

• deviation from the norm of cholesterol in the blood towards an increase;
• a large amount of LDL in the blood;
• symptoms of atherosclerosis;
• high blood pressure;
• obesity with complications.

Deficiency symptoms are manifested with intentional starvation and non-compliance with the culture of nutrition, with pathological digestive disorders and a number of genetic anomalies.

Lipid deficiency symptoms:

• exhaustion;
• deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and essential unsaturated fatty acids;
• violation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions;
• hair loss;
• eczema and other inflammations of the skin;
• nephrosis.

Diagnostics and therapy

To evaluate the whole complex of lipid metabolism processes and identify violations, laboratory diagnostics are required. Diagnostics includes a detailed lipid profile, where the levels of all the necessary lipid classes are prescribed. The standard analyzes in this case are general analysis blood for cholesterol and lipoproteinogram.

Comprehensive treatment will help bring lipid metabolism back to normal. The main method of non-drug therapy is a low-calorie diet with limited intake of animal fats and "light" carbohydrates.

Treatment should begin with the elimination of risk factors, including the treatment of the underlying disease. Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are excluded. An excellent means of burning fat (expending energy) is motor activity. Leading a sedentary lifestyle requires daily physical exercise, healthy body shaping. Especially if improper lipid metabolism has led to overweight.

There is also a special drug correction of lipid levels, it is included if non-drug treatment was ineffective. Incorrect lipid metabolism of "acute" forms will help to correct lipid-lowering drugs.

The main drug classes for dyslipidemia are:

1. Statins.
2. Nicotinic acid and its derivatives.
3. fibrates.
4. Antioxidants.
5. Bile acid sequestrants.

Nicotinic acid is used to treat dyslipidemia.

The effectiveness of therapy and a favorable prognosis depend on the quality of the patient's condition, as well as on the presence of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

Basically, the level of lipids and their metabolic processes depend on the person himself. An active lifestyle without bad habits, proper nutrition, regular comprehensive medical examination of the body have never been enemies of good health.

How to restore a disturbed metabolism in the body and lose weight at home

Metabolism in the body largely depends on individual factors, including hereditary ones. Improper lifestyle and lack of mobility lead to the fact that the body can no longer cope with its tasks, there is a slowdown in metabolic processes. As a result, waste products do not leave the body as effectively, many toxins and toxins remain in the tissues for a long time, and even tend to accumulate. What are the causes of the disorder, and how to get rid of them?

Can a violation of the processes in the body provoke weight gain?

essence metabolic processes organism - a series of specific chemical reactions, due to which the functioning of all organs and biological systems is ensured. Metabolism consists of two processes that are opposite in their meaning - this is anabolism and catabolism. In the first case, complex compounds are formed from simpler ones, in the second case, complex organic matter is split into simpler components. Naturally, the synthesis of new complex compounds requires large energy costs, which are replenished during catabolism.

The regulation of metabolic processes occurs under the influence of enzymes, hormones and other active components. In the natural course of metabolic processes, disturbances may occur, including those leading to excessive weight gain. It is almost impossible to return normal metabolism without the use of drugs. Before you lose weight, you must always consult with an endocrinologist.

In most cases, excess weight is not due to endocrine disorders - they account for only about 10 percent of cases. Situations are common when there are no disorders with hormones, when tests do not show any deviations from normal values, but at the same time get rid of excess weight fails. The reason is slow metabolism and malnutrition.

Reasons for slowing down metabolic processes in the body

One of the common factors is the desire of a person to get rid of excess weight as quickly as possible, regardless of the consequences. For example, these can be diets that involve a drastic change in diet and a switch to low-calorie foods. For the body, such diets are a huge stress, and therefore, very often they cannot do without certain disorders.

Even if the diet is successful and the desired body weight is achieved, then it will be much more difficult to lose weight, and the problem will always only get worse. Previously effective diets no longer work desired result, it becomes more difficult to keep the shape, or even impossible in principle. All this indicates a slowdown in metabolic processes, and it is necessary to normalize them, return them to their original values.

Recovery processes will take a lot of time and effort, but such activities will certainly give positive results. If you plan to reduce body weight, with a normal metabolism, it will be easier to do this, and with a long-term effect without any extraordinary effort. In order not to harm the body, it is worth eating quite often, but little by little.

Lipid metabolism: what indicates violations?

Normal lipid metabolism prevents damage, contributes to the replenishment of the body's energy reserves, provides heating and thermal insulation of internal organs. An additional function in women is to help the body produce a number of hormones (mainly related to ensuring the functioning of the reproductive system).

With a number of disorders, it may turn out that there will be an excessive amount of lipids in the body. This is indicated by atherosclerotic processes, high cholesterol in the blood, a sharp set of excess weight. Violations can be caused by pathologies of the endocrine system, improper diet and diet, diabetes. To accurately understand the problem, you should consult a doctor and undergo appropriate examinations.

There is also a reverse process, when there are too few lipids. In women, this can be expressed in menstrual irregularities, in women and men - in severe hair loss and various skin inflammations. As a result, a person is exhausted, kidney problems may begin. Most often, the problem is observed with malnutrition or with prolonged fasting. Also, the cause can be diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Improving and accelerating metabolism at home

Many people for fast weight loss resort to special diets that can make the metabolism faster for a while. On the body, this is reflected not only by weight loss, but also by many harmful effects. Fats are a store of energy “for later,” and nutritional stress only increases the body’s desire to save and put off any excess calories. Even if the diet gives a short-term positive effect, even a short-term refusal of the diet will return the kilograms back, and it will be even more difficult to lose them again.

• Proper diet (maximum - 4 meals per day). This is a standard recommendation from most nutritionists, but it is not necessary to adhere to it, because each organism is individual. You can eat more often, the main thing here is small portions. This will relieve the feeling of hunger, but without overeating - accordingly, there will be no expansion of the volume of the stomach (and over time it may decrease), a person will consume fewer calories. As a result, there simply will not be a need to eat much.
• Sports. Moderate exercise is excellent healthy way get rid of extra pounds. There are two advantages here at once - this is the acceleration of metabolism and muscle training. In the future, the body will burn calories more efficiently, the process can be intensified with the help of a special diet.
• Taking a contrast shower. It has long been a well-known procedure that promotes health and accelerates metabolic processes. This effect is achieved due to a sharp change in water temperature. Metabolism is normalized, more calories are burned.
• Satisfaction of sleep needs. Healthy sleep is a comfortable and long sleep, it is a complete rest for the body. At least on weekends, it is recommended to sleep for hours so that the body can recover from accumulated fatigue.
• Massage procedures. There are many special massage techniques associated with exposure to sensitive areas of the body. This process has a positive effect on the work of many internal organs, and on metabolism.

You can restore the natural metabolism with the help of medicines. The most common drugs are described below.

Medicines to improve metabolism

Many drugs have been developed that can contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes in the body. Independent use of these drugs is not allowed - a preliminary consultation with a doctor (nutritionist) is always necessary. It is worth paying attention to the following drugs:

• Oxandrolone and Methylandrostenediol are steroids, thanks to which muscles grow faster and less fat is deposited. Apply with extreme caution!
• Reduxin - can be taken after a small meal to get a full feeling of satiety and thereby avoid stress.
• Orsoten and Xenical are medicines that prevent the absorption of fats.
• Glucophage is a means to accelerate and enhance lipid metabolism.
• Formavit, Metaboline - means of regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

There are many other ways to normalize metabolism, including the use of certain foods. Key product recommendations are listed below.

Products for the normalization and acceleration of metabolism

Nuts, fish, chicken, milk, cottage cheese (low-fat or fat-free), as well as vegetables, berries and fruits can have a positive effect. Even tea and coffee can be helpful as they are stimulants. Some spices also have positive influence but should be used in moderation. The following are the main useful substances in the composition of the products:

• Squirrels. They are found in dairy products and are characterized by a complex process of digestion and assimilation. Accordingly, the body spends a lot of energy on it, the metabolism accelerates. Dairy products are also good because they contain calcium - this will help strengthen bones and teeth.
• Carbohydrates. The main source of energy for the body, but simple carbohydrates are one of the main causes of obesity. In order not to be overweight due to the consumption of carbohydrates, you should limit yourself to eating sweets. The best choice- complex carbohydrates, as they are more difficult to digest and consume more energy. Such substances are found in many cereals, berries, fruits, vegetables. Natural food is also a source of many useful trace elements.
• Fats. Any fats contribute to the absorption of minerals and vitamins, in moderation they are necessary for the body. It is worth limiting yourself in the consumption of vegetable fats, but at the same time moderately consume animal fats - they can improve the functioning of the body without negative consequences for him.
• Water. In order for the body to absorb nutrients, a sufficient amount of water is required. It is best if a person consumes at least two liters of water daily.

Do not neglect iodine. Metabolism largely depends on the work of the thyroid gland, but for many people this organ is problematic, up to surgery to remove it. Seafood contributes well to improving the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Folk remedies to speed up metabolism

If there is a suspicion of improper functioning of the metabolism, you should consult a doctor to determine the exact diagnosis and prescribe treatment. As a rule, the treatment is medical, but it must be combined with various physical procedures. You can also refer to the experience of traditional medicine, many natural remedies can be a good addition to medicines. This includes the following fees:

• A mixture of chamomile, hawthorn, St. John's wort and knotweed (water infusion).
• Separately - Ivan tea, horsetail, strawberry leaves and stems, plantain leaves, viburnum.
• Various combinations of medicinal herbs with dandelion.

Traditional medicine cannot be considered as a complete replacement for traditional medicine. All of these methods can only be considered as auxiliary, or as preventive.

Diet to improve metabolism

A huge number of special metabolic diets have been developed, most of which boil down to increasing the body's calorie expenditure by eating certain foods. It turns out that you can give up unnecessary restrictions on food, but still lose weight. The set of products usually offered is the following: fatty fish, hot peppers, seaweed, coffee, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, grain bread, fruits - mostly citrus fruits, animal proteins, green tea.

All of these products are used in various quantities and combinations throughout the week. The exact menu can be found by opening the description of a specific diet.

Vitamins in the normalization of metabolism

Special vitamin complexes are taken in small dosages. Vitamins are biologically active compounds, they are involved in many processes occurring in the body and ensure normal metabolism. The most common means:

• B6 and B12 are a good addition to metabolic diets.
• B4 - very important in diets with low content calories, helps clear cholesterol.
• B8 - keeps cholesterol levels, accelerates metabolic processes (especially in combination with B4).
• C - prevents excessive accumulation of glucose, contributes to the overall normalization of the body.
• A - improves the absorption of iodine, has a positive effect on the thyroid gland.
• D - is necessary for the intensive growth of muscle tissue.

Also, products such as folic acid and Omega-3 are well suited to normalize metabolism, maintain immunity and cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.

Biostimulants to enhance metabolism

Despite the "serious" name, biostimulants are the most common substances, many of which are found in the daily diet. These include linoleic acid(CLA), zinc, kahetin, selenium, capsaicin, caffeine. All of them are contained in products that can be bought at any store. It is only necessary to choose options that contain the maximum amount of biostimulants. In the case of caffeine, you should stop drinking coffee as a beverage while taking caffeine supplements.

Useful tips to speed up metabolism you will find in the following video:

Restore metabolism and restore health

In the long term, a metabolic disorder can lead to weight gain and a host of health problems. There are many ways not only to restore, but also to speed up metabolism, however, doctors do not recommend the second option - you should not do what nature did not originally intend. As for the restoration of metabolism to an optimal level, then this can and should be done - this is the best way to improve health and cleanse the body.

Ways and methods to restore metabolism: 7 recommendations

You can restore metabolism through proper nutrition The doctor will tell you how to restore metabolism after food intoxication, chronic illness or prolonged use of potent medications. Before prescribing a therapeutic course, you need to understand the reasons for the current situation. This can only be done by a doctor, after a comprehensive examination. Self-medication is prohibited, otherwise health problems will become chronic.

Chronic lipid metabolism disorders: signs and causes

Doctors urge society to give up bad habits, a sedentary lifestyle, self-medication and malnutrition. All this gradually disrupts the natural functioning of the body.

Metabolism is a complex process that includes many interrelated parameters. As soon as a violation occurs at the stage of obtaining vital nutrients, the whole system will begin to act up.

Unfortunately, not everyone can quickly notice the signs of an impending problem. This is due to the lack of specialized knowledge and the blurred nature of the clinical picture. Many cannot distinguish between a disturbed metabolism and a slight malaise.

The following symptoms will help you suspect something is wrong:

• Rapid weight gain for no apparent reason;
• Weakening of tooth enamel;
• Multiple inflammatory processes in the oral cavity;
• Changing the tone of the skin;
• prolonged constipation or diarrhea;
• Shortness of breath accompanies even minor physical exertion;
• Nails become brittle;
• There are always dark circles under the eyes.

In case of chronic disorders of lipid metabolism, it is recommended to contact a gastroenterologist so that he prescribes the correct treatment.

These clinical manifestations are not sufficient grounds for making a diagnosis. Symptoms are considered in the context of the causes that caused the violation of metabolic processes. In addition to the already listed risk factors, nutritionists distinguish poor ecology, constant stress and addiction to diets. The task of the patient is to tell as accurately as possible about his habits and lifestyle. In this case, it will be easier for the doctor to form a therapeutic course.

Diagnostic stage: restoration of metabolism in the body

Metabolic processes in the human body are disrupted or slowed down. The difference between the two states is fundamental. In the first case, in the human body there is no transformation of incoming food into vital necessary elements, and, in the second - everything happens very slowly, so it seems that the body is not working properly. The choice of therapeutic course depends on the severity of the pathology.

Patients should immediately understand that rehabilitation will not be quick. Do not use folk remedies that will do more harm than good. Short-term relief will appear, but the symptoms will return later with renewed vigor.

The correct course of action is as follows:

1. Balance the amount of incoming food. If you eat too much at one time, then the body will not be able to process everything. Excess energy that is not consumed will turn into body fat.
2. Carry out a test to determine the level of concentration in the body of enzymes. They can be called the basis of the exchange process. The more enzymes, the faster the conversion of food into nutrients.

The duration of the diagnostic course ranges from several days to 2 weeks. Much depends on the presence of related pathologies in the patient. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult a related specialist to clarify the diagnosis.

Fractional nutrition: how to restore disturbed metabolism in the body

A person must observe a diet - a pledge healthy life. It's about about the consumption of a certain amount of food over an equal time period. It is best to eat every 4-5 hours. The size of each portion should not exceed Due to the observance of the specified schedule, the gastrointestinal tract learns to produce digestive enzymes strictly on schedule.

Much attention is paid to breakfast - the starting point of the daily cycle of metabolic processes. The diet includes green tea or black coffee without sugar. Both drinks will act as a catalyst.

In addition, it will not be superfluous to pay attention to the following recommendations:

• Food, the calorie content of which ranges from 1200 to 1500, will help restore metabolism;
• If the metabolism needs to be not only improved, but also accelerated, then you need to bet on food, the calorie content of which is at least 2500;
• It is necessary to reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed;
• Restoration of lipid metabolism is possible with regular consumption of cereals and vegetables - foods that require a lot of energy to digest;
• The diet should be dominated by fats of vegetable origin.

Fractional nutrition involves eating food often, but not in large quantities.

The above tips should not be taken as a guide to action. Those who have a metabolic disorder should first talk to a doctor. Treatment is prescribed taking into account the age of the patient, his state of health and the results of the examination.

Proper metabolic recovery

An important role in the therapeutic process is played by herbal preparations. The duration of their intake and dosage is determined by the doctor.

Melissa, chicory, strawberries, pine nuts, mint, other herbs and berries are used as an additional remedy. They are used to increase the tone in the body and improve metabolic processes.

In addition to the gifts of nature, purely practical recommendations should also be used.

Regardless of how old the patient is, the following tips will not harm:

• Sleep at least 8 hours - the lack of proper rest depresses the whole body;
• Violation of the metabolic process occurs against the background of SARS, so you need to be vaccinated;
• Take a contrast shower in the morning;
• Attend a gym or exercise therapy courses;
• More often to be in the fresh air;
• A poor metabolism will help improve massage - regular procedures accelerate the circulation of lymph.

Ways to restore metabolism (video)

Improper nutrition, stress, bad habits, hereditary diseases - all this leads to disruption of metabolic processes. The longer the problem exists, the worse many organs and systems work. Only a doctor will help get rid of the pathology. First, the patient will undergo a course of examination and pass tests. The therapeutic course is determined on the basis of the results obtained.

Lipid metabolism disorders: symptoms and treatment

Violation of lipid metabolism - the main symptoms:

• Enlargement of the spleen
• Liver enlargement
• Hair loss
• skin inflammation
• Menstrual irregularity
• High blood pressure
• The appearance of nodules on the skin
• Weight gain
• Weight loss
• Bundle of nails
• Fat deposits in the corners of the eyes

A lipid metabolism disorder is a disorder in the process of production and breakdown of fats in the body, which occurs in the liver and adipose tissue. Anyone can have this disorder. The most common cause of the development of such a disease is a genetic predisposition and malnutrition. In addition, gastroenterological diseases play an important role in the formation.

Such a disorder has rather specific symptoms, namely an enlarged liver and spleen, rapid weight gain and the formation of xanthoma on the surface of the skin.

A correct diagnosis can be made on the basis of laboratory data that will show a change in the composition of the blood, as well as with the help of information obtained during an objective physical examination.

It is customary to treat such a metabolic disorder with the help of conservative methods, among which the main place is given to diet.

Etiology

Such a disease very often develops during the course of various pathological processes. Lipids are fats that are synthesized by the liver or enter the human body with food. Such a process performs a large number of important functions, and any failures in it can lead to the development of a fairly large number of ailments.

The causes of the violation can be both primary and secondary. The first category of predisposing factors lies in hereditary genetic sources, in which single or multiple anomalies of certain genes responsible for the production and utilization of lipids occur. Provocateurs of a secondary nature are caused by an irrational lifestyle and the occurrence of a number of pathologies.

Thus, the second group of reasons can be represented by:

• atherosclerosis, which can also occur against the background of aggravated heredity;

In addition, clinicians distinguish several groups of risk factors that are most susceptible to fat metabolism disorders. They should include:

• gender - in the vast majority of cases, such a pathology is diagnosed in males;
• age category - this should include women of postmenopausal age;
• the period of bearing a child;
• maintaining a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle;
• malnutrition;
• arterial hypertension;
• the presence of excess body weight;
• pathologies of the liver or kidneys previously diagnosed in a person;
• the course of Cushing's disease or endocrine ailments;
• hereditary factors.

Classification

In the medical field, there are several varieties of such a disease, the first of which divides it depending on the mechanism of development:

• primary or congenital disorders of lipid metabolism - this means that the pathology is not associated with the course of any disease, but is hereditary. The defective gene can be obtained from one parent, less often from two;
• secondary - lipid metabolism disorders often develop in endocrine diseases, as well as diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver or kidneys;
• alimentary - is formed due to the fact that a person eats a large amount of animal fats.

According to the level of which lipids are elevated, there are such forms of lipid metabolism disorders:

• pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia - characterized by an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood;
• mixed or combined hyperlipidemia - while during laboratory diagnostics, an increased content of both cholesterol and triglycerides is detected.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the rarest variety - hypocholesterolemia. Its development is promoted by damage to the liver.

Modern research methods have made it possible to distinguish the following types of the course of the disease:

• hereditary hyperchylomicronemia;
• congenital hypercholesterolemia;
• hereditary dys-beta-lipoproteinemia;
• combined hyperlipidemia;
• endogenous hyperlipidemia;
• hereditary hypertriglyceridemia.

Symptoms

Secondary and hereditary disorders of lipid metabolism lead to a large number of changes in the human body, which is why the disease has many both external and internal clinical signs, the presence of which can only be detected after laboratory diagnostic tests.

The disease has the following most pronounced symptoms:

• the formation of xanthoma and xanthelasma of any localization on the skin, as well as on the tendons. The first group of neoplasms is nodules containing cholesterol and affecting the skin of the feet and palms, back and chest, shoulders and face. The second category also consists of cholesterol, but has a yellow tint and occurs in other areas of the skin;
• increase in body mass index;
• hepatosplenomegaly is a condition in which the liver and spleen are enlarged in volume;
• the occurrence of manifestations characteristic of atherosclerosis, nephrosis and endocrine diseases;
• increase in blood pressure.

The above clinical signs of lipid metabolism disorders appear with an increase in lipid levels. In cases of their deficiency, symptoms can be presented:

• weight loss, up to the extreme degree of exhaustion;
• hair loss and stratification of the nail plates;
• the appearance of eczema and other inflammatory skin lesions;
• nephrosis;

All of the above symptoms should be attributed to both adults and children.

Diagnostics

To make a correct diagnosis, the clinician needs to familiarize himself with the data of a wide range of laboratory tests, however, before prescribing them, the doctor must perform several manipulations on his own without fail.

Thus, the primary diagnosis is aimed at:

• studying the history of the disease, and not only the patient, but also his closest relatives, because the pathology can be hereditary;
• collection of a person’s life history - this should include information regarding lifestyle and nutrition;
• performing a thorough physical examination - to assess the condition of the skin, palpation of the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, which will indicate hepatosplenomegaly, as well as to measure blood pressure;
• a detailed survey of the patient is necessary to establish the first time of onset and the severity of symptoms.

Laboratory diagnosis of impaired lipid metabolism includes:

• general clinical blood test;
• blood biochemistry;
• general analysis of urine;
• lipidogram - will indicate the content of triglycerides, "good" and "bad" cholesterol, as well as the coefficient of atherogenicity;
• immunological blood test;
• blood test for hormones;
• genetic research aimed at identifying defective genes.

Instrumental diagnostics in the form of CT and ultrasound, MRI and radiography is indicated in cases where the clinician suspects the development of complications.

Treatment

You can eliminate the violation of lipid metabolism with the help of conservative methods of therapy, namely:

• non-drug methods;
• taking medications;
• compliance with a sparing diet;
• using traditional medicine recipes.

Non-drug treatments include:

• normalization of body weight;
• performance of physical exercises - volumes and load regimen are selected individually for each patient;
• giving up bad habits.

The diet for such a metabolic disorder is based on the following rules:

• enrichment of the menu with vitamins and dietary fiber;
• minimizing the consumption of animal fats;
• the use of a large number of vegetables and fruits rich in fiber;
• replacing fatty meats with fatty fish;
• the use of rapeseed, linseed, walnut or hemp oil for dressing dishes.

Treatment with drugs is aimed at receiving:

• statins;
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors in the intestine - to prevent the absorption of such a substance;
• bile acid sequestrants are a group of medicines aimed at binding bile acids;
• polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 - to reduce triglyceride levels.

In addition, therapy with folk remedies is allowed, but only after prior consultation with the clinician. The most effective are decoctions prepared on the basis of:

• plantain and horsetail;
• chamomile and knotweed;
• hawthorn and St. John's wort;
• birch buds and immortelle;
• viburnum and strawberry leaves;
• Ivan-tea and yarrow;
• dandelion roots and leaves.

If necessary, extracorporeal therapy methods are used, which consist in changing the composition of the blood outside the patient's body. For this, special devices are used. Such treatment is allowed for women in position and children whose weight exceeds twenty kilograms. Most often used:

• immunosorption of lipoproteins;
• cascade plasma filtration;
• plasma sorption;
• hemosorption.

Possible Complications

Violation of lipid metabolism in metabolic syndrome can lead to the following consequences:

• atherosclerosis, which can affect the vessels of the heart and brain, arteries of the intestines and kidneys, lower extremities and aorta;
• stenosis of the lumen of the vessels;
• the formation of blood clots and emboli;
• vessel rupture.

Prevention and prognosis

To reduce the likelihood of developing a violation of fat metabolism, there are no specific preventive measures, which is why people are advised to adhere to general recommendations:

• maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle;
• preventing the development of obesity;
• Proper and well-balanced nutrition - it is best to follow a diet low in animal fats and salt. Food should be enriched with fiber and vitamins;
• exclusion of emotional stress;
• timely fight against arterial hypertension and other ailments that lead to secondary metabolic disorders;
• regular full examination in a medical institution.

The prognosis will be individual for each patient, since it depends on several factors - the level of lipids in the blood, the rate of development of atherosclerotic processes, the localization of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the outcome is often favorable, and complications develop quite rarely.

If you think that you have a lipid metabolism disorder and symptoms characteristic of this disease, then doctors can help you: a general practitioner, an endocrinologist, a gastroenterologist.

We also suggest using our online disease diagnostic service, which, based on the symptoms entered, selects probable diseases.

Lipid metabolism: symptoms of disorders and methods of treatment

Lipid metabolism - fat metabolism that takes place in the organs of the digestive tract with the participation of enzymes produced by the pancreas. If this process is disturbed, the symptoms can vary depending on the nature of the failure - an increase or decrease in lipid levels. With this dysfunction, the number of lipoproteins is examined, since they can identify the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Treatment is established strictly by the doctor based on the results obtained.

When ingested with food, fats undergo primary processing in the stomach. However, in this environment, complete splitting does not occur, since it has a high acidity, but there are no bile acids.

Scheme of lipid metabolism

When it enters the duodenum, which contains bile acids, lipids undergo emulsification. This process can be characterized as partial mixing with water. Since the environment in the intestine is slightly alkaline, the acidic contents of the stomach are loosened under the influence of the released gas bubbles, which are the product of the neutralization reaction.

The pancreas synthesizes a specific enzyme called lipase. It is he who acts on the molecules of fats, splitting them into two components: fatty acids and glycerol. Usually fats are transformed into polyglycerides and monoglycerides.

Subsequently, these substances enter the epithelium of the intestinal wall, where the biosynthesis of lipids necessary for the human body occurs. Then they combine with proteins, forming chylomicrons (a class of lipoproteins), after which, together with the flow of lymph and blood, they spread throughout the body.

In the tissues of the body, the reverse process of obtaining fats from blood chylomicrons occurs. The most active biosynthesis is carried out in the fatty layer and the liver.

If the presented lipid metabolism is disturbed in the human body, then various diseases with characteristic external and internal signs become the result. It is possible to identify the problem only after conducting laboratory tests.

Impaired fat metabolism can manifest itself with such symptoms of elevated lipid levels:

• the appearance of fatty deposits in the corners of the eyes;
• an increase in the volume of the liver and spleen;
• increase in body mass index;
• manifestations characteristic of nephrosis, atherosclerosis, endocrine diseases;
• increased vascular tone;
• the formation of xanthoma and xanthelasma of any localization on the skin and tendons. The former are nodular neoplasms containing cholesterol. They affect the palms, feet, chest, face and shoulders. The second group is also cholesterol neoplasms that have a yellow tint and occur on other areas of the skin.

With a low lipid level, the following symptoms appear:

• weight loss;
• delamination of the nail plates;
• hair loss;
• nephrosis;
• violation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions in women.

Cholesterol moves in the blood along with proteins. There are several types of lipid complexes:

1. 1. Low density lipoproteins (LDL). They are the most harmful fraction of lipids in the blood, high ability formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
2. 2. High density lipoproteins (HDL). They have the opposite effect, preventing the formation of deposits. They transport free cholesterol to the liver cells, where it is subsequently processed.
3. 3. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). They are the same harmful atherogenic compounds as LDL.
4. 4. Triglycerides. They are fatty compounds that are a source of energy for cells. With their redundancy in the blood, the vessels are predisposed to atherosclerosis.

Assessment of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by cholesterol level is not effective if a person has a lipid metabolism disorder. With the predominance of atherogenic fractions over conditional harmless (HDL), even with normal cholesterol levels, the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis is seriously increased. Therefore, in case of impaired fat metabolism, a lipid profile should be performed, that is, a biochemistry (analysis) of blood for the amount of lipids should be performed.

Violation of lipid metabolism treatment with folk remedies

The regulation of lipid metabolism has a huge impact on the functioning and vital activity of the entire human body. Therefore, in the case when lipid metabolism indicators are abnormal, timely treatment is required.

Unfortunately, most of the most common diseases provoke a violation of lipid metabolism. To detect such failures in the body, the main indicators of lipid metabolism should be taken into account.

In the event that the lipid metabolism of the body is disturbed, a person needs to clearly understand all the dangers and complications that this ailment can entail. It is also necessary to know exactly the causes of its occurrence and the main symptoms of the manifestation of such a disease. If we talk about the most pronounced factors that provoke the appearance of failures in the work of lipids, then they include:

irrational nutrition, consisting of foods containing an excessive amount of "harmful" calories and fats; sedentary lifestyle; signs of aging; nephrological and uremic diseases; complications during pregnancy; diabetes; hereditary predisposition to destabilize such an exchange; pancreatitis and hepatitis.

The primary symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders include various manifestations and changes on the skin throughout the human body. However, confirmation of a correct and verified diagnosis requires a mandatory medical examination and a number of necessary procedures. The initial step to provide a tentative assessment of the state of lipid metabolism is to determine the level of concentration in the blood of both triglycerides and cholesterol.

Knowing that the imbalance of fats in the human body and violations of the process of their absorption leads to very serious dangerous diseases: atherosclerosis, heart attack, destruction of the hormonal background with the ensuing consequences. From a scientific point of view, the course of treatment of such a disease is multifaceted and complex. So, according to the profiling doctors, the main secret of effective deliverance from this disease is during the preventive program.

The basis of the most important measures to maintain the stability of lipid metabolism is the "restructuring" of one's own lifestyle to new principles of life. The initial stage to establish a stable lipid metabolism in the human body is to change the daily diet. In this case, it is necessary to replace fatty meats, carbonated drinks, excessive sweets, smoked hot spices with more dietary ones. meat dishes, a variety of fruits and vegetables, natural juices and fruit drinks, and of course the use of mineral and purified water.

Giving up such bad habits as smoking, alcoholism and taking various narcotic and psychotropic drugs will also allow you to forget about such a problem. terrible problem health. It is possible to achieve favorable results from a preventive program by exercising daily physical activity, even in low intensity (circular rotation of the head, rhythmic foot movements, warm-up for the eyes, as well as tension in the gluteal and calf muscles).

Since modern life is very full of fuss, disturbing events, moral exhaustion, every inhabitant of the planet should strive to restore spiritual balance with the help of daily minutes of relaxation and meditation. According to experts, it is the regulation of lipid metabolism that is constantly and completely dependent on the normal functioning of all cells of the human nervous system. Unfortunately, taking the wrong medications also has a negative effect on lipid metabolism and the absorption of fats in the body.

In this regard, attempts at self-treatment should be excluded. It should not be denied that at some stages of lipid metabolism disorders, preventive measures can be helpless, in such cases, immediate intervention of doctors is required. Professional options for eliminating lipid metabolism disorders include:

taking hypocholesterolemic drugs; the use of statins: pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and others; the use of biologically active additives and nicotinic acid.

However, indications for the use of the above drugs are possible and effective in combination with strict diet therapy. Unfortunately, in critical situations, drug treatment may be insufficient, then such methods of therapy as apheresis and plasmapheresis, as well as bypass surgery are used. small intestine.

To date, the most popular various ways cures with traditional medicine. Based on the confirmed results of numerous laboratory studies, it has been determined that cholesterol levels increase due to destabilization of the water balance in the human body. In this regard, people with this disease are recommended to drink a glass of purified water before each meal.

In addition, among people who have experienced such disruptions in the body, the use of various herbal infusions and decoctions is welcome. However, it is worth remembering that such a course of self-treatment is not welcomed by representatives of the medical industry, it also takes a very long time and can harm the body. Analyzing the above, it can be noted that only a timely and comprehensive approach to the appearance of lipid metabolism disorders will allow avoiding a number of complications and other irreversible processes in the human body.

Thus, lipid metabolism, its treatment in particular, requires timeliness and a professional approach. In turn, the stable regulation of lipid metabolism requires the implementation of certain preventive methods.

Metabolism (metabolism) - the totality of all chemical compounds and types of transformations of substances and energy in the body, which ensure its development and vital activity, adaptation to changes in external conditions.

But sometimes the metabolism can be disturbed. What is the reason for such a failure? How to treat it?

What are the symptoms and treatment of metabolic disorders with folk remedies?

What is metabolism? Causes, symptoms

For a healthy existence, the body needs energy. It is derived from proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Metabolism is the process of processing the breakdown of these constituents. It includes:

Assimilation (anabolism). There is a synthesis of organic substances (accumulation of energy). Dissimilation (catabolism). Organic matter breaks down and energy is released.

The balance of these two components is an ideal metabolism. If the process of assimilation and dissimilation is disturbed, the metabolic chain is upset.

With the predominance of dissimilation in the body, a person loses weight, if assimilation - gains weight.

These processes in the body proceed depending on the number of calories consumed per day, calories burned, as well as genetics. It is difficult to influence genetic characteristics, but it is much easier to review your diet and adjust its calorie content.

genetic predisposition; toxic substances in the body; irregular diet, overeating, the predominance of high-calorie foods of the same type; stress; sedentary lifestyle; load on the body with periodic strict diets and breakdowns after them.

Overeating is a discrepancy between energy expenditure and the number of calories consumed per day. If a person has a sedentary lifestyle, and he regularly eats buns and chocolates, he will have to change his clothing size very soon.

Nervous disorders can lead to “jamming” of the problem (especially often in women), which will lead to an imbalance in the processes of assimilation and dissimilation.

Lack of protein or deficiency of carbohydrates will also lead to metabolic disorders. Especially with low fluid intake.

Symptoms

Metabolic disorders can be identified by the following signals:

the complexion changes, it becomes unhealthy; the condition of the hair worsens, they become brittle, dry, fall out strongly; weight goes up too fast; weight loss for no reason and changes in diet; thermoregulation of the body changes; insomnia, disturbed sleep; rashes, redness appear on the skin, the skin becomes swollen; there are pains in the joints and muscles.

Complications

If a woman or a man has noticed symptoms of a metabolic failure, they make independent attempts to cleanse the body.

It is unacceptable. Here you need to consult a doctor. Such violations affect the processes associated with fat metabolism.

The liver is not able to cope with large amounts of fat, and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol begin to accumulate in the body, which can settle on the walls of blood vessels and cause various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

For this reason, you must first consult a doctor.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders:

Protein metabolism is disturbed. Protein starvation provokes kwashiorkor (unbalanced deficiency), alimentary dystrophy (balanced deficiency), intestinal diseases. If the protein enters the body in excess, the work of the liver and kidneys will be disrupted, neurosis and overexcitation will occur, urolithiasis and gout will develop. Fat metabolism is disturbed. Excess fat causes obesity. If there is not enough fat in the diet, growth will slow down, weight loss will occur, the skin will become dry due to a deficiency of vitamins A, E, cholesterol levels will rise, bleeding will appear. The carbohydrate exchange is broken. Often, against the background of such a pathology, diabetes mellitus appears, which occurs when there is a lack of insulin during a period of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Violated vitamin metabolism. An excess of vitamins (hypervitaminosis) has a toxic effect on the body, and their deficiency (hypovitaminosis) leads to diseases of the digestive tract, chronic fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, loss of appetite. Mineral metabolism is disturbed. Deficiency of minerals leads to a number of pathologies: lack of iodine provokes thyroid diseases, fluorine - the development of caries, calcium - muscle weakness and deterioration of bones, potassium - arrhythmia, iron - anemia. With an excess of potassium, nephritis can appear, with an excess of iron - kidney disease, and excessive salt intake leads to a deterioration in the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. Gierke's disease. Glycogen accumulates in excess in body tissues. It is characterized by a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. It is necessary for the breakdown of glycogen, which, on the contrary, accumulates. This congenital disease is often found in infancy and presents with stunting, protrusion of the abdomen due to the large size of the liver, and low blood sugar. Diet is the only way. It is recommended to add glucose to the diet. With age, the condition of the child will gradually improve. Gout and gouty arthritis. These are chronic diseases that cause disturbances in the metabolism of endogenous uric acid. Its salts are deposited in cartilage, especially articular, in the kidneys, causing inflammation and swelling. The diet prevents the accumulation of salts. Endocrine functions are disturbed. Hormones control many metabolic processes. Dysfunction of the endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria. Genetic mental retardation, which is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It converts the amino acids phenylalanine to tyrosine. If phenylalanine accumulates, it will have a toxic effect on brain tissue. Occurs in newborns with a frequency of 1 sick child per. Gender does not matter, but the pathology is most common among Europeans. Outwardly, newborns are healthy, but mental retardation will manifest itself by 3-4 months. Children will develop well physically and further, but not psychologically. Early diagnosis is extremely important. The disease can be detected even on the first day of life according to the results of a blood or urine test. Treat her with a diet. All common protein foods contain phenylalanine. For this reason, you need to eat synthetic foods that are devoid of this amino acid.

How to treat metabolic disorders in the body at home?

Treatment

Therapy of any pathology begins with the elimination of the causes that caused it. It is necessary to adjust the daily diet and diet, reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed.

Patients regulate the mode of rest and wakefulness, try to avoid stress or respond calmly to them. Many begin to play sports, which will help increase the energy consumption of the body and give it vigor.

These measures will help eliminate metabolic disorders, if they are not complicated by genetics or other factors.

If the problem has gone too far, without medical care man is indispensable. If pathological changes in the organs have already appeared, the patient should undergo a course of treatment.

This can be hormone therapy for hormonal imbalances, thyroid medications for thyroid problems, or insulin for diabetes.

In case of serious pathologies of the thyroid gland or pituitary adenoma, surgical intervention is performed.

What to do in case of metabolic disorders?

Healing Fitness

Muscular activity has a significant impact on metabolism. Exercise therapy for metabolic disorders:

increases the energy costs of the body; enhances metabolism; restores motor-visceral reflexes that regulate metabolism; tones the central nervous system; increases the activity of endocrine glands.

Exercise therapy is prescribed individually for each patient, taking into account the reasons that caused the metabolic disorder. First, the patient must adapt to moderately increasing physical activity. Gymnastic exercises, dosed walking and self-massage are prescribed.

Then the classes additionally include daily walks, the length of which is gradually increased to 10 km, hiking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, and other exercises.

Exercise therapy is very effective for obesity. Physiotherapy with such a pathology should last at least an hour.

They use movements with a large amplitude, wide swings of the limbs, circular movements in large joints, exercises with moderate weights. Tilts, turns, rotations are useful.

Such exercises increase the mobility of the spinal column. Need exercises that will strengthen the abdominal muscles. Dumbbells, stuffed and inflatable balls, expanders, gymnastic sticks should be used.

Slow running as the main form of exercise is switched over after the patient has adapted to long walks. We alternate running with walking, after a segment of the run the house increases.

After 3 months, they switch to a long continuous run, the time is adjusted to dominut per day, and the speed is up to 5-7 km / h.

Massage

Massage for metabolic disorders is effective for obesity, diabetes, gout. Massage reduces fat deposits in certain areas of the body and stimulates lymph and blood circulation.

Massage should be done in the morning after breakfast or before lunch. Percussion techniques with weakened abdominal muscles cannot be carried out. If the patient's condition worsens during the session, the procedure is stopped. The intensity of the massage is increased gradually. General massage is carried out 1-2 times a week. Patients need passive rest before and after the procedure, remember. The effect increases when performing a massage in a bath or steam room. But first you need to consult a doctor. The effect of the procedure is enhanced after a long diet.

With advanced obesity, when the patient cannot lie on his stomach and suffers from shortness of breath, he lies on his back. A roller is placed under his head and knees.

First, massage the lower extremities. Then stroking, rubbing, vibrations are used, which alternate with kneading, clasping stroking the surface of the lower extremities, the direction from the foot to the pelvis.

How to lose weight and improve metabolism through nutrition?

Food

A diet in case of metabolic disorders is able to restore the balance between assimilation and dissimilation. Basic Rules:

Food is eaten frequently. The interval between doses is 2-3 hours. If the intervals are longer, the body will store fat. Only light food normalizes metabolism. Salads, vegetable soup, yogurt, fish, vegetables - easily digestible foods. Dinner should be light. After that, you should take a walk. Fish is an indispensable product in the diet. Contains omega-3 fatty acids. They help produce enzymes that help break down fats and prevent their deposits. Tea, coffee or spicy foods do not affect the metabolic rate. The norm of pure water consumption is two and a half liters per day. Drink it should be half an hour before meals and one hour after.

What food should be excluded from the diet in case of a disease associated with metabolic disorders?

products made from wheat flour of the highest and first grade, rich and puff pastry; dairy, potato, cereal, bean soups, soups with pasta; fatty meat, goose, duck, ham, sausages, boiled and smoked sausages, canned food; fatty cottage cheese, sweet curds, cream, sweet yogurt, fermented baked milk, baked milk, fatty cheeses; scrambled eggs rice, semolina, oatmeal; sauces, mayonnaise, spices; grapes, raisins, bananas, figs, dates, other very sweet fruits; sugar and foods with a lot of sugar in the composition; jam, honey, ice cream, jelly; sweet juices, cocoa; meat and cooking fats.

Refusal of these products will also be a good prevention for many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The daily caloric intake of consumed products is 1700-1800 kcal.

Recommendations for avoiding foods in diabetes are generally the same. But the daily calorie content can be increased to 2500 kcal. Let's say bread and other flour products, milk and low-fat dairy products, moderately spicy sauces.

A person should not consume a lot of fat.

It needs only omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in vegetable oils of walnuts, flaxseed, rapeseed, marine fish oils.

Olive oil is an optimal product that has a neutral effect on metabolism.

You should limit the use of oils from the omega-6 group (corn, sunflower), solid saturated fats. This diet should be followed for many years.

Folk remedies

The following recipes will help to cope with impaired metabolism:

Two teaspoons of walnut leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for an hour. Filter, take half a glass 4 times a day before meals. 100 g of immortelle, St. John's wort, birch buds, chamomile flowers are crushed, put in a glass jar, tightly closed, pour a tablespoon of the mixture with 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter through gauze, squeeze a little. Drink before bed. In the morning, the remaining infusion is drunk on an empty stomach with a teaspoon of honey. Take a course every 5 years. 350 g of garlic rubbed on a grater. 200 g of mass (taken from below, where there is more juice) is poured into 200 ml of alcohol, put in a dark, cool place. After 10 days, filter and squeeze. They drink the tincture after three days according to the scheme: increase the dose every day from two drops to 25, the duration of the course is 11 days. A part of verbena, 2 parts of a string, black elder flowers, walnut leaves, burdock leaves and root, hop cones, birch leaves, strawberry leaves, yasnitka grass, licorice root pour 200 ml of boiling water, insist. Drink in the intervals between meals and at night, a glass a day.

The use of all the above means should be agreed with the doctor.

Constant turmoil, dry food, passion for semi-finished products are a characteristic feature of modern society. As a rule, an unhealthy lifestyle leads to weight gain. In such cases, doctors often state that a person has impaired lipid metabolism. Of course, many people do not have such specific knowledge and have no idea what is the exchange, or lipid metabolism.

What are lipids?

Meanwhile, lipids are present in every living cell. These biological molecules, which are organic substances, are united by a common physical property– insolubility in water (hydrophobicity). Lipids are made up of various chemicals, but most of them are fats. The human body is so wisely arranged that to synthesize most fat he is capable of on his own. But essential fatty acids (for example, linoleic acid) must be supplied to the body from the outside with food. Lipid metabolism occurs at the cellular level. This is a rather complex physiological and biochemical process, consisting of several stages. First, lipids are broken down, then absorbed, after which intermediate and final metabolism occurs.

Split

In order for the body to absorb lipids, they must first be broken down. First, food that contains lipids enters the oral cavity. There it is wetted with saliva, mixed, crushed and forms a food mass. This mass enters the esophagus, and from there to the stomach, where it is saturated with gastric juice. In turn, the pancreas produces lipase, a lipolytic enzyme that is able to break down emulsified fats (that is, fats mixed with a liquid medium). Then the semi-liquid food mass enters the duodenum, then the ileum and jejunum, where the splitting process ends. Thus, pancreatic juice, bile and gastric juice are involved in the breakdown of lipids.

Suction

After splitting, the process of lipid absorption begins, which is mainly carried out in the upper part of the small intestine and the lower part of the duodenum. Lipolytic enzymes are absent in the large intestine. The products formed after lipid breakdown are glycerophosphates, glycerol, higher fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, cholesterol, nitrogenous compounds, phosphoric acid, higher alcohols and fine fat particles. All these substances are absorbed by the epithelium of the intestinal villi.

Intermediate and final exchange

Intermediate metabolism is a combination of several very complex biochemical processes, among which it is worth highlighting the conversion of triglycerides into higher fatty acids and glycerol. The final stage of the intermediate exchange is the metabolism of glycerol, the oxidation of fatty acids and the biological synthesis of other lipids.

On the last step metabolism, each group of lipids has its own specifics, but the main products of the final metabolism are water and carbon dioxide. Water leaves the body naturally, through sweat and urine, and carbon dioxide leaves the body through the lungs when air is exhaled. This completes the process of lipid metabolism.

lipid metabolism disorder

Any disorder in the process of absorption of fats indicates a violation of lipid metabolism. This may be due to insufficient intake of pancreatic lipase or bile into the intestine, as well as hypovitaminosis, obesity, atherosclerosis, various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other pathological conditions. When the tissue of the epithelium of the villi is damaged in the intestine, fatty acids are no longer fully absorbed. As a result, a large amount of unsplit fat accumulates in the feces. Feces acquire a characteristic whitish-gray color.

Of course, with the help of diet and cholesterol-lowering drugs, it is possible to correct and improve the process of lipid metabolism. You will need to regularly monitor the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. However, it should be remembered that a small amount of fat is enough for the human body. To avoid lipid metabolism disorders, you should reduce the consumption of meat, butter, offal and give preference to fish and seafood. Lead an active lifestyle, move more, adjust your weight. Be healthy!

Lipid metabolism is the metabolism of fats in the human body, which is a complex physiological process, as well as a chain of biochemical reactions that occur in the cells of the whole organism.

In order for cholesterol and triglyceride molecules to move through the bloodstream, they stick to protein molecules, which are transporters in the bloodstream.

With the help of neutral lipids, bile acids and steroid-type hormones are synthesized, and neutral lipid molecules energize each cell of the membrane.

By binding to proteins of low molecular density, lipids are deposited on the vascular membranes in the form of a lipid spot, followed by the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque from it.

Composition of lipoproteins

Lipoprotein (lipoprotein) consists of a molecule:

• Esterified form of cholesterol;
• Non-esterified form of cholesterol;
• triglyceride molecules;
• Protein and phospholipid molecules.

Components of proteins (proteids) in the composition of lipoprotein molecules:

• Apoliprotein (apoliprotein);
• Apoprotein (apoprotein).

The whole process of fat metabolism is divided into two types of metabolic processes:

• Endogenous fat metabolism;
• exogenous lipid metabolism.

If lipid metabolism occurs with cholesterol molecules that enter the body with food, then this is an exogenous metabolic pathway. If the source of lipids is their synthesis by liver cells, then this is an endogenous metabolic pathway.

There are several fractions of lipoproteins, of which each fraction performs certain functions:

• Chylomicron molecules (XM);
• Very low molecular density lipoproteins (VLDL);
• Low molecular density lipoproteins (LDL);
• Medium molecular density lipoproteins (LPSP);
• High molecular density lipoproteins (HDL);
• Triglyceride (TG) molecules.

The metabolic process between lipoprotein fractions is interconnected.

Cholesterol and triglyceride molecules are essential:

• For the functioning of the hemostasis system;
• To form the membranes of all cells in the body;
• For the production of hormones by endocrine organs;
• For the production of bile acids.

Functions of lipoprotein molecules

The structure of the lipoprotein molecule consists of a core, which includes:

• Esterified cholesterol molecules;
• Triglyceride molecules;
• Phospholipids that cover the nucleus in 2 layers;
• apolyprotein molecules.

The lipoprotein molecule differs from each other in terms of the percentage of all components.

Lipoproteins differ from the presence of components in the molecule:

• To size;
• By density;
• By its properties.

Indicators of fat metabolism and lipid fractions in blood plasma:

lipoprotein	cholesterol content	apoliprotein molecules	molecular density unit of measure is grams per milliliter	molecular diameter
chylomicron (XM)	TG	A-l;	less than 1,950	800,0 - 5000,0
		A-l1;
		A-IV;
		B48;
		C-l;
		· C-l1;
		C-IIL.
residual chylomicron molecule (XM)	TG + ether cholesterol	B48;	less than 1.0060	more than 500.0
		E.
VLDL	TG	C-l;	less than 1.0060	300,0 - 800,0
		· C-l1;
		C-IIL;
		B-100;
		E.
LPSP	cholesterol ester + TG	C-l;	from 1.0060 to 1.0190	250,0 - 3500,0
		· C-l1;
		C-IIL;
		B-100;
		E
LDL	TG and ether CS	B-100	from 1.0190 to 1.0630	180,0 - 280,0
HDL	TG + cholesterol ester	A-l;	from 1.0630 to 1.210	50,0 - 120,0
		A-l1;
		A-IV;
		C-l;
		· C-l1;
		C-111.

Lipid metabolism disorder

Violations in the metabolism of lipoproteins are a violation of the process of synthesizing and splitting fats in the human body. These deviations in lipid metabolism can occur in any person.

Most often, the cause may be the body's genetic predisposition to the accumulation of lipids, as well as malnutrition with a high intake of cholesterol-containing fatty foods.

An important role is played by pathologies of the endocrine system and pathologies of the digestive tract and intestines.

Causes of disorders in lipid metabolism

This pathology quite often develops as a consequence of pathological disorders in the body systems, but there is a hereditary etiology of cholesterol accumulation in the body:

• Hereditary genetic chylomicronemia;
• Congenital genetic hypercholesterolemia;
• Hereditary genetic dis-beta-lipoproteinemia;
• Combined type hyperlipidemia;
• Hyperlipidemia of an endogenous nature;
• Hereditary genetic hypertriglycerinemia.

Also, violations in lipid metabolism can be:

• primary etiology, which is represented by hereditary congenital hypercholesterolemia, due to a defective gene in a child. A child can receive an abnormal gene from one parent (homozygous pathology), or from both parents (heterozygous hyperlipidemia);
• Secondary etiology of disorders in fat metabolism, caused by disturbances in the endocrine system, improper functioning of liver and kidney cells;
• Alimentary reasons for the discrepancy between the balance between cholesterol fractions, comes from malnutrition for patients, when the menu is dominated by cholesterol-containing products of animal origin.

Improper nutrition

Secondary causes of disorders in lipid metabolism

Secondary hypercholesterolemia develops on the basis of existing pathologies in the patient's body:

• Systemic atherosclerosis. This pathology can develop on the basis of primary hypercholesterolemia, as well as from malnutrition, with a predominance of animal fats;
• Bad habits - nicotine and alcohol addiction. Chronic use affects the functionality of liver cells, which synthesize 50.0% of the total cholesterol in the body, and chronic nicotine addiction leads to weakening of the arterial membranes, on which cholesterol plaques can be deposited;
• Lipid metabolism is also disturbed in diabetes mellitus;
• In the chronic stage of insufficiency of liver cells;
• With pathology of the pancreas - pancreatitis;
• With hyperthyroidism;
• Diseases associated with impaired functionality of the endocrine organs;
• With the development of Whipple's syndrome in the body;
• With radiation sickness, and malignant oncological neoplasms in the organs;
• The development of a biliary type of cirrhosis of liver cells in stage 1;
• Deviations in the functionality of the thyroid gland;
• Pathology hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism;
• The use of many medications as self-medication, which leads not only to lipid metabolism disorders, but can also trigger irreparable processes in the body.

Factors provocateurs of disorders in lipid metabolism

Risk factors for disorders in fat metabolism include:

• The gender of a person. Men are more susceptible to lipid metabolism disorders. The female body is protected from the accumulation of lipids by sex hormones during the reproductive years. With the onset of menopause, women are also prone to hyperlipidemia and the development of systemic atherosclerosis and pathologies of the heart organ;
• Patient's age. Men - after 40 - 45 years, women after 50 years at the time of development of menopausal syndrome and menopause;
• Pregnancy in a woman, an increase in the cholesterol index is due to natural biological processes in the female body;
• Hypodynamia;
• Improper nutrition, in which the maximum amount of cholesterol-containing foods in the menu;
• High BP index - hypertension;
• Overweight - obesity;
• Cushing's pathology;
• Heredity.

Medications that lead to pathological changes in lipid metabolism

Many medications provoke the occurrence of dyslipidemia pathology. The development of this pathology can be aggravated by a self-treatment technique, when the patient does not know the exact effect of drugs on the body and the interaction of drugs with each other.

Improper use and dosage lead to an increase in blood cholesterol molecules.

Table of drugs that affect the concentration of lipoproteins in the blood plasma:

drug name or pharmacological group of drugs	increase in LDL index	increased triglyceride index	decrease in HDL index
thiazide-type diuretics	+
drug Cyclosporine	+
medicine Amiodarone	+
The drug Rosiglitazone	+
bile sequestrants		+
proteinase inhibitor group of drugs		+
medicines retinoids		+
group of glucocorticoids		+
a group of anabolic steroid drugs		+
drug Sirolimus		+
beta blockers		+	+
progestin group			+
androgen group			+

When using hormone replacement therapy, the hormone estrogen and the hormone progesterone, which, as part of medications, reduce HDL molecules in the blood.

And also reduce high-molecular cholesterol in the blood, oral contraceptives.

Other drugs during long-term therapy lead to changes in lipid metabolism, and can also disrupt the functionality of liver cells.

Signs of changes in lipid metabolism

Symptoms of the development of hypercholesterolemia of primary etiology (genetic) and secondary etiology (acquired) cause a large number of changes in the patient's body.

Many symptoms can only be detected through a diagnostic study with instrumental and laboratory methods, but there are also such manifestation symptoms that can be detected visually and when using the palpation method:

• Xanthomas are formed on the patient's body;
• The formation of xanthelasma on the eyelids and on the skin;
• Xanthomas on tendons and joints;
• The appearance of cholesterol deposits in the corners of the eye incisions;
• Increases body weight;
• There is an increase in the spleen, as well as the hepatic organ;
• Obvious signs of the development of nephrosis are diagnosed;
• Generalized symptoms of pathology of the endocrine system are formed.

This symptomatology indicates a violation of lipid metabolism and an increase in the cholesterol index in the blood.

With a change in lipid metabolism towards a decrease in lipids in the blood plasma, such symptoms are expressed:

• The weight and volume of the body decreases, which can lead to complete exhaustion of the body - anorexia;
• hair loss from the head;
• Stratification and fragility of nails;
• Eczema and sores on the skin;
• Inflammatory processes on the skin;
• Dry skin and exfoliation of the epidermis;
• Pathology of nephrosis;
• Violation of the menstrual cycle in women;
• female infertility.

Symptoms of changes in lipid metabolism are the same in children's body and in the adult body.

In children, outward signs of an increase in the index of cholesterol in the blood, or a decrease in the concentration of lipids, are more often manifested, and in an adult organism external signs appear as the pathology progresses.

Diagnostics

To establish the correct diagnosis, the doctor must examine the patient, and also refer the patient to a laboratory diagnosis of blood composition. Only in the aggregate of all the results of the study, it is possible to make an accurate diagnosis of changes in lipid metabolism.

The primary method of diagnosis is carried out by the doctor at the first appointment of the patient:

• Visual examination of the patient;
• The study of the pathology of not only the patient himself, but also genetic relatives in order to identify family hereditary hypercholesterolemia;
• Collection of anamnesis. Particular attention is paid to the patient's nutrition, as well as lifestyle and addictions;
• The use of the method of palpation of the anterior wall of the peritoneum, which will help to identify the pathology of hepatosplenomegaly;
• The doctor measures the blood pressure index;
• A complete questioning of the patient about the onset of the development of pathology in order to be able to establish the onset of changes in lipid metabolism.

Laboratory diagnosis of disorders in lipid metabolism is carried out according to the following method:

• General analysis of blood composition;
• Biochemistry of plasma blood composition;
• General urine analysis;
• Laboratory study of blood by lipid spectrum metol - lipograms;
• Immunological analysis of blood composition;
• Blood to identify the index of hormones in the body;
• Investigation of genetic detection of defective and abnormal genes.

Instrumental diagnostic methods for disorders of fat metabolism:

• Ultrasound (ultrasound examination) of liver and kidney cells;
• CT (computed tomography) of internal organs that are involved in lipid metabolism;
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the internal organs and the blood flow system.

How to restore and improve cholesterol metabolism?

Correction of violations of fat metabolism begins with a revision of lifestyle and nutrition.

First of all, after making a diagnosis, you must immediately:

• Give up existing bad habits;
• Increase activity, you can start cycling, or go to exercise in the pool. A 20 - 30 minute session on a stationary bike will do, but a bike ride in the fresh air is preferable;
• Constant control of body weight and the fight against obesity;
• Diet food.

A diet in violation of liposynthesis is capable of:

• Restore lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the patient;
• Improve the functioning of the heart;
• Restore blood microcirculation in the cerebral vessels;
• Normalization of the metabolism of the whole organism;
• Reduce the level of bad cholesterol up to 20.0%;
• Prevent the formation of cholesterol plaques in the main arteries.

Restoring lipid metabolism through nutrition

Dietary nutrition in violation of the metabolism of lipids and lipid-like compounds in the blood is initially the prevention of the development of atherosclerosis and diseases of the heart organ.

The diet not only acts as an independent part of non-drug therapy, but also as a component of a complex of drug treatment with drugs.

The principle of proper nutrition to normalize fat metabolism:

• Limit the use of cholesterol-containing foods. Exclude from the diet foods containing animal fat - red meats, fatty dairy products, eggs;
• Meals in small portions, but not less than 5-6 times a day;
• Introduce fiber-rich foods into your daily diet - fresh fruits and berries, fresh and boiled and stewed vegetables, as well as cereals and legumes. Fresh vegetables and fruits will fill the body with a whole complex of vitamins;
• Eat sea fish up to 4 times a week;
• Use daily in cooking vegetable oils which contain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids - olive, sesame and linseed oil;
• Use only low-fat varieties of meat, and cook and eat poultry without skins;
• Dairy products should be 0% fat;
• Enter in daily menu nuts and seeds;
• Strengthened drinking. Drink at least 2000.0 milliliters of pure water per day.

Drink at least 2 liters of clean water

Correction of impaired lipid metabolism with the help of medications gives the best result in normalizing the index of total cholesterol in the blood, as well as restoring the balance of lipoprotein fractions.

Used drugs to restore the metabolism of lipoproteins:

group of drugs	LDL molecules	triglyceride molecules	HDL molecules	therapeutic effect
statin group	decrease 20.0% - 55.0%	decrease 15.0% - 35.0%	increase 3.0% - 15.0%	shows a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction.
fibrate group	decrease 5.0% - 20.0%	reduction 20.0% - 50.0%	increase 5.0% - 20.0%	strengthening the transport properties of HDL molecules for delivery back to the liver cells of cholesterol for its utilization. Fibrates have anti-inflammatory properties.
bile sequestrants	decrease 10.0% - 25.0%	decrease 1.0% - 10.0%	increase 3.0% - 5.0%	a good drug effect with a significant increase in triglycerides in the blood. There are shortcomings in the tolerability of the drug by the organs of the digestive tract.
drug Niacin	decrease 15.0% - 25.0%	reduction 20.0% - 50.0%	increase 15.0% 35.0%	the most effective drug to increase the HDL index, and also effectively reduces the lipoprotein A index.
				The drug has proven itself in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis with positive dynamics of therapy.
drug ezetimibe	decrease 15.0% - 20.0%	decrease 1.0% - 10.0%	increase 1.0% - 5.0%	has a therapeutic effect when used with drugs of the statin group. The drug prevents the absorption of lipid molecules from the intestine.
fish oil - Omega-3	increase 3.0% - 5.0;	decrease 30.0% - 40.0%	no changes appear	These drugs are used in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.

With the help of folk remedies

It is possible to treat a lipid metabolism disorder with medicinal plants and herbs only after consulting with your doctor.

Effective plants in restoring lipoprotein metabolism:

• Leaves and roots of plantain;
• Immortelle flowers;
• Horsetail leaves;
• Chamomile and calendula inflorescences;
• Leaves of knotweed and St. John's wort;
• Leaves and fruits of hawthorn;
• Leaves and fruits of strawberries and viburnum plants;
• Dandelion roots and leaves.

Traditional medicine recipes:

• Take 5 tablespoons of strawberry flowers and steam with 1000.0 milliliters of boiling water. Insist for 2 hours. Take 3 times a day for 70.0 - 100.0 milligrams. This infusion restores the functioning of liver and pancreas cells;
• Every morning and every evening, consume 1 teaspoon of crushed flax seeds. It is necessary to drink 100.0 - 150.0 milliliters of water, or skim milk;
to content

Forecast for life

The prognosis for life is individual for each patient, because a failure in lipid metabolism in each has its own etiology.

If a failure in the metabolic processes in the body is diagnosed in a timely manner, then the prognosis is favorable.

Violation of lipid metabolism is observed in various diseases of the body. Lipids are called fats synthesized in the liver or ingested with food. Their location, biological and chemical properties are distinguished depending on the class. The fatty origin of lipids causes a high level of hydrophobicity, that is, insolubility in water.

Lipid metabolism is a complex of various processes:

• splitting, digestion and absorption by the organs of the PT;
• transport of fats from the intestines;
• individual species exchanges;
• lipogenesis;
• lipolysis;
• interconversion of fatty acids and ketone bodies;
• fatty acid catabolism.

Major groups of lipids

1. Phospholipids.
2. Triglycerides.
3. Cholesterol.
4. Fatty acid.

These organic compounds are part of the surface membranes of all cells of a living organism, without exception. They are necessary for steroid and bile connections, are needed for the construction of myelin sheaths of nerve pathways, and are required for the production and accumulation of energy.

A complete lipid metabolism is also provided by:

• lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) of high, medium, low density;
• chylomicrons that carry out the transport logistics of lipids throughout the body.

Violations are determined by failures in the synthesis of some lipids, increased production of others, which leads to their overabundance. Further, all kinds of pathological processes appear in the body, some of which turn into acute and chronic forms. In this case, serious consequences cannot be avoided.

Causes of failure

In which abnormal lipid metabolism is observed, it can occur with a primary or secondary origin of disorders. So the causes of the primary nature are hereditary-genetic factors. The causes of the secondary nature are the wrong way of life and a number of pathological processes. More specific reasons are:

• single or multiple mutations of the corresponding genes, with a violation of the production and utilization of lipids;
• atherosclerosis (including hereditary predisposition);
• sedentary lifestyle;
• abuse of cholesterol-containing and fatty acid-rich foods;
• smoking;
• alcoholism;
• diabetes;
• chronic liver failure;
• hyperthyroidism;
• primary biliary cirrhosis;
• side effect from taking a number of drugs;
• thyroid hyperfunction.

Chronic liver failure can cause lipid metabolism disorders

Moreover, the most important factors of influence are called cardiovascular diseases and overweight. Disturbed lipid metabolism, causing, is characterized by the formation of cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels, which can result in complete blockage of the vessel -,. Among all cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis accounts for the largest number of cases of early death of a patient.

Risk factors and influences

Fat metabolism disorders are primarily characterized by an increase in the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lipid metabolism and its condition is an important aspect of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Preventive treatment of blood vessels is required for patients with diabetes mellitus.

There are two main influence factors that cause a violation in lipid metabolism:

1. Change in the state of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. They are uncontrollably captured by macrophages. At some stage, lipid supersaturation sets in, and macrophages change their structure, turning into foam cells. Lingering in the wall of the vessel, they contribute to the acceleration of the process of cell division, including atherosclerotic proliferation.
2. Inefficiency of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Because of this, disturbances occur in the release of cholesterol from the endothelium of the vascular wall.

Risk factors are:

• gender: men and women after menopause;
• the aging process of the body;
• a diet rich in fats;
• a diet that excludes the normal consumption of coarse fiber foods;
• excessive consumption of cholesterol food;
• alcoholism;
• smoking;
• pregnancy;
• obesity;
• diabetes;
• nephrosis;
• uremia;
• hypothyroidism;
• Cushing's disease;
• hypo- and hyperlipidemia (including hereditary).

Dyslipidemia "diabetic"

A pronounced abnormal lipid metabolism is observed in diabetes mellitus. Although the basis of the disease is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism (pancreatic dysfunction), lipid metabolism is also unstable. Observed:

• increased lipid breakdown;
• an increase in the number of ketone bodies;
• weakening the synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

In a healthy person, at least half of the incoming glucose normally breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. But diabetes mellitus does not allow the processes to proceed correctly, and instead of 50%, only 5% will get into “processing”. Excess sugar is reflected in the composition of the blood and urine.

In diabetes mellitus, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is disturbed.

Therefore, in diabetes mellitus, a special diet and special treatment are prescribed to stimulate the pancreas. The absence of treatment is fraught with an increase in the blood serum of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons. Such plasma is called "lipemic". The process of lipolysis is reduced: insufficient breakdown of fats - their accumulation in the body.

Symptoms

Dyslipidemia has the following manifestations:

1. External signs:

• overweight;
• fatty deposits in the inner corners of the eyes;
• xanthomas on tendons;
• enlarged liver;
• enlarged spleen;
• kidney damage;
• endocrine disease;
• high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

With dyslipidemia, there is an enlargement of the spleen

1. Internal signs (detected during examination):

Symptoms of disorders vary depending on what exactly is observed - an excess or a deficiency. Excess is more often provoked by: diabetes mellitus and other endocrine pathologies, congenital metabolic defects, malnutrition. In excess, the following symptoms appear:

• deviation from the norm of cholesterol in the blood towards an increase;
• a large amount of LDL in the blood;
• symptoms of atherosclerosis;
• obesity with complications.

Deficiency symptoms are manifested with intentional starvation and non-compliance with the culture of nutrition, with pathological digestive disorders and a number of genetic anomalies.

Lipid deficiency symptoms:

• exhaustion;
• deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and essential unsaturated fatty acids;
• violation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions;
• hair loss;
• eczema and other inflammations of the skin;
• nephrosis.

Diagnostics and therapy

To evaluate the whole complex of lipid metabolism processes and identify violations, laboratory diagnostics are required. Diagnostics includes a detailed lipid profile, where the levels of all the necessary lipid classes are prescribed. In this case, the lipoproteinogram is also standard analysis.

Such diagnostics should become regular in diabetes mellitus, as well as in the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Comprehensive treatment will help bring lipid metabolism back to normal. The main method of non-drug therapy is a low-calorie diet with limited intake of animal fats and "light" carbohydrates.

Treatment should begin with the elimination of risk factors, including the treatment of the underlying disease. Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are excluded. An excellent means of burning fat (expending energy) is motor activity. Leading a sedentary lifestyle requires daily physical activity, healthy body shaping. Especially if improper lipid metabolism has led to overweight.

There is also a special drug correction of lipid levels, it is included if non-drug treatment was ineffective. Incorrect lipid metabolism of "acute" forms will help to correct lipid-lowering drugs.

The main drug classes for dyslipidemia are:

1. Statins.
2. Nicotinic acid and its derivatives.
3. fibrates.
4. Antioxidants.
5. Bile acid sequestrants.

Nicotinic acid is used to treat dyslipidemia.

The effectiveness of therapy and a favorable prognosis depend on the quality of the patient's condition, as well as on the presence of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

Basically, the level of lipids and their metabolic processes depend on the person himself. An active lifestyle without bad habits, proper nutrition, regular comprehensive medical examination of the body have never been enemies of good health.

Lipids- organic substances heterogeneous in chemical composition, insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents.

Typical forms of lipid metabolism pathology are obesity, malnutrition, lipodystrophy, lipidosis and dyslipoproteinemia.

Obesity

Obesity- excessive accumulation of lipids in the body in the form of triglycerides.

TYPES OF OBESITY

Depending on the degree of weight gain There are three degrees of obesity.

Various formulas are used to estimate the optimal body weight.

♦ The simplest is Broca's index: 100 is subtracted from the growth rate (in cm).

♦ Body mass index (BMI) is also calculated using the following formula:

Depending on the value of the body mass index, one speaks of normal or overweight of 3 degrees (Table 10-1).

According to the predominant localization of adipose tissue There are general (uniform) and local (local lipohypertrophy) obesity. There are two types of local obesity.

♦ Female type (gynoid) - excess subcutaneous fat predominantly in the thighs and buttocks.

Table 10-1. Degrees of obesity

♦ Male type (android or abdominal) - accumulation of fat mainly in the abdomen.

By genesis distinguish primary obesity and its secondary forms.

♦ Primary (hypothalamic) obesity is an independent disease of neuroendocrine origin, caused by a disorder in the fat metabolism regulation system.

♦ Secondary (symptomatic) obesity is a consequence of various disorders in the body that cause a decrease in lipolysis and activation of lipogenesis (for example, in diabetes, hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism).

ETIOLOGY

The cause of primary obesity is a malfunction of the hypothalamus-adipocyte system.

Secondary obesity develops with excess calorie content of food and a reduced level of energy consumption of the body (mainly with physical inactivity).

OBESITY PATHOGENESIS

Allocate neurogenic, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms of obesity.

Neurogenic variants of obesity

Centrogenic(cortical, psychogenic) mechanism - one of the variants of eating disorders (two others: anorexia nervosa and bulimia).

♦ Reason: various mental disorders, manifested by a constant, sometimes irresistible desire to eat.

♦ Possible mechanisms:

❖ activation of serotonergic, opioidergic and other systems involved in the formation of feelings of pleasure and comfort;

❖ perception of food as a strong positive stimulus (doping), which activates these systems even more. it

closes the vicious circle of the centrogenic mechanism of obesity development.

hypothalamic(diencephalic, subcortical) mechanism.

♦ Cause: damage to hypothalamic neurons (for example, after a concussion, with encephalitis, craniopharyngioma, tumor metastases in the hypothalamus).

♦ The most important links of pathogenesis:

❖ Damage or irritation of neurons in the posterolateral ventral nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates the synthesis and secretion of neuropeptide Y and reduces sensitivity to leptin, which inhibits the synthesis of neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptide Y stimulates hunger and increases appetite.

❖ Violation of the formation of hunger due to excessive production of neurotransmitters that form a feeling of hunger and increase appetite (GABA, dopamine, β-endorphin, enkephalins). This leads to a decrease in the synthesis of neurotransmitters that form a feeling of satiety and inhibit eating behavior (serotonin, norepinephrine, cholecystokinin, somatostatin).

Endocrine variants of obesity

Endocrine mechanisms of obesity - leptin, hypothyroid, adrenal and insulin.

Leptin mechanism- Leading in the development of primary obesity.

♦ Leptin formed in fat cells. It reduces appetite and increases energy consumption by the body. Leptin inhibits the production and release of neuropeptide Y by the hypothalamus.

♦ Neuropeptide Y participates in the formation of hunger. It increases appetite and reduces energy consumption of the body.

♦ Lipostat. The "leptin-neuropeptide Y" circuit maintains the mass of adipose tissue of the body with the participation of insulin, catecholamines, serotonin, cholecystokinin, endorphins. In general, this system of biologically active substances, which provide dynamic homeostasis of energy metabolism and the mass of adipose tissue in the body, was called the lipostat system.

Hypothyroid mechanism obesity is activated when the effects of iodine-containing thyroid hormones are insufficient, which reduces the intensity of lipolysis, the rate of metabolic processes in tissues and the energy costs of the body.

Adrenal(glucocorticoid, cortisol) mechanism obesity is switched on due to hyperproduction of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex (for example, in case of illness and syndrome

Itsenko-Cushing), which promotes lipogenesis due to hyperglycemia and the inclusion of the insulin mechanism.

insulin mechanism The development of obesity develops due to direct activation of lipogenesis by insulin in adipose tissue.

Metabolic mechanisms of obesity. The reserves of carbohydrates in the body are relatively small. In this regard, a mechanism for saving carbohydrates has been developed: with an increase in the proportion of fats in the diet, the rate of carbohydrate oxidation decreases. When the regulatory system is disturbed, a mechanism is activated that provides an increase in appetite and an increase in food intake. Under these conditions, fats do not undergo splitting and accumulate in the form of triglycerides.

exhaustion

exhaustion- pathological decrease in the mass of fat, as well as muscle and connective tissue below normal. The extreme degree of exhaustion is cachexia.

With exhaustion, the deficit of adipose tissue is more than 20-25%, and with cachexia - more than 50%. BMI at depletion less than 19.5 kg/m 2 .

ETIOLOGY

Depletion can be caused by endogenous and exogenous causes.

Exogenous causes:

♦ Forced or conscious complete or partial starvation.

♦ Insufficient calorie content of food.

Endogenous causes of depletion are divided into primary and secondary.

♦ The reason for the primary depletion: suppression of the synthesis of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus (in case of trauma or ischemia of the hypothalamus, severe prolonged stress) and hyposensitization of target cells to neuropeptide Y.

♦ Causes of secondary (symptomatic) depletion: malabsorption, glucocorticoid deficiency, hypoinsulinism, increased synthesis of glucagon and somatostatin, hyperproduction of TNFα by tumor cells.

PATHOGENESIS

Exogenous wasting and cachexia. The absence or significant shortage of food products leads to depletion of the fat supply, disruption of all types of metabolism, insufficiency of biological oxidation and suppression of plastic processes.

Primary endogenous forms of malnutrition

The hypothalamic, cachectic and anorexic forms have the greatest clinical significance.

In the hypothalamic (diencephalic, subcortical) form of exhaustion and cachexia, there is a decrease or cessation of the synthesis and release of peptide Y into the blood by hypothalamic neurons, which disrupts the lipostat.

In the case of cachectic (or cytokine) depletion, the synthesis of TNF-a (cachectin) by adipocytes and macrophages leads to suppression of the synthesis of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, inhibition of lipogenesis and activation of lipid catabolism.

anorexic form.

♦ In individuals with a predisposition to anorexia, a critical attitude towards their body weight (perceived as overweight) leads to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and long periods of food refusal. Most often observed in adolescent girls and girls under 18 years of age.

♦ The further course of the process is associated with a decrease in the synthesis of neuropeptide Y and a significant decrease in body weight, up to cachexia.

Secondary endogenous forms exhaustion and cachexia are symptoms of other forms of pathology: malabsorption syndromes, growth of neoplasms (synthesizing TNFa), hypoinsulinism, hypocorticism, lack of effects of thymus hormones.

Lipodystrophy and lipidosis

Lipodystrophy- conditions characterized by a generalized or local loss of adipose tissue, less often by its excessive accumulation in the subcutaneous tissue.

Lipidoses- conditions characterized by disorders of lipid metabolism in cells (parenchymal lipidosis), adipose tissue (obesity, malnutrition) or arterial vessel walls (for example, with atherosclerosis).

Dyslipoproteinemia

Dyslipoproteinemia- conditions characterized by a deviation from the norm of the content, structure and ratio of various drugs in the blood.

The nature of the course and clinical manifestations of dyslipoproteinemia are determined by:

♦ genetic characteristics of the organism (for example, the composition, ratio and level of various drugs);

♦ environmental factors (for example, a set of foodstuffs, features of the diet and mode of eating);

♦ comorbidities (eg, obesity, hypothyroidism, diabetes, kidney and liver disease).

Atherogenicity of lipoproteins

LP are divided into atherogenic (VLDL, LDL and LPPP) and anti-atherogenic (HDL).

The assessment of the potential atherogenicity of blood LP is carried out by calculating the cholesterol coefficient of atherogenicity:

total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol

HDL cholesterol

Normally, the cholesterol coefficient of atherogenicity does not exceed 3.0. With an increase in this value, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases.

TYPES OF DISLIPOPROTEINEMIA

By origin: primary (hereditary; they can be monogenic and polygenic) and secondary.

By changing the content of lipoproteins in the blood: hyperlipoproteinemia, hypo- and alipoproteinemia, combined dyslipoproteinemia.

Various, as a rule, chronic diseases can lead to the development of secondary dyslipoproteinemias (Table 10-2).

Table 10-2. Diseases leading to the development of secondary dyslipoproteinemias

Hyperlipoproteinemia

Hyperlipoproteinemia- conditions that are manifested by a persistent increase in the content of LP in the blood plasma.

In 1967, Fredrickson et al. developed a classification of hyperlipoproteinemias. Later, this classification was revised by WHO experts (Table 10-3).

Table 10-3. Types of hyperlipoproteinemias and the content of various lipoproteins in them

Hypolipoproteinemia

Hypolipoproteinemia- conditions that are manifested by a persistent decrease in the level of LP in the blood plasma up to their complete absence (alipoproteinemia).

Combined dyslipoproteinemias characterized by a violation of the ratio of various fractions of LP.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis- a chronic pathological process leading to changes mainly in the inner lining of the arteries of the elastic and muscular-elastic types due to the accumulation of excess lipids, the formation of fibrous tissue, as well as a complex of other changes in them.

In atherosclerosis, the most commonly affected arteries are the coronary, carotid, renal, mesenteric, lower extremity, and abdominal aorta.

ETIOLOGY

The reasons atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated. There are three hypotheses explaining the occurrence of atherosclerosis: lipid, chronic endothelial injury, and monoclonal.

Risk factors. At least 250 factors are known to contribute to the emergence and development of atherosclerosis. The most significant risk factors include smoking, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, obesity, autoimmune diseases, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, physical inactivity, hereditary predisposition, oral contraceptives.

PATHOGENESIS

The following stages of atherosclerotic vascular lesions are distinguished: lipid spots and stripes, the formation of atheroma and fibroatheroma, the development of complications (Fig. 10-1).

Lipid spots and stripes

Intact endothelium prevents the penetration of LP into the intima of the arteries. Under the influence of risk factors, endothelial cells are damaged, and endothelial dysfunction- triggering factor of atherogenesis.

The formation of lipid spots and stripes proceeds in several stages:

♦ Migration to arterial intima areas with damaged endothelial cells a large number monocytes and T-lymphocytes.

♦ Synthesis of biologically active substances (chemotaxis factors, kinins, Pg, TNFa) and reactive oxygen species by leukocytes, which is accompanied by intensification of SPO. These factors potentiate damage to the endothelium and the penetration of LP into the vascular intima.

♦ Additional activation of peroxidation of LDL penetrating into the subendothelial layer with the formation of modified lipoproteins.

♦ Uptake of modified drugs by monocytes with the help of "scavenger receptors" (cleaner receptors) and their transformation into foam cells macrophages rich in lipids.

♦ Activation of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in the focus of damage to the artery wall with the development of aseptic inflammation.

♦ Proliferation of SMCs and fibroblasts and their synthesis of connective tissue components with the formation of lipid spots and stripes in the intima.

Formation of atheroma and fibroatheroma

The formation of atherosclerotic plaque is due to several factors:

Further damage to the endothelium mediators of inflammation, which potentiates the penetration of LDL into the intima of the vessels and the closure of the vicious circle.

Rice. 10-1. Successive changes in the damaged arterial wall in atherosclerosis. 1 - normal wall of the artery; 2 - adhesion of monocytes and platelets to the damaged endothelium; 3 - migration of monocytes and SMCs into the intima, lipid infiltration; 4 - proliferation of cellular elements, the formation of a lipid core and the formation of fibroatheroma. [on 4].

Transformation GMC into macrophage-like and activation of the synthesis by them and fibroblasts of the components of the intercellular substance of the connective tissue (proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen and elastic fibers).

Formation of the lipid core atheroma due to the death of foam cells and the release of free lipids from them.

♦ Atheroma characterized by the presence of a significant number of cellular elements: foam cells, SMC on different stages proliferation and transformation, lymphocytes, granulocytes, platelets; the formation of a lipid core with a large amount of free cholesterol and its esters.

♦ fibroatheroma characterized by the formation of a fibrous cap over the lipid core due to the synthesis of connective tissue components and the development of a network of newly formed vessels penetrating the plaque.

Development of complications of atherosclerosis

Modification of atherosclerotic plaques leads to the development of the following processes:

♦ calcifications, atherocalcinosis - accumulation of calcium compounds in plaque tissue;

♦ cracks in the lid of fibroatheroma or its ulceration, which is accompanied by the development of a parietal thrombus with the threat of obstruction of the artery or its embolism;

♦ ruptures of the walls of newly formed microvessels, leading to hemorrhages in the wall of the artery, the formation of parietal and intramural thrombi.

Clinically, complications of atherosclerosis are most often manifested by ischemia and infarctions of organs and tissues supplied with blood from the affected artery.

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Etiotropic. It aims to eliminate or reduce the effect of risk factors. Examples of measures: the use of lipid-lowering drugs, correction of blood pressure, smoking cessation, adherence to a certain diet.

Pathogenetic. Aimed at breaking the "chain of atherogenesis". Examples of interventions: use of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants; the use of specific drugs that reduce inflammation in atheroma (for example, statins or monoclonal antibodies to TNF-a and other pro-inflammatory cytokines).